1. No category

/ETMXIP
WMHI
/EF]WWIRWYHWX]V
/EF]WWIROERSTJEXXIWWSQIXZ—VOWXIHLZSVHIVPEZIWQEHSKMIXZ—VOWXIHLEV
QERFVYKJSVRSKPIKSHIVIHWOEFIVFoHILoRHZ—VOX˜NSKWX˜VVIQEWOMRIV-HIXXI
OETMXIPKIRRIQKoWRSKPIEJHIQIWXEPQMRHIPMKIJSVQIVJSVLoRHZ—VOX˜NSKOSKIKVIN
J\ORMZISKO˜OOIRWEOWIKV]HIVSKTERHIV
,oRHZ—VOX˜N
- OEF]WWIR ´RHIW IR V—OOI LoRHZ—VOX˜N
WSQ FVYKIW M HEKPMKHEKIR (IX IV SJXI HI
WEQQIVIHWOEFIVHIV´RHIWMIXEPQMRHI
PMKXO˜OOIR,IVIVIRSZIVWMKXSZIVVIHWOE
FIVRISKLZEHHIX]TMWOFVYKIWXMP
6ECFOJOHTLOJW
+SHXMPEXWO—VILIPIO˜HWX]OOIVJVEORSKPIV
1BMFULOJW
6SUFLOJW
8MPEXZIRHIXMRKToTERHIRQIHJ\F˜JJIV
´WOI´PIXIVSQIPIXXIVSKTERHIOEKIV
+SHXMPEXWOV—PPISKTMPPIQIHKSHXMPWQo
STKEZIVHIVOV—ZIV´RIFIZ—KIPWIVWSQJ\
EXTMPPIP˜KSKOEVXSµIV
4UFHFHBGGFM
,BSUPGGFMTLSžMMFSUZOETLSžMMFS
*oWFoHIXMPL˜NVISKZIRWXVILoRH+SHXMP
WOV—PRMRKEJKV˜RXWEKIVSKJVYKXQIHX]RH
WOV—P J\ OEVXSµIV KYPIV˜HHIV —FPIV SK
T—VIV
&VYKIWXMPEXZIRHIFoHIWXSVIWXIKIQIHM
SZR IPPIV KV]HI SK XMP QMRHVI O˜HWX]OOIV
ToJ\IRWXIKITERHI)VSKWoIRLN—PTRoV
WXIKIR WOEP WO—VIW YH ¦ LSPH O˜HWX]OOIX
JEWX QIH KEµIR SK WO—V YH QIH IR JSV
WO—VIVORMZ
/ETMXIP
WMHI
'PSTLžSFSLOJW
+SHXMPEXWO—VIWOMZIVEJWXIKIQIH¦WXSVI
JSVWO—VIVORMZIFVYKIWXMPWXSVIWXIKIQMR
HVIORMZIXMPWQoWXIKI
'JMFULOJW
%RZIRHIW XMP ´PIXIVMRK EJ ´WO WSQ J\ V˜H
WT—XXIVW˜XYRKIVSKPEOW
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,SPH ORMZIR PIX QSH WXoPIXW WTMHW M IR
ZMROIP To KVEHIV 7˜VK JSV EX HIR
ERHIRLoRHW´RKVIPMKKIVFEKL—JXIXTo
WXoPIXWoHIIVFIWO]XXIX
)RF˜PKIWPIFIXXEOOIXORMZHIVFVYKIWXMP
EXWO—VIFV˜HMWOMZIV
*SXSWZIRPMKWXYHPoRXEJFIRXFVERHXEW
4lEBOCSVHFTTUSZHFTUlM
/RMZI WOEP WPMFIW EJ IR TVSJIWWMSRIP QIR
MRHMQIPPIQIVWXV]KIWXoPIXIRKSHP˜WRMRK
7XV]KIWXoPIXWPMFIVMOOIORMZIRQIRWXoPIXW
QEKRIXMWQI «VIXXIV« HI WQo LEO SK VMHWIV
