KS4 Chemistry Rates of Reaction 1 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Contents Rates of Reaction Introduction Effect of temperature Effect of concentration Effect of surface area Effect of catalysts Summary activities 2 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Rates of reactions The speed of different chemical reactions varies hugely. Some reactions are very fast and others are very slow. The speed of a reaction is called the rate of the reaction. What is the rate of these reactions? 3 of 49 Reaction Rate rusting slow explosion very fast chemical weathering of rocks very slow sodium and water fast rotting fruit slow © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Reactions, particles and collisions Reactions take place when particles of reactants collide with a certain amount of energy. This energy is called activation energy, and is different for each reaction. The rate of a reaction depends on two things: the frequency of collisions between particles; the energy with which particles collide. If particles collide with less energy than the activation energy, they will not react. The particles will just bounce off each other. 4 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Changing the rate of reactions Anything that increases the number of successful collisions between reactant particles will speed up a reaction. What factors speed up reactions? Increased temperature; increased concentration of dissolved reactants, and increased pressure of gaseous reactants; increased surface area of solid reactants; use of a catalyst. 5 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Measuring rates of reaction Measuring the rate of a reaction means measuring the rate of change over a period of time. This means measuring the change in the amount of a reactant or the amount of a product. What can you measure to calculate the rate of reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid? magnesium + hydrochloric magnesium acid chloride + hydrogen The amount of magnesium used up (g/min). The amount of hydrochloric acid used up (cm3/min). The amount of magnesium chloride produced (g/min). The amount of hydrogen produced (cm3/min). 6 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Slower and slower! Reactions do not proceed at a steady state. They start off at a certain speed, then get slower and slower until they stop. As the reaction progresses, the concentration of reactants decreases. This reduces the frequency of collisions between particles and so the reaction slows down. fast slower very slow stopped 0% 25% 75% 100% reactant A reactant B product percentage completion of reaction 7 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Rate of reaction and graphs 8 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Graphs and reactant-product mix 9 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Particles and rates of reaction 10 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Contents Rates of Reaction Introduction Effect of temperature Effect of concentration Effect of surface area Effect of catalysts Summary activities 11 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 The effect of temperature on collisions How does temperature affect the rate of particle collision? 12 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Temperature The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of a reaction. In many reactions, a rise in temperature of 10°C causes the rate of reaction to approximately double. Why does increased temperature increase the rate of reaction? At a higher temperature, particles have more energy. This means they move faster and are more likely to collide with other particles. When the particles collide, they do so with more energy, and so the number of successful collisions increases. 13 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Temperature and particle collisions 14 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Temperature and food Food goes off because chemical reactions take place. Why does food remain usable for much longer if it is kept in a freezer? The low temperature in the freezer means that particles will move much slower and with less energy than if they were at room temperature. This means that there are fewer successful collisions and so a slower rate of reaction. 15 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Temperature and cooking Before microwave ovens were common, many people used pressure cookers to cook food more quickly. In a pressure cooker, water doesn’t boil until it reaches about 115°C. How does this help cooking? The higher temperature means that particles move more quickly and with more energy. This means that there are more successful collisions between particles, and the food cooks more quickly. 16 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Temperature and rate of reaction The reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid produces sulfur. sodium sodium hydrochloric chloride thiosulfate + acid Na2S2O3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + sulfur dioxide + SO2 (g) + sulfur + S (s) + water + H2O (l) Sulfur is solid and so it turns the solution cloudy. The effect of increasing temperature on the rate of reaction can be measured by comparing how long it takes the solution to turn cloudy at different temperatures. 17 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid To run the experiment investigating the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction: 1. Mark a cross on a piece of paper. 2. Add a known amount of sodium thiosulfate to a beaker, and place it on the piece of paper. 3. Add a known amount of hydrochloric acid to the beaker and immediately start a stop-clock. The solution will begin to turn cloudy. 4. As soon as the cross can no longer be seen, stop the clock and note the time. 5. Repeat the experiment at different temperatures using the same volume of reactants. Compare how long it takes the cross to disappear. 18 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid When looking down into the beaker, the cross will become fainter over time: increasing time The time taken for the cross to disappear can be used as the time of the reaction. 19 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Time of reaction vs. temperature graph 20 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 True or false? 21 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Contents Rates of Reaction Introduction Effect of temperature Effect of concentration Effect of surface area Effect of catalysts Summary activities 22 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Increasing concentration 23 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Concentration The higher the concentration of a dissolved reactant, the faster the rate of a reaction. Why does increased concentration increase the rate of reaction? At a higher concentration, there are more particles in the same amount of space. This means that particles are more likely to collide with other particles. low concentration 24 of 49 high concentration © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Concentration and particle collisions 25 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Reaction between acid and metal Reactive metals such as magnesium react with acid to produce hydrogen gas. magnesium + Mg (s) + magnesium hydrochloric chloride acid 2HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + hydrogen + H2 (g) The effect of increasing concentration on the rate of reaction can be measured by comparing how quickly hydrogen is produced using different concentrations of hydrochloric acid. 26 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Mg + HCl: experiment set-up What equipment do you need for the experiment investigating the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction? glass tube conical flask rubber connector gas syringe rubber bung hydrochloric acid magnesium ribbon 27 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Magnesium and hydrochloric acid To run the experiment investigating the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction: 1. Measure out a fixed volume of hydrochloric acid into the conical flask. 