MODERNIST NEIGHBOURHOODS OF LJUBLJANA PARTNER construction, materials and industrial construction methods and technology to planning and design of open public space. Urban planners paid considerable attention to the distances between schools and apartment buildings, and even maintained that school grids serve as the framework around which neighbourhoods were to be structured. One particular project proved key for the further development of Ljubljana's neighbourhoods – one developed in Ravnikar's studio by Majda Dobravec, Janez Lajovic, Janja Lap and Mitja Jernejec. They designed a residential neighbourhood for 5,000 residents divided into residential blocks for 300 to 1,000 residents and organized around a central area. Central areas included shops and service establishments, schools, day care centres and sports playgrounds. Residential blocks were further divided into communities with children's playgrounds as their central points. A neighbourhood includes different types of housing, from apartment buildings to terraced houses, and has extensive green areas. Its central area is typically emphasized by high-rise apartment buildings and is sited along a major arterial route with a bus stop nearby. The Bežigrajska soseska 6 (BS 6) neighbourhood, between Dunajska, Šarhova, Pohorskega bataljona and Hubadova Streets was the first real-life on-site test of this theoretical model, followed by all bigger residential neighbourhoods developed in Ljubljana up until the 1980s. PROJECT FINANCED BY Idea & Concept by: Matevž Čelik Edited by: Špela Vidmar Written by: Matevž Čelik Translated from Slovene: Darja Horvatič Proofread by: Jeff Bickert Graphic design: Matej Koren Studio Photo: Miran Kambič and MAO archive Koseze neighbourhood after construction in 1974. Published on the occasion of 150th anniversary of the birth of the architect Max Fabiani. © 2015 Museum of Architecture and Design, Ljubljana Opening hours Tuesday–Sunday: 10:00–18:00 More information on guided tours Museum of Architecture and Design Pot na Fužine 2 1000 Ljubljana T: 01 548 42 70 E: [email protected] www.mao.si MODERNIST NEIGHBOURHOODS OF LJUBLJANA At the beginning of the 1960s, residential neighbourhood planning played a key role in the larger urban planning scheme of Ljubljana. In 1965, the General Urban Plan of Ljubljana established neighbourhoods as the central organizing principle underlying Ljubljana's spatial planning policy, and became the reference tool according to which further major enlargements of the city were organized. The residential neighbourhood model emerged as an answer to the first big housing estates built after World War II. These estates were sited alongside factories and were characterized by the repetition of a single type of long and low apartment block, which made them uniform in appearance and unappealing to the residents. The residential neighbourhood planning method came to Slovenia via Sweden. It was based on the work of Clarence Perry, an American who in his 1920 Regional Plan for New York proposed building neighbourhoods for 5,000 residents, and included criteria like a pedestrian walkway and an elementary school at the centre of each. Following World War II this model was adopted in England and the Nordic countries, from where it was then introduced to Slovenia. The first residential neighbourhood studies for Ljubljana were produced in the 1950s in the studio of Professor Edvard Ravnikar at Ljubljana University’s Faculty of Architecture. These studies encompassed the technical and sociological sides of housing developments, from Janez Vovk, Aleš Šarec, Šišenska Soseska 6 (ŠS 6), model, 1964 Construction of BS 7 neigbourhood in the middle of the seventies. HOUSING POLICY 1956 New types of residential buildings, neighbourhoods, housing cooperatives and prefab systems are presented at the exhibition »Appartment for our situation« accompanying a conference on housing construction. 1960 Changes in housing legislation allow the construction of housing for the market. 1956 35 housing cooperatives registered in Ljubljana. 1960 The establishment of the Urban Planning Institute. 1955 The establishment of the Institute for the Housing Construction in Ljubljana. 1955 Rapid growth of the population of Ljubljana. 16,000 families without housing registered. 1954 By providing long-term loans to self-builders number of new family houses in Ljubljana reaches half of the total housing construction. 1945 Shortage of 2,000 homes in Ljubljana at the end of the war. 1945 1950 CONSTRUCTION OF RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOODS 1946 Residential area at the tramway depot (Litostrojski blocks), research by the studio of Edvard Ravnikar at the Faculty of Architecture 1947 Regulation plan for the residential area at the tramway depot, plan by the Office for the Regulation of Ljubljana 1948–1954 Litostroj factories build 15 apartment blocks for their workers at the tramway depot in Šiška. 