Writing HTML and CSS From the Ground Up Writing the HTML and CSS code for your website Basics 2 Old School vs. New School Old school: build site entirely in HTML Use tables to build “shelves” to put content (headers, navigation, images, footers) Fixed width tables don’t translate well to other platforms (PDAs, cellphones, widescreen monitors) Lots of code, often messy New school: build site in HTML and CSS HTML, which is just bare-bones content. CSS, which provides format and layout. Code is clean and lean Use tables only for tabular data (row/column format: names and phone numbers, date and frequency) 3 Why? Separates content from presentation - change the look of entire site by changing one CSS file. More flexibility and control over sites that will be seen on a variety of browsers and platforms, including PDA's, cellphones, wide-screen monitors and text-to-speech monitors. Faster download Simple HTML content more “transparent” for text-to-speech browsers, browsers with images turned off, old browsers Navigation is in lists, paragraphs within paragraph tags, less code and fewer images in the HTML HTML uncluttered by code formatting layout and design 4 Xhtml XHTML is the new HTML XHTML is the same as HTML, but stricter and cleaner Fully backwards compatible, but can also work with the coming generation of platforms. Fewer tags used, fewer attributes used Stricter rules Use CSS to do the heavy lifting: format and presentation HTML is content only, so requires fewer tags and attributes 5 HTML tags Tags are applied in pairs, an opening tag and a closing tag. Everything between the opening and closing tag is affected by the tag. <h2>Everything between the opening and closing tag is affected by the tag.</h2> Some tags can have attributes added to them. The <img> tag, for instance, inserts an image onto you page. To define the image source, the size of the image, the alt text of the image and so on, you need to use add attributes to the tag: <img src="images/staff1.jpg" width="100px" height="50px" border="1px" alt="Pueblo County Extension staff"> 6 XHTML In XHTML, the rules are stricter than in HTML: All tags must be closed, even tags that normally aren't closed in HTML: <br> <img> <input>. WorkAround: <br /> instead of <br>; <img src="pic1" /> Must be closed in reverse order they appear (nesting) <body><h2>My headline</h2></body> All letters must be lowercase Some old HTML tags are deprecated, meaning they won't work in XHTML: <center> <font> <strong> Some attributes are deprecated as well: background, bgcolor, hspace, vspace, align Validate code at W3C (World Wide Web Consortium). Once validated, they let you have this cool icon for your site: 7 8 tags all webpages need <html> <head> Description, keywords, title, and CSS – or link to external CSS – go here. <title>The title goes here. </title> </head> <body>All the content of your page goes here. </body> </html> 8 2 more DOCTYPE tag, to let the browser know what "rulebook" your page will follow: <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> You also need to append the <html> tag so that it reads: <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> Get these from Dreamweaver, or www.w3.org, or from these lessons Cut and paste them into every new page you start XHTML is less forgiving than (but preferable to) HTML “Transitional” is more forgiving than “strict” “Strict” gives you more control than “transitional” 9 CSS Internal CSS start with this line: <style rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"><!- and end with this line: --></style> Note the comment code: <!--comment--> External stylesheets use this line: <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href=“my_styles.css" /> 10 All The Tags You Need <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <style rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"><!