1. science
2. ecology
3. waste management
4. waste disposal

Back up Of hw
• Topic No3
• J.H.Patel
• August September 2012
Topic No3 Hazardous Waste
Management(6 lectures 10 marks )
3.1 Definitions: Types EPA,RCRA,CERCLA ,
INTERNATIONAL Act for hazardous waste,
Environmental Impact Assessment
3.2 Cradle to grave approach, Priority in Hazardous Waste
management, Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization
Act 1986, Dose Response Relationship, Effect of
Hazardous waste on Aquatic System and how do they
enter the food chains routes of entry ,fate of toxicants in
body
Is the waste a “hazardous waste”?
Statute: The term ''hazardous waste'' means a
solid waste, or combination of solid wastes,
which … may
(A) cause, or significantly contribute to an
increase in mortality or an increase in serious
irreversible, or incapacitating reversible, illness;
or
(B) pose a substantial present or potential
hazard to human health or the environment
when improperly treated, stored,transported,
or disposed of, or otherwise managed.
Statutory Definition of Solid
Waste USA
….any garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste
treatment plant, water supply plant or air pollution
control facility, and other discarded material,
including solid, liquid, semisolid, or contained
gaseous material...
Statutory Definition of Hazardous
Waste
A “solid waste, or a combination of solid wastes,
which because of its quantity, concentration, or
physical, chemical, or infectious characteristics may:
1) Cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in
mortality or an increase in serious irreversible,
or
incapacitating reversible, illness or
2) Pose a substantial present or potential hazard to
human health or the environment when
improperly treated, store transported, or disposed of,
or
otherwise managed.”
A Solid waste is hazardous if it:
 Exhibits any of the characteristics of a
hazardous waste
 Has been named as a hazardous waste
and listed as such in the regulations
 Is a mixture containing a listed
hazardous
waste and a non-hazardous
solid waste
 Is a waste derived from the treatment,
storage, or disposal of a listed waste
Definition of Hazardous Waste
Under the RCRA of 1976, the term hazardous waste means a
solid waste, or combination of solid wastes, that, because of
its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or
infectious characteristics, may
1. cause or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality
or an increase in serious irreversible or incapacitating
reversible illness or
2. pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human
health or the environment when improperly treated, stored,
transported, or disposed of or otherwise managed.
Hazardous wastes include chemical,
biological, flammable, explosive, and
radioactive substances. They may be in a
solid, liquid, sludge, or gaseous
(contained) state and are further defined in
various federal acts designed to
protect the public health and welfare,
including land, air, and water resources.
A waste is regarded as hazardous if it is
lethal, nondegradable, and persistent
in the environment, can be magnified
biologically (as in food chains),
or otherwise causes or tends to cause
detrimental cumulative effects.
RCRA Hazardous Waste definition:
1. Is it a “solid waste”?
2. Is the waste a “hazardous waste”?
Characteristic wastes
Listed wastes
• Ignitability
• nonspecific sources
• Corrosivity
• specific sources
• Toxicity
• acutely hazardous
• Reactivity
• non-acutely
hazardous
Indian Legal Definition (HW (M&H) Rules of 2003 (amnd))
hazardous waste” means any waste which by reason of
any of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable,
explosive or corrosive characteristics causes danger or
is likely to cause danger to health or environment,
whether alone or when in contact with other wastes or
substances, and shall include- wastes listed in column
(3) of Schedule-1;
wastes having constituents listed in Schedule-2 if their
concentration is equal to or more than the limit indicated
in the said Schedule; and
wastes listed in Lists ‘A' and ‘B' of Schedule-3 (Part-A)
applicable only in case(s) of import or export of
hazardous wastes in accordance with rules 12, 13 and
14 if they possess any of the hazardous characteristics
RCRA Hazardous Waste definition:
Characteristic wastes:
Ignitability: A liquid which has a flash point less than
140 degrees F is regulated as an ignitable
hazardous waste. Examples include most organic
solvents.
Wastes that pose a fire hazard during routine
management.
Fires not only present immediate dangers of heat and
smoke but also can spread harmful particles (and
gases) over wide areas.
Corrosivity: A waste aqueous solution having a pH of
less than or equal to 2, or greater than or equal to
12.5 is considered to be a corrosive hazardous
waste.
Wastes requiring special containers because of their
Ignitable Waste Characteristics
• Flashpoint less than 140° F or 60° C
• Oxidizing materials
• Solids which are combustible
through reaction or will ignite
and burn vigorously & persistently
• Ignitable compressed gases
Examples: Oil based paint, aerosol
cans, cylinders, paint thinner, solvent
or oil soaked rags, nitrates, acetone,
toluene, epoxy, turpentine, etc.
Examples of hazardous waste types generated by businesses and industries are
given in Hazardous wastes that are characterized as ignitable,
Pollutant
Pesticides: Generally
chlorinated hydrocarbons
Polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs): used in electrical
capacitors and transformers,
paints, plastics, insecticides,
other industrial products
Metals: antimony, arsenic,
beryllium, cadmium,
copper, lead, mercury,
nickel, selenium, silver,
thallium, zinc
Asbestos
Cyanide
Halogenated aliphatics: used
in fire extinguishers,
refrigerants, propellants,
pesticides, solvents for oils
and greases and dry
cleaning
Characteristics
Readily assimilated by aquatic
animals, fat soluble, concentrated
through food chain
(biomagnified), persistent in soil
and sediments
Readily assimilated by aquatic
animals, fat soluble, subject to
biomagnification, persistent,
chemically similar to chlorinated
hydrocarbons
Nonbiodegradable, persistent in
sediments, toxic in solution,
subject to biomagnification
May cause cancer when inhaled,
aquatic toxicity not well
understood
Variably persistent, inhibits oxygen
metabolism
Largest single class of ‘‘priority
toxics,’’ can cause damage to
central nervous system and liver,
Examples of hazardous waste types generated by businesses and industries
are given in Hazardous wastes that are characterized as ignitable,
Ethers: Used mainly as
solvents for polymer
plastics
Phthalate esters: Used chiefly
in production of polyvinyl
chloride and thermoplastics
as plasticizers
Monocyclic aromatics
(excluding phenols, cresols,
and phthalates): used in
manufacture of other
chemicals, explosives, dyes,
and pigments and in
solvents, fungicides, and
herbicides
Phenols: large-volume
industrial compounds used
chiefly as chemical
intermediates in production
of synthetic polymers,
dyestuffs, pigments,
pesticides, and herbicides
Potent carcinogen, aquatic toxicity
and fate not well understood
Common aquatic pollutant,
moderately toxic but teratogenic
and mutagenic properties in low
concentrations; aquatic
invertebrates are particularly
sensitive to toxic effects;
persistent and can be
biomagnified
Central nervous system depressant;
can damage liver and kidneys
Toxicity increases with degree of
chlorination of phenolic
molecule; very low
concentrations can taint fish flesh
and impart objectionable odor
and taste to drinking water;
difficult to remove from water by
conventional treatment;
carcinogenic in mice
Corrosive Waste Characteristics
• pH less than 2 or greater than 12.5
– Examples:
• Acids – (pH less than 7)
Muriatic acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid,
sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, solder flux, etc.
• Bases – (pH greater than 7)
Sodium hydroxide, ammonia, ammonium
hydroxide, bicarbonates,
sodium hypochlorite (bleach)
Reactivity
Any chemical waste which reacts violently
with air and/or water or liberates toxic
gases is considered to be a reactive
hazardous waste.
wastes that, during routine management,
tend to react spontaneously, react
vigorously with air or water, are unstable
to shock or heat, generate toxic gases, or
explode.
•
RCRA Hazardous Waste definition:
Characteristic wastes:
Toxicity: Toxicity is determined by a laboratory test
known as the "Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure", or TCLP. The TCLP test must be
conducted on any waste which contains any of the
specified TCLP contaminants.
Wastes that, when improperly managed, may release toxicants
in sufficient quantities to pose a substantial hazard to human health
or the environment. Toxic wastes are harmful or fatal when
ingested or absorbed. When toxic wastes are disposed of on land,
contaminated liquid may drain (leach) from the waste and
pollute groundwater.
Toxic Waste Characteristics
 Heavy Metals (As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, Se, Ag)
 Examples: Solder, Mercury Thermometers,
Lead Paints
 Solvents
 Examples: Paint Thinner, Acetone,
Methanol, Toluene, Xylenes
 Pesticides and Herbicides
 Examples: Endrin, Lindane,
Methoxychlor, Chlordane
Toxicity
is identified through a laboratory
procedure called the toxicity
characteristics leaching procedure,
which replaces the extraction
procedure leach test. Organic
chemicals, metals, and pesticides
regulated under the toxicity rule are
reported in Table in next slide.
New Constituents
Regulatory Levels (mg/ l)
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlordane
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
m-Cresol
o-Cresol
p-Cresol
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethylene
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
Heptachlor (and its hydroxide)
Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachloroethane
Methyl ethyl ketone
Nitrobenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Pyridine
Tetrachloroethylene
Trichloroethylene
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
0.50
0.50
0.03
100.0
6.0
200.0 d
200.0
200.0
7.5
0.50
0.70
0.13 e
0.008
0.5
0.13 e
3.0
200.0
2.0
100.0 f
5.0 e
0.7
0.5
400.0
Old EP Constituents
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Endrin
Lindane
Methoxychlor
Toxaphene
2,4-Dichlorophenoxycetic
acid
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy
propionic acid
Regulatory Levels (mg / l)
5.0
100.0
1.0
5.0
5.0
0.2
1.0
5.0
0.02
0.4
10.0
0.5
10.0
1.0
Generation of Hazardous Waste
The major generators of hazardous waste among 15
industries studied by the
EPA are as follows, more or less in order of the quantities
produced:
. primary metals,
. organic chemicals,
. electroplating,
. inorganic chemicals,
. textiles,
. petroleum refining, and
. rubber and plastics.
Examples of Hazardous Waste Generated by Business and Industries
Waste Type
Waste Generators Strong acids and bases, spent solvents, reactive
Chemical manufacturers
Vehicle maintenance shops
Printing industry
Leather products
manufacturing
Paper industry
Construction industry
Cleaning agents and
cosmetics
manufacturing
Furniture and wood
manufacturing and
refinishing
Metal manufacturing
wastes
Heavy-metal paint wastes, ignitable wastes,used
lead acid batteries, spent solvents
Heavy-metal solutions, waste inks, spent solvents,
spent electroplating wastes, ink sludges containing
heavy metals
Waste toluene and benzene
Paint wastes containing heavy metals, ignitable
solvents, strong acids and bases
Ignitable paint wastes, spent solvents, strong
acids and bases
Heavy-metal dusts, ignitable wastes,
flammable
solvents, strong acids and bases
Ignitable wastes, spent solvents
Paint wastes containing heavy metals, strong
acids and bases, cyanide wastes, sludges
containing heavy metals
What is EPA
U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA)
I. What is the
Resource
Conservation &
Recovery Act
(RCRA)?
The RCRA of 1976, as amended, expands the
purposes of the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965. It
promotes resource recovery and conservation and
mandates government (federal and state) control of
hazardous waste from its point of generation to its
point of ultimate disposal, including a manifest
identification and permitting system. Legislation
was prompted by the serious dangers associated
with the improper handling and disposal of
hazardous waste. The most common problems
associated with the disposal of hazardous waste, in
addition to public opposition, are groundwater
pollution from lagoons, landfills, dumps, sludge
disposal, other land disposal systems, spills, and
unauthorized dumping.
Resource, Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA)
1965 – Solid Waste Disposal Act (SWDA)
1970 – National Materials Policy Act
(amended SWDA)
1976 – Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (amended SWDA further)
1980 – SWDA Amendments
1984 – Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments (integration and amendment
of RCRA and SWDA)
• All are collectively referred to as RCRA
1984 RCRA Ammendments
In 1984, the RCRA was amended to require double liners or the
equivalent and leachate collection systems at hazardous
waste surface impoundments and landfills. Variances from
groundwater monitoring to characterize the water quality before,
during, and after operation are not allowed. The Act as amended
in 1984 applies to generators producing as little as 220 lb (100 kg)
of hazardous waste in a calendar month, which must be sent to a
state or federal approved facility.
The RCRA as amended also prohibits land disposal of certain
classes of untreated hazardous wastes beyond specified dates
unless it can be demonstrated to the EPA that there will be no
migration of hazardous constituents from the land disposal unit for
as long as the wastes remain hazardous. Land disposal includes
landfill, surface impoundment (treatment and surface storage),
waste pile, injection well, land treatment facility, salt dome or salt
bed formation, and underground mine or cave.
Bhopal Disaster
Many as the worst industrial disaster in history claim the Bhopal
Disaster of 1984. It was caused by the accidental release of 40
tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC) from a Union Carbide India,
Limited (UCIL, now known as Eveready Industries India, Limited)
pesticide plant located in the heart of the city of Bhopal, in the
Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.
In the early hours of December 3, 1984, a holding tank with stored
MIC overheated and released toxic heavier-than-air MIC gas,
which rolled along the ground through the surrounding
streets killing thousands outright.
The transportation system in the city collapsed and many people
were trampled trying to escape. The gases also injured anywhere
from 150,000 to
600,000 people, at least 15,000 of whom later died.
The majority of deaths and serious injuries were related to pulmonary but
the gas caused a wide variety of other ailments. Signs and symptoms of
methyl isocyanate normally include cough, dyspnea, chest pain,
lacrimation, eyelid edema, and unconsciousness. These effects
might progress over the next 24 to 72 hours to include acute lung injury,
cardiac arrest, and death. Because of the hypothesized reactions that
took place within the storage tank and in the surrounding atmosphere, it
is thought that apart from MIC, phosgene, and hydrogen cyanide
along with other poisonous gases all played a significant role in this
disaster.
The company never provided information on the exact chemical mixture,
but blood and viscera of some victims showed cherry-red color
characteristic in acute cyanide poisoning. A series of studies made five
years later showed that many of the survivors were still suffering
from one or several of the following ailments: partial or complete
blindness, gastrointestinal disorders, impaired immune systems, post
traumatic stress disorders, and menstrual problems in women. A rise in
spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and offspring with genetic defects
was also noted. In addition, a BBC investigation conducted in November
2004 confirmed that contamination is still present.
Itai- itai Disease
The itai-itai disease was the first cadmium poisoning
in the world in Toyama Prefecture, Japan in 1950.
The cadmium poisoning caused softening o the
bones and kidney failures. The name of the disease
comes from the painful screams due to the severe
pain in the joints and the spine. The cadmium was
released in the rivers by mining companies in the
mountains.
The mining companies were successfully sued for
the damage. Itai-itai disease is known as one of the
Four Big Pollution Disease of Japan.
Cause
Itai-itai disease was caused by cadmium poisoning due to mining in
Toyama Prefecture. The earliest records of mining for gold in the area
dated back to 710. Regular mining for silver started in 1589, and soon
thereafter, mining for lead, copper, and zinc began. Increased demand
for raw materials during the Russo-Japanese War and World War I, as well
as new mining technologies from Europe, increased the output of the
mines, putting the Kamioka Mines in Toyama among the world’s top
mines. Production increased even more before World War II. Starting in
1910 and continuing through 1945, cadmium was released in significant
quantities by mining operations, and the disease first appeared around
1912. Prior to World War II, the mining, controlled by the Mitsui Mining and
Smelting Co., Ltd., increased to satisfy the wartime demand. This
subsequently increased the pollution of the Jinzu River and
its tributaries. The river was used mainly for irrigation of rice fields, but
also for drinking water, washing, fishing, and other uses by downstream
populations.
Effect
Due to the cadmium poisoning, the fish in the river started to die, and the rice
irrigated with river water did not grow well. The cadmium and other heavy metals
accumulated at the bottom of the river and in the water of the river. This water was
then used to irrigate the rice fields. The rice absorbed all heavy metals, but
especially the cadmium. The cadmium accumulated in the people eating
contaminated rice. The population complained to the Mitsui Mining and Smelting
Company about the pollution, which subsequently built a basin to store the
mining wastewater before leading it into the river. This, however, was too little too
late, and many people already were very sick. The causes of the poisoning were
not well understood, and up to 1946, it was thought to be simply a regional
disease, or possibly a type of bacteria.
Medical test started in the 1940s and 1950s, searching for the cause of the
disease. Initially, it was expected to be lead poisoning due to the lead mining
upstream. Only in 1955 did Dr. Ogino and his colleagues suspect cadmium as the
cause of the disease. Dr. Ogino also coined the term itai-itai disease. The Toyama
Prefecture also started an investigation in 1961, determining that the Kamioka
Mining Station of the Mitsui Mining and Smelting Company caused the cadmium
pollution, and that the worst affected areas were 30 km downstream
of the mine. In 1968, the Ministry of Health and Welfare issued a statement about
the symptoms of the itai-itai disease caused by the cadmium poisoning.
Minamata Disaster
Over 3.000 victims have been recognized as having “Minamata Disease”. It has
taken some of these people over thirty years to receive compensation for this
inconceivable event. In 1993, nearly forty years later, the Japanese courts were
still resolving suitable compensation for the victims. Many people have lost their
lives, suffered from physical deformities, or have had to live with the physical and
emotional pain of “Minamata Disease”. This suffering is all a result of the very
wrongful and negligent acts of the Chisso Corporation who dumped mercury
into the seawater and poisoned the people of Japan.
Minamata is a small factory town dominated by the Chisso Corporation. The town
faces the Shiranui Sea, and Minamata Bay is part of this sea. In Japanese,
“Chisso” means nitrogen.
The Chisso Corporation was once a fertilizer and carbicle company, and gradually
advanced to a petrochemical and plastic-maker company. From 1932 to 1968,
Chisso Corporation, acompany located in Kumamoto Japan, dumped an
estimated 27 tons of mercury compounds into Minamata Bay. Kumamoto is a
small town about 570 miles southwest of Tokyo. The town consists of mostly
farmers and fisherman. When Chisso Corporation dumped this massive
amount of mercury into the bay, thousands of people whose normal diet included
fish from the bay, unexpectedly developed symptoms of methyl mercury
poisoning. The illness became known as the "Minamata Disease". The mercury
poisoning resulted from years of environmental destruction and neglect from
Emissions of contaminants into the air from inadequate incineration processes, bur
landfills, and industrial processes Hazardous waste passes through one or several
following phases: generation, transport, storage, treatment, and disposal. Hazardou
can be discharged to the environment during any one of these phases. Any such dis
has the potential to cause an adverse environmental effect and ecosystems, includi
people and communities. There are three potential exposure routes:
o Permitted discharges from generation/treatment/storage/disposal facilities
o Accidental discharges during transport, or at any point in the hazardous waste lif
o Illegal discharge
Pollution prevention is the best approach for dealing with hazardous waste for many
handlers of hazardous waste for many handlers of hazardous material and generato
hazardous waste. Pollution prevention simply stated involves not creating hazardou
waste in the first place. While the elimination or reduction of all wastes may not curr
be feasible, making as little hazardous waste as possible in your best interest.
Chisso Corporation started developing plastics, drugs, and perfumes through the
use of a chemical called acetaldehyde in 1932. Acetaldehyde is produced using
mercury as a compound, and was key component in the production of their
products. The company was considered an economic success in Japan,
particularly because it was one industry that maintained development despite
Japan's suffering throughout and right after W.W.II. As other companies
economically ripened during Japan's post-war period, so did the Chisso
Corporation. Sales augmented with Japan's economic success. In addition,
Chisso Corporation's sale increased dramatically, considering Chisso was the
only manufacturer of a primary chemical called D.O.P, a plasticizer (diotyl
phthalate), having a monopoly on the chemical enabled Chisso to expand rapidly.
Since Chisso Corporation was the main industry in the small Minamata town, the
town's growth period from 1952 to 1960 paralleled Chisso's progress.
Pouring its wastes into the air and the waters, the Chisso chemical complex
dominates the city of Minamata Not until the mid-1950 did people begin to notice a
"strange disease". Victims were diagnosed as having a degeneration of their
nervous systems. Numbness occurred in their limbs
and lips. Their speech became slurred, and their vision constricted. Some people
had serious brain damage, while others lapsed into unconsciousness or suffered
from involuntary movements. Furthermore, some victims were thought to be crazy
when they began to uncontrollably shout.
People thought the cats were going insane when they witnessed "suicides" by
the cats. Finally, birds were strangely dropping from the sky. Series of these
unexplainable occurrences were bringing panic to Minamata. Dr. Hajime
Hosokawa from the Chisso Corporation Hospital, reported on May 1, 1956 that,
"an unclarified disease of the central nervous system has broken out". Dr.
Hosokawa linked the fish diets to the disease, and soon investigators were
promulgating that the sea was being polluted by poisons from the Chisso
Corporation.
The Chisso Corporation denied the accusations and maintained their production.
However, by 1958, Chisso Corporation transferred their dumping from the
Minamata Bay to the Minamata River hoping to diminish accusations toward the
company.
