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Tripathi et al. Int. J. Res. Chem. Environ. Vol. 4 Issue 4 (34-41) October 2014
International Journal of
Research in Chemistry and Environment
Available online at: www.ijrce.org
ISSN 2248-9649
Research Paper
Diffuse Cadmium Pollution of Ground Water in Vindhya Pradesh, India
Indra Prasad Tripathi1 and Arvind Prasad Dwivedi2
Pro-Vice-Chancellor and Dean, Faculty of Science and Environment, M.G.C.G.V. Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.), 485780, INDIA
2
Junior Research Fellow, Department of Physical Sciences, M.G.C.G.V. Chitrakoot, Satna (M.P.), 485780, INDIA
1
(Received 04th April 2014, Accepted 02nd July 2014)
Abstract: The present study, based on the analysis of 100 samples which were collected from six district sources like
river Tamas, Bichhia, Bihar, hand pumps and bore wells in three different seasons. This study was carried out to assess
the cadmium concentration in ground water in hundred sampling location of Vindhya Pradesh, India, where ground
water is the main sources of drinking water. The present work cadmium concentration ranged between 0.0009 to 2.25
ppm. Cadmium was not detected in eight sampling location like Raghunath ganj (A10), Simaria( A16), Chitrangi (C5),
Madwas (C12), Suhiya (C19), Ghumghouti ( D6), Tala (D7) and Dhopar ( F3).
Keywords: Vindhya Pradesh, diffuse Cadmium pollution, ground water, India
© 2014 IJRCE. All rights reserved
Limestone allows movement of ground water due
to the presence of such geology the ground water of study
area is highly affected in its quality. The aim of present
work is to assess the quality of drinking water of the
Vindhya Pradesh by analyzing Cadimum contents in
ground water.
Introduction
The Vindhya Pradesh plateau is environmentally
very important to understand the rich Indian biodiversity
and diffuse chemical pollution. The great Vindhyanchal
range extends generally from west to east and scraps at
most of its length towards. The numerous streams of the
narmada valley find their sources of the Vindhya Plateau.
Geographically the Vindhya Pradesh is a plateau straddled
by the Tamas, Bicchia, and Bihar.
Cadmium is a metallic element that occurs
naturally in the earth’s crust, especially in zinc, lead and
copper bearing ores[1]. Various types of water borne
diseases kill on an average more than 6 million children
each year i,e. about 20,000 children a day[2]. Cadmium is
released to the environment when coal and other fossil fuels
are burned and may be found in municipal wastes and
cigarettes.
Narmada surrounded by the mighty Vindhya
mountain ranges and boasting some of the richest tropical
forest. Geographically this region extends between 12 0 37’
to 230 49’ latitude and 660 04’ to 760 24’ E longitude. The
river Narmada which rises from amarkantak begins to run
through a rocky bed near Jabalpur and Mandla during the
rainy seasons a rich growth of vegetation is visible all
around. The black soils and brown soils of Vindhya bear’s
magnificent crops.
Cadmium is by product of metal industry,
especially in zinc, lead and copper refining. Industrial uses
of cadmium include metal plating and coating process,
nickel cadmium and solar batteries, paint, pigments for
machinery and baking enamels and stabilizes in plastics,
Cadmium salt are occasionally used as fungicides for golf
courses and lawns [3].
The Vindhya region comprises of variety of
minerals including bauxite shale, laterite, flagstone,
sandstone and granite etc. Soils derived from sandstone are
generally non – permeable and have no water contents. The
water table in sandstone is deeper in general shalis show
little percolation of ground water hence has limited
retaining and explanation of it.
The major problem of agricultural diffuse
pollution appears to be the heavy silt loads, along with
large quantities of dissolved salts, nutrients, organics and
34
Tripathi et al. Int. J. Res. Chem. Environ. Vol. 4 Issue 4 (34-41) October 2014
even heavy metals and bacterial contaminants washed off
during floods. With the introduction of intensive agriculture
and adoption of modern farming techniques involving the
application of much irrigation water and agricultural
chemicals, the problems caused by diffuse agricultural
pollution are bound to grow [4].
All the samples are higher than the permissible
limit during three season (Rainy, winter and summer).
From Sidhi District cadmium of all the water samples
varied from 0.002 to 0.076 ppm and the average value was
recorded 0.071 ppm as show in (Table 2 & 3). 50% sample
are higher than the permissible limit during all the season.
Umaria District, the cadmium concentration in the water
samples were ranging from 0.0037-0.0011 ppm. All the
samples were below the permissible limit during three
different season (Rainy, winter and summer). Cadmium
concentration in the water of shahdol District ranged
between 0.0026 to 2.25 ppm.
Environmental problems related to industrial
effluent disposal on land have been reported from various
parts of the country. Disposal on land has become a regular
practice for some industries and creates local/regional
environmental problems[5-15]. The toxic effects of heavy
metals are now well recognized and the toxic
concentrations were very well studied. During the last
decade an extensive database has been published providing
a direct link between the exposure to low concentration of
heavy metals and different diseases. Heavy metals viz, Cr,
Pb, Cd, Ag, Co, Ag, Hg, Ca and Sc are recognized highly
toxic and dangers pollutant [16].
Maximum Concentration of cadmium 2.25 ppm
was observed the location E18 (Bodari) as show in (Table 2
and figure 1) while minimum concentration of cadmium
0.0026 ppm, detected at sampling location E6
(Jaisingnagar). Cadmium concentration in water samples of
Panna district is completely with in the permissible limit
prescribed by WHO as (0.01 mg/l)[18]. Over all, the
cadmium of all the water samples collected from the six
district at different location were showed in the range of
0.0009 to 2.25 ppm. Maximum concentration of 2.25 ppm,
was observed at location E18 (Bodari) in vindhya Pradesh,
during the winter season while minimum concentration of
0.0009 ppm was recorded at location F6 (Gunnaur), during
the summer season as show in (Tabel 2 and Figure 1). M.
dehghani et al, [19]2011 studied cadmium, arsenic, lead and
nitrate pollution in the ground water of Anar plain and
reported 0.06 to 2.63 PPb. Pranab Sabhapandit et al, [20]
2011 studied physico-chemical characteristics of ground
and surface water Ghopur sub-division of Sonitpur District,
Assam (India) and reported the cadmium content is ND to
0.008 µg/l in DW, 0.01 to 0.07 µg/l in BW, ND to 0.02 µg/l
in ponds and ND to 0.01 µg/l in H.P.
Material and Methods
In the present study we are intended to find out the
the deffuse chemical pollution in Vindhya Pradesh on this
basis we have design the sampling station Total 6 District
were selected for this study i,e Rewa, Satna, Sidhi, Umaria,
Shahdol and Panna of Vindhya Pradesh. Rewa, Satna, Sidhi
and Shahdol are famous for industries, while Umaria and
Panna were chosen as control.
The selection of sampling station has been done
including Tehsil/headquarters, Industrial places, crop fields
and some villages. We have choosen 40 Tehsil, 14
Industrial places, 20 crop fields and 26 villages for study.
Therefore total 100 numbers of sampling location
associated for in the whole Vindhya Pradesh for water
quality analysis. Water samples were collected in three
different seasons of the year and were analyzed for their
cadmium content. Collection was done by grab sampling
method in polyethylene battles. Samples were acidified and
refrigerated. The standards used in the present analysis
were prepared as described in standard method[17].Analysis
of cadmium metal in water samples was done using perkin
elmer analyst 100 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
equipped with perkin elmer HGA 850 graphite furnace and
perking Elmer AS 800 auto sampler with a computer
interface operation and reading display. The location of
sampling stations are shown in Table 1.