— --></style> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="description" content="this is my website" /> <meta name="keywords“ content="keyword one, keyword two“ /> <title>My website </title> </head> <body>All content goes here. </body> </html> 11 Css syntax element { property-1: value; property-2: value; } body { background-color: #ded8cc; font-family: verdana, helvetica, arial, sans-serif; These properties will be applied to everything within the “body” tags (which is all the content of your page) } #wrapper { width: 750px; text-align: left; } These properties will be applied to any tag (usually a div tag) where id=“wrapper” 12 Previewing Your Page Webpage should have .htm or .html extension CSS should have .css extension In browser, go to File> Open File (Firefox) or File> Open>Browse (IE) Need to preview in several browsers IE 7 (22% of market*) Firefox 1&2 (37%*) IE 6 (31%*) (tough browser!) IE 5 (2%*) Others (under 4% each*): Safari, Opera, NN 4, IE 4 *Numbers from W3 Schools – February 2008 13 Multiple IE Browsers IE likes to write over previous versions of itself, and will often not let you install earlier versions http://tredosoft.com/Multiple_IE will install IE 3, 4, 5, 5.5 and 6 (or any combination of them) on your system Install IE7 first, then run this Doesn’t play well with Vista 14 Building A Page Layout 15 Starting Tags, Meta-content We’re going to start with internal CSS, to keep everything in one document Easy to split off to external CSS, which we’ll do later Add some basic meta-content: All within head tags Description <meta name="description" content="this is my website" /> Keyword <meta name="keywords“ content="one, two“ /> Title <title>Title goes here</title> 16 Add Some Basic Content Between <body> tags, type this text: My header Home | Programs | Registration | About Us | Contact Us Staff My headline My content CSU Home | Extension Home | Webmaster 17 Define the body In CSS, between the style tags Apply only those elements that will be default for all content of all pages Will affect everything within body tags (everything!) Font style, background color, “zero out” margins and padding body { background-color: #ded8cc; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sansserif; margin: 0; padding: 0; } 18 Define a heading Tag h1 { text-align: center; color: #006633; font-size: 1.5em; } Put headline between <h1> and </h1> tags A block-level tag, so line breaks are automatically applied before and after Adding CSS to tags is a blunt instrument approach – affects every instance of that tag 19 Div tags You can apply CSS between <div> tags Create an ID in CSS with # followed by ID #header { position: relative; width: 750px; height: 121px; margin: 10px; background-color: #dcedd1; } Then put div tags with IDs around that content you are manipulating <div id=“header”>My header</div> Can only be used once per page Good strategy for one-use structural elements (header, body, nav bar, footer) 20 Define Wrapper, Center Wrapper Common design strategy is to wrap your content in one big box Useful for centering, background color, overall width #wrapper { position: relative; width: 770px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: 1px solid #ffffff; } Put <div id=“wrapper”> just after <body> tag, close it just before closing body tag 21 Centering the Wrapper in IE5-6 Setting margins to equal values will center in most browsers, but NOT in IE 6 or before. Add text-align: center; to body CSS for IE workaround Add text-align: left to wrapper CSS to reset it to left 22 Define Header and Navbar #header { position: relative; width: 750px; height: 121px; margin: 10px; background-color: #dcedd1; } #top { position: relative; width: 750px; height: 45px; margin: 10px; background-color: #dcedd1; } Add div tags with appropriate IDs around header and navbar content <div id=“top”></div> 23 Reposition Text In Navbar Add these 2 line to center horizontally and vertically: text-align: center; line-height: 45px; (size of parent element) #top { position: relative; width: 750px; height: 45px; margin: 10px; background-color: #dcedd1; text-align: center; line-height: 45px; } 24 Define Left And Main columns, Footer #left { position: relative; width: 200px; height: 400px; margin: 10px; background-color: #dcedd1; } #main { position: absolute; top: 186px; left: 210px; width: 540px; height: 400px; margin: 10px; background-color: #dcedd1; } #footer { position: relative; width: 750px; height: 45px; margin: 10px; background-color: #dcedd1; text-align: center; line-height: 45px; } Notice the #main ID is position: absolute, followed by “top” and “left” values Pulls it out of the flow of the HTML Footer CSS is identical to Top CSS 25 Result (Firefox, IE5, 5.5, 6, 7) 26 Adding Images 27 Two Ways To Add images HTML Use the image tag <img> Add attributes for source, width, height, and alt text <img src=“images/header.jpg” width=“750px” height=“121px” alt=“Colorado State University Extension” /> Note the self-closing tag CSS Use background-image #header { position: relative; width: 750px; height: 121px; background-image: url(nav-1.jpg); } Background-position (left, right, top, bottom, center) Background-repeat (repeat, repeat-x, repeat-y, no-repeat) 28 Adding The Header, Nav And Footer Images Put the header image tag in the HTML between the header <div>s <img src=“images/header.jpg” width=“750px” height=“121px” alt=“Colorado State University Extension” /> Put nav-1 in the #top CSS background-image: url(nav-1.jpg); background-repeat: repeat-x; Put nav-2 in the #footer CSS background-image: url(nav-2.jpg); background-repeat: repeat-x; 29 Adding an Image To the Main Column <img src="heron.jpg" width=“233px” height=“252px” alt=“The Great Grey Heron” align=“left” /> The attribute “align” is depricated We’ll learn how to do it via the CSS “float” property later in the workshop Vspace and hspace (set margin areas in html for images) are depicated too We’ll add margins later in CSS 30 Result 31 Margins, Padding and Borders 32 The box model Margin is the area outside the box Border is the line around the box itself Padding is the area between the box and the content of the box In IE 5 and 6, width of an element INCLUDES border and padding (not the margin) All other browsers ADD margin, border and padding to width of element 33 Working Around the Width Property Difference There is a “hack” for it: div { width: 100px; } div { \width: 140px; w\idth: 100px; } resets IE5, IE5.5, IE6 to new width (element width + padding + border) w\idth sets IE 6 back to real width (element width only) Won’t work for NN 4 We’ll use this later \width 34 Margin Values will put 10 pixel margin on each side Can specify different values for top, right, bottom, left margin: 10px; Like a clock: start at top, work your way around clockwise margin: 0 10px 0 10px; will put 10px margins on sides, none on top and bottom For a single margin value, you can use margin-left, margin-right, margin-top, margin-bottom margin-left: 10px; will estabish a 10 pixel margin only on the left side 35 Padding Values will put 10 pixel of padding on each side Can specify different values for top, right, bottom, left padding: 10px; Like a clock: start at top, work your way around clockwise padding: 0 10px 0 10px; will put 10px margins on sides, none on top and bottom For a single padding value, you can use padding-left, padding-right, padding-top, padding-bottom padding-left: 10px; will estabish 10 pixels of padding only on the left side 36 Two Value Shorthand Can specify 2 values, 1st for top/bottom, 2nd for left/right margin: 0 10px; will put 10px margins on sides, none on top and bottom padding: 0 10px; will put 10px of padding on sides, none on top and bottom 37 Border Values Like margins, borders can be done with same value for all 4 sides, or just for specific sides Unlike margins, borders have more variables: Size (e.g. – 2px) Style (e.g. – solid, inset, outset, dashed) Color (e.g. – blue, #cccccc) border: 2px solid #cccccc; will put a 2 pixel solid gray border around all sides Border-left: 2px solid #cccccc; will put 2 pixel solid gray border on left border only 38 Rework Padding and Margin Remove lower margin from #nav Remove top, right and bottom margin form #left Remove all but right margin from #main Remove top margin from #footer Add 10px padding to #left and #main Add 3px left border to #main 39 Result 40 Lists, Links and Navbars 41 Lists and Links Good ideas to make navigation bars or columns HTML lists They are easier to manipulate that way More “transparent” HTML: since it is literally a “list” of links, let the end user know that by making it an HTML list 42 Html Lists Begin list with <ol> or <ul> <ol> - ordered list – numbered or lettered (used less often) <ul> - bullet pointed (they can be removed, or replaced with an image) End with </ol> or </ul> Each list item is enclosed with <li> and </li> Within the list tags, you need anchor tags for the link itself 43 Sample Html List Code Opening unordered list tag <ul> <li><a href=“http://www.link1.com/”>link 1</a></li> Closing unordered list tag <li><a href=“http://www.link2.com/”>link 2</a></li> <li><a href=‘http://www.link3.com/”>link 3</a></li> <li><a href=“http://www.link4.com/”>link 