A Mnemonic to Help You Remember the 7 Approaches  Each finger on your hand and the palm can represent a different perspective:  The thumb = Psychodynamic   The index finger = Cognitive   Finish my sentence: “Pinky and the ______.” Behaviorists look at the tie between our behavior and our biology. But our knowledge base for this is still relatively small – like our pinky. The palm = Sociocultural   Try to lift your ring finger straight (without any other fingers going up also) – it can’t be done! Now use your other fingers to push it up… much better. Humanists believe that we need others to help us “reach our fullest potential,” and Rogers’ theory of unconditional positive regard does the trick. The pinky finger = Biological   How do you know what it means to “flip someone off”? You learned it. This relates to the idea of rewards, punishments, and modeling. Flipping the bird is also an observable behavior, and behaviorists focus on what can be seen and measured only. The ring finger = Humanistic   Point to your head like you are thinking. The cognitive perspective looks at how we process, store, and interpret information. The middle finger = Behavioral   Stick out your thumb and make a gesture over your shoulder while turning your head in that direction. You are “looking back,” just as a psychodynamic psychologist does when they are focusing on the past and unconscious conflicts stemming from childhood. Make a “gathering” movement with both hands, bringing them to your chest. We are gathering all people together, all cultures. To understand others we must understand the culture they are from. Differences are good! The “evolved sixth finger” = Evolutionary  Hold up a finger from your other hand and pretend that you have 6 fingers instead of 5. Evolutionary psychologists focus on how traits/behaviors evolve over time (usually aided our ancestors’ survival or increased their genetic line) Applying the 7 Approaches to RealLife Situations: Andrea Yates  On June 20, 2001, after her husband had left for work, Andrea Yates, a Houston mother, drowned her five children in the family bathtub. She told police she drowned them from burning in hell. A jury rejected her insanity defense, and she was sentenced to serve life at a psychiatric prison. In a second trial (the first was appealed), the jury acquitted her, and she was sent to a hospital, not prison. What do you believe to be the causes of Andrea Yates’ murder of her children? Biological   Research indicates that brain chemistry plays a role in psychological disorder. Yates was diagnosed as suffering from postpartum depression with psychosis, and she had been taken off her antipsychotic medication about a month before the children’s deaths. Andrea’s husband, Russell, claimed he had been pleading with doctors to again prescribe Haldol, used in treating people who hear voices or have delusional thoughts. Mood disorders run in families and Andrea’s was no exception. A sister and 2 brothers were also on antidepressants. Cognitive     Do we find the cause in her private mental functioning? Andrea experienced low self-esteem. At the time she killed her children, she believed she was possessed and that the sign of Satan (666) was marked on her scalp. She told the police that her children “weren’t developing correctly” and that drowning them was the only way to save them. Psychodynamic  Andrea was ruled by her irrational (and unconscious) desire to be free from the burden of so many children and the life of a submissive housewife. These desires resulted in her drastic actions. Behavioral  Doctors had strongly recommended no more children when they saw how seriously ill (mentally) Andrea was becoming with each child. Yet, her husband ignored their warnings and impregnated her a fifth time. Is it possible that Andrea saw her previously loving care only resulting in the punishment of more children and more responsibility, and therefore, she changed her actions towards the children to achieve a different result? Sociocultural     The individualism of American society plays a critical role in its accelerating rate of depression. Her extended family was not around to help when she needed them so desperately. Her husband was not socially supportive. He claimed he had never changed a diaper. How could he leave her alone with the five children when she could barely care for herself? Why did her doctor take her off her antipsychotic medication? 1870 1980s Early 2000 1941 1945 1920s 1890 1961-1964 1951 -1990s 1971 1913 1881 1875 1933 1904 Increased Evolutionary global interdependence psychology Eric Kandel wins Nobel Prize Rapid growth in clinical Gestalt William Roger Carl James Rogers Sperry’s publishes nears helps split-brain its launch his research B. F.pychology Skinner creates John B. 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