The Minamata River flows past the town Hachimon, and into the Shiranui Sea. The
people of this area also began developing the "strange disease" after a few
months. The Kumamoto Prefecture government responded by imposing a ban,
which allowed fisherman to "catch“ fish, but not to "sell" fish from the bay. Since
this was their main food source, the people continued to eat fish at home, but the
ban released government officials from any responsibility for those who
developed the illness. Finally, in July 1959, researchers from Kumamoto
University concluded that organic mercury was the cause of the "Minamata
Disease".
A number of committees, of which Chisso Corporation employees were
members, formed to research the problem. The committees denied this
information and refuted the direct link of mercury to the strange disease.
Finally, Dr. Hosokawa performed concealed cat experiments in front of the
Chisso Corporation management, and illustrated the affects of mercury
poisoning by feeding the cats acetaldehyde. Dr. Hosokawa was the first
person who made a valiant effort
in proving to Chisso Corporation that they were the ones accountable for
the mercury poisoning. After the meeting with Chisso officials, Dr.
Hosokawa was restricted from conducting any further research or
experiments, and his findings were concealed by the corporation.Chisso
Corporation began to make deals with the victims of the "Minamata
Disease". People who were desperate and legally ignorant signed
contracts which stated that Chisso Corporation would pay them for their
misfortunes, but would accept no responsibility. In fact, there was even a
clause, which read, "if Chisso Corporation were later proven guilty, the
company would not be liable for further compensation". The fishermen
began protesting in 1959. They demanded compensation, but soon
became intimidated by the threats of Chisso management.
Seveso Disaster
The Seveso disaster was an industrial accident that occurred on July 10,
1976 around midnoon in a small chemical manufacturing plant
approximately 25 km north of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy. It
resulted in the highest known exposure to 2,3,7,8tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in residential populations [Eskenazi
et al., 2004], which gave rise to numerous scientific studies and
standardized industrial safety regulations. The EU industrial safety
regulations are known as the Seveso II Directives.
Many things about the exact circumstances of the accident are unknown
and perhaps irrelevant.
Fortunately, the Seveso disaster was a serious industrial accident that did
not have grave consequences and there were no fatalities [Environmental
Diseases, 2006]. Nevertheless, TCDD is a known carcinogen and one of
the most toxic substances on earth. The accident exposed serious flaw in
government response to industrial accidents. No human is known to have
died from dioxin poisoning but its toxic effects have been documented in
cases such as the Yusho disaster in Japan in 1968, the Yucheng disaster
in Taiwan in 197913 as well as in Viet Nam War veterans who processed
and sprayed Agent Orange.
Most recently, Viktor Yushchenko, the president of Ukraine,
was poisoned with TCDD and subsequently suffered from
chloracne.
Dioxins are a group of persistent organic pollutants, they do
not react easily with other chemicals, that is to say they are
lipophilic, they bioaccumulate. Some of them are extremely
toxic and fatal when it comes to animal studies but scientific
evidence of harmfulness to humans is disputed. A subgroup
of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) is amongst the
most toxic. In humans and other vertebrates, dioxins have
been shown to be risk factors for cancer; immune deficiency;
reproductive and developmental abnormalities; central
nervous system and peripheral nervous system pathology;
endocrine disruption, etc.
The accident occurred in the building where 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (TCP),
an herbicide, was being produced from 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene by
the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction with sodium hydroxide.
It is thought that some 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene had
formed a solid cake on the upper parts of the reaction vessel. As the
temperature increased this melted and entered the sodium hydroxide
containing mixture. The addition of more 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene
increased the rate of heat production. It is likely that the dioxin formed
by either an Ullmann condensation either synthesis (this requires a
metal catalyst) or by a simple pair of nucleophilic attacks on the
aromatic ring. The 2,4,5-trichlorophenol was intended for use as an
intermediate in the production of hexachlorophene, a medical
disinfectant.
An unintended by product of the manufacture of TCP is TCDD in trace
amounts, measured in ppm (parts per million). Due to human error,
around 12:37 pm on July 10, 1976 an uncontrolled reaction (thermal
runaway) occurred bursting the security disk of the chemical
reactor and an aerosol cloud containing sodium hydroxide, ethylene
glycol, sodium trichlorophenate, and somewhere between a few
hundred grams and up to a few kg of TCDD was released over an 18km2 area.
Burst in the security disk of the chemical reactor
and an aerosol
Love Canal
• In August 1978 President Carter declared
a federal emergency at the Love Canal
due to contamination by toxic chemicals in
the area.
• Love Canal focused attention on
hazardous waste issues and led to the
passage of the federal Superfund Act.
Love Canal -- Background
• The Love Canal neighborhood is in the city
of Niagara Falls, New York.
• In 1978 the neighborhood included about
800 homes, 240 low-income apartments,
and the 99th Street Elementary School.
• The neighborhood was located over and
around a landfill that had been active in
earlier decades.
Love Canal – some history
• The canal was to be built in the 1890s for
ship navigation, but it was never completed.
• Early 1900s: the unfinished canal was used
for swimming and boating.
• The land was sold in 1920 and became a
municipal and industrial dump site.
• From 1942 to 1953, Hooker Chemical
dumped about 21,000 tons of ‘toxic
chemicals” at the site.
The Love
Canal area
in 1927.
The arrow
points to
the canal.
Love Canal – some history
• In 1953 the landfill was covered with
layers of dirt.
• The Niagara Falls Board of Education
bought the site from Hooker
Chemical.
• As the city started to grow into the
area, the 99th Street Elementary
School was built over the landfill, and
homes were built around the site.
Love Canal – some history
• From the late 1950s into the 1970s,
residents reported foul odors and
complained that “substances” were
seeping into their basements, yards, and
the school playground.
• The city assisted by covering up the
seeping “substances.”
• Tests found high levels of PCB’s in storm
sewers and toxic chemicals in wells.
Love Canal
Love
Canal
in 1980
Love Canal:
Environmental Damages
• Reports suggested that there was an unusually high
rate of birth defects and miscarriages among Love
Canal families.
• In 1980 the EPA announced that chromosome
damage had been found in 11 out of 36 residents
tested in the area.
• There has not been conclusive proof of a link
between Love Canal and any illness.
• The health of residents of the Love Canal area is
being monitored in a number of ongoing studies.
Love Canal today
• The canal itself has been fenced, and
groundwater flow from it has been
blocked.
• The surrounding area, now called Black
Creek Village, is home to hundreds of
families.
• About 260 homes abandoned in the late
1970s have been renovated and resold.
• Chemical wastes were left in a 70-acre
site, but it was capped and fenced.
Love Canal – Regulatory Impact
• The Love Canal disaster spurred the passage of
the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
(CERCLA) – The Superfund Act – by
Congress in 1980.
• Remediation efforts at Love canal took more
than twenty years, with a large share of the
costs being paid by the chemical company that
bought Hooker Chemical.
• Love Canal was removed from the federal
government’s Superfund list in 2004.
Syllabus topics Cradle to grave approach,
Priority in Hazardous Waste management,
Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization
Act 1986, Dose Response Relationship, Effect
of Hazardous waste on Aquatic System and
how do they enter the food chains routes of
entry ,fate of toxicants in body
Changing times - Hazardous
Waste, international evolution
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1978 - Directive 78/319/EEC on Toxic and Dangerous Waste
1983-89 OECD Decisions on hazardous waste
1984 - Directive 84/631/EEC on Transfrontier Shipment of Waste
1989 - Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movement of
Hazardous and other Wastes and their Disposal
1991 - Directive 91/689/EEC on Hazardous Waste
1992 - OECD Decision C92 (39) Final on the Control of Wastes
Destined for Recovery Operations
1993 - Regulation 259/93/EEC on the Transboundary Movements of
Waste (WSR)
2001 - OECD Decision revised C2001(109) Final
2006 - WSR Revised
Changing regulations
- impact on complexity
1972
Deposit of Poisonous
Waste Act
1975
Waste Framework
Directive
1974
Control of
Pollution
Act
1Due
1980
Control of
Pollution
(Special Waste)
Regulations
Dates for Directive requirements
to come into force in the UK.
European Regu.
2003
End of Life
Vehicles Regulations
1989
Basel
Convention
1994
UK Transfrontier
Shipment of Waste
Regulations
1990
Environmental
Protection Act
1996
Special Waste
Regulations
2004
co-disposal ban
2001
Landfill
Directive
2005
Hazardous
Waste
Regulations
Restriction on
Hazardous
Substances Directive
Waste Electrical and
Electronic Equipment
Directive
What is? CERCLA Comprehensive
Environmental Response
Compensation and Liability Act
CERCLA - also known as
"Superfund" - provides a national
system for identifying and cleaning up
contaminated sites. The Superfund
program is administered by EPA.
Several states also have associated
state-level Superfund programs.
Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 CERCLA (Superfund)
regulates leachate and other releases of hazardous
substances from inactive and abandoned hazardous waste
sites or from sites operating prior to November 1980.
Businesses that produce between 220 and 2000 lb of hazardou
wastes in a calendar month are also regulated.
Most of the existing hazardous waste sites were created by the
petroleum and chemical industries. Some municipal landfills
received mixed solid waste, including toxic and hazardous
commercial and industrial waste, in addition
to small quantities of household cleaners, solvents, and
pesticides. The result was pollution of the soil, groundwater,
and surface water due to the infiltration and percolation of rain
and snow melt, dissolution, and migration in the waste.
In addition, toxic gases could be released from evaporating
liquids, sublimating solids, and chemical reactions. CERCLA
comes into play when hazardous waste sites are identified and
Other Laws of USA
Other laws controlling hazardous substances are:
Clean Air Act (EPA)—regulates the emission of hazardous
air pollutants.
Clean Water Act (EPA)—regulates the discharge of
hazardous pollutants into the nation’s waters.
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
(EPA)—regulates waste disposal at sea.
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)—regulates
hazards in the workplace, including worker exposure to
hazardous substances.
Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
(Department of Transportation) —regulates the
transportation of hazardous materials.
Atomic Energy Act (Nuclear Regulatory
Commission)—regulates nuclear energy
production and nuclear waste disposal.
HMTA Hazardous Materials Transportation
Act
The HMTA provides for the safe
transportation of hazardous materials.
Regulations developed from the HMTA cover
shipment preparation and labeling, handling,
routing, emergency and security planning,
incident notifications, and liability insurance.
HSWA Hazardous and Solid Waste
Amendments of 1984
The Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
of 1984 amended RCRA by establishing
additional waste management requirements
under RCRA, and adding Subtitle I, which
imposes management requirements for
underground storage tanks (USTs) that contain
petroleum or hazardous substances.