4</a></li> </ul> Opening list item tag Opening anchor tag and link Link text Closing anchor tag Closing list item tag Notice the tags are nested together, opening in this order: <ul>,<li>,<a> Closing in reverse order: </a>, </li>, </ul> 44 Creating the List Cut the navbar text form the top horizontal bar, and paste it between the “#left” div tags Add a couple more links Add anchor tags, list item tags, unordered list tags <ul> <li><a <li><a <li><a <li><a <li><a </ul> href=“#”>Home</a></li> href=“#”>Programs </a></li> href=“#”>Registration </a></li> href=“#”>About Us </a></li> href=“#”>Contact Us </a></li> 45 Zeroing out Margins and Padding IE automatically gives list elements a margin, Firefox automatically gives them padding Set both to 0 in the CSS for your <ul> sets all browsers to the same value of 0 so you can set those values on your own 46 List style types Default is round bullet (disc) Other values for list-style-type None, circle, disc, square List-style-image: url(your_image.gif); will allow you to use your own image for bullet For ordered lists there are many more options: upper-roman, lower-roman, upper-alpha, lower-alpha, even hebrew and armenian will put the bullets inside the whatever container encloses it in the code List-style-position: inside; 47 New Css Rule If you specify a CSS div ID, followed by an HTML element, it will only effect that HTML element within that specific div Why? Your manipulation of one list with CSS won’t affect other lists With all that in mind…. #left ul { list-style-type: none; Margin: 0; Padding: 0; } 48 Manipulating list Text, Spacing and Borders #left ul li { font-size: .8em; line-height: 1.5em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ffffff; width: 170px; } This affects only list items within the #left div Lowers font size to 80% of default Raises height between lines by 150% Gives each list item a bottom 1 pixel solid white border Sets the width of that border at 170 pixels 49 Adding Link Behaviors Set the initial state: black, no underline #left a:link, a:visited color: #000000; text-decoration: none; } { Set the rollover state: white, underline, green background color #left a:hover { color: #ffffff; text-decoration: underline; background-color: #75a375; } 50 Changing Display From In-Line to Block In-line elements (like <a>) only affect the text between them Block level elements are larger – typically insert line breaks before and after (<p>, <h1>) In this case, it will fill out the background of the block the text is within, rather than just the background of the text Applied to all states of a: tag within #left Sets width to correspond to length of white border bottom #left a { display: block; width: 130px; } 51 Result Initial state Rollover state (a:hover) 52 Footer links In CSS, the #footer, we’ll make them smaller, closer to the bottom line-height: 65px; font-size: .7em; Put them in an <ul> in HTML, within the #footer div <div id="footer"> <ul> <li><a href="#">CSU Home </a></li> | <li><a href="#">Extension Home </a></li> | <li><a href="#">Webmaster</a></li> </ul> </div> 53 Footer Links Set display from block to in-line This turns the block level element list item’s line breaks off, so you can see list elements on one line (the opposite of what we did with the left nav bar) #footer ul li { display: inline; } Notice that this in-line display is applied to a block level element (<li>) Previously we applied a block display to an in-line element (<a>) 54 Footer Links 0 out the margin and padding, set list style to none #footer ul { list-style-type: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; } Set initial state to black, no underline #footer a:link, a:visited { color: #000000; text-decoration: none; } #footer a:hover { color: #ffffff; text-decoration: underline; } 55 Result 56 Generic Links For links in the body of your page, you can simply define the selectors within the context of the #main div id Good idea for links in the body of the page to be underlined #main a:link { text-decoration: underline; color: #000000; font-weight: 500; } #main a:visited { text-decoration: underline; color: #cccccc; font-weight: 500; } #main a:hover { text-decoration: none; color: #75a375; font-weight: 500; } 57 Cross Browser Design 58 Page in Firefox, IE7, Safari 59 Page in IE6 Notice the added space below the footer 60 Page in IE 