H.C. Katariya et al,[21] 2012 carried out trace
element detection in Parwati river water at Sehore and
Narshingpur Area of Madhya Pradesh and found cadmium
concentration of ND to 0.059 mg/l. Mukesh Kumar et al,
[22]
2006 studied trace level determination of U, Zn, Cd, Pb,
and Cu in drinking water samples and found 1.21-49.04
µg/l. Haque et al, [23] (2005) studied seasonal variation of
heavy metals concentration in surface water of the rivers
and estuaries of sundarban mangrove forest and reported
concentration of Cd for all seasons ranged from 0.0045 to
0.013 mg/l. the high value Cd in some areas is attributed to
rum off from agricultural fields where Cd containing
phosphate fertilizers are used discharge of untreated
sewage, tannery etc.
Results and Discussion
The cadmium concentration in the ground water
samples of Rewa district in different seasons are presented
in Table 2. The cadmium concentration ranges 0.001 to
1.17 ppm, with a average value 1.273 ppm. The highest
value of 1.17 ppm was recorded at sampling location A11
(Devtalab). In Satna District, the cadmium concentration
was ranged from 0.010 to 0.143 ppm, and average
concentration was observed 0.138 ppm.
The concentration of cadmium (<0.002 mg/l) was
found in all fine lakes of Dhaka city. Jain et al,[24] (2004)
studied trace element contamination in coastal aquifer and
reported cadmium in the studied area varied from 0.001 to
0.012 mg/l during February 2000.
35
Tripathi et al. Int. J. Res. Chem. Environ. Vol. 4 Issue 4 (34-41) October 2014
Table 1
Locations of Sampling Station Name with Code in Vindhya Pradesh
Districts
S. No
Rewa
Satna
1.
A1: Civil Lines Rewa
B1: Near District Hospital
Satna,
2.
A2: Near Birla Kevil Plant
B2: Near Birla Cement Plant
3.
A3: Near J.P. Cement Plant
B3: Near Steel Plant Babupur
4.
A4: Near J.P. Bela
Cement Plant
B4: Madhogarh, near
Higher Secondary School
5.
A5: Near Gun Factory
B5: Near T.R.S ground, Kothi
6.
A6: Near Govindgarh Dam
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
A7: Near Raipur Karch
Higher Secondary School
A8: Near Silpari Gram
Panchayat
A9: Mangawan near
Allahabad Bank
A10: Raghunath Ganj
near School
B6: Near Jaithwara
Primary School
B7: Rampur Baghelan,
near Hanuman Chauk
B8: Near Prism Cement Plant
B9: Near Hospital & School,
Chibaura
Sidhi
Umaria
Panna
D1: Near R.V.P.G.
College, Umaria
E1: Near river, Shahdol
C2: Near Deosar Bus Stand
D2: Near Bandhogarh Bank
E2: Near Sohagpur
Bus Stand
D3: Near Pali Temple
E3: Karwa Near Temple
D4: Near higher
Secondary School, Singhpur
E4: Near Hospital, Jhajauli
F4: Itwa residential area
D5: Near Atariya
Hanuman Temple
E5: Near Hanuman
temple, Chilpa
F5: Near Ajaigarh
Co-operative Bank
D6: Near Ghumghouti
Primary School
E6: Near Jaisinghnagar
Govt. P.G. College
E7: Near Atariya
High School
E8: Near Jermiah High
School, Redsa
E9: Near Kangal
Mandir, Karki
E10: Kanaoudi Near
Narsingh Mandir
F6: Near Higher Secondary
School, Gunnaur
F7: Near Amanganj
Post Office
F8: Near Govt. P.G.
College, Pawai
C3: Near Primary
School, Parsohar
C4: Near Sanjay
Gandhi P.G. College, Jiawan
C5: Near Sanjay
Gandhi P.G.