Resource Conservation & Recovery Act (RCRA)
• Enacted in 1976 by EPA as an
amendment to the Solid Waste
Disposal Act (SWDA)
• Main objectives:
– Protect human health & the
environment
– conserve valuable material & energy
resources
• Established "Cradle-to-grave"
management and tracking of
hazardous waste
• EPA inspectors have same
authority as FBI/ATF
RCRA’s Three Interrelated Programs
Subtitle D
Subtitle C
Subtitle I
Solid Waste
Management
Hazardous
Waste
Management
Underground
Storage Tank
Program
Identification and Listing of
Hazardous Wastes
• Solid waste
– Discarded
– Not excluded
• Hazardous waste
– Solid waste
– Listed waste or exhibit
characteristics of
hazardous waste
– Not excluded
Defining a Solid
waste RCRA
Defining Hazardous waste
Listed Waste Categories
• Non-specific Sources (F list): e.g. solvent
wastes, electroplating wastes, metal heat
treating wastes
• Specific Sources (K list): e.g. wood
preservation, inorganic pigment manufacturing,
organic chemical manufacturing
• Commercial Chemical Products (U and P lists):
listed unused products on these lists become
hazardous wastes at the point when they are to
be disposed of
Lists Can be Very Specific
• F007 – Spent cyanide plating bath solutions
from electroplating operations
• F008 – Plating bath residues from the bottom
of plating baths from electroplating
operations where cyanide is used in the
process
• K008 – Oven residue from production of
chrome oxide green pigments
• K027 – Centrifuge and distillation residues
from toluene diisocyanate production
Special Categories of Hazardous
Wastes
• Hazardous waste mixtures
• Wastes derived from the management of
hazardous wastes
• Hazardous waste contained in a nonwaste
• Low-level radioactive mixed wastes
• Special rules for recycling
Criteria for Determining Hazardous Waste
• Listed (EPA activity)
• Characteristics (generator activity)
Three Lists of Hazardous Wastes
 Non-specific Source Wastes
 Specific Source Wastes
 Commercial Chemical Products
UNIVERSAL WASTE
Universal wastes are widely generated and
widely recycled hazardous wastes.
Management standards for these wastes are
reduced to facilitate their recycling.
Types of UNIVERSAL WASTE
 Batteries
 Mercury containing thermostats
 Hazardous waste lamps
 state specific UWs
Hazardous Waste Management ENV 001
83
INTERNATIONAL Act for hazardous waste,
United Nations Classification
System for hazardous materials
Class 1 Explosives
With a mass explosion hazard
With a projection hazard
With predominantly a fire hazard
With no significant blast hazard
Very insensitive explosives
Extremely insensitive explosives
Class 2 Gases
Compressed, liquefied, dissolved
and toxic gases
symbols
•Flammable Gas: acetylene, butane, hydrogen,
aerosols
•Non-Flammable Gas: oxygen, nitrogen
•Poisonous Gas: fluorine, chlorine, hydrogen
cyanide, aerosols of low toxicity
•Sprays
Class 3
Flammable liquids
Possible additional dangers:
Toxic, corrosive or explosive
Examples
Paints, solvents, petrol, used oil, substances from
pickling, hardener
based on Isocyanate, acetone, ethanol
Symbols
Class 4.1
Flammable solids
Examples Sulphur, fat, wax, other solid waste containing
flammable liquids, hydrocarbons, calcium carbide
Symbols
Class 4.2
Spontaneously combustible materials
Examples Phosphorus, chemicals from laboratories
Symbols
Class 4.3
Dangerous when wet materials/
Water-reactive substances
Examples Calcium carbide, sodium, aluminium
phosphide, lithium
Symbols
Class 5.1
Oxidizing substances
Class 5.2
Organic peroxides
Examples
Ammonium nitrate fertilizer, pool chlorine, hydrogen
peroxide and other
peroxides, potassium permanganate, chemicals from
laboratories, salts
of sulphates, chromic acid
Symbols
Class 6.1
Toxic substances
Examples
Cyanide, arsenic, mercury and mercury containing
waste, pesticides solid and liquids, halogenated
solvents, methylene chloride (used as a paint stripper
and a degreaser)
Symbols
Class 7
Radioactive
Materials
Class 8
Corrosive
substances
Examples Battery acids, all acids and bases,
mercury, potassium hydroxide, caustic
soda, cleaning agents
Symbols
Class 9
Miscellaneous hazardous
materials/Products,
Substances or Organisms
Examples Asbestos, electronic waste, batteries
Sources of hazardous waste
Most hazardous waste is generated by industries;
including car repair shops; the construction,
ceramics and printing industries; manufacturers of
chemicals, paper, leather, cleaning agents,
cosmetics, and metals. Mixtures of hazardous and
non-hazardous waste are also labelled hazardous.
To help you identify some of the waste streams
common to your business, see the following table to
find a list of typical hazardous wastes generated by
small- and medium size businesses.
Type of Business
How Generated
Dry-cleaning & Laundry Plants
Furniture/Wood Manufacturing
and Refinishing
Commercial dry-cleaning processes
Wood cleaning and wax removal, refinishing/stripping, s
painting, finishing, brush cleaning and spray brush clean
Paint preparation and painting, carpentry and floor work,
specialty contracting activities, heavy construction, wrec
and demolition, vehicle and equipment maintenance for
construction activities
Degreasing, rust removal, paint preparation, spray booth,
guns, brush cleaning, paint removal, tank cleanout, install
acid, batteries, oil and fluid replacement
Plate preparation, stencil preparation for screen prin
photo processing, printing,cleanup
Degreasing, equipment cleaning, rust removal, paint pre
painting, paint removal, spray booth, spray guns, and br
cleaning.
Construction
Vehicle
Maintenance
Printing and Allied
Industries
Equipment Repair
Pesticide EndUsers/Application
Services
Educational and
Vocational Shops
Photo Processing
Leather
Pesticide application and clea
Automobile engine and body repair,
metalworking, graphic arts-plate preparatio
woodworking
Processing and developing negatives /
prints, stabilization system cleaning
INTERNATIONAL Act for hazardous waste,
Other international schemes on hazardous waste
Rio declaration on Environment and Development: The
United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development, June 1992
The Rio Declaration constitutes itself as a set of principles that
enunciate environmental protection with principles such as
sustainable development, which is the central thrust of the
Declaration. Among its most important principle, we can highlight
Principle 16 (referring to the outmost importance or irreversible
damage), Principle 16 (referring t the internalization of
environmental costs and use of economic instruments), and
Principle 19 (prevention of transboundary environmental effects
through closer coordination between states).
The Rio Declaration has been referred to especially with regard to
the precautionary principle and the polluter pays principle.
Stockholm Convention on Persistent
Organic Pollutant, 2001
The Stockholm convention echoes some of the principles
of the Rio Declaration and aims towards global
cooperation and sustainable development. The most
relevant provision is
Article 6- Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from
stockpiles and wastes. This Article also states that the
parties included in this convention must keep the Basel
convention in mind and cooperate as closely with one
another. This article also deals with the abolition of
transboundary movement of wastes and stresses on the
need to develop ways of reducing them.
Although this convention has not been specifically
referred to in any text of judgment, the fact that it is in
relation to the Basel convention and the Rio Declaration
grants it some validity in India.
The International Maritime Organization's
International Convention on the Prevention
of Pollution of Ships (MARPOL), 1973
Adopted on 2 November 1973, MARPOL
takes into consideration pollution by oil, chemicals,
harmful substances in packaged form, sewage and
garbage. The aim of this convention was to preserve the
marine environment through the complete elimination of
pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the
minimization of accidental discharge of such
substances.
A new and important feature of the 1973 Convention
was the concept of "special areas“ which are considered
to be so vulnerable to pollution by oil that oil discharges
within them have been completely prohibited, with minor
The 1973 Convention identified the Mediterranean Sea, the
Black Sea, and the Baltic Sea, the Red Sea and the Gulfs area
as special areas. Nevertheless, it must be noted that this
legislation applies only to activities in port areas. All other
regions of the sea are ignored. Also, the Act is too basic and
does not enter into necessary specifications. However, if
legislation could be enacted based on MARPOL as well as the
above Act, a suitable legislation can be enacted.
India is also a party to this treaty, and even though there is no
specific legislation made after this treaty, the Indian Ports
Act, 1908 is applicable to some extent.
International Convention for the Control and Management of
Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, 13 February 2004
Its objective is to prevent, minimize and ultimately eliminate the transfer
of harmful aquatic organisms and pathogens through the control and
management of ships' ballast water and sediments. Parties are given the
right to take more stringent measures with respect to the prevention,
reduction or elimination of the transfer of harmful aquatic organisms and
pathogens through the control and management of ships' ballast water
and sediments, consistent with international law. Parties should ensure
that ballast water management practices do not cause greater harm than
they prevent to their environment, human health, property or resources,
or those of other States [International Maritim Organization, 2002]. This
treaty has not yet been ratified by India; thought the National Institute of
Oceanography has recognized the health and environmental hazards of
ballast water in port areas [ However, the Indian Ports Act 1908 could be
applied for the same purpose as it clearly
includes ballast within its ambit.
Short term hazards
Short term hazard are sorts of physical hazards and health
hazards, especially:
Corrosive
High inflammably or risk of explosion
Water reactive
Oxidizing
Toxicity by ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption
Skin or eye contact hazards, irritant
Figure Pathways of toxic entering human
• Examples of common products are paint
cleaners, gasoline, drain cleaners and
chlorine bleach. Products may be quite
safe when used according to instructions,
but still be capable of easy misuse.
Carefully examine product labels for
written warnings as well as warning
symbols.
Toxicity
Toxicity is the quality, relative degree, or
specific degree of being toxic or
poisonous, which is
capable of causing injury or death through
ingestion, inhalation, or absorption. Some
toxic substances are known to cause
cancer (carcinogens), genetic damage
(mutagens), and fetalharm (teratogens).
Acute effects
Effects that are felt soon afterwards exposure,
usually within 24 hours and in some cases
almost immediately characterized by severe
symptoms with a sudden onset. Skin burns and
disfigurement from splashing battery acid, fire
caused by an exploding aerosol can stored too
close to a stove, or an overnight fish kill resulting
from dumping toxicants down the storm
sewer are examples of acute dangers caused by
hazardous products.
Chronic effects
Effects that are gradual and occur through repeated
exposure over an extended period of time. Headache
and trouble thinking caused by carbon monoxide leaking
from an appliance, allergic reactions that occur each
time you open the cupboard where aromatic cleaning
products are stored, or the slow pollution of ground
waster resulting from the disposal of small amounts of
herbicide down a sinkhole every growing season are
examples of chronic dangers caused by hazardous
substances. Some of the most common chronic health
effects are liver or kidney damage, central nervous
system damage, cancer and birth defects.
