1. No category

Disaster Advances
Vol. 7 (11) November 2014
Morphometric investigations in Kattery Watershed,
South India using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques
Kasiviswanathan S. P.1, Subramani T.1*, Suresh M.2 and Karunanidhi D.3
1. Department of Mining Engineering, CEG, Anna University, Chennai-600025, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
2. Department of Civil Engineering, Jayalakshmi Institute of Technology, Dharmapuri-636352, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
3. Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Shakthi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore-641062, Tamil Nadu, INDIA
*[email protected]; [email protected]
mini-watersheds indicating low relief and more
permeable subsurface materials. Hence, from the
study, it can be concluded that remote sensing data
(SRTM–DEM) coupled with geospatial techniques
prove to be a competent tool in morphometric analysis
and the data can be used for watershed management,
control of soil erosion and landslide mitigation.
Abstract
Morphometric analysis of Kattery watershed in and
around Achanakal, South India has been carried out
using remote sensing and GIS techniques. These
techniques are found relevant for the extraction of
watersheds and drainage networks. The extracted
drainage networks were classified according to
Strahler’s system of classification which reveals that
the terrain exhibits dendritic to sub-dendritic
drainage pattern. Morphometric analysis was carried
out at mini-watershed level using spatial analysis tool
in GIS. The Kattery watershed is sprawled over an
area of 137.32 km2. The study area is designated as
fifth-order watershed and lower order streams mostly
dominate the watershed with the mean drainage
density value of 2.73 km/km2. The slope of basin
varies from gentle to 52.65° and the slope variation is
chiefly controlled by the local geology and erosion
cycles.
Keywords: Morphometric analysis, Stream order,
Bifurcation ratio, Drainage density, Elongation ratio,
Circulatory ratio, Slope analysis, Remote Sensing and GIS,
Kattery watershed.
Introduction
The main focus of the study is to demonstrate the potential
use of remotely sensed data and geographical information
systems (GIS) in evaluation of linear, relief and areal
morphometric parameters and to analyze their influences
on the genesis and processes of various landforms. Visual
interpretation of satellite images in conjunction with the
drainage patterns facilitates effective delineation of distinct
features and to evaluate the influence of drainage
morphometry on landform characteristics and their
processes. Remote sensing and GIS techniques are being
used in determining the quantitative description of the basin
geometry1. The high spatial resolution remote sensing data
coupled with topographical data is a highly effective tool to
understand and manage the natural resources21. It provides
the real time and accurate information related to distinct
geological formations, landforms and helps in identification
of drainage channels which are altered by natural forces or
human induced activities.
The primary parameters of morphometric analysis
such as watershed area, watershed perimeter,
watershed length and stream length were measured
using GIS, which were further used to obtain the
derived parameters such as drainage density,
drainage texture, bifurcation ratio, stream length
ratio, stream frequency, form factor, elongation ratio
and circulatory ratio. The assessed morphometric
parameters were clustered as linear, relief and areal
parameters. Geomorphologically, the dissected
upland is noticed in all the mini-watersheds which
occupy 60.72% of the Kattery watershed. Bhavani and
Kattery watersheds are fully covered by dissected
upland. Kattery watershed is an elongated basin with
high to moderate relief and steep slope. This may be
due to the high to medium elongation ratio (0.92 to
2.29).
Various hydrological phenomena can be correlated with the
physiographic characteristics of a drainage basin such as
size, shape, slope of the drainage area, drainage density,
size and length of the contributories etc.9,17 The
morphometric analysis can be performed through
measurement of linear, aerial, relief, gradient of channel
network and contributing ground slope of the basin.10,13,15
The dynamic nature of runoff is controlled by the
geomorphologic structure of the catchment area and the
induced runoff is very sensitive towards the morphometric
characteristics of the contributing area.18 In India, National
Institute of Hydrology14 has carried out hydrogeomorphological studies of various basins and their
analyses based on linear, aerial and relief aspects using
different mathematical equations. Various morphometric
parameters such as drainage pattern, stream order,
Morphometric classification of Kattery watershed is
mainly done based on the stream frequency and
drainage density which actually control the runoff
pattern, soil erosion, sediment transportation and
mass movement. Drainage analysis indicates that the
low density exists in Arayatti, Wellington,
Karumpalam, Kattery-1, Kattery-2 and Aravankadu
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Disaster Advances
Vol. 7 (11) November 2014
bifurcation ratio, drainage density and other linear aspects
are studied using remote sensing technique and
topographical map.11
morphometric analysis was carried out using the spatial
analysis tool in ArcGIS software. The drainage channels
were classified into different orders using the Strahler’s22
classification system.