1955 1960 The establishment of the Institute for Cooperative Building. 1959 177 housing cooperatives registered in Ljubljana. 1965 General Urban Plan of Ljubljana (GUP) 1958 At the exhibition »Family and Household«, organized at the conference of Town Planners in Zagreb, Faculty of Architecture of Ljubljana presents the program and the concept of an ideal residential neighborhood for 5,000 people. 1965 Housing reform. Commercial banks take on the task of crediting and financing of housing construction. 1960 1958 Savsko naselje neighbourhood, urban planning, Božidar Gvardjančič Modernist Neighbourhoods of Ljubljana 1966 The number of apartments for the market reaches a third of the total number of apartments built. 1965 1961 Residential high-rises built in Savsko naselje, architects Milan Mihelič and Ilija Arnautović. 1970 1967–1981 Bežigrajska soseska 7 (BS 7) neighbourhood, urban planning, Braco Mušič, Marjan Bežan, Nives Starc 1963 BS 6 neighbourhood at Bežigrad, urban planning, Janez Berdajs 1964–1972 ŠS 6 neighbourhood in Šiška, urban planning, Janez Vovk, Aleš Šarec 1964–1973 Ferantov vrt neighbourhood, urban planning, Edvard Ravnikar 1964 VS 4, Bonifacija neighbourhood, urban planning, Roman Rems 1965 Murgle neighbourhood, I. phase, urban planning, Marta and France Ivanšek 1975 1971–1982 Bežigrajska soseska 3 (BS 3) neighbourhood, urban planning, Mitja Jernejec 1968 Murgle neighbourhood, II. phase, urban planning, Marta and France Ivanšek 1972 VS 1 neighbourhood, Trnovo, urban planning, Roman Rems 1968 ŠS 10 neighbourhood, Draveljska gmajna, urban planning, Janez Vovk 1972 Nove Jarše neighbourhood, urban planning, Stanko Štor 1968–1974 Koseze neighbourhood, urban planning, Mitja Jernejec, Viktor Pust 1973 ŠS 7/1 and 8/2 neighbourhoods, Dravlje, urban planning, Janez Vovk 1968–1986 MS 4 and MS 5 neighbourhoods, Fužine, urban planning, Boris Novak, Stanko Štor, Milena Macarol 1973–1985 MS 2-1 and MS 3-2 neighbourhoods, Štepanjsko naselje, urban planning, Mirko Mrva, Justin Bevk 1980 1977 Murgle neighbourhood, III. phase, urban planning, Marta and France Ivanšek SOURCE Breda Mihelič, Urbanistični razvoj Ljubljane, Partizanska knjiga, Ljubljana, 1983 1 Sa va 3 7 DESIGN ADDRESS BEŽIGRAJSKA SOSESKA 7 (BS 7) 1967 Bratovševa ploščad, Glinškova ploščad, Mucherjeva Street URB. PLANNING Braco Mušič, Marjan Bežan, Nives Starc ARCHITECTURE Braco Mušič, Marjan Bežan, Nives Starc DESIGN ADDRESS BRATOVŠ EVA PL. DUNAJSKA CESTA 1964 Trg komandanta Staneta Square URB. PLANNING Janez Vovk, Aleš Šarec ARCHITECTURE Ilija Arnautović, Aleksander Peršin GLINŠK OVA PL. ŠIŠENSKA SOSESKA 6 (ŠS 6) 1968 Ul. Bratov Učakar Street Mitja Jernejec, Viktor Pust ARCHITECTURE Viktor Pust DESIGN ADDRESS URB. PLANNING Sava LITOSTROJSKO NASELJE The Litostrojsko naselje settlement is the only residential area to have been built during the first wave of renovation after World War II. Initially, this area was planned to include only a single residential neighbourhood with 38 apartment buildings built around communal areas, a canteen, a day care centre, a shop, a school and children's playgrounds. The first layout was designed in 1946 by students in Edvard Ravnikar's studio at the Faculty of Architecture. They sited apartment buildings along the northsouth axis, i.e. the direction in which this former agricultural area was subdivided into individual plots. Later, the building parcel was divided between two contractors: residential buildings to the north were built by the Litostroj factories for its employees, while those to the south were constructed by the People's City Council. In 1947 a new building layout was drawn up by the Ljubljana Regulation Office. The layout retained the basic construction concept but changed the area’s inner traffic grid, dividing it into two parts along Obirska Street. The centre of the residential area, with a school, day care centre and shops, was never built. Instead, the ground levels of apartment buildings, which were built on supporting pillars according to Le Corbusier's model, were walled in to accommodate these facilities. Ježica Savlje SOSESKA KOSEZE (ŠS 9 AND ŠS 10) 6 Hippodrome Sava 2 REBOLJEVA Tomačevo Stožice Arena CE STA MAROLTOVA PUHOVA VA VOJKOVA CESTA SK OJ TR VA OS KA L IT VŠ IČ E LO AM CE AD CE AK AR KA UČ Bežigrad UL ST A .B RA TO VU ČA KA Koseze VO R DN IK OV A CE BEŽIGRAJSKA SOSESKA 3 (BS 3) 1971 Reboljeva, Maroltova, Trebinjska and Puhova Streets URB. PLANNING Mitja Jernejec ARCHITECTURE Ilija Arnautović DESIGN SITE Šiška CE ST A Lj. Cementary Žale LO Plečnik Stadium VŠ KA VA A SAVS DU NA KA JS KA A MO A ST SA IKO VA CE ST CE DR EN A LI N H AR TO ST VA CE ŠM AR T IN SK A CE ST SOSESKA MURGLE (VS 103) 6 BEŽIGRAJSKA SOSESKA 7 (BS 7) The Bežigrajska soseska 7 (BS 7) neighbourhood was designed as a megastructure along two streets. The two streets serve as the leitmotif of the entire neighbourhood and were conceived as a live space intended for pedestrians only, who