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Counseling Styles and Types!
The ‘Alphabet Soup’ of how we
help others!
Client-Centered
• R.E.T. (Rational Emotive [Behavioral]
Therapy)
• Rogerian (Founded by Carl Rogers….)
The ‘ABC’s of R.E.T.
• Founded by Albert Ellis in 1955
• One of the very first Cognitive Therapies
used.
• Designed to eliminate “stinkin’ thinkin’”
about situations and self and how we react
to situations.
The ‘ABC’s of R.E.T.
Uncovering irrational beliefs which may lead
to may lead to unhealthy negative
emotions and replacing them with more
productive rational alternatives.
A is for ‘activating event’ [could be actual
event, or my interpretation of an actual
event]
The ‘ABC’s of R.E.T.
• B is for Beliefs: rational, irrational,
evaluations, judgements.
• C is for Consequences: emotions,
behaviors, other intended or non-intended
consequences
The ‘ABC’s of R.E.T.
• Goal of therapy: Replace rigid perspective
of “must” and “always” and “should” with
flexibility. Gets clients to think about
accepting fallibilities in all persons,
including self.
• Challenge present thinking patterns with
more rational alternatives
The ‘ABC’s of R.E.T.
• Techniques used: cognitive, emotive,
behavioral, imagery (imagination)
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Cognitive: Mental thinking
Emotive: Changing emotional reaction
Behavioral: Doing things differently
Imagery: Imagine how things could be,
conversations that could happen, etc.
Ge st ahl t
aka “Get it together”
• Developed by Frederick (Fritz) Perls
• Emotive in its perspective
• Designed around “bottled up” people,
trying to draw out emotional responses
• Aim: Wholeness of person through
emotional expression
Ge st ahl t
aka “Get it together”
• “The empty chair”
• Conversations I never had, but really,
really wanted to
• Confrontations too scary to have, but too
important not to have!
Ge st ahl t
aka “Get it together”
• Concepts: "FIGURE" (The stuff that is
important to a situation right now)
• Concepts: "GROUND" (The stuff that
fades into the background as other things
rise to the surface)
Ge st ahl t
aka “Get it together”
• The goal of therapy, counseling, or
personal growth is for the person to
become fully capable of "ORGANISMIC
SELF-REGULATION," that is, responding
from his or her own center and needs,
(with attention to sensory, intuitive,
emotional, and cognitive modes of
experience) within the context of the
situation.
Client-centered
• Hurrah for Carl Rogers!
• the 'core conditions' for facilitative
(counselling and educational) practice congruence (realness), acceptance and
empathy). [website describing his practice
as a therapist]
• Rogers studied theology prior to pursuing
psychology.
Carl Rogers
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Humanist perspective
Person-Centered Approach (PCA)
first book, Counseling and Psychotherapy
1964, Rogers was selected 'humanist of
the year' by the American Humanist
Association
Client-centered core values
• Realness in the facilitator of learning
• Prizing, acceptance, trust.
– What we are describing is a prizing of the
learner as an imperfect human being with
many feelings, many potentialities. The
facilitator’s prizing or acceptance of the
learner is an operational expression of her
essential confidence and trust in the capacity
of the human organism.
Client-centered core values
• Empathetic understanding
– When the teacher has the ability to
understand the student’s reactions from the
inside, has a sensitive awareness of the way
the process of education and learning seems
to the student, then again the likelihood of
significant learning is increased…. [Students
feel deeply appreciative] when they are simply
understood – not evaluated, not judged,
simply understood from their own point of
view, not the teacher’s.
Client-centered core values
• Carl Rogers was a gifted teacher. His
approach grew from his orientation in oneto-one professional encounters. He saw
himself as a facilitator - one who created
the environment for engagement.
Alfred Adler (remember him?)
• Thinking, feeling, emotion, and behavior
can only be understood as subordinated to
the individual's style of life, or consistent
pattern of dealing with life. The individual
is not internally divided or the battleground
of conflicting forces. Each aspect of the
personality points in the same direction.
Alfred Adler
• Adlerian individual psychotherapy, brief
therapy, couple therapy, and family
therapy follow parallel paths. Clients are
encouraged to overcome their feelings of
insecurity, develop deeper feelings of
connectedness, and to redirect their
striving for significance into more socially
beneficial directions.
Alfred Adler
• Through a respectful Socratic dialogue,
they are challenged to correct mistaken
assumptions, attitudes, behaviors and
feelings about themselves and the world.
Constant encouragement stimulates
clients to attempt what was previously felt
as impossible
Psycho-Analytics
• Psychoanalytic therapists look to uncover
the patient's repressed feelings thoughts
and motives, and they basically ignore the
patient's presenting symptoms.
• Two common techniques of
psychoanalytic therapy are free
association and dream analysis
Psycho-Analytics
• Repressed memories is a “Biggie” here
with this style… what’s going on from the
past, and how have you coped with it by
“repressing” the memories?