Long term hazards :
• Risks
to the environment, plants, animals
and humans through long run or repeated
exposure and through accumulation of toxic
substances: Carcinogen, reproductive toxin
• Accumulation of toxic substances in water
bodies, groundwater and soil posing a longrun risk to agro- and aquaculture
Toxic compounds enter the environment in many
ways and in many forms. Some are poured into
sewers or onto the ground, some are carried in
exhaust fumes from cars and factories, others may
be taken as solids to landfills and dumps.
Once in the environment, chemicals may undergo
series of reactions forming new products, some of
which may be toxic, and some of which may take on
a new phase (solid, liquid, or gas). Compounds can
also move from one environmental medium to
another. Acid rain is an example of airborne toxics
moving from one environmental medium- the air- to
another –water. Toxics can thus reach humans and
animals through variety of pathways. Toxics enter
our bodies through ingestion (the mouth), inhalation
(breathing), and dermal absorption (movement
through the skin, including
the eye tissues).
Contamination pathways
The net accumulation by an organism of a chemical from
its combined exposure to water, food, and sediment
makes bioaccumulation occurrence. Species higher in
the food net can be exposed to all the chemicals that
lower-order species accumulate. Being at the top of the
food chain, humans are susceptible to high levels of bio
accumulated toxins in their diets.
Lifelong exposure to even low-level concentrations of
contaminants from species lower in the food can cause
serious health problems, including cancer, birth defects,
birth complications,and nervous and mental disorders.
Pesticides and heavy metals are common sources of
contamination by bioaccumulation.
The time span in which long-term
effects become noticeable pose a
great risk to society that
have not taken the necessary
measures to handle or prevent this
problem. Hence, it is important
to acknowledge the long and shortterm effects of hazardous waste
appropriately.
Why hazardous waste is to manage?
The levels of dangerous wastes grow. Industries and
individuals continue to be largely unaware of this
major environmental problem. As a result, many
people and industries are failing to prevent the
creation of hazardous waste or to limit the negative
effects it produces.
Individual often throw out goods without realizing
that they are headed for a landfill and could be
dangerous for the environment. No matter where
people put these hazardous waste materials,there is
always a chance that they could find their way into
the ground, and eventually
into our bodies.
Hazardous waste is produced both on a huge
scale by major industries and on a relatively
tiny scale by individuals. No matter where it
comes from, waste can be dangerous. One of
the main causes of the abundance of
hazardous waste is that people do not realize
how large a problem it is. Because it can be
simply removed and sent to a landfill, it is
often assumed that the problem ends there.
Industries have often displayed an
unwillingness to find ways to deal with
hazardous waste because of the expenses
associated with it.
Many industries and governments create crude
landfills to store waste, and often just dump
waste chemicals into nearby bodies of water.
Chemicals used for industrial processes often
create dangerous forms of waste. The amount of
these chemicals has risen heavily in the past, as
more areas of the world industrialize and new
products are produced. Over 80000 different
chemicals are used in industries worldwide. Often, it
is difficult and expensive to get rid of these
chemicals and to store them in a way that does not
endanger human life or the environment. Obviously,
not all of these chemicals are dangerous, but many
are and they do create serious problems.
Environmental pollution and public health
risks due to improper handling, storage and
illegal disposal of hazardous waste can be
reduced substantially once adequate facilities
and procedures for hazardous waste
management will be in place. Especially
children, women and poor parts of the
population are negatively affected by mproper
disposal and handling of hazardous waste, in
particular by small- and medium size
companies. Most of the urban poor live in the
vicinity of polluted drainage canals,
contaminated sites and pollution creating
companies.
In many cases, the long-term health
effects of hazardous waste exposure
may not be fully realized, thus meriting
precautionary activities. Improperly
managed hazardous wastes also
threaten ecosystems and limit future
availability of our soil, air, groundwater,
and surface water resources for meeting
agricultural, industrial, commercial, and
dwelling needs. In general, the potential
effects of hazardous waste on the
environment include followings
Contamination of ground water by
infiltration (e.g. from landfill leachate)
 Contamination of surface waters
(streams,
rivers,
lakes,
etc.)
by
direct
Key to Cradle to Grave
disposal or run-off
Management
 Short-or long-term contamination of
solids and sediments
Exposure
• The amount of toxic chemical our body comes in
contact with
• In the air we breathe, the food we eat and our
skin is exposed to
• The higher the concentration of the exposure the
larger the dose
• The longer the exposure the larger the dose
• Protective clothing, equipment and containment
can break the exposure chain
Routes of Exposure
•
•
•
•
Dermal absorption
Oral (Ingestion)
Inhalation
Injection
• Inhalation and injection are the most rapid
Dermal
• May cause itching, redness, burns, and
solvents may dissolve skin oils leaving
skin more susceptible to the absorption of
chemicals
• The eyes are especially susceptible to
harm
Ingestion
• Not common in the workplace, but issues
of facial cleanliness, and eating are
concerns
• Is a serious problem at home with children
i.e. lead paint chips
Injection
• Greatest risk in medical facilities, or from
microbial exposure from nail puncture
• Biological sources of toxins as well;
insects, scorpions, spiders and snakes!
We Will Come Back to Inhalation later
Back to toxicity:
Acute toxicity
• Result of short term exposure
• Causes effects that are felt at the time of
exposure or soon thereafter
• Most toxic effects don’t cause permanent,
irreversible damage (acute & chronic)
Chronic toxicity
• Due to long-term exposure
• Effects appear after months or years of
exposure
• Cancer, emphysema, or nervous system
damage caused by heavy metals, drugs and
alcohol are examples of some chronic health
effects
Relative toxicity
• As the dose of a toxic substance increases the
harmful effects are generally expected to
increase
• Dose-Response Relationship
• LOAEL: Lowest Observable Adverse Effect
Level - or the lowest dose that causes a lethal
effect
• NOAEL - No Observable Adverse Effect Level
Threshold level
• The lowest concentration that could produce a
harmful effect (doesn’t necessarily mean lethal)
• Varies among people exposed depending upon
their sensitivity
• A safety factor is used to reduce the allowable
concentration to assure no ill effects
Lethal Dose 50 (LD50)
• Dose at which 50% of the test population
dies
• Used with dermal and oral toxicity
• LC50 - Lethal Concentration used for
toxicity from inhalation
Effects other than death!
• The dose or concentration to produce toxic
effects in 50% of the population
• Toxic Dosage 50 - TD50
• Toxic Concentration - TC50
Toxic Effects
• Local Effects – damage caused at the site
of first contact with toxicant (eyes, nose,
throat, lungs, skin)
• Systemic Effects – Damage done by
toxicants carried by the bloodstream to
vital organs (liver, kidneys, heart, nervous
and reproductive system
Additional factors associated w/
Toxic Effects
• Local effects provide warning that
exposure has occurred
• Systemic effects may occur without being
felt or sensed
Accumulation
• Chronic, or long term exposure is
particularly dangerous because some
chemicals build up in the body
• The body does not get a chance to repair
itself
Latency Period
• The delay between the exposure and the
resultant harmful effects
• Some effects take a long time to manifest
themselves
• For some chemicals, effects may not appear for
30 or 40 years
– Example is asbestos
Interaction
• Chemicals can combine with toxicants and
alter their behavior
Reaction
• Chemicals can combine and form new
harmful substances
• i.e. bleach plus drain cleaner = chlorine
gas and hydrochloric acid
Additive Effect
• Most health and safety regulations
assume that the effects of two chemicals
together is equal to the sum of each alone
Antagonism
• A subtractive effect
• One substance reduces the effects of
another
Synergism
• Two chemicals can interact within the body to
produce an effect different from the effect of
either chemical alone, and greater than their
sum
• A pack of cigarettes a day or exposure to
asbestos increases the chance of lung cancer by
six times
• The two exposures together increases one’s risk
by 90 times!