College, Chitrangi
C6: Near Temple
Sinhawal
C7: Near N.T.P.C,
Singrauli
C8: Near Bus
stand & temple Churhat
C9: Near Rampur
Govt. P.G. College
B10: Near Maihar
C10: Near Majholi School
B11: Near Maihar
Cement Plant
C11: Near Post
Office, Gainuwar
A12: Mauganj, near
Govt. P.G. College
A13: Near Polythene Industry,
Pannimauganj
A14: Near Raghunath
P.G. College, Hanumahna
A15: Near Balak Higher
Secondary School, Sirmaur
A16: Near Simaria
P.G. College
A17: Near Bus Stand,
Teonthor
A18: Near Primary School,
Silapur
A19: Near Electric Plant,
Chachai Falls
B12: Near Dhanera
Gram Panchayat
B13: Near Barhiya
Primary School
C12: Near Madwas
Primary School
C13: Near Sarsal Gram
Panchayat Hall
A20: Near Sohagi Bus Stand
B20: Near Chitrakoot
A11: Devatalab near Temple
Shahdol
C1: Near Sanjay
Gandhi P.G. College Sidhi
D7: Near Tala Bus Stand
D8: Near Balhoun
High School
-------
-----
B14: Near Amarpatan
C14: Near Kusmi Bus Stand
B15: Near Ramnagar
Bus stand
B16: Near Unchagra
railway station
C15: Near Primary School,
Surai
C16: Near High School,
Tagawa
B17: Near Nagod
C17: Near Bank Tal
B18: Near temple
Birsinghpur
B19: Near Majhgawan
Bus stand
C18: Near Grameen
Bank, Majgaon
-----------
C19: Suhiya Residential Area
C20: Near Primary
School, Pankuora
-----
36
F1: Near Panna
Science College
F2: Near Grameen
Bank, Akola
F3: Near Dhopar
Primary School
F9: Near Shanagar Hospital
F10: Near New Basti,
Nawatola
E11: Sidi, Near Talab
F11: Near Nandan
Gram Nanchayat
E12: Beohari Near
P.G. College
F12: Near Semaria
E13: Mantola Near Temple
E14: Near Higher
Secondary School, Kotma
E15: Near Primary
School, Suida
-------
E16: Near Khamria Mines
---
E17: Near Pakaria
Bus Stand
---
E18: Bodri Mata Mandir
---
E19: Near Pushparajgarh
---
E20: Near Coal Mines
---
Tripathi et al. Int. J. Res. Chem. Environ. Vol. 4 Issue 4 (34-41) October 2014
Table 2
Seasonal variation in Cadmium concentration of ground water at different locations in Vindhya Pradesh
Sampling Locations
District
1
Concentration of Cadmium in ppm
Rewa
Satna
Sidhi
Umaria
Shahdol
Panna
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
12
13
14
15
17
18
19
20
Monsoon
0.05
0.055
0.043
0.068
0.043
0.074
0.082
0.005
0.008
10
ND
0.001
0.028
1.15
0.086
0.062
16
ND
0.067
0.063
0.027
0.023
Winter
0.05
0.053
0.058
0.059
0.058
0.067
0.069
0.004
0.008
ND
0.002
0.029
1.17
0.082
0.071
ND
0.052
0.057
0.014
0.028
Summer
0.04
0.047
0.045
0.048
0.047
0.056
0.059
0.003
0.007
ND
0.009
0.025
1.5
0.076
0.060
ND
0.048
0.052
ND
0.025
Monsoon
0.033
0.094
0.112
0.086
0.084
0.072
0.104
0.085
0.074
0.098
0.073
0.095
0.070
0.143
0.069
0.084
0.085
0.141
0.079
0.081
Winter
0.031
0.097
0.010
0.082
0.078
0.067
0.118
0.075
0.059
0.086
0.058
0.093
0.065
0.138
0.065
0.081
0.079
0.137
0.074
0.075
Summer
0.027
0.086
0.086
0.073
0.068
0.057
0.010
0.068
0.049
0.077
0.047
0.087
0.061
0.133
0.059
0.075
0.073
0.135
0.067
0.065
Monsoon
0.057
0.068
0.056
0.073
ND
0.076
0.068
0.047
0.037
0.052
0.072
ND
0.005
0.007
0.003
0.006
0.004
0.003
ND
0.0058
Winter
0.049
0.062
0.059
0.067
ND
0.072
0.059
0.039
0.041
0.047
0.065
ND
0.005
0.007
0.003
0.005
0.004
0.003
ND
0.0046
Summer
0.047
0.065
0.053
0.062
ND
0.066
0.00