find themselves a half-storey above street level, and opening up parking space below street level. According to the initial project, the ground floors of all apartment buildings were intended to accommodate retail shops and catering facilities. The Ruski car neighbourhood (as it was nicknamed) was designed in the spirit of a functionalist city looking to apply larger, universal solutions. The project served as something of a playground for town planners in which to test the dynamic planning method. They specified key reference points and design elements that would characterize the neighbourhood as a whole while allowing room for diverse design projects within this framework. Once it was completed, the neighbourhood offered a wide variety of different housing units, ranging from apartments in both flush and terraced apartment blocks, to lofts and atrium houses. One of the most appealing areas of the neighbourhood is the park with its carefully designed relief and groups of trees. TO PN 2 IŠ K 1 A 3 ŠIŠENSKA SOSESKA 6 (ŠS 6) CE LO VŠ KA Mostec CE VILHARJEVA A ST Train Station MASARYKOVA Center SAVSKO NASELJE 1957–1961 between Linhartova, Savska, Topniška and Šmartinska Streets URB. PLANNING Božidar Gvardjančič ARCHITECTURE Ilija Arnautović, Milan Mihelič, Dušan Bohinec DESIGN SITE C ES TA LITOSTROJSKO NASELJE 1946–1947 between Litostrojska, Celovška and Goriška Streets URB. PLANNING Edvard Ravnikar, Ljubljana Regulation Office ARCHITECTURE Edvard Mihevc, Dušan Bohinec VE N SK A DESIGN SITE PREŠERNOV TRG SL O CE ŠI KA ŠE NS V KA T IŠ R IŠ DU RA TO GO PO .B A ST UL SAVSKO NASELJE The Savsko naselje neighbourhood is the first postwar housing area to include all the elements of a residential neighbourhood. The apartment buildings of Savsko naselje were built by different contractors, including the Yugoslav Army, the Housing Construction Institute, and various construction companies. Even before the construction layout plan was completed in 1958, single-storey houses with brick woodsheds reminiscent of pre-war workers’ colonies were built there. They were placed on a street grid designed before World War II by Jože Plečnik in his regulatory plan for the Svetokriški okraj district. A neighbourhood supplies centre was also built. The period after 1958 saw the construction of long, five-storey apartment blocks that were sited along a NE-SW axis in order for the apartments to better take advantage of daylight. With the construction of 14-storey apartment buildings along Linhartova Street at the beginning of the 1960s, the neighbourhood’s boundary was established. At the end of the 1960s, the residential area spread westward, where a new part of the area with apartment buildings, an elementary school and a day care centre was built. Today, Savsko naselje is considered one of the greenest parts of the city and is popular for its proximity to central Ljubljana. TREBINJSKA JS KA ŠE DU NA KU A RA 8 5 Comprehensive planning and quality construction of family houses was not particularly commonplace after World War II. Only a small number of such projects were designed, among which the Murgle neighbourhood project is the largest. It began as a model settlement of single-family prefabricated houses. The neighbourhood was built in three stages, with some parts also built at a later stage. The layout of the neighbourhood is modelled on the scheme followed by the fields and canals of the Ljubljana Moor and bordered by rows of trees. The neighbourhood is divided into residential islands 100 × 100 metres in size, separated from each other by streets intended for car traffic. Streets are lined with tree avenues and named after trees that were planted there. Facing the streets are garages, while houses are accessible on footpaths leading through greenery. A residential island consists of 30 to 35 single-storey atrium houses. As the entire settlement is built on a drained bog with damp soil the houses are low and have no cellars. It took almost 30 years to complete the construction of the neighbourhood, yet its predetermined design elements such as brick walls and wooden fences made it possible to retain their conceptual uniformity. Some of the best qualities of this neighbourhood include its extensive greenery and its quiet, car-free residential environment. Ljubljanica GR EG AŠ KE RČ EV OR ČIČ Ljubljana Castle EVA Poljane Fužine MAO A ZOIS OVA KA Vič TR ŽA ŠK A OV ŠK Štepanjsko naselje A Prule 4 Trnovo A CE RL ST 5 4 SOSESKA MURGLE (VS 103) FERANTOV VRT KOP RSK A CES TA E VM S TN G I LO MO KRŠ KA KOP RSK RG V MU Golovec LAH A CE ST A DV EH CE SA RJ EV 1965-1977 between Cesta v Mestni log, V Murglah and Koprska Streets URB. PLANNING Marta in France Ivanšek ARCHITECTURE Marta in France Ivanšek DESIGN SITE Barje The Šišenska soseska 6 (ŠS 6) neighbourhood is one of the first comprehensive neighbourhoods to be built according to the 1965 General Urban Plan (GUP) of Ljubljana. It was built to provide