Sensitivity
• Individuals vary in how they react
• Age, sex, inherited traits, diet, state of health,
use of medication, drugs, alcohol and pregnancy
• Includes Allergies
– Some people are affected by a very low dose of a
substance (i.e. bee stings)
– Substances that initiate allergic responses are called
sensitizers
Respiratory System
• Exchange of gases, oxygen in, carbon
dioxide out
• The air we breathe contains 78% nitrogen,
21% oxygen, and 1% trace gases
• Evaporation of liquids such as gasoline or
formaldehyde allows them to enter the
body
Inhalation (Back to Routes of Exposure)
• Most critical route of entry for most
workers handling toxic chemicals
• Quick entry and absorption into the
bloodstream
• Ability of some toxic agents to accumulate
in the respiratory system itself
• The nose and mouth warm and humidify the air
we breathe
• The bronchial tubes lead to alveoli, 300 million
tiny air sacs where air is exchanged
• Oxygen is transferred to hemoglobin within the
red blood cells of the bloodstream and carbon
dioxide is released
Fibrosis
• Some particles cause a build up of fibrous
connective tissue
– Emphysema is an example of this type of effect
• Hampers the transfer of oxygen to the
bloodstream
• Silica from mining, quarrying and pottery
glazing, coal dust and asbestos
Inhaling dusts or mists
• Harmful particles may be deposited in the
bronchi or the alveoli
• Larger particles may be coughed up but smaller
ones remain to cause lung damage
• Particles less than 10 microns penetrate deeper
into the lungs causing bronchitis
• Low level long term exposure to smoke, vehicle
exhaust can trigger chronic bronchitis and
emphysema
• Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides combine with
water vapor in the alveoli forming acids
• Ammonia and chlorine gas can dissolve in the
mucus of the lungs creating caustic solutions
• Injured lung tissue allows liquids to move from
the capillaries into the alveoli causing pulmonary
edema
• A person can literally drown in their own fluids
Smell
• Our sense of smell does not always warn
of exposure
• Carbon monoxide is odorless
• We can become desensitized to some
smells after exposure “olfactory fatique”
– Example is H2S (page 81)
Cardiovascular system
• The heart and blood vessels transport
oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the
body
• The heart and brain are especially
sensitive to a lack of oxygen
• Waste products are picked up and carried
to the lungs and kidneys
Hemoglobin
• An iron containing protein in red blood
cells which carry oxygen to the rest of the
body
• Some chemicals (i.e.CO) interfere with
this process causing chemical
asphyxiation
• Hemoglobin has a much greater affinity for
CO than oxygen (300 times greater)
Digestive and Filtration Systems
• Food and water supply the body with
materials for maintenance and repair and
a source of energy
• The digestive system breaks down large
molecules like proteins, complex
carbohydrates and fats
Liver
• Processes chemicals found in the blood
traveling from the intestine
• Converts foods into other chemicals,
destroys toxins, manufactures protein and
stores glucose
Liver Disease
• Severe liver disease prevents the organ
from rendering toxic chemicals harmless,
some which may be normal body
chemicals
• When they reach the brain they may
cause tremors, confusion or coma
• Some chemicals are stored in the liver
• The liver can destroy toxic substances like
alcohol and nicotine
• If exposure is chronic and long term, cells
may be damaged and replaced by fibrous
tissue, a condition called cirrhosis
Bloodstream and Kidneys
• Our body fluids must maintain a balanced
amount of potassium, sodium, chloride
and calcium ions and blood acids
• The kidneys maintain this balance and
filter out waste materials
• The body must remain hydrated for the kidneys
to perform their function
• If the body loses more that 10% of it’s weight in
water cells will no longer function and the result
is coma & death
• Kidney malfunction causes toxic chemicals to
build up in the bloodstream which can result in
coma and death
• Kidney cancers are known to be associated with
exposure to some industrial chemicals
• Mercury in waterways is converted to methyl
mercury, which is ingested by fish
• If the fish are eaten the chemical inhibits the
kidney’s ability to balance the body’s chemicals
which blocks nerve transmissions, Minimata
Disease
Nervous System and Sensory
Organs
• Brain, spinal cord are considered the central
nervous system and process signals from the
peripheral nervous system
• The two types of nerves are motor and sensory
• The autonomic nervous system takes care of all
the bodily functions which are in the background
• Pesticides and metals, such as lead and
mercury, can interfere with the chemical
transfer of information
• This may cause tremors, paralysis, loss of
reflexes and/or feeling
• Mercury caused “Mad Hatter’s Disease”
Brain
• Must receive a continuous supply of
oxygen
• See chart on page 86 for symptoms of
oxygen deficiency
Eyes
• Inflammation and infection of the mucusmembrane lining of the eyelids and eyeballs can
be caused by irritation from chemical pollutants
• Acids and bases are corrosive and can
penetrate to the interior of the eye very quickly
i.e. lime in wall plaster
• Methyl or wood alcohol can cause total
blindness from damage to the optic nerve
Skin
• Made up of three layers, the epidermis, the
dermis and subcutaneous tissue
• The dermis, or live skin, contains blood vessels,
nerves, nerve receptors, hair follicles and sweat
and oil glands
• The skin protects against the invasion of
bacteria, the sun’s rays and the loss of moisture
• It senses pressure, pain and temperature and
regulates the body’s temperature through blood
flow and sweat glands
• Corrosive chemicals can dissolve naturally
protective coatings and/or react with the skin
• Some chemicals, like solvents that` dissolve
fats, are absorbed directly into the bloodstream
Carcinogenicity
• The tendency for cancer to occur
• Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and spread of
abnormal cells
• It is first indicated by malignant tumors which
tend to invade the surrounding tissue and then
spread to distant sites within the body
• During the 1970’s the public became
aware of the potential for chemicals to
cause cancer
• Studies of chemicals indicate that only a
small number in commercial use cause
cancer
• One in three people will develop cancer during
their lifetime
• Yet only 10 – 15% of these are from
occupational exposure to chemicals
• There are 30 chemicals considered to be human
carcinogens and 200 that are suspect based on
animal studies
Mutagenicity
• The ability of a substance to cause
damage to genetic material
• A substance that is a carciogen is usually
a mutagen
• But not all mutagens cause cancer
Teratogenicity
• A substances tendency to interfere with
the development of an unborn child
• A teratogen causes birth defects
Determining Carcinogenicity
• Epidemiological studies are retrospective
and look at past exposures to a sample
group and compare this with their health
history
• Lifestyle risk contributors like smoking,
alcohol consumption and obesity are
considered
• A prospective study maintains environmental
data as well as exposure and medical records
on workers as they are exposed
• These studies are difficult in companies where
there is a large turnover of employees because
the latency period of many cancers is over 20
years
Animal testing
• Usually performed on rodents using
procedures endorsed by regulatory
agencies like the EPA
• Animals are given doses likely to yield
maximum incidence of tumor formation
then statistical analysis is used to estimate
the cancer risk of low doses in humans
3.2 Cradle to grave approach
Hazardous Waste Management
Options
• Produce Less Waste
– Avoid creating wastes in the first place
– Recycle and Reuse
• Convert to Less Hazardous Substances
– Physical Treatment (Isolation)
– Incineration
– Chemical Processing (Transformation)
– Bioremediation (Microorganisms)
Hazardous Waste Management
Options
• Store Permanently
– Retrievable Storage
• Can be inspected and periodically
retrieved.
– Secure Landfills
• Modern, complex landfills with multiple
liners and other impervious layers and
monitoring systems.
Secure Landfills
Producing Less Waste and Pollution
 Waste management (high waste approach)
 Burying, burning, shipping
 Waste prevention (low waste approach)
 Reduce, reuse, recycle
 Chemical or biological treatment
 Burial
Dealing with Materials Use and Wastes
1st Priority
2nd Priority
Primary Pollution
and Waste Prevention
Secondary Pollution
and Waste Prevention
• Change industrial
process to eliminate
use of harmful
chemicals
• Purchase different
products
• Use less of a harmful
product
• Reduce packaging and
materials in products
• Make products that
last longer and are
recyclable, reusable or
easy to repair
• Reduce products
• Repair products
• Recycle
• Compost
• Buy reusable and
recyclable products
Last Priority
Waste Management
• Treat waste to reduce
toxicity
• Incinerate waste
• Bury waste in
landfill
• Release waste into
environment for
dispersal or dilution
Fig. 21.4, p. 521
Dealing with Hazardous Wastes
Produce Less Waste
Manipulate
processes
to eliminate
or reduce
production
Recycle
and
reuse
Convert to Less Hazardous or Nonhazardous Substances
Land
treatment
Incineration
Thermal
treatment
Chemical
physical, and
biological
treatment
Ocean and
atmospheric
assimilation
Put in Perpetual Storage
Landfill
Underground
injection
Waste
piles
Surface
impoundments
Salt
formations
Arid region
unsaturated
zone
Reuse
 Extends resource supplies
 Maintains high-quality matter
 Reduces energy use
 Refillable beverage containers
 Reusable shipping containers and
grocery bags
Characteristics of Recyclable Materials
Easily isolated from other waste
Available in large quantities
Valuable
Pay-as-you-throw garbage collection
Benefits of Recycling
Reduces global
warming
Make fuel
supplies
last longer
Reduces acid
deposition
Reduces urban
air pollution
Reduces
air pollution
Reduces
energy demand
Saves
energy
Reduces solid
waste disposal
Recycling
Reduces
mineral
demand
Reduces
water pollution
Protects
species
Reduces
habitat
destruction
Fig. 21.7, p. 530
Sanitary Landfill
When landfill is full,
Electricity
layers of soil and clay
generator
seal in trash
building
Methane storage
Topsoil
and compressor
building
Sand
Leachate
treatment system
Clay
Garbage
Methane gas
recovery
Pipe collect explosive
methane gas used as fuel
to generate electricity
Compacted
solid waste
Leachate
storage tanks
Leachate
monitoring
well
Garbage
Sand
Synthetic liner
Sand
Clay
Subsoil
Leachate pipesLeachate pumped up
to storage tanks for
safe disposal
Groundwater
Clay and plastic lining
to prevent leaks; pipes
collect leachate from
bottom of landfill
Groundwater
monitoring
well
Deep-well Disposal
Advantages
Disadvantages
Safe method if
sites are chosen
carefully
Leaks or spills at
surface
Wastes can be
retrieved if
problems
develop
Low cost
Leaks from
corrosion of well
casing
Existing fractures
or earth quakes
can allow wastes
to escape into
groundwater
Encourages
waste production
Fig. 21.14, p. 538
Hazardous Waste Landfill
Plastic cover
Gas vent
Earth
Topsoil
Sand
Impervious clay cap
Clay cap
Leak
detection
system
Bulk waste
Reaction
wastes
in dreams
Impervious
clay
Earth
Groundwate
monitoring
well
Water table
Groundwater
Double leachate
collection system
Plastic double liner
Above Ground Hazardous Waste Disposal
Fig. 21.17, p. 540
Waste
transporter
Elevator shaft
Hazardous waste
Support
column
Inspector
Exporting Wastes
Shipping to developing countries
Potentially huge profits for exporters
Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste
Many developing countries
refusing wastes
RCRA – Cradle to Grave Waste Management
Next Topics
Effect of Hazardous waste on Aquatic
System and how do they enter the food
chains routes of entry ,fate of toxicants in
body
Products
Processing and
manufacturing
Solid and hazardous
wastes generated during
the manufacturing process
Waste generated by
households and
businesses
Plastic Glass Metal Paper
To manufacturers for reuse or
for recycling
Food/yard
waste
Compost
Fertilizer
Hazardous
waste
Remaining
mixed waste
Hazardous waste
management
Landfill
Incinerator
Case Studies: Lead
 Lead poisoning (neurotoxin) major
problem in children; leads to death and
survivors can suffer form palsy, partial
paralysis, blindness, and mental
retardation
Primary Sources of Lead
 Leaded gasoline
 Lead paint (
 Lead in plastics
 Lead in plumbing
Sources of Lead
Lead in air
from industrial
incineration
and past auto
emissions
Lead glaze
on ceramics
Lead in food
Lead in
soil and
in streets
Lead in
paint
Toy and
floor dust
Lead in water
from pipes,
fixtures, and
service lines
Lead in dust
Water
service
main
Service line
Underground
pump
for well
or
Figure 21-18
Page 548
Slide 18
Case Studies: Mercury
 Vaporized elemental Mercury
 Fish contaminated with methyl mercury
 Natural inputs
Mercury Cycling
WINDS
Inorganic mercury
and acids
(Hg2+)
Deposition
Coalburning
plant
Hg2+ and acids
Elemental PhotoInorganic
mercury chemical mercury
oxidation and acids
vapor
(Hg)
(Hg2+)
Vaporization
Deposition
Incinerator
PRECIPITATION
Hg2+ and acids
Hg and SO2
Human sources
WINDS
PRECIPITATION
WATER
Deposition
AIR
Large fish
BIOMAGNIFICATION
IN FOOD CHAIN
Small fish
Phytoplankton
Oxidation
Elemental
mercury
liquid (Hg)
Inorganic
mercury
(Hg2+)
Bacteria
and acids
Bacteria
Settles out
Zooplankton
Organic
mercury
(CH3Hg)
Settles out
Settles out
SEDIMENT
Natural
sources
Elemental
mercury
(Hg)
Oxidation
Inorganic
mercury
(Hg2+)
Bacteria
Bacteria
Organic
mercury
(CH3Hg)
Figure 21-19
Page 550
Slide 19
Case Studies: Chlorine
 Environmentally damaging and
potential health threat
Sources of Chlorine
 Plastics
 Solvents
 Paper and pulp bleaching
 Water disinfection
Case Studies: Dioxins
 Potentially highly toxic chlorinated
hydrocarbons
Sources of Dioxins
 Waste incineration
 Fireplaces
 Coal-fired power plants
 Paper production
 Sewage sludge
NOTIFICATION
NEW DELHI, THE 20 th May ,
2003
• S.O. 593(E). - Whereas the draft of certain rules
called the Hazardous Wastes (Management and
Handling) Amendment Rules, 2002 was
published under the notification of the
Government of India in the Ministry of
Environment and Forests number S.O. 553(E),
dated 21 st May, 2002 in the Gazette of India,
Part-II, Section 3, Sub-section (ii) of the same
date inviting objections and suggestions from all
persons likely to be affected thereby, before the
expiry of the period of sixty days from the date
on which copies of the Gazette containing the
said notification were made available to the
And whereas copies of the said Gazette were made
available to the public on the 5 th day of June, 2002;
And whereas the objections and suggestions
received within the said period from the public in
respect of the said draft rules have been duly
considered by the Central Government;
Now, therefore, in exercise of the powers conferred
by sections 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the Central
Government hereby makes the following rules
further
to
amend
the
Hazardous
Wastes
(Management and Handling) Rules, 1989, namely:
These rules may be called the Hazardous Wastes (Management
and Handling) Amendment Rules, 2003.
