AICE INTERNATIONAL HISTORY: THEME 3 The Crisis of Communism and the End of the Cold War SINO-SOVIET CONFLICT 1950s  Death of Stalin  Incompatible personalities-distrust between Khrushchev and Mao  Different Interest of the Russian and Chinese Empires  Doctrinal Dispute  SINO-SOVIET CONFLICT Mao resented the fact that the Russians had done very little to help Chinese communists  Khrushchev visited Beijing in 1954-chief of world communism?  Mao- believed that he should be the world’s leading communist  Deterioration set in about 1956- disagreements over De-Stalinization (Mao not consulted)  SINO-SOVIET CONFLICT     Khrushchev supports non-communists in Asia- India, Burma, Afghanistan 1957- Khrushchev promised China samples of nuclear material and information about the construction of nuclear weapons Mao- wanted to use Russia’s nuclear armory as a diplomatic advantage against the US Mao- encourage revolutionary movements in Asia, Africa, and Latin America SINO-SOVIET CONFLICT     Khrushchev- did not support the Chinese view that the communist powers could do more Chinese maintained the orthodox Marxist position that war was inevitable Moscow was more worried than Beijing about the risks of escalation to nuclear war Russians and Chinese disagreed over the methods to be used to turn Asia, Africa, and Latin America away from the US SINO-SOVIET CONFLICT     China only wanted to help communists- Russians willing to help non-communist revolutionary movements Russians were not willing to support Chinese attempts to regain Taiwan Khrushchev was willing to set up nuclear bases in China but only on the understanding that the Russians would be in control Russians pulled support for the Great Leap forward SINO-SOVIET CONFLICT August 1959- Khrushchev went to the US for talks with Eisenhower at Camp David  The Camp David negotiations left out Chinese interests- Taiwan  1960- withdrawal of 12,000 Russian technicians from China  SINO-SOVIET CONFLICT 1964- Khrushchev was overthrown  Possible reconciliation between the Soviets and Chinese…  Chinese refused to attend a conference of communist parties in Moscow in 1965  SINO-SOVIET CONFLICT Russian embassy in Beijing was attacked in 1967  China condemned the Russian invasion of Czechoslovakia  1969- Border disputes almost led to war  Russian forces in the east were increased in the 1970s and 1980s  SINO-SOVIET CONFLICT 1979- Russian threat to China was magnified by the establishment of Russian naval and air bases in Vietnam  1970-71- China admitted to the UN (Security Council)  1971- Nixon reversed American policy towards China when he established diplomatic relations with China  THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR 1964-1982 Leonid Brezhnev  Domestic problems- economy, corruption  Empire in central and eastern Europe became unsustainable  By 1985 the USSR could neither feed its people nor provide an acceptable standard of living  THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev  Intelligent, courageous, and politically agile  Embarked upon a course of economic and political reform (glasnost, perestroika)  Glasnost- openness  Perestroika- restructuring of the economy  THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR      Glasnost End to the falsification of economic performance Inroads on censorship and habits of subservience Abolition of the Communist Party’s monopoly of power Reforming both the state political system and the economy THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR Perestroika  Greater independence for co-operatives and managers of state enterprises  Introduction of regulation by market forces  Difficulties in going from one system to another  Development of the reforms was tentative and shapeless  THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR     The political and economic transformation of the USSR was slowed by nationalist movements within the Soviet Union 12 of the 15 republics all had grievances and disruptive separatist aspirations Three Baltic republics, Moldavia, three in the Caucasus and five in central Asia. http://www.history.com/videos/the-fall-of-the-sovietunion#the-fall-of-the-soviet-union COMPARING POLICIES- WRITING ACTIVITY THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR     Gorbachev’s failures? Devalued and demoted the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (still wanted some modified form) Economic policy was confusing and the economic situation catastrophic No foreign exchange, a budget deficit, all industries losing money THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR     Gorbachev successes? Boldness in abandoning the Soviet empire in Europe Initiatives in the mutual disarmament of the Cold war Confronted the most daunting problems of the Soviet Union- failed political and economic system THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR     System failure Gorbachev failed because he was trying to reform the unreformable Soviet communism relied on central planning and was not familiar with the function of a market economy Lasted as long as it did because of the tyranny of the rulers- people sacrificed because they were afraid THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR The collapse of the Soviet Union condemned the communist system  Capitalism triumphant but deeply unsatisfying  1991- Boris Yeltsin takes power and inherits not the Soviet Union but Russia  END OF THE COLD WAR      http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmtNJdX0Q44 What was the main idea of the video clip? Provide details to support. What actions did Reagan take that accelerated the collapse of the Cold War? Evaluate the strength of the Reagan foundation’s argument. