Current Developments in Computer Hardware, Software and Communication Dr. Gu Wei Senior engineer Intel Corporation ``Overview´´ Hardware Software (System) Software (Application) Communication Birth of a Chip (ICs)     Transistors / Die 0.18 to 0.13 micron technology 200mm to 300mm wafers Gordon Moore‘s Law The number of transistors that would be incorporated on a silicon die would double every 18 months for the next several years IA-32 Architecture  Intel‘s 32-Bit (Incl. 16-Bit) Architecture  Function Units  Connections  Machine Instruction Sets  Intel 4004, 8085/8080, 8086/8088, 286, 386, 486, Pentium, P6, Penium Pro, PentiumII, PeniumIII, Penium4... Compatibility of software (object code created in 1978 can still executed on newst processor) Every new generation deliver significantly higher performance   Intel Processor Date Freq. (MHz) Trans. (/Die) E.Bus Addr. (Bits) Caches 8086 1978 8 29 K 16 1 MB None 286 1982 12.5 134 K 16 16 MB ?? 386 DX 1985 20 275 K 32 4 GB ?? 486 DX 1989 25 1.2 M 32 4 GB L1: 8 KB Pentium 1993 60 3.1 M 64 4 GB L1: 16 KB Pentium Pro 1995 200 5.5 M 64 64 GB L1: 16 KB L2: 256 KB Or 512 KB Pentium II 1997 266 7M 64 64 GB L1: 32 KB L2: 256 KB Or 512 KB Pentium III 1999 500 8.2 M 64 64 GB L1: 32 KB L2: 256 KB Or 512 KB Pentium 4 2000 1.5 GHz 42 M 64 64 GB 12 K op Trace 8 KB L1 256 KB L2 TM  MMX technology  Introduced with Pentium family  Addtional 64 bits Registers, Instructions,  SIMD execution model,  Paralle computation on packed 64 integer data for multimedia applications  Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE)  Introduced with Pentium III  Addtional 128 bits Registers, Instructions ...  Multiprocessorsystem  2 or 4 processors (with shared memory) Pentium 4 Processor    1. Imp. of Intel NetBurst micro-architecture  Rapid Execution Engine  Hyper Pipelined Technology (Instruction prefetch, Branch prediction...)  Advanced Dynamic Execution (Out of order core...)  New cache subsystem Streaming SIMD Extension 2 (SSE2) ... 400 MHz NetBurst system bus ... Support for system programming Control Registers  Debug Registers  Performance monitoring Counters  Time-Stamp Counter  IA-64: Itanium   Intel‘s 64-bit architecture Goals:  Overcome the limitations of today‘s architecture  Provide world class floating point performance  Support large memory needs with 64-bit addressability  Protect existing investments with IA-32 compatibility  Support growing high-end application workloads for e-business, enterprise, & technical computing IA-64: Data types & Registers   Data:  Integer: 8, 16, 32, 64  Floating-point: 32, 64, 82 Registers  128 General  128 Floating-point  128 Application  64 Predicate  8 Branch  1 Instruction Pointer IA-64: Boosting Performance     Increases instruction level parallelism  Instruction bundle/group  supporting hyper software pipelines,... Improves branch handling  more branch register  predicate register before an instruction,... Hides memory latencies  more general registers for temporary data Nat-bit, register stack, ... Supports modular code  data/control dependencies  preloading,... Connecting system units    Bus & Port  Pins (number & function)  Access signals and timing  Size Internal bus & port  ISA/ESIA, PCI, mini PCI,... (P&P)  Parallel ATA  Serial ATA (flexible,thin cable)  AGP External bus & port  SCSI, -2, -3, PCMSIA,  RS-232, PS-2, FireWire, USB,... (Com-P&P, hot P&P) Software  Compiler optimization  Benefiting from new processor  Use of new registers & instructions  Exploitation of paralelism  Pro - Program analysis and restructuring ... Software  Operating System (e.g. Windows 2000, Whistler)        Benefiting from new processor Advanced I/O Subsystem Fast boot & application launch Advanced resource (memory, devices,etc.) & power management More supports for error detection & debugging, system file protection Support for programming in multi-thread/processor  Interlocked-Operations (inc, dec, exchange,...)  Spinlocks, synchronization objects,... API (Opened or Closed, Documented/Undocumented)  For writing programs & Libraries  For writing drivers Software  Advanced Installation     Monitoring & Administration    Events view Log files Error detecting & recovering     Detecting enviroment (processor, memory,...) Selecting the optimized version Configuration SFP LastKnownGood ... Saving current system& appls. status by shutdown Software     Standalone or combination of  Server-Client  Expert system  Database  Management  Communication... Multimedia (Game, Hoppy,...) E- and I-Business Security Software    Middleware  used to integrate incompatible applications Vaporware  Announced long before it is ready to be shipped Interpreter & Execution  Java  HTML  XML ... Communication  Physical channels  Wire  Phone line • high frequence (1 – 2 M bits) xDSL  Cable  Glass Fiber • Multiwavelength sources, ultra-switch,...  Wireless  Ground stations  Satelite Communication    Channel allocation  Voice band, . . . Transfer Technology  Analog v. Digital  Circuit/Packet switching  ATM Multiple Access Control  FDMA  TDMA  CDMA Communication  Protocols  A set of rules govering the information flow within a communication infrastructure  Symbols (characters), format, timing, error correction, and running order  Examples:  HDLC, X.25, „Internet“(TCP/IP), HTTP, WAP, ... Communication  Networking  Connectionless vs. Connection-oriented Communications  LAN (ethernet, token ring/bus)  WAN  Communication network/Computer network  X.25  ISDN, B-ISDN, SONET,...  Internet, Intranet, Extranet, Evernet Communication  More powerful DSP & Controller    Intended to embedded systems/devices (Set-Top Box, Handy, HPC,...) Example:  100MBits ethernet controller with many integrated protocol implementations, a mini-pci interface and a interface for attaching a DSP (LAN+Modem Combo-Card for Notebooks) Simple & cheep ICs    Intented as an extension of a PC‘s (normally as a buildin card) Use of PC‘s CPU power (vi´a a driver) Examples:  Controllerless modem, software modem,... IXA: Intel Internet Exchange Architecture    A combination of solutions for network and communication system manufacturers (OEMs) Building blocks  Processors (PentiumIII, IXP1200 network processor, ...)  Supporting chip sets  Software from third party and Intel labs  DriversSDKs & DDKs For quickly developping various networking and communications products LAN: Use of power line More than one PC at home  Most used lines and plug-in interface in a building  Problems:  Different goals in USA and Europe  Disturbances  Standards  WAN: Mobile + Internet Service One in fours PCs now sold are notebooks  WAP & Bluetooth  UMTS  `Anytime/Anywhere´ communications 