HIVSTWXoVMORMZIRW—KYRHIVFVYK.SSJ
XIVIQERERZIRHIVWXV]KIWXoPIXNSP—RKIVI
LSPHIVORMZIRW—KWMKWOEVT
2IHIRJSVIVZMWXLZSVHERQERFVYKIVWXV]
KIWXoPIX OSVVIOX ,YWO EX ZMROPIR QIPPIQ
ORMZSKWXoPEPHVMKQoFPMZIWX˜VVIIRH
KVEHIV SK EX ORMZIR WOEP WXV]KIW WOMJXIZMW
ToHIRIRISKHIRERHIRWMHI¦IPPIVW«µ]X
XIW« —KKIR SQ To WMHIR EJ ORMZIR 7XV]K
OYRToVIRISKX˜VVIORMZI
7XV]KRIHEHQIHIXPIXXV]OSKMIRJI
NIRHI FIZ—KIPWI ,SPH ZMROPIR &VYK
LIPIWXoPIXWP—RKHI
0EHORMZWTMHWIRKPMHIYHPMKIJ˜VL—JXIX
+IRXEK WXV]KRMRKIR To ORMZIRW ERHIR
WMHI*IQWXV˜KToLZIVWMHIIVRSO¦IP
PIVWVMWMOIVIVHYEXWXV]KIORMZIRSTSK
WP˜ZMKIR
/ETMXIP
WMHI
'" , 5" # 0 , 4
(PEFSlEPNLOJWF
1JTLFSJT
ˆ+˜VO˜OOIRORMZIVIRIQIHZEVQX
ZERHSKIRQMPHW—FISKX˜VHIQ
WXVEOWEJ
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QEWOMRIR¦FPEHIXVMWMOIVIVEXFPMZI
˜HIPEKX
ˆ0—KEPHVMKWOEVTIORMZIMFP˜H
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OERPIXKPIQQILZEHHIVKIQQIV
WMKYRHIVSTZEWOIFEPNIRWWOYQSK
VMWMOIVIVEX˜HIP—KKIHMRI´RKIV
WTMHWIV
ˆ9FILEKIPMKPYKXJNIVRIWZIHEXKRMHI
ORMZIRWFPEHQIHIRWOMZIGMXVSR
WO]PSKX˜VEJ(IXWEQQIVoHOER
FVYKIWXMPWO—VIFV—XXIVSKEVFINHW
µEHIVEJXV—
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ORMZZIHEXH]TTIHIRMJSVX]RHIX
GMXVSRWEJXSKKRMHIFPEHIXLoVHXQIH
IRWXoPWZEQT
(IR QERYIPPI YHKEZI EJ HIR IPIOXVMWOI
LoRHQMOWIV)VKSHXMPEXTMWOI—KXMPSQI
PIX RoV —KKILZMHIV WOEP TMWOIW WXMZI SK
TMWOIµ˜HIRFPMZIXMPµ˜HIWOYQ
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&VYKIW J\ XMP EX «´WOI« KV˜RXWEKIV SK O˜H
WX]OOIV ST EJ WYTTI IPPIV XMP JSVWMKXMKX EX
P—KKI´WOIWX]OOIVRIHMOSKIRHIZERH
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JVE EX OPMTTI IQFEPPEKI ST XMP EX JNIVRI ´
WOI´RRIV
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TPYWLoRHXEK)XH˜VWPEKFVYKIWSJXIXMPEX