The surface runoff and flow intensity of the drainage
system can be estimated using the geomorphic features
associated with morphometric parameters16. Pioneer work
on basin morphometry has been carried out by various
researchers.2,12,20,22 Based on their ideology, similar work
has been emerged throughout the world using different
techniques. In India, morphometric studies of various
drainage basins have been carried out by many
scientists4,7,8,13,15,17,18 Most of them have used GIS and
remote sensing technique for the estimation of
morphometric parameters because the results obtained were
reliable and accurate.
In GIS, drainage channel segments were ordered
numerically as order number 1 from a stream’s headwaters
to a point downstream. The stream segment that results
from the joining of two first order streams was assigned
order 2. Two-second order streams formed a third-order
stream and so on. The primary parameters such as
watershed area, watershed perimeter, watershed length and
stream length were obtained using GIS which were further
used to obtain the derived parameters such as drainage
density, Drainage Texture, Bifurcation Ratio, Stream length
Ratio, Stream Frequency, Form Factor, Elongation Ratio
and Circulatory Ratio. The evaluated morphometric
parameters were grouped as linear, relief and areal
parameters. Visual interpretation techniques were followed
in delineation of geology, landforms, slope based on the
tone, texture, shape, drainage pattern, color characteristics
of the satellite imagery in conjunction with drainage
morphometry and collateral data. Subsequently, detailed
landform analysis was carried out based on their genesis,
relief and their morphometric characteristics.
Study Area: Kattery Watershed is in the Nilgiri hills of
Western Ghats mountains system. It is situated at 6 km
from Ooty on the Ooty-Coimbatore Road, Tamil Nadu,
India. It falls between latitudes 76⁰40’40”E ~ 76⁰49’25”E
and longitudes 11⁰16’19”N ~ 11⁰24’40”N. The watershed
comes in the Survey of India toposheet 58 A/11 and A/15
published on 1: 50,000 scale. The watershed has a
maximum elevation of 2480 m above MSL and is
characterized with moderate to steep slope, lateritic soils
and fairly good drainage network. Forests, cultivation of
potato and other vegetables on inwardly graded bench
terraces was widely adopted earlier and thus problems of
erosion and sedimentation down below were largely seen.6
Results and Discussion
Methodology
Elevation and Slope: The digital elevation model reveals
that higher elevation of 2,518 m above MSL is associated
with wavy mountain in the southeastern and southwestern
parts of the Kattery Watershed (Figure 3 and table 1). The
elevation ranging from 1600 to 2000 m above MSL is
mainly confined to isolated mounds, linear ridges, dissected
plateau and dissected upland. The elevation above 2000 m
above MSL is seen in structural hills with wavy mountains
and upper parts of this region. These areas are having steep
slope. The majority of study area falls under nearly surface
level (<2°) to gentle slope (<10°) and occupies about
82.89% of the total geographical area (TGA) (Figure 4 and
table 3). These slopes cover almost all the mini-watersheds
except the Kateri-2 and Wellington. Much less drainage
density and low stream frequency are observed on these
slopes. The moderate to steep slopes (more than 35°) are
generally observed in Kateri-2 and Wellington miniwatersheds which occupy only 7.11% of the TGA.
The Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Resourcesat-2 Satellite
data of 2013 was registered with reference to Survey of
India (SOI) topographical sheets at 1:50,000 scale using
image processing software. The drainage network of the
watershed was traced and digitized as available on
toposheets and some of the first-order steams were updated
with the help of satellite imageries. A few drainage lines
were extended through water bodies with the help of
collateral data to facilitate the measurement of different
drainage parameters. The digital elevation model (DEM)
was generated based on the contour values of 20 m interval
which was used to prepare elevation and slope maps. The
Kattery Watershed was divided into 7 mini-watersheds and
Stream Order and Stream Length: The concept of
stream order was introduced by Horton2 in1932. Stream
ordering is a widely applied method for stream
classification in a watershed. Stream ordering is defined as
a measure of the position of a stream in the hierarchy of
tributaries.6 The streams of Kattery watershed were
demarcated according to the Strahler’s22 system of stream
ordering. The stream order and the total number of stream
segments in each order for the watershed are shown in table
4. Based on the Strahler system of stream ordering22, the
watershed has been designated as fifth-order watershed
(Figure 5). In the present investigation, maximum
However, about two decades before, with market
fluctuations tea plantation has become popular. Most of the
terraces were defaced to plant tea along the slope.
Therefore, erosion got accelerated and silted up the Kattery
Reservoir that caters to the needs of Defense Cordite
factory at Aravankadu. In 1984-85, the reservoir was
delisted at a huge cost.6 The base map of the watershed is
illustrated in the figure 1. The geology map was collected
from Geological Survey of India (GSI). The map was
traced, scanned, digitized and then taken to GIS platform.
The entire watershed is covered with Charnockite of
Archaean age (Figure 2 and table 2).
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Disaster Advances
Vol. 7 (11) November 2014
frequency is observed in the first-order streams (Table 4).
The Aravankadu mini-watershed is of third order stream
where as Kateri-1, Kateri-2 and Bhavani watersheds are
under fourth order stream. Arayatti, Wellington and
Karumpalam watersheds are under fifth order stream
(Figure 5 and table 4). Moreover, the presence of large
number of streams in the watershed indicates that the
topography is still undergoing erosion and at the same time,
less number of streams indicates mature topography.17,18
watersheds. These watersheds are having high permeable
subsurface material, low relief and are under dense
vegetation cover (Figure 5 and table 5). In contrast, high
drainage density values are observed in Bhavani watershed.
This may be due to the presence of impermeable subsurface
material, sparse vegetation and elevated relief. The Basin
relief is defined as the differences in elevation between the
highest and the lowest points on the valley floor of a
watershed. Basin relief is an important factor in
understanding the denudation characteristics of the basin
and plays a significant role in landforms development,
drainage development, surface and sub-surface water flow,
permeability and erosion properties of the terrain8.
The calculated result matched with Strahler’s system which
described that the total number of streams gradually
decreases as the stream order increases. Stream length is
indicative of chronological developments of the stream
segments including interlude tectonic disturbances. The
stream length is measured from mouth of the river to the
drainage divide near the source. ‘Lu’ has been computed on
the basis of Horton’s law of stream length (Table 4) which
states geometrical similarity maintained in the watershed of
increasing orders. The stream length of various orders is
presented in table 4. Generally, the total length of stream
segments is maximum in first-order streams and decreases
with an increase in the stream order. The results reveal that
the first-order streams are short in length and are found in
the upstream area. Streams with relatively short lengths are
representative of areas with steep slopes and finer texture
whereas longer lengths of streams are generally indicative
of low gradients.22
From the morphometric study, it should be noted that the
maximum relief value of Kattery watershed is 2,518 m
(Figure 2 and table 5) and the high relief value indicates the
gravity of water flow, low infiltration and high runoff
conditions.23 Magesh and Chandrasekar9 noticed similar
observations in Kattery watershed because the presence of
Western Ghats acts as a common relief-contributing factor.
The measurement of drainage density provides a numerical
measurement of landscape dissection and runoff potential.
Analysis of stream frequency (Fu) shows low values of
frequency existing in Aravankadu watershed which is
having high permeable lithology and moderate relief.
Elevated value of Fu is noticed in Kateri-1 watershed
where impermeable sub-surface material, sparse vegetation
and high relief conditions prevail.