housing for 10,000 people and carefully designed as a set of several smaller neighbourhoods. Urban planners intended the area along the major traffic artery entering the city to be more densely built, with the density easing towards the interior of the neighbourhood. The centre of the neighbourhood, with its high-rise apartment buildings and tower blocks was therefore placed along the Celovška Street, while lower residential buildings were situated closer to the interior of the area. Apartment buildings are placed in dynamic lines, bays and horseshoe shapes, with abundant park greenery, children’s playgrounds and gardens in between; car traffic is limited to only a few bordering streets. At the green heart of the neighbourhood are an elementary school, a day care centre and a gym. Pedestrian walkways were carefully planned so that no distance from home to school would be more than 600 metres. With its formal, fan-shaped design and typical traditional town elements like a street, a square and a closed urban block, the ŠS 6 neighbourhoods represented one of the first deviations from functional urbanism. 1964-1975 between Slovenska, Rimska, Igriška and Gregorčičeva Streets URB. PLANNING Edvard Ravnikar ARCHITECTURE Edvard Ravnikar DESIGN SITE FERANTOV VRT The Ferantov vrt housing complex was designed by Edvard Ravnikar as a cluster of housing units to complement the existing body of apartments in the city centre, and to lend the southern part of the city a more metropolitan character. New buildings in conjunction with older houses along Rimska Street form a residential island with several commercial establishments on the ground floors. The housing complex is situated on the site of an ancient Roman forum. Architect Edvard Ravnikar incorporated this into the design of individual buildings, while at the same time displaying the remains of the Roman Emona (the first incarnation of present day Ljubljana) in the Jakopič Gallery on Slovenska Street. Apartments run through the building, facing both the street as well as the courtyard. The courtyard is designed as an open public park with garages hidden underneath. Belts of balconies and windows alternating on the façade together with a combination of brick and concrete lend the buildings a special character. They are further brought together into a unified whole by certain architectural details, like the characteristic brick corner “stitches” and concrete flower boxes, which residents have planted with abundant greenery. 7 SOSESKA KOSEZE (ŠS 9 AND ŠS 10) The Koseze residential neighbourhood is a scaledback version of the winning development proposal for the area of Šišenska soseska neighbourhoods 9 and 10. Its terraced apartment buildings are a combination of residential apartment blocks and single-family houses. Built closely together in a dense configuration, all of the apartments in the upper storeys feature large outside terraces while those on the ground level have gardens. Modelled on a German example, the Koseze apartment blocks were the first terraced blocks in Ljubljana and were considered a quality typological innovation at the time of their construction. They are designed as “hills” and grow narrower as they gradually increase in height, creating a more human-friendly scale, while at the same time the property below is put to good use. Entrances to apartment buildings are accessible on footpaths lined with greenery and running between parallel rows of identical blocks. Traffic is restricted to the perimeter of the neighbourhood, with parking spaces in underground garages. Thus, the neighbourhood stays rich with greenery and remains traffic-free. 8 BEŽIGRAJSKA SOSESKA 3 (BS 3) The Bežigrajska soseska 3 (BS 3) neighbourhood covers an area 800 metres long and 250 metres wide and is one of the largest neighbourhoods in Ljubljana. Its complex, hyper-urban structure was designed by Mitja Jernejec, with architectural design by Ilija Arnautović. Like many other neighbourhoods in Ljubljana, the construction of BS 3 was never completed in full. Despite this fact, however, it boasts many interesting features that contribute to its special character. According to the initial design, there should have been two enormous apartment blocks constructed on its eastern border. Instead these were replaced with tower blocks with pointed caps at the top, which are the identifying feature of the neighbourhood today. Tower blocks are positioned in two clusters along Vojkova Street, while the interior core of the neighbourhood evolves into long rows of low-rise apartment buildings with access roads running underneath. The friendly character of the neighbourhood is accentuated by generous outdoor spaces – green areas, parks, squares, alleys and footpaths. They are designed as green alleys separating apartments from each other, with playgrounds, rest areas and recreation islands lined up along them.
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