5, IE5.5 Notice the space below the footer and the right margin 61 Fix for the footer Caused by the 45px line height in #footer Solved with overflow: hidden in #footer Doesn’t allow overflow content to show 62 Box model Hack review div { width: 100px; } div { \width: 140px; w\idth: 100px; } \width resets IE5, IE5.5, IE6 to new width (element width + padding + border) w\idth sets IE 6 back to real width (element width only) 63 Fix for the right margin Use the Box Model hack 3 widths to work with: #wrapper, #left, #main #wrapper { \width: 772px; w\idth: 770px; } #left { \width: 200px; w\idth: 180px; } #main { \width: 550px; w\idth: 527px; } 64 Floating Images, Boxes And Columns 65 The Float Property HTML-only aligning of images uses the align=“left” or align=“right” attribute in the image or table tag to: Move the image either right or left, and Allow text and/or other content to wrap around it The “align” attribute is depricated, meaning it isn’t supported by strict XHTML The CSS (and XHTML friendly) alternative is the “float” property 66 The Float Property (con’t) moves an element to the left side of the containing block, float: right; moves it to the right Can only float block-level elements (images, paragraphs, lists, div tagged elements), not in-line elements Specify the width of the floated element (unless it’s a image) Floats won’t affect anything above them in the HTML, but will wrap around anything below it (until it is cleared) Clear the float in the next non-floated element of your layout float: left; clear: left, clear: right, or clear: both 67 Adding Float ID to Image in HTML You don’t have to surround a floated element with div tags You can put the CSS ID directly into the element tag <img src=“images/pic1” id=“lfloat”> #lfloat { float: left; margin: 10px; } The id of “lfloat” in the image tag will float the image left, text will wrap around the float 68 Reusing Image Formats Set a class for left and right alignment of images Use “.” instead of “#” in CSS, “class” instead of “id” in HTML Use class=“lfloat” or class=“rfloat” in the HTML tag whenever you insert a picture <img src=“images/pic1” class=“lfloat”> .lfloat { float: left; margin: 10px; } 69 Floating columns Our current page has a hard-wired height of 400px Won’t accommodate more content or end users/browsers with larger default text size Re-design page so that: Main column is position: relative Neither column has a height property Both columns are floated left Floats are cleared in the footer 70 Floating the left column #left { position: relative; float: left; width: 180px; margin: 0 0 0 10px; Added code (height property was removed) background-color: #dcedd1; padding: 10px; display: inline; } The display: inline; code is to defeat the “double margin” bug in IE, where a floated element doubles the margin it is floated against 71 Floating the main column #main { position: relative; float: left; width: 327px; margin: 0 10px 0 0; background-color: #dcedd1; border-left: 3px solid #ffffff; padding: 10px; display: inline; } Added code (position property changed from absolute to relative; height, top and left properties were removed) The display: inline; code is to defeat the “double margin” bug in IE, where a floated element doubles the margin it is floated against 72 Clearing the floats #footer { position: relative; width: 750px; margin: 0 10px 10px 10px; background-color: #dcedd1; background-image: url(nav-2.jpg); background-repeat: repeat-x; height: 45px; text-align: center; line-height: 65px; font-size: .7em; overflow: hidden; clear: both; } Added code 73 2 IE Bugs Using Floats The Double Margin Problem Floating columns in IE6 and prior often double the margin on the side it is being floated against display: inline; inside the floated element solves the problem The 3 Pixel Problem IE6 and prior often put a 3 pixel margin on the far side of the float (i.e. on the right side of a left floated column) Float both columns, not just one 74 Extending the Left Column Down Easy way: Make the background color of the wrapper the same color as the column (background-color: #dcedd1;) Works well, but colors the margins as well Not quite as easy way: Build a CSS box containing #left and #main Stretch a graphic down the box with 10px margins on the side, middle 750px the column background color #midbox { width: 770px; background-image: url(bg-margins.gif); background-repeat: repeat-y; overflow: auto; } overflow: auto; allows the image to extend down in Firefox Won’t work in IE5 75 Creating a Third Column The “faux column” technique Same technique as the margins, just swap out the graphic to bg-2col.gif #midbox { width: 770px; background-image: url(bg-2col.gif); background-repeat: repeat-y; overflow: auto; } Take background-color: #dcedd1; out of #left Column is defined not by CSS, but by the graphic (thus it is a “faux” cloumn Won’t work in IE5 76 Using Css Classes 77 Html vs. Css Html uses <b></b>, <i></i>,<em></em> to change the appearance of specific bits of text CSS uses classes of properties so that the same appearance (or set of properties) can quickly and easily be used over and over again These are “in-line” changes in the text, as opposed to “block” Unlike div IDs, these can be used multiple times in the same page 78 Class Selectors Unlike div IDs, which can only be used once, class slectors can be used over and over again Useful for manipulations you plan to use frequently (different font for code, add italics and bold for emphasis) 79 Class Syntax .strong { color: red; font-weight: bold; font-style: italic; } .code { font-family: "courier new", courier, monospace; font-size: 95%; } Apply for the conference by <span class=“strong”>March 22nd</span> to receive the professional discount Use the <span class=“code”>position</span> property. Two word font styles need to be surrounded with quotes 80 Styles You can create CSS “on the fly” in your HTML without bothering with your CSS Put your CSS within the style attribute within a span tag This word is <span style="color:#0000FF;">blue</span> Notice the syntax is the same as the syntax for CSS: property: value; For purposes of the HTML, put it inside quotes Multiple properties and values can be used, just separate with semi-colons <span style="color:#0000FF; font-style: bold;"> blue </span> bold 81 External CSS 82 Internal vs. external Internal CSS (CSS inside your webpage) defeats one of the main purposes of CSS, which is having the same look and layout for all your pages To pull your CSS out of your webpage and make it external Get rid of comment code <!-- --> Change “style” to “link” Add an href attribute that points to your new stylesheet Cut out all of your CSS (including the closing tag!) and put it in a new document New doc must have .css extension Should be the name referred to in your href attribute 83 Internal CSS vs. External CSS Internal CSS line <style rel=“stylesheet” type=“text/css”> External CSS line <link rel=“stylesheet” type=“text/css” href=“styles1.css”> is the name of your css document Include the new <link… line of code in all your webpages styles1.css 84 Site Structure and Directory Structure 85 Start With a Pencil and Paper Figure out a simple, logical and scalable arrangement of files and folders Design with growth in mind A web site is NOT a junk drawer Think of folders as individual drawers where similar files go Each major page gets its own folder (About Us, Contact Us may be exceptions) All images in one folder All documents in one folder (if there aren’t many) All documents in each subject area in one folder (4h_docs) All documents in each subject area broken down by year into individual folders (4h_07_docs, 4h_08_docs) 86 Sample Site Structure Home page (index.html) About Us Contact Us 2nd level pages with little upkeep 4H page Agriculture page Family/consumer page Horticulture page 2nd level pages requiring own folders Calendars, documents and links specific to topic Calendars, documents and links specific to topic Calendars, documents and links specific to topic Calendars, documents and links specific to topic 87 Sample Directory Structure Index.html Abou.html Cont.html 4H folder 4h_docs folder 4h.html Agriculture folder agri_docs folder agri.html Family/consumer folder fami_docs folder fami.html Horticulture folder hort_docs folder hort.html Images folder (contains all images) CSS folder (contains all stylesheets) 88 Sample Directory Structure 89 Other Resources W3 (http://www.w3.org/) A List Apart (http://www.alistapart.com/) W3 Schools (http://www.w3schools.com/) CSS Zen Garden (http://www.csszengarden.com/) Demo of new Extension website (http://www.ext.colostate.edu/template08_test_site/) 90
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