They shall come into force on the date of their publication in the
Official Gazette.
In the Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules,
1989 (herein after referred to as the said rules), in rule 2, after
clause (c), the following clauses shall be inserted, namely: bio-medical wastes covered under the Bio-Medical Wastes
(Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 made under the Act;
wastes covered under the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management
and Handling) Rules, 2000 made under the Act; and
(f) the lead acid batteries covered under the Batteries
(Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 made under the Act."
For rule 3 of the said rules, the following rule shall be substituted,
namely:-
“hazardous waste” means any waste which by reason of any
of its physical, chemical, reactive, toxic, flammable, explosive
or corrosive characteristics causes danger or is likely to
cause danger to health or environment, whether alone or
when in contact with other wastes or substances, and shall
include-
wastes listed in column (3) of Schedule-1;
wastes having constituents listed in Schedule-2 if their
concentration is equal to or more than the limit indicated in the
said Schedule; and
wastes listed in Lists ‘A' and ‘B' of Schedule-3 (Part-A) applicable
only in case(s) of import or export of hazardous wastes in
accordance with rules 12, 13 and 14 if they possess any of the
hazardous characteristics listed in Part-B of Schedule 3”.
Explanation : For the purposes of this clause, all wastes mentioned in column (3) of Schedule-1 are hazardous
wastes irrespective of concentration limits given in Schedule-2
except as otherwise indicated and Schedule-2 shall be applicable
only for wastes or waste constituents not covered under column
(3) of Schedule-1;
15. In the said rules, for Schedules 1 to
4, the following Schedules shall be
substituted, namely:"SCHEDULE  1
[See rule 3(14)(a)]
List of Hazardous Wastes
List of Hazardous Wastes
S.No Processes
.
1
1.
2.
Hazardous Wastes
2
Petrochemical
processes
and
pyrolytic operations
1.1 Furnace/reactor residue and debris*
1.2 Tarry residues
1.3 Oily sludge emulsion
1.4 Organic residues
1.5 Residues from alkali wash of fuels
•Still bottoms from distillation process
•Spent catalyst and molecular sieves
•Slop oil from wastewater
•ETP sludge containing hazardous constituents
Drilling operation for oil and gas
production
2.1 Drill cuttings containing oil
2.2 Sludge containing oil
2.3 Drilling mud and other drilling wastes*
3.
Cleaning, emptying and
maintenance of petroleum oil
storage tanks including ships
4.
Petroleum refining/re-refining of
used oil/recycling of waste oil
Industrial operations using
mineral/synthetic oil as lubricant
5.
3
• Oil-containing cargo residue, washing water a
sludge
• Chemical-containing cargo residue and sludg
•Sludge and filters contaminated with oil
• Ballast water containing oil from ships.
•Oily sludge/emulsion
•Spent catalyst
•Slop oil
•Organic residues from process
•Chemical sludge from waste water treatment
S.No.
1
Processes
Hazardous Wastes
2
.
Secondary production
and/or use of zinc
7. Primary production of
zinc/lead/copper and other
non-ferrous metals except
aluminium
Secondary production of
8.
copper
9.
Secondary production of lead
10. Production and/or use of cadmium
and arsenic and their compounds
11. Production of primary and secondary
aluminium
12. Metal surface treatment, such as
etching,
staining,
polishing,
galvanising, cleaning, degreasing,
plating, etc.
3
6.1 Sludge and filter press cake arising out of zinc sulphate
production
6.2 Zinc fines/dust/ash/skimmings (dispersible form)
6.3 Other residues from processing of zinc ash/skimmings
6.4 Flue gas dust and other particulates*
•Flue gas dust from roasting*
•Process residues
• Arsenic-bearing sludge
•Metal bearing sludge and residue including jarosite
•Sludge from ETP and scrubbers
8.1 Spent electrolytic solutions
8.2 Sludges and filter cakes
8.3 Flue gas dust and other particulates*
9.1 Lead slag/Lead bearing residues
9.2 Lead ash/particulate from flue gas
10.1 Residues containing cadmium and arsenic
•Sludges from gas treatment
•Cathode residues including pot lining wastes
•Tar containing wastes
•Flue gas dust and other particulates*
•Wastes from treatment of salt slags and black drosses*
12.1 Acid residues
12.2 Alkali residues
12.3
Spent bath/sludge containing sulphide, cyanide and to
metals
12.4 Sludge from bath containing organic solvents
12.5 Phosphate sludge
12.6 Sludge from staining bath
12.7 Copper etching residues
o.
1
Processes
Hazardous Wastes
2
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Production of iron and
steel including other
ferrous alloys (electric
furnaces; steel rolling
and finishing mills; Coke
oven and by product
plant)
Hardening of steel
Production of asbestos
or asbestos-containing
materials
Production of caustic
soda and chlorine
Production of acids
Production of
nitrogenous and complex
fertilizers
Production of phenol
3
13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
Process dust *
Sludge from acid recovery unit
Benzol acid sludge
Decanter tank tar sludge
Tar storage tank residue
14.1 Cyanide-, nitrate-, or nitrite-containing sludge
14.2 Spent hardening salt
15.1 Asbestos-containing residues
15.2 Discarded asbestos
•Dust/particulates from exhaust gas treatment.
•Mercury bearing sludge
• Residue/sludges and filter cakes*
• Brine sludge containing mercury
•Residues, dusts or filter cakes*
•Spent catalyst*
18.1 Spent catalyst*
• Spent carbon*
• Sludge/residue containing arsenic
• Chromium sludge from water cooling tower
• Chemical sludge from waste waster treatment
19.1 Residue/sludge containing phenol
Production and/or
industrial use of solvents
20.1 Contaminated aromatic, aliphatic or napthenic solvents not fit
for originally intended use
o.
1
Processes
Hazardous Wastes
2
3
21 Production and/or industrial use 21.1 Wastes and residues
. of paints, pigments, lacquers,
21.2 Fillers residues
varnishes, plastics and inks
22 Production of plastic raw
22.1 Residues of additives used
. materials
in plastics manufacture like
dyestuffs, stabilizers, flame
retardants, etc.
•Residues of platicisers
•Residues from vinylchloride
monomer production
•Residues from acrylonitrile
production
•Non-polymerised residues
o.
Processes
1
Hazardous Wastes
2
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
3
Production and/or industrial use of glues, cements,
adhesive and resins
Production of canvas and textiles
Industrial production and formulation of wood
preservatives
Production or industrial use of synthetic dyes, dyeintermediates and pigments
Production or industrial use of materials made with
organo-silicone compounds
Production/formulation of drugs/ pharmaceuticals
Production, use and formulation of pesticides including
stock-piles
Leather tanneries
Electronic Industry
Pulp & Paper Industry
Disposal of barrels / containers used for handling of
hazardous wastes / chemicals
Purification processes for air and water
Purification process for organic compounds/solvents
Waste treatment processes, e.g. incineration, distillation,
separation and concentration techniques
Schedule - 2
List of Wastes Constituents with Concentration Limits*
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Class A
Concentration limit:  50 mg/kg
A1
Antimony and antimony compounds
A2
Arsenic and arsenic compounds
A3
Beryllium and beryllium compounds
A4
Cadmium and cadmium compounds
A5
Chromium (VI) compounds
A6
Mercury and mercury compounds
A7
Selenium and selenium compounds
A8
Tellurium and tellurium compounds
A9
Thallium and thallium compounds
A10
Inorganic cyanide compounds
A11
Metal carbonyls
A12
Napthalene
A13
Anthracene
A14
Phenanthrene
A15
Chrysene, benzo (a) anthracene, fluoranthene, benzo (a) pyrene, benzo (K) fluoranthene, indeno (1, 2,
3-cd) pyrene and benzo (ghi) perylene
A16
halogenated compounds of aromatic rings, e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls, polychloroterphenyls and their
derivatives
A17
Halogenated aromatic compounds
A18
Benzene
A19
Organo-chlorine pesticides
A20
Organo-tin Compounds
Class B
•
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
B11
B12
B13
B14
B15
B16
B17
B18
B19
B20
B21
B22
B23
B24
B25
B26
B27
B28
B29
B30
Concentration limit:  5, 000 mg/kg
Chromium (III) compounds
Cobalt compounds
Copper compounds
Lead and lead compounds
Molybdenum compounds
Nickel compounds
Inorganic Tin compounds
Vanadium compounds
Tungsten compounds
Silver compounds
Halogenated aliphatic compounds
Organo phosphorus compounds
Organic peroxides
Organic nitro-and nitroso-compounds
Organic azo-and azooxy compounds
Nitriles
Amines
(Iso-and thio-) cyanates
Phenol and phenolic compounds
Mercaptans
Asbestos
Halogen-silanes
Hydrazine (s)
Flourine
Chlorine
Bromine
White and red phosphorus
Ferro-silicate and alloys
Manganese-silicate
Halogen-containing compounds which produce acidic vapours on contact with humid air or water, e.g.
silicon tetrachloride, aluminium chloride, titanium tetrachloride
Class C
Concentration limit;  20, 000 mg/kg
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
C9
C10
C11
C12
C13
C14
C15
C16
C17
Ammonia and ammonium compounds
Inorganic peroxides
Barium compounds except barium sulphate
Fluorine compounds
Phosphate compounds except phosphates of aluminium, calcium and iron
Bromates, (hypo-bromites)
Chlorates, (hypo-chlorites)
Aromatic compounds other than those listed under A12 to A18
Organic silicone compounds
Organic sulphur compounds
Iodates
Nitrates, nitrites
Sulphides
Zinc compounds
Salts of per-acids
Acid amides
Acid anhydrides
Class D
Concentration limit:  50, 000 mg/kg
D1
Total Sulphur
D2
Inorganic acids
D3
Metal hydrogen sulphates
D4
Oxides and hydroxides except those of
hydrogen, carbon, silicon, iron, aluminum, titanium,
manganese, magnesium, calcium
D5
Total hydrocarbons other than those
listed under A12 to A18
D6
Organic oxygen compounds
D7
Organic nitrogen compounds
expressed as nitrogen
D8
Nitrides
D9
Hydrides
Class E
• Regardless of concentration limit;
Classified as hazardous wastes at all
concentrations
• E1
Flammable substances
• E2 Substances which generate
hazardous quantities of flammable gases
on contact with water or damp air
Schedule  3
[See rules 3 (14) (c) & 12(a)]
Part A: Lists of Wastes Applicable for Import and Export
List
Basel
No.