Bifurcation Ratio (Rb): The term ‘bifurcation ratio (Rb)2
is related to the branching pattern of a drainage network
and is defined as the ratio of the number of streams of any
given order to the number of streams in the next higher
order in a drainage basin. It is a dimension less property
and shows the degree of integration prevailing between
streams of various orders in a drainage basin.19 Rb shows a
small range of variation for different regions or for
different environments except those where the powerful
geological control dominates. The Rb for the Kattery
watershed varies from 2.50 to 3.67 (Table 4) with a mean
Rb of 2.84. The mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm)
characteristically ranges between 3.0 and 5.0 for a basin
when the influence of geological structures on the drainage
network is negligible23.
Drainage Texture (T): According to Smith20, it is a
product of stream frequency and drainage density. The ‘T’
depends on underlying lithology, infiltration capacity and
relief aspect of the terrain. According to Smith’s
classification of drainage texture, the texture value below 4
is designated as coarse; 4–10 as intermediate; above 10 as
fine and above 15 as ultra-fine texture. Texture ratio (T)
indicates that maximum T values (4-10) are found in
Kateri-1, Kateri-2 and Wellington watersheds (Table 5)
which indicate intermediate drainage texture and this ratio
can be attributed to the presence of high relief in the
northern part of the study area. The lowest T values (< 4)
are noticed in Aravankadu, Bhavani, Karumpalam and
Arayatti watersheds. Thus, T values depend on the
underlying geology, infiltration capacity of bedrock and
low relief aspects of the individual mini-watersheds.
The analysis shows that the Rb is not same for all orders.
Geological and lithological development of the drainage
basin may be the reason for these variations22. Low Rb
value indicates poor structural disturbance and the drainage
patterns have not been distorted22 whereas the high Rb
value indicates high structural complexity and low
permeability of the terrain.5 A low mean Rb value of 2.84
indicates less structural disturbances in Kattery watershed.
Form Factor (Ff): It is generally defined as the ratio of the
basin area and square root of the basin length2. Longnarrow watersheds have larger lengths and hence smaller
form factors. Circular watersheds/basins have intermediate
form factors which are close to one. For a perfectly circular
basin, the value of the form factor will be greater than 0.78.
Short-wide basins have the largest form factors. Bhavani
watershed is an elongated watershed with lower peak flows
of longer duration due to lower Ff value (0.27) (Table 5).
However, if we compare the form factors, Aravankadu is
less elongated than the Kattery watershed.
Drainage Density (Dd), Basin Relief (Bh) and Stream
Frequency (Fu): Drainage density analysis indicates that
the low density exists in Arayatti, Wellington,
Karumpalam, Kateri-1, Kateri-2 and Aravankadu
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Disaster Advances
Vol. 7 (11) November 2014
Circularity Ratio (Rc): It is defined as as the ratio of the
area of a basin to the area of a circle having the same
circumference in the perimeter of the basin12 (Table 5). The
‘Rc’is influenced more by the lithological characteristics of
the watershed rather than anything else. The low, medium
and high values of the circulatory ratio are indications of
the youth mature and old stages of the life cycle of the
tributary basins. Kattery watershed is in the youth stage of
its development with an average circulatory ratio of less
than 1 (Table 5). Circulatory ratio (Rc) values exceeding 1
indicate that the basin shapes are like circular and as a
result, it gets scope for uniform infiltration and takes long
time to reach excess water at the mini-watershed outlet
which further depends on the existing lithology, slope and
land cover. Arayatti, Wellington and Kateri-1watersheds
are having Rc values more than 1 which support the above
concept.
with moderate to high drainage density, moderate to high
bifurcation ratio and high cumulative length of first, second
and third-order streams. Dissected upland, barren plateau,
dissected plateau, valley fill and fracture valley fill are
analyzed and mapped as landforms of the Kattery
watershed (Figure 6 and table 6). Valley fill and fracture
valley fill are resulted by the influence of permeable
geology, moderate to nearly level plains, moderate to high
drainage density, moderate to high cumulative length of
streams having first, second and third order streams.18,19
Table 2
Geological and structural features
S.N.