«ZIRHI«J\OSKXTEWXEIPPIVKV˜RXWEKIVRIHM
WoZERHIXOERP˜FISVHIRXPMKXJVE)RWMKXI
LEVIXQIVI´RQEWOIXRIXHIVOERSTJERKI
OPYQTIVMJ\WEYGIVSK˜PPIFV˜H
3JWFKFSO
*MRHIWMIXYXEPEJYHJSVQRMRKIVSJXIQIH
µIVI JSVWOIPPMKI WO—V &VYKIW J\ XMP EX VMZI
KYPIV˜HHIVXMPVoOSWXWOMZIEKYVOIVX]RHXXMP
EKYVOIWEPEXSKVMZIWOEPEJGMXVSRIVIPPIVET
TIPWMRIV
(SZEFTLFFS
+V]HIWOIIV ´RHIW M QERKI WX˜VVIPWIV QIH
OSVXIVIIPPIVP—RKIVIWOEJXIV8]TMWOIVKV]
HIWOIIV JVIQWXMPPIX EJ XV— IPPIV TPEWXMG )R
VIZRIX WOI F˜V EPXMH OEWWIVIW HE HIV PIX
OER KIQQI WMK WREZW SK QEHVIWXIV M
WTV—OOIVRI Wo HIR FPMZI YQYPMK EX K˜VI
SVHIRXPMKVIR
*SXSWZIRPMKWXYHPoRXEJFIRXFVERHXEW
,ŸLLFOTBLT
/ETMXIP
'" , 5" # 0 , 4
"MNJOEFMJHUIlOEWžSLUŸK
JLBCZTTFO
9VXIORMZ
/EVXSJJIPWOV—PPIV
4EPIXORMZ
7XIKIKEJJIP
*SVWO—VIVORMZ
*MPIXORMZ
&V˜HORMZ
/˜OOIRWEOW
6MZINIVR
4MWOIVMW
’WI
,YPWOI
(˜VWPEKWMKXI
+V]HIWOIIV
,IVXMPOSQQIVIOWXVEYHWX]VWSQJ\
HoWIoFRIV˜PSTPYOOIVGMXVSRTVIWWIV
LZMHP˜KWTVIWWIVWXIKIXIVQSQIXIV
(IJSVWOIPPMKIJSVQIVJSVLoRHZ—VOX˜NMOE
F]WWIRIVSJXIFIVIKRIXXMPEXYHJ˜VIKERWOI
FIWXIQXIEVFINHWSTKEZIVQIH(IIVJVIQ
WXMPPIXQIHHMWWIJSVQoPJSV˜NISKWOEPMOOI
FIR]XXIW XMP ERHVI XMRK ¦ SJXI ZMP HI FPMZI
˜HIPEKXEJEXFPMZIFVYKXXMPERHVISTKEZIV
(IXIVEPXWoMOOIRSKIRKSHMHIEXFVYKIIR
´PIXORMZXMPEXWOVEFIJEWXFV—RHXITPIXXIVEJ
OSQJYVIX QIH OSQJYVIX OYRRI M ˜ZVMKX
SKWo Jo RSKPI KVMQQI VMHWIV M SZIVµEHIR
IPPIV ERZIRHI WXV]KIWXoPIX WSQ FV—ONIVR
RoVIRWOEFWPoKIFMRHIV
(SZEFSPHQBOEFS
+V]HIVSKTERHIV´RHIWMQERKIWX˜VVIPWIV
SK QEXIVMEPIV (I EPPIVQMRHWXI KV]HIV FVY
KIWOYRXMPEXWQIPXIIROPEXWQ˜VIPPIVIX
WX]OOI GLSOSPEHI M QIRW HI EPPIVWX˜VWXI
OER MRHILSPHI WYTTI IPPIV OEVXSµIV XMP IX
WXSVX QERHWOEF 1EXIVMEPIVRI ZEVMIVIV (IV
´RHIW KEQQIPHEKW KV]HIV EJ EPQMRHIPMK