Rudolph Dreikurs
Social Discipline Model
• Man is a social being and his main desire (the basic
motivation) is to belong.
• ii) All behavior is purposive. One cannot understand
behavior of another person unless one knows to which
goal it is directed, and it is always directed towards
finding one's place.
• iii) Man is a decision-making organism.
• iv) Man does not see reality as it is, but only as he
perceives it, and his perception may be mistaken or
biased.
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Rudolph Dreikurs
Social Discipline Model
• This model is similar with RelationshipListening model in that trying to find an
underlying cause for misbehaviors and
having optimistic belief in the child’s
rational capacities. But this is more
assertive and intrusive than RelationshipListening model, and adults or peers need
to intervene and redirect the child’s
misplaced goals.
Driekurs
• If a child lives with criticism, he learns to
condemn.
• If a child lives with hostility, he learns to fight.
• If a child lives with ridicule, he learns to be shy.
• If a child lives with fear, he learns to be
apprehensive.
• If a child lives with shame, he learns to feel
guilty.
• If a child lives with tolerance, he learns to be
patient.
Driekurs…
• If a child lives with encouragement, he
learns to be confident.
• If a child lives with acceptance, he learns
to love.
• If a child lives with approval, he learns to
like himself.
• If a child lives with recognition, he learns it
is good to have a goal.
Driekurs
• If a child lives with honesty, he learns what
truth is.
• If a child lives with fairness, he learns
justice.
• If a child lives with security, he learns to
have faith in himself and those about him.
• If a child lives with friendliness, he learns
the world is a nice place in which to live, to
love and be loved.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is a
psychotherapeutic approach which is used
by psychologists and therapists to help
promote positive change in individuals, to
help alleviate emotional distress, and to
address a myriad of
psycho/social/behavioral issues.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
• Cognitive Behavioral therapists identify
and treat difficulties arising from an
individual's irrational thinking,
misperceptions, dysfunctional thoughts,
and faulty learning.
Behavioral Therapy
• What is behavioral therapy?
Behavioral therapy is a form of
psychotherapy that involves an individual
or a family sitting in a room with a
counselor to talk about the problems that
have led the individual to seek help. Unlike
traditional forms of therapy, the focus is on
the behaviors of the person and what
contributes to these behavioral patterns.
Behavioral Therapy
• For example, if the student is having
trouble sitting still, we define the problem
and try to describe what happens to cause
the problem.
Behavioral Therapy
• We try to flesh out the scene so we can
understand what can be modified to get
the behavior moving in the right direction.
For example, if the teacher likes to have
students sit in alphabetical order in the
classroom, perhaps a child with ADHD
would do better sitting near the teacher's
desk.
Behavioral Therapy
• So, even though the child's last name
might have required him or her to sit
towards the back of the class, we can
tweak these rules based on the child's
situation.
Transactional Analysis
• I'm OK - You're OK
• "I'm OK - You're OK" is probably the bestknown expression of the purpose of
transactional analysis: to establish and
reinforce the position that recognizes the
value and worth of every person.
Transactional analysts regard people as
basically "OK" and thus capable of
change, growth, and healthy interactions.
Transactional Analysis
• Strokes
• Berne observed that people need strokes,
the units of interpersonal recognition, to
survive and thrive. Understanding how
people give and receive positive and
negative strokes and changing unhealthy
patterns of stroking are powerful aspects
of work in transactional analysis.
Transactional Analysis
• Ego States
• Eric Berne made complex interpersonal transactions
understandable when he recognized that the human
personality is made up of three "ego states". Each ego
state is an entire system of thoughts, feelings, and
behaviors from which we interact with one another. The
Parent, Adult and Child ego states and the interaction
between them form the foundation of transactional
analysis theory. These concepts have spread into many
areas of therapy, education, and consulting as practiced
today.
Transactional Analysis
• Transactions
• Transactions refer to the communication
exchanges between people. Transactional
analysts are trained to recognize which
ego states people are transacting from
and to follow the transactional sequences
so they can intervene and improve the
quality and effectiveness of
communication.
Transactional Analysis
• Contracts
• Transactional analysis practice is based
upon mutual contracting for change.
Transactional analysts view people as
capable of deciding what they want for
their lives. Accordingly transactional
analysis does its work on a contractual
basis between the client and the therapist,
educator, or consultant.
Crisis Intervention
• I. Plan and conduct crisis assessment (including lethality measures).
II. Establish rapport and rapidly establish relationship.
III. Identify major problems (including the "last straw" or crisis
precipitants).
IV. Deal with feelings and emotions (including active listening and
validation).
V. Generate and explore alternatives.
VI. Develop and formulate and action plan.
VII. Follow-up and agreement.
Organic Therapies
• Medications (anti-depressants, etc)
– Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors
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SSRI’s
Prozac
Paxcil
Zoloft
Organic Therapies
• Anti-psychotic meds (lithium, scopalamine,
Thorazine)
• Anti-anxiety meds (Valium, Librium, etc)
– Works on GABA receptors to block excitatory
messages to the brain.