1
2
3
4
Elongation Ratio (Re): It is defined as the ratio of
diameter of a circle having the same area as of the basin
and maximum basin length.19 It is a measure of the shape of
the river basin and it depends on the climatic and geologic
types. Analysis of an elongation ratio (Re) indicates that the
areas with higher Re values have high infiltration capacity
and low runoff. Arayatti, Wellington and Kattery-1 are
characterized by high Re and Karumpalam, Kattery-2,
Bhavani and Aravankadu have low Re values. The
watersheds having low Re values are generally susceptible
to high erosion and sedimentation load.
Class
<1600m
1600 – 1700m
1700 – 1800m
1800 – 1900m
1900 – 2000m
2000 – 2100m
2100 – 2200m
2200 – 2300m
2300 – 2400m
2400 – 2440m
2440 – 2460m
>2460
Charnockite
Dolerite Dyke
Fault
Mq vein
Area in
km2/No.
137.32
9
1
1
Table 3
Slope classes and area coverage
S.N.
1
2
3
Table 1
Elevation classes and area coverage
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Class
4
Area in km2
0.011
10.94
14.50
15.75
28.43
46.88
10.67
8.29
0.70
0.060
0.019
1.03
5
6
7
Class
Nearly surface level
(<2°)
Very gentle slope (2-5°)
Gentle slope (5-10°)
Moderate slope (1015°)
Moderately steep slope
(15-25°)
Steep slope (25-35°)
Very steep slope (>35°)
Area in
km2
Area in
%
29.10
45.04
39.69
21.20
32.81
28.91
15.93
11.60
6.90
0.50
0.13
5.03
0.36
0.09
Conclusion
The study reveals that remote sensing and GIS based
integrated approach in evaluation of drainage
morphometric parameters and their influence on landforms
and land characteristics at a mini-watershed level is more
appropriate than the conventional methods. Interpretation
of multi-spectral satellite data is highly useful in the
evaluation of drainage parameters and delineation of
distinct geological and landform units, relief and slope. GIS
based approach assists in analyzing different morphometric
parameters and to explore the relationship between the
drainage morphometry on one hand and properties of
landforms and geology on the other hand.
Drainage morphometry and its impact on landform
characteristics mainly depend upon the underlying geology,
exogenic and endogenic activities, drainage morphometry
and considerable changes in climate during the quaternary
period, influences the genesis and morphology of
landforms. In the study area, the dissected upland are
observed in all the mini-watersheds covering an area of
60.72% of the Kattery watershed. Bhavani and Kateri
watersheds are fully covered by dissected upland only. The
barren plateau is found in Arayatti, Karumpalam, Kateri-1
and Wellington watersheds. These landforms are associated
Geomorphologically the dissected upland is seen in all the
mini-watersheds covering an area of 60.72 % of the Kattery
watershed. Bhavani and Kateri watersheds are fully
covered by dissected upland. However the barren plateau is
seen in Arayatti, Karumpalam, Kateri-1 and Wellington
watersheds. Valley fill and fracture valley fill are slope
27
Disaster Advances
Vol. 7 (11) November 2014
associated with moderate to high drainage density,
moderate to high bifurcation ratio and high cumulative
length of first, second and third-order streams. The Kattery
watershed is well drained in nature with the stream order
varying from 1 to 5. The basin is dominated by lower order
streams and the total length of stream segments is
maximum in first order streams.
are the prime factors for the morphometric classification of
Kattery watershed which manage the runoff pattern,
sediment yield, soil erosion and landslide also. Low
Drainage density exists in Arayatti, Wellington,
Karumpalam, Kateri-1, Kateri-2 and Aravankadu miniwatersheds indicating high permeable sub surface material
and low relief. The quantitative analysis of linear, relief and
aerial parameters using GIS will be very much useful for
soil and water conservation and disaster management. The
GIS techniques employed in this study can be extended to
the other areas also by the planners and decision makers.