EPYQMRMYQ SK QIH IQEPNIFIP—KRMRK QIR
QSHIVRIKV]HIVSKTERHIVIVSJXIWXPEZIXEJ
VYWXJVMX WXoP IPPIV WX˜FINIVR 1ERKI KV]HIV
SK MW—V TERHIV IV M HEK JSVW]RIX QIH IR
WPMTPIXFIP—KRMRKEJXIµSRIPPIVXMXERS\MH
WMHI
3VTUGSJUTUlM
6YWXJVMXWXoPIVIXQIKIXWX—VOXLSPHFEVXSK
L]KMINRMWO QEXIVMEPI 1ER OER TMWOI P]WI
WEYGIV SK OEKIGVIQI M KV]HIVRI YHIR EX
QEHIRFPMZIVQMWJEVZIX3KQEROERYHIR
VMWMOS WoJVIQX HIR MOOI LEV XIµSRFIP—K
RMRKSTFIZEVIQEHZEVIVMKV]HIRYHIREX
QEXIVMEPIXIPPIVQEHIRXEKIVWOEHI6YWXJVMX
WXoPIVRIQXEXLSPHIT—RXoVIJXIVoV1E
XIVMEPIXIVMWMKWIPZIRHoVPMKZEVQIPIHIVSK
HIVJSV FIHVI IKRIX XMP OSKRMRK IRH WXIK
RMRK LZSV XIQTIVEXYVIR LIPI XMHIR WOEP
LSPHIW IRWEVXIX L˜N (IVJSV LEV KV]HIV SK
TERHIVEJVYWXJVMXWXoPSJXIIXIOWXVEPEKEJ
OSFFIV IPPIV EPYQMRMYQ M FYRHIR ¦ FIKKI
PIHIV ZEVQIR KSHX 6YWXJVMX WXoP XoPIV ST
ZEWOMQEWOMRI
4UŸCFKFSO
7X˜FINIVR IV QIKIX XYRKX SK JSVHIPIV ZEV
QIR XIQQIPMK YN—ZRX 8MP KIRK—PH IV HIX
LSPHFEVX SK ZIPIKRIX XMP KV]HIWXIKRMRK SK
WEQQIROSKXIVIXXIVJSVHMHIXLSPHIVKSHX
ToZEVQIR7X˜FINIVROERQMWJEVZIQEHIR
MW—VP]WIVIXXIV(IXIVMOOIJEVPMKXQIRHIX
WIV YETTIXMXPMKX YH 9FILERHPIX WX˜FINIVR
OER VYWXI QIR QER OER FIWO]XXI KV]HIV
QSHVYWXZIHEXWQ˜VIHIQMRHMQEHSPMI
SKYRHPEHIEXP—KKIPoKToIJXIVVIRK˜VMR
KIRJ˜VKV]HIRIVLIPXX˜VMFYRHIR7X˜FI
NIVRWKV]HIV SK TERHIV OER MOOI XoPI EX
OSQQI M STZEWOIQEWOMRIR ¦ ZEWO HIQ M
WXIHIXMZEVQXZERHYHIRW—FIHEW—FIR
YHX˜VVIV NIVRIX )V HIX WXVIRKX R˜HZIRHMKX
EXFVYKISTZEWOIQMHHIPWOEPQERLYWOIEX
WQ˜VIKV]HIRMRHMIOWXVEQEHSPMIFEKIJXIV
/ETMXIP
4MJQMFUCFMžHOJOHFS
(IµIWXIKV]HIVIPPIVTERHIVQIHWPMTPIX
FIP—KRMRK IV JVIQWXMPPIX EJ EPYQMRMYQ SK
HIVJSV LEV HI WEQQI KSHI ZEVQIJSVHI
PMRKWIKIRWOEFIVWSQERHVIEPYQMRMYQWKV]
HIV IPPIV TERHIV *SVHIPIRI ZIH OSKIKVIN
QIHWPMTPIXFIP—KRMRKIVMRHP]WIRHI6IR
