SRT251: CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURES PROJECT 1: WAREHOUSE AND OFFICE COMPLEX
SRT251: CONSTRUCTION AND STRUCTURES PROJECT 1: WAREHOUSE AND OFFICE COMPLEX Home Next Previous Fiona Allpress: 300138121 Jamie Ifrah: Steven Kymantas: 300175956 Adam Wood: 300182771 Stephen Young: 300150037 Home Contents WAREHOUSE: Concrete for Slab: PG Footing system: PG Portal Frames: PG Envelop System: PG Roof Structure: PG Roof Cladding: PG Roller Door Systems & Exit Doors: PG Span Table: PG Grid System: PG Layout of Warehouse Sketches: PG Warehouse Design: PG Next Previous OFFICE: References: PG Concrete for Slab: PG Footing system: PG Portal Frames: PG Envelop System: PG Roof Structure: PG Roof Cladding: PG Exit Doors Grid System: PG Layout of Showroom: PG Sketches: PG Showroom/Office Design: PG Concrete for Slab & Retaining Walls Home Next Previous Reinforced concrete: Reinforced concrete combines concrete and some form of reinforcement into a composite whole. Concrete has high compressive strength but low tensile strength whereas steel has very high tensile strength. By combining steel and concrete into composite material we are taking advantage of steel’s High tensile strength and concrete’s compressive strength. Retaining walls: Retaining walls likened to vertical beam fixed at one end. Soil or other material being retained causes wall to act as cantilever. The footing of the wall tends to bend or distort as load is applied. Reinforcement should be distributed to resist these stresses. Joints in concrete construction: Joints can be of two general types: 1. Those which allow no relative movement of concrete on either side of them. 2. Those which allow relative movement. Concrete for Slab & Retaining Walls Home Next Previous It is recommended that joints allow relative movement. They are named according to type of movement they allow: Contraction joints – allow concrete to shrink away from plane of the joint while restraining relative movement in other directions. Expansion joints: separate two faces sufficiently to allow expansion towards the plane of the joint. This also allows contraction but prevents movement in other directions. Isolation joints – completely separates two faces and allows complete freedom of relative movement. Location of joints: Contraction joints should be located where severest concentrations of tensile stresses resulting from shrinkage of the concrete are expected to occur. For example, in large areas of pavement or slab on ground. Spacing of contraction joints generally dictated by designer or supervising engineer, however, 5 to 6m an be used as a guide. Large areas of concrete should be divided into approximately square bays by means of contraction joints. Joints must be spaced sufficiently close together to prevent shrinkage cracks from occurring between successive joints. Concrete for Slab & Retaining Walls Home Next Previous Expansion joints create a gap between two surfaces so as to allow expansion of concrete into the gap. The gap is usually filled with compressible filler, e.g. rubber, plastic, cork or mastic. All relative movement in the plane of joint is prevented. Expansion joints most expensive type of joint to make. An increase in concrete’s temperature will generally increase the concrete’s length, e.g. temperature rise of 10C. in a 10 metre length of unrestrained concrete will result in an expansion of about 1mm. Under Australian climatic conditions normal maximum temperature differential through a year doesn’t exceed about 40C. Therefore thermal movements at a joint wouldn’t exceed 10mm. per 25 m. of concrete. Thus if decided to place expansion joints at 25m. intervals, they must be sufficiently wide enough to allow for 10mm. movement. If joint made 15mm. wide at average temperature, should be filled with material capable of being compressed to 10mm. thickness and of expanding to 20mm. thickness. Spacing of expansion joints is design consideration. Building rarely exceed 30m. in length without introduction of either an expansion or an isolating joint into floors, columns and beams. Class of concrete: Normal class of concrete is intended to cover the needs of the majority of domestic, commercial, industrial and institutional building projects. Normal class concrete has a strength grade chosen from N20, N25, N32, N40 or N50. Slump required at point of delivery chosen from 40, 60, 80 or 100mm. Maximum nominal size of coarse aggregate chosen from 10, 14 or 20mm. Footing System Home Next Previous The footing system we have chosen to use is an ‘isolated pad’ footing system, at the point loads of the columns. The pads are 1000mm by 1000mm by 750mm. Once this has been achieved we will then poor a 150mm thick slab with 300mm by 300mm edge beams running around the exterior of the building. This will be poured so the finished height of the slab is at the same level as the pad footings. 