Kattery watershed is an elongated basin with high to
moderate relief and steep to the high to medium elongation
ratio (0.92 to 2.29). Stream frequency and drainage density
Figure 1: Kattery Watershed with drainage networks
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Disaster Advances
Vol. 7 (11) November 2014
Table 4
Details of mini-watersheds in Kattery Watershed and Drainage Orders
ame of
miniwatershed
Watershed
Length
(Lb) (km)
Perimeter
(P) (km)
Drainage Order (in Number) with length
L5
Total
Number
(N)
Cumulative
Length (L)
(km)
Bifurcation
Ratio (Rb)
N1
L1
N2
L2
N3
L3
N4
L4
N5
Arayatti
72.01
32.86
84
39.89
22
12.97
7
3.68
7
10.63
2
4.84
122
72.01
2.87
Wellington
98.80
30.80
89
52.97
35
19.18
19
17.21
4
3.07
3
6.37
150
98.80
2.62
Karumpalam
51.12
20.00
46
31.16
19
9.57
4
1.81
1
1.72
4
6.86
74
51.12
2.86
Kattery-1
75.39
24.64
85
48.35
30
15.63
12
6.55
5
4.86
-
-
132
75.39
2.58
Kattery-2
44.28
17.68
59
26.32
16
8.53
6
5.78
3
3.65
-
-
84
44.28
2.78
Bhavani
16.01
9.04
15
11.54
6
1.85
3
2.21
1
0.41
-
-
25
16.01
2.50
Aravankadu
18.65
13.49
19
11.99
3
1.45
3
5.21
-
-
-
-
25
18.65
3.67
Table 5
Morphometric parameters of mini-watersheds
Name of
miniwatershed
Area
(A)
(km2)
Stream
Frequen
cy (Fu)
Drainag
e
density
(Dd)
Textur
e Ratio
(T)
For
m
Fact
or
(Rf)
Circulato
ry Ratio
(Rc)
Elongati
on Ratio
(Re)
Arayatti
25.86
4.72
2.78
3.71
1.32
1.00
Wellington
35.88
4.18
2.75
4.87
1.83
Karumpalam
18.71
3.96
2.73
3.70
Kattery-1
27.54
4.79
2.74
Kattery-2
15.93
5.27
Bhavani
5.29
Aravankadu
8.09
Minimu
m
Maximu
m
Height
(m)
Height
(m)
2.00
1026
2143
1585
1.14
2.29
1532
2503
2018
0.95
0.92
1.85
1474
2034
1754
5.36
1.40
1.12
2.25
1747
2518
2133
2.78
4.75
0.81
0.76
1.52
1479
2040
1760
4.73
3.03
2.77
0.27
0.52
1.04
1043
1979
1511
3.09
2.31
1.85
0.41
0.46
0.92
1756
2182
1969
Table 6
Geomorphological features with area coverage
S.N.
Area in km2
Class
1
Barren plateau
2
Area in %
4.23
3.08
Dissected plateau
15.61
11.37
3
Dissected upland
83.37
60.72
4
Fracture valley fill
5.64
4.11
5
Hill top weathered
11.98
8.73
6
Structural hill
13.67
9.96
7
Valley fill
2.80
2.04
29
Average
Height
(m)
Disaster Advances
Vol. 7 (11) November 2014
Figure 2: Geology map of Kattery Watershed
Figure 3: Elevation map of Kattery Watershed
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Disaster Advances
Vol. 7 (11) November 2014
Figure 4: Slope map of Kattery Watershed
Figure 5: Mini-watersheds and stream orders in Kattery Watershed
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Disaster Advances
Vol. 7 (11) November 2014
Figure 6: Geomorphology map of the Kattery Watershed
8. Magesh N. S., Chandrasekar N. and Soundranayagam J. P.,
Morphometric evaluation of Papanasam and Manimuthar
watersheds, parts of Western Ghats, Tirunelveli district, Tamil
Nadu, India: a GIS approach, Environ Earth Sci, 64(2), 373-381
(2011)
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(Received 07th July 2014, accepted 20th August 2014)
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