Description of Wastes
AnnexI**
Annex -III#
OECD No. Customs
Code
AI
Metal and Metal bearing wastes
A1010
Metal waste and waste consisting of
alloys of the following metals, but
excluding such wastes specified on list
B(corresponding mirror entry under List
B in brackets)
- Antimony
Y27
6.1, 11, 12
AA070
ex 2620.90
- Cadmium
Y26
6.1, 11, 12
AA070
ex 2620.90
- Tellurium
- Lead
Y28
Y31
6.1, 11, 12
6.1, 11, 12
AA070
ex 2620.90
• Code
1
Part B: List of Hazardous
Characteristics
Characteristic
Explosive
An explosive substance or waste is a solid or liquid substance or
waste (or mixture of substances or wastes) which is in itself capable by chemical
reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and pressure and at such speed as to
cause damage to the surroundings (UN Class 1; HI)
3
Flammable Liquids
The word "flammable" has the same meaning as "inflammable".
Flammable liquids are liquids, or mixtures of liquids, or liquids containing solids in
solution or suspension (for example, paints, varnishes, lacquers, etc. but not including
substances or wastes otherwise classified on account of their dangerous characteristics)
which give off a flammable vapour at temperatures of not more than 60.5ºC, closed-cup
test, or not more than 65.5ºC, open-cup test. (Since the results of open-cup tests and of
closed-cup tests are not strictly comparable and even individual results by the same test
are often variable, regulations varying from the above figures to make allowance for
such differences would be within the spirit of this definition).
4.1
Flammable Solids
Solids, or waste solids, other than those classed as explosives, which
under conditions encountered in transport are readily combustible, or may cause or
contribute to fire through friction.
4.1
Flammable Solids
Solids, or waste solids, other than those classed
as explosives, which under conditions encountered in
transport are readily combustible, or may cause or contribute
to fire through friction.
4.2 Substances or wastes liable to spontaneous
combustion
Substances or wastes which are liable to spontaneous
heating under normal conditions encountered in transport, or
to heating up on contact with air, and being then liable to
catch fire.
4.3
Substances or wastes which, in contact with water emit
flammable gases
Substances or wastes which, by interaction with water, are
liable to become spontaneously flammable or to give off
flammable gases in dangerous quantities..
5.1
Oxidizing
Substances or wastes which, while in themselves not necessarily combustible,
may, generally by yielding oxygen cause, or contribute to, the combustion of other
materials.
5.2
Organic Peroxides
Organic substances or wastes which contain the bivalent-O-O- structure are
thermally unstable substances which may undergo exothermic self-accelerating
decomposition.
6.1
Poisons (Acute)
Substances or wastes liable either to cause death or serious injury or to harm
health if swallowed or inhaled or by skin contact.
6.2
Infectious substances
Substances or wastes containing viable micro organisms or their toxins which
are known or suspected to cause disease in animals or humans.
8
Corrosives
Substances or wastes which, by chemical action, will cause severe damage
when in contact with living tissue, or, in the case of leakage, will materially damage, or
even destroy, other goods or the means of transport; they may also cause other
hazards.
10
Liberation of toxic gases in contact with air or water
Substances or wastes which, by interaction with air or water, are liable to give
off toxic gases in dangerous quantities.
11
Toxic (Delayed or chronic)
Substances or wastes which, if they are inhaled or ingested or if they penetrate
the skin, may involve delayed or chronic effects, including carcinogenicity).
12
Ecotoxic
Substances or wastes which if released present or may present immediate or
delayed adverse impacts to the environment by means of bioaccumulation and/or toxic
effects upon biotic systems.
13
Capable by any means, after disposal, of yielding another material, e.g.,
leachate, which possesses any of the characteristics listed above.
Schedule  4
List
Non-Ferrous Metal Wastes Applicable
forType
Registration of Recyclers
Waste of
Category
Waste
1
Brass Scrap
2
Brass Dross
3
Copper Scrap
4
Copper Dross
5
Copper Oxide mill scale
6
Copper reverts, cake and residue
7
Waste Copper and copper alloys
8
Slags from copper processing for further processing or refining
9
Insulated Copper Wire Scrap/copper with PVC sheathing including ISRI-code material namely
"Druid"
10
Jelly filled copper cables
11
Spent cleared metal catalyst containing copper
12
Nickel Scrap
13
Spent catalyst containing nickel, cadmium, zinc, copper and arsenic
14
Zinc Scrap
15
Zinc Dross-Hot dip Galvanizers SLAB
16
Zinc Dross-Bottom Dross
17
Zinc ash/skimmings arising from galvanizing and die casting operations
18
Zinc ash/skimming/other zinc bearing wastes arising from smelting and refining
19
Zinc ash and residues including zinc alloy residues in dispersible form
20
Spent cleared metal catalyst containing zinc
21
Mixed non-ferrous metal scrap
22
Lead acid battery plates and other lead scrap/ashes/residues not covered under Batteries
Schedule - 5*
Specifications for Used oil Suitable for Re-refining
Sr.No
.
Parameter
1
Maximum
Permissible Limit
2
3
1.
Colour
8 hazen units
2.
Water
15%
3.
Density
0.85 to 0.95
4.
Kinemetic Viscosity cSt at 100˚C
1.0 to 32
5.
Dilutents
15% vol.
6.
Neutralisation No.
3.5 mg KOH/g
7.
Saponification value
18 mg KOH/g
8.
Total halogens
4000 ppm
9.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Below detection limit
10.
Lead
100 ppm
11.
Arsenic
5 ppm
12.
Cadmium+Chromium+Nickle
500ppm
13.
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
6%
Schedule – 6
Specifications for Waste Oil Suitable for Recycling
Sr.
Parameter
No.
1
2
1. Sediment
2. Heavy Metals
(cadmium+chromium+nick
el+lead+arsenic)
3. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH)
4. Total halogens
5. Polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs)
Limit
3
5% (maximum)
605 ppm maximum
6% maximum
4000 ppm maximum
Below Detection Limit
Schedule - 7
[ See rule 4(B) and 12 (4) ]
List of Authorities and Corresponding Duties
. No.
1
Authority
Corresponding Duties
2
3
1.
Ministry of Environment and
Forests under the Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986
(i) Identification of hazardous wastes [Rule 3(14)]
(ii) Permission to exporters [rule 14]
(iii) Permission to importers [rule 13]
(iv) Permission for transit of hazardous wastes through India [rule 12(2)]
2.
Central Pollution Control Board
constituted under the Water
(Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1974
(i) Co-ordination of activities of State Pollution Control Boards/Committees
(ii) Conduct training courses for authorities dealing with management of
hazardous wastes
(iii) Recommend standards and specifications for treatment and disposal of
wastes and leachates Recommend procedures for characterization of
hazardous wastes.
(iv) Sector specific documentation to identify waste streams(s) for inclusion in
Hazardous Wastes Rules
(v) Prepare guidelines to prevent/reduce/minimize the generation and
handling of hazardous wastes
(vi) Registration and renewal of registration of Recyclers/Re-refiners of nonferrous metal wastes and used oil/waste oil [Rule 19]
(vii)Any other function under Rules delegated by the Ministry of Environment
and Forests
3.
State
Government/Union
Territory Government/
Administration
• Identification of site(s) for common
treatment, storage and disposal facility
(TSDF) [Rule 8(2)]
• Assess EIA reports and convey the
decision of approval of site or otherwise [rule
8(6)]
• Acquire the site or inform operator of facility
or occupier or association of occupiers to
acquire the site [Rule 8(7)]
• Notification of sites [Rule 8(7)]
• Publish periodically an inventory of all
disposal sites in the State/Union territory
[Rule 8(7)]
No.
4.
State Pollution Control
Boards or Pollution
Control Committees
constituted under the
Water (Prevention and
Control of Pollution)
Act, 1974
(i) Inventorisation of hazardous wastes
[Rule 9(3)]
(ii) Grant and renewal of authorisation [Rule
5]
(iii) Monitoring of compliance of various
provisions and conditions of authorisation
including exports and imports
(iv) Issue of public notice and conduct public
hearing [Rule 8(4)]
(v) Examining the applications for imports
submitted by the importers and forwarding
the same to Ministry of Environment and
Forests [Rule 13 (1) & (2)]
(vi) Implementation of programmes to
prevent/reduce/minimise the generation of
hazardous wastes
(vii) Action against violations of Hazardous
Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules,
1989
5.
Directorate General of
Foreign Trade
constituted under the
Foreign Trade
(Development and
Regulation) Act, 1992.
•Grant of licence for import of hazardous
wastes [Rule 13 (5)]
(ii) Refusal of licence for hazardous wastes
prohibited for imports or export [Rule 12(7)]
6.
Port Authority under
Indian Ports Act, 1908
(15 of 1908) and
Customs Authority
under the Customs
Act, 1962 (52 of
1962).
(i) Verify the documents [Rule 13 (6)]
(ii) Inform the Ministry of Environment and
Forests of any illegal traffic [Rule 15]
(iii)Analyse wastes permitted for imports and
exports
(iv)Train officials on the provisions of the
Hazardous Wastes Rules and in the analysis
of hazardous wastes
(v) Take action against export/import
violations under the Indian Ports Act,