0.028
0.032
0.041
0.058
ND
0.005
0.006
0.003
0.00
0.029
0.0028
ND
0.0056
Monsoon
0.0052
0.0055
0.0068
0.0043
0.0041
ND
ND
0.0121
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Winter
0.0048
0.0053
0.0059
0.0058
0.0052
ND
ND
0.0112
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Summer
0.0042
0.0047
0.0048
0.0047
0.0037
ND
ND
0.0110
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Monsoon
0.014
0.012
0.016
0.031
0.0122
0.0037
0.0067
0.65
0.02
0.32
0.67
0.83
2.05
0.51
1.12
0.73
0.45
1.19
2.21
0.27
Winter
0.025
0.018
0.019
0.032
0.0100
0.0032
0.0055
0.66
0.05
0.41
0.78
0.75
2.23
0.62
1.14
0.42
0.51
2.25
1.07
0.25
Summer
0.021
0.020
0.017
0.028
0.0086
0.0026
0.0046
0.58
0.01
0.31
0.55
0.76
2.00
0.47
1.00
0.65
0.37
2.19
0.85
0.18
Monsoon
0.0052
0.0086
ND
0.0082
0.0015
0.0012
0.0062
0.0048
0.0046
0.0059
0.0042
0.0025
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Winter
0.0048
0.0082
ND
0.0080
0.0012
0.0015
0.0071
0.0052
0.0049
0.0047
0.0036
0.0018
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
Summer
0.0037
0.0076
ND
0.0078
0.0010
0.0009
0.0060
0.0046
0.0043
0.0042
0.0032
0.0016
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
37
Tripathi et al. Int. J. Res. Chem. Environ. Vol. 4 Issue 4 (34-41) October 2014
Table 3
Average Cadmium concentration of ground water in Vindhya Pradesh
Distri
ct
Rewa
Satna
Sidhi
Umari
a
Shahd
ol
Panna
Metal
(ppm)
Cadmiu
m
SD (+)
Cadmiu
m
SD (+)
Cadmiu
m
SD (+)
Cadmiu
m
SD (+)
Cadmiu
m
SD (+)
Cadmiu
m
SD (+)
Sampling Locations
1
0.04
7
0.00
6
0.03
0
0.00
3
0.05
1
0.00
5
0.00
5
0.00
1
0.02
0
0.00
6
0.00
5
0.00
1
2
0.05
2
0.00
4
0.09
2
0.00
6
0.06
5
0.00
3
0.00
5
0.00
0
0.01
7
0.00
4
0.00
8
0.00
1
3
0.04
9
0.00
8
0.06
9
0.05
3
0.05
6
0.00
3
0.00
6
0.00
1
0.01
7
0.00
2
ND
-
4
0.05
8
0.01
0
0.08
0
0.00
7
0.06
7
0.00
6
0.00
5
0.00
1
0.03
0
0.00
2
0.00
8
0.00
0
5
0.04
9
0.00
8
0.07
7
0.00
8
ND
0.00
4
0.00
1
0.01
0
0.00
2
0.00
1
0.00
0
6
0.06
6
0.00
9
0.06
5
0.00
8
0.07
1
0.00
5
7
0.07
0
0.01
2
0.07
7
0.05
9
0.04
2
0.03
7
ND
ND
-
-
0.00
3
0.00
1
0.00
1
0.00
0
0.00
6
0.00
1
0.00
6
0.00
1
8
0.00
4
0.00
1
0.07
6
0.00
9
0.03
8
0.01
0
0.01
1
0.00
1
0.63
0
0.04
4
0.00
5
0.00
0
9
0.00
8
0.00
1
0.06
1
0.01
3
0.03
7
0.00
5
--0.02
7
0.02
1
0.00
5
0.00
0
38
10
0.08
7
0.01
1
0.04
7
0.00
6
11
0.00
4
0.00
4
0.05
9
0.01
3
0.06
5
0.00
7
12
0.02
7
0.00
2
0.09
2
0.00
4
--
--
-0.34
7
0.05
5
0.00
5
0.00
1
ND
13
1.27
3
0.19
7
0.06
5
0.00
5
0.00
5
0.00
0
14
0.08
1
0.00
5
0.13
8
0.00
5
0.00
7
0.00
1
15
0.06
4
0.00
6
0.06
4
0.00
5
0.00
3
0.00
0
--
--
--
--
--
--
0.66
7
0.11
5
0.00
4
0.00
1
0.78
0
0.04
4
0.00
2
0.00
0
2.09
3
0.12
1
ND
-
---
16
0.08
0
0.00
5
0.00
4
0.00
3
17
0.05
6
0.01
0
0.07
9
0.00
6
0.01
2
0.01
4
18
0.05
7
0.00
6
0.13
8
0.00
3
0.00
3
0.00
0
19
0.02
1
0.00
9
0.07
3
0.00
6
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
0.53
3
0.07
8
1.08
7
0.07
6
0.60
0
0.16
1
0.44
3
0.07
0
1.87
7
0.59
5
1.37
7
0.73
0
0.23
3
0.04
7
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
ND
ND
-
20
0.02
5
0.00
3
0.07
4
0.00
8
0.00
5
0.00
1
Tripathi et al. Int. J. Res. Chem. Environ. Vol. 4 Issue 4 (34-41) October 2014
39
Tripathi et al. Int. J. Res. Chem. Environ. Vol. 4 Issue 4 (34-41) October 2014