K˜VMRKIRKoVRIQXQIHEPQMRHIPMKXSTZEW
OIQMHHIP SK QEHIR L—RKIV MOOI Wo PIX M
IPPIVFV—RHIVToSKJEWX&IP—KRMRKIROER
IRXIR Z—VI PEZIX EJ IR JSVQ JSV TPEWX J\
XIµSRIPPIVXMXERS\MH8MXERS\MHFIP—KRMRKIR
IVHIRQIWXWPMHWX—VOI(IRXoPIVEXQER
FVYKIVQIXEPVIHWOEFIVToSZIVµEHIR¦HIX
K˜VXIµSRMOOI(MWWIKV]HIVSKTERHIVOER
FPMZIVMHWIHISKSZIVµEHIRFIK]RHIVQo
WOIEXWOEPPIEJ7OYPPIYLIPHIXZ—VIYHIIV
HIVHSKMRKIRKVYRHXMPTERMO¦TERHIROER
WXEHMKFVYKIWLZIVOIRFIP—KRMRKIPPIVEPY
QMRMYQIVKMJXMKQIRWPMTPIXIJJIOXIRJSV
WZMRHIV
1IHLIRW]RXMPZEWOSKVIRK˜VMRKEJKV]HIV
SKTERHIVIVHIXM˜ZVMKXIRKSHMHIEXOMKKI
YRHIV EJWRMXXIRI SQ 3TZEWO M LoRHIR SK
3TZEWOMQEWOMRIMOETMXPIXSQ,]KMINRI
WMHI
ˆ/EWWIVSPPI P XMP J\ WEYGIV SK WQo
TSVXMSRIVKV˜H
ˆ+V]HIPXMPOEVXSµIVKV˜RXWEKIVVMWSK
TEWXE
ˆ7XSV KV]HI P XMP WYTTI TEWXE SK
KV˜RXWEKIVXMPQERKI
7žMHHSFKFGUFSLPNGVSFU
*SVWOIPPMKIX]TIVEJOSQJYVIVWXMPPIVJSVWOIP
PMKI OVEZ XMP OSKIKVINIX ¦ MW—V XMP FYRHIR
,EVQERIXIPIOXVMWOOSQJYVQIHOIVEQMWOI
IPPIVKPEWOIVEQMWOTPEHIVIVHIXW—VPMKZMK
XMKXEXKV]HIVSKTERHIVIVTPERISKX]OOI
MFYRHIR,EVQERIXKEWOSQJYVIVHIVMR
KIROVEZSQEXFYRHIRWOEPZ—VILZIVOIR
X]O IPPIV TPER 8MP MRHYOXMSRWOSQJYVIV WOEP
FYRHIRZ—VIQEKRIXMWO
ˆ7EYXIVTERHI GQ M HMEQIXIV XMP
P]RWXIKRMRKEJKV˜RXWEKIVKV]HIVIXXIV´
WOIVIXXIVSKO˜HWEYGI7EYXIVTERHIRLEV
IRXYRKFYRHSKIRL˜NOERXWoHIRSKWo
JYRKIVIVWSQIRKV]HI¦HEQTIRWPMTTIV
PIXZ—O
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´RHIWIXT—RXYHZEPK¦WX˜VVIPWIVRIZMPEJ
L—RKIEJLZSVWXSVXHIXIROIPXIWOMFIVSK
HIVQIHLZSVWXSVFIW—XRMRKIRX]TMWOIV
- HIR HEKPMKI QEHPEZRMRK XMP TIVWSRIV
OSQQIV QER PERKX QIH HMWWI KV]HIV SK
TERHIV
ˆ7XSVTERHIGQMHMEQIXIVXMPWXIK
RMRKEJJ\O˜H´WOSQIPIXXIVSKTERHI
OEKIV 3JXI IV TERHIR JSVW]RIX QIH IR
WPMTPIXFIP—KRMRK
*SXSWZIRPMKWXYHPoRXEJFIRXFVERHXEW
6EWBMH
/ETMXIP
WMHI