2. Add a known mass of magnesium to the flask, immediately attach the gas syringe and start a stop-clock. 3. Measure the volume of hydrogen collected in the syringe at regular intervals until no more gas is produced. 4. Repeat the experiment using a different concentration of hydrochloric acid but using the same volume of acid and the same mass of magnesium. Compare the rate at which hydrogen is produced. 28 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Mg + HCl: different concentrations 29 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Pressure Why does increasing the pressure of gaseous reactants increase the rate of reaction? As the pressure increases, the space in which the gas particles are moving becomes smaller. low pressure high pressure The same number of particles but in a smaller space. The gas particles become closer together, increasing the frequency of collisions, and so increasing the rate of reaction. 30 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Contents Rates of Reaction Introduction Effect of temperature Effect of concentration Effect of surface area Effect of catalysts Summary activities 31 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Surface area Any reaction involving a solid can only take place at the surface of the solid. slow rate If the solid is split into several pieces, the surface area increases. This means that there is an increased area for the non-solid reactant particles to collide with. The smaller the pieces, the larger the surface area. This means more collisions and a faster rate of reaction. fast rate 32 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Surface area and particle collisions 33 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Reaction between a carbonate and acid Marble chips are made of calcium carbonate. They react with hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide. calcium carbonate CaCO3 (aq) + + hydrochloric acid 2HCl (aq) calcium chloride CaCl2 (aq) + water + H2O (aq) + carbon dioxide + CO2 (g) The effect of increasing surface area on the rate of reaction can be measured by comparing how quickly the mass of the reactants decreases using marble chips of different sizes. 34 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 CaCO3 + HCl: experiment set-up What equipment do you need for the experiment investigating the effect of surface area on the rate of reaction? conical flask calcium carbonate chips 35 of 49 cotton wool ‘plug’ hydrochloric acid weighing scales © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid To run the experiment investigating the effect of surface area on the rate of reaction: 1. Measure out a fixed volume of hydrochloric acid into a conical flask and place the flask on weighing scales. 2. Add a fixed mass of calcium carbonate chips to the flask, and place a cotton wool plug in the neck. This stops the liquid from spitting while allowing the CO2 to escape. 3. Begin taking mass readings straight away, and continue until there is no further change in mass. 4. Repeat the experiment using the same mass of calcium carbonate but of a smaller chip size, and the same volume of hydrochloric acid. Compare the rate at which the mass of reactants decreases. 36 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 CaCO3 + HCl: different surface areas 37 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Contents Rates of Reaction Introduction Effect of temperature Effect of concentration Effect of surface area Effect of catalysts Summary activities 38 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 What are catalysts? What are catalysts? Catalysts are substances that change the rate of a reaction without being used up in the reaction. Catalysts are very important in industry because products can be made more quickly, saving time and money. They can also avoid having to use high temperatures, so they can save fuel and reduce pollution. Catalysts are also very important in living cells. Biological catalysts are special types of protein called enzymes. 39 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Examples of catalysts Many catalysts are transition metals or their compounds. Different reactions use different catalysts. For example: Nickel is a catalyst in the production of margarine (hydrogenation of vegetable oils). Iron is a catalyst in the production of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen (the Haber process). Platinum is a catalyst in the catalytic converters of car exhausts. It catalyses the conversion of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide into the less polluting carbon dioxide and nitrogen. 40 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 How do catalysts work? How do catalysts work? For a chemical reaction to take place: energy is needed to break existing bonds, so new bonds can be formed; the reacting parts of particles need to be brought together. Different catalysts work in different ways, but most solid catalysts work by lowering the amount of energy needed for the reaction to take place. Catalysts work by lowering the activation energy of a reaction. 41 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 How a platinum catalyst works When hydrogen and oxygen are mixed in a jar, there is no reaction. If a platinum wire is added, the gases react instantly with a loud pop, producing water. How does platinum catalyse this reaction? platinum wire oxygen molecule hydrogen molecule 42 of 49 The gas molecules are brought together onto the surface of the platinum. They are adsorbed. The molecules are much closer together and their bonds are weakened, lowering the activation energy of the reaction. The larger the surface area of the platinum, the quicker the reaction. © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen peroxide decomposes into water and oxygen. hydrogen peroxide water + oxygen 2H2O2 (aq) 2H2O (l) + O2 (g) Without a catalyst, this reaction is very slow, and can take months. With a catalyst such as manganese (IV) oxide, the reaction takes minutes. Catalysts never produce more product – they just produce the same amount but quicker. 43 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Contents Rates of Reaction Introduction Effect of temperature Effect of concentration Effect of surface area Effect of catalysts Summary activities 44 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Glossary activation energy – The amount of energy needed for a reaction to begin. adsorption – The formation of a layer of molecules on the surface of a solid. catalyst – A substance that changes the rate of a reaction without being used up. concentration – The amount of particles in a given volume. enzyme – A biological catalyst. rate of reaction – The speed with which a particular chemical reaction progresses. 45 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Anagrams 46 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Increase or decrease? 47 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Stages of a reaction 48 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005 Multiple-choice quiz 49 of 49 © Boardworks Ltd 2005
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