Figure 1: Comparative Cadmium concentration profile of six Districts in Vindhya Pradesh
(Ground Water)
2. TWAS, Safe drinking water the need, the problem,
solution and an action plan, third world academy of
Science, Trieske, Italy, (2002)
Conclusion
In the present study, it is concluded that the
ground water of these areas are not highly contaminated,
there is an indication of increasing pollutants due to
discharge of industrial effluents on land and surface water
bodies. These contaminants percolation may cause ground
water pollution, the findings are concluded below.
Cadmium concentration in the water samples of umaria and
panna district is completely within the range of permissible
limit and other four district water samples were containing
cadmium beyond the permissible limit in most of the
locations. Overall the concentration range of cadmium
varied between 0.0009 to 2.25 ppm. In future it may create
problem of ground water contamination due to heavy and
continuous discharges of waste and waste water from
industrial and agricultural activities in these districts. Hence
proper treatment of these wastes and waste water are very
much essential before discharge on land or water bodies.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ground water
and drinking; technical fact seet on cadmium
www.epa.gov/safewater/swh/t.ioc/cadmium. html [accessed
11/11/03] (2002)
4. Agrawal G.D., Diffuse agricultural water pollution in
India, Water Science and Technology, 39(3), 33–47 (1999)
5. Behera Bhagirath and Ratna Reddy V., Environment and
Accountability: Impact of Industrial Pollution on Rural
Communities, Economic and Political Weekly, 257-265
(2002)
6. Biradar, B.S. and C.B. Biradar (Patil), Groundwater
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arrangements by distillery - a case study, Chapter 36 in
Trivedy, R. K. (ed.), "Industry and Environment’’ Delhi.
Daya Publications (2002)
Acknowledgement
The work has been carried out under the U.G.C
major research project entitled “Charecterization of diffuse
chemical pollution in central India. No. 41-855/2012 dated
23.07.2012 and their financial support is acknowledged.
The authors are grateful to Director, National
Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)
Nagpur for providing the instrumental facilities. It is my
great privilege to express my heartfelt gratitude and regards
to prof. K. B. Pandeya, Ex vice-chancellor, Mahatma
Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidalaya Chitrakoot
(M.P.) for suggesting the problem perpetual guidance and
constant encouragement throughout my research work.
7. Salunke K.J. and Karande S.M., Effect of pulp and paper
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growth in Mungbean. Chapter 68 in R. K. Trivedy (ed.)
Industry and Environment, Delhi, Daya Publications (2002)
8. Kumar R.D. Senthil and Narayanaswamy R.,
Spectroscopic on the heavy metal pollution of the Sugar
mill effluents and its impact on groundwater, Chapter 34 in
Trivedy, R. K. (ed.), Industry and Environment, Delhi.
Daya Publications (2002)
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