300 150 750 1000 300 40000 Home Portal Frames Next Previous A Portal Frame is a ‘continuous rigid frame with a restrained joint between the stanchion and beam’ (Jeremy Ham’s lecture notes; lecture 1). They provide an efficient structural solution to long span construction. There are the three types of portal frame construction: 1. 3-pinned portal, 2. 2-pinned and 3. Rigid base portal 3-pin portal frames have three pin joints. Two at each of the supports and one at ‘crown.’ 2-pin frame has 2 pin joints at the supports. In Two and Three pinned frames, the portal frame is supported at ground level with a pin joint, therefore ‘rotational’ forces don’t have to be resisted in the footing. Bending moments are transmitted vertically into the ground, reducing footing size but as a consequence have a heavier frame. All joints in rigid base portal frames are restrained. This system requires good foundations and is used to span smaller distances compared with pinned construction. This inturn leads to greater volumes of concrete required in the footing; hence adding to the cost of the foundation. Rigid frames have lower bending moments than Two and Three pinned frames resulting in rigid frames being lighter and footings being heavier. Source: Jeremy Ham’s lecture notes A Portal Frame Home Next Previous Purlins Rafter/ beam Knee joint Girts Stanchion/ column Base Pad footing Source: Jeremy Ham’s Lecture notes. A Portal Frame Home Next Previous Source: Jeremy Ham’s Lecture notes. Portal Frames Home (continued) Next Previous Portal Frames are most commonly used in • warehouses, • factory buildings, • large span storage buildings, and • heavy industrial process plant structures When a beam in a portal frame is loaded it deforms elastically. The top flange of the beam goes into compression, whilst the bottom flange goes into tension. Such deformation would result in columns spreading at base if there was no lateral restraint. Footings resist this spreading and in doing so carry bending moments as well as axial loads. Columns also act in bending as connections between footings and columns, and columns and beams are rigid. Source: http://www.ul.ie/%7Egaughran/Gildea/page8.htm Roof members generally have low pitched rafters or horizontal beams that are connected to a stanchion with a rigid joint. Roof pitches between 5 and 10 degrees are preferred in portal frame construction. These pitches are suitable for any continuous length steel sheet profiles and this factor outweighs superior structural action of higher pitch roofs, which have additional sheeting costs. The most popular portal frame system is the ‘column and truss system.’ On a ‘cost’ basis, the simplicity of a portal frame results it in being the cheaper option for spans less than 45 metres. For our requirements, this seems to be the most viable option. The portal frame we have opted to use is Rigid Frame. Portal Frames Home (bracing and bolts) We are using cross bracing, 30mm thick rods. The Girts are one steel ‘c-section’ members. There size is The bolt specification we have decided to use are M-20. Next Previous Examples of Portal Frames Home Next Image: Bunnings Warehouse Warn Ponds, showing the layout of the warehouse. Image: Bunnings Warehouse Warn Ponds, showing bracing above opening Previous Examples of Portal Frames Home Next Image: Bunnings Warehouse Warn Ponds, showing the flange of a beam in the structure Image: Colerain Warehouse, Separation Street, showing Girts providing horizontal supports for the vertical columns Previous Envelop System: Tilt-up Concrete Home Next Previous Tilt up concrete construction is an economic & attractive alternative to the traditional construction methods such as corrugated iron. It has a versatile design and is extremely quick to construct. By using a Tilt-up systems it helps ensure durability, with maintenance only required every 6 years with a new coat of paint. Panel connections can be installed during initial construction to make panel detachment & relocation easy. Tilt-up concrete is ‘virtually’ impenetrable due to the thickness and strength of panels, which proves a ‘positive’ with the use of folk lifts in our warehouse. It is a first choice for fire resistance as a 6.5” wall will have a fire rating of 4 hours; this inturn results in cheaper insurance for the client. Slabs are casted on-site and after curing, are lifted or ‘tilted’ with crane & set on the concrete foundations. The roof structure, once constructed, is anchored to walls. After removal of panel braces, grout is applied at base of panels and all vertical joints are caulked. When determining the size crane to use it’s best to let the crane company decide this, based on the size and weight of the panels. http://www.tilt-up.org/construc/faq-general.htm Envelop System: Tilt-up Concrete Home Next Previous Expansion can be designed for by detaching and relocating the panels or cutting new openings Tilt up concrete also has excellent sound control through the sound reduction properties of concrete. This is done by the ‘mass’ absorbing the sound rather than ‘letting it through.’ Tilt up is mainly done on the ground, so there is no vertical framework or scaffolding required. There are also less labour crews since no vertical forming, or other costly erection processes are required, thus allowing for a shorter project cycle which presents less prosperous for accidents to occur. http://www.tilt-up.org/ Roof Structure Home Next Previous The roofing system we have opted for is using ‘C’ section rafters. There will be 25 rafters overall, 12 on either side of the pitch and 1 at the joint between both sides. On both sides of the pitch, the first and last rafter will sit in 1 metre from each end, with 10 in between at 1.8 metre centre spacings. These ‘C’ section rafters will be 200mm x 75mm x 6mm, and weigh 15.5 kg/m. Although capable of spanning 12 metres we have these rafters spanning at 8 metres. Source: Fielder's website http://www.fielders.com.au/product.asp?pID=4 Dura Gal channels are high strength cold formed structural sections that are inline Hot-dip galvanised over a prepared surface, to produce a fully bonded coating with a minimum average coating mass of 100 g/m2. The zinc surface then has a surface conversion coating applied. All channels are coated with a clear polymer over the conversion coat. Roof Cladding Home Next Previous The roof cladding we have used for this warehouse is Colourbond WideKlip produced by Fielders. The width of the cladding is 760 mm and requires no screws therefore no screw holes. This type of cladding uses a clip system which allows for them to give a watertight guarantee. We chose the lighter of the two choices which was 0.42 BMT in thickness, making the mass 4.55 kg/m2. Below is a picture of the WideKlip. For the natural lighting we have used UV-Stabilised Commercial Grade Reinforced Translucent Roofing, which is an economical product for natural lighting in a large enclosed area. It is also extremely flexible allowing it to meet unique variations of design criteria. Common applications for such a product are things such as commercial and industrial developments, institutional and other projects where long-term high quality lighting is required. We have chosen a thickness of 2.5 mm which makes its mass 3.66 kg/m2. Topglass ALSYNITE NZ LIMITED WideKlip FIELDERS Roof Cladding Home Next For the guttering we have chosen to use ‘internally boxed gutters.’ This was due to the fact that they are visually more appealing. Internal Boxed Gutter Image: Bunnings Warehouse Warn Ponds Attached to the inside section of Universal Beam Previous Roller Door System & Exit Doors Home Next Previous For the delivery doors we have chosen to use an ‘Industrial Steel Slat Type Shutter ’ arrangement. These doors are specifically designed to fulfill the requirements of commercial openings. Custom sizes range from 900mm X 900mm to 6000m X 6000m, thus making it a viable option as the two doors must be large enough to fit a truck through (when at 6000mm). For side access to Showroom we have also chosen an ‘Industrial Steel Slat Type Shutter ’ arrangement, however at a size of 3000mm X 3000mm. There are 5 exit doors. These are shown in figure 1. http://www.bnd.com.au/rollashutter.htm Roller Door System & Emergency Exits Home Next Previous Source: http://www.bnd.com.au/rollashutter.htm Figure 1: Exit Doors Home Next DOOR ONE DOOR TWO DOOR THREE DOOR FOUR (EMERGENCY) DOOR FIVE (EMERGENCY) Previous Span Table Home Next 9m 7m 7m 7m Previous Grid System for Warehouse Next 40,000 8000 Home 8000 40,000 Previous Layout of Warehouse Home Next Previous The following diagram shows the proposed layout design of the pellet shelving for the warehouse. This is based on a standard pellet size of 1200mm X 1200mm. Our shelfing therefore is 1000mm X 1000mm. We have calculated that we would be able to fit 1200 pellets inside our warehouse using a 3 shelf system. Sketches Home Next Previous Warehouse Design Home Next Previous Showroom/Office Building Home Next Previous Concrete for slab Home Next Previous Home Portal Frame Next Previous Envelop System: Tilt-up Concrete Home Next Previous Roof Structure Home Next Previous Roof Cladding Home Next Previous Exit Doors Home Next Previous Grid System Home Next Previous Sketches Home Next Previous Showroom/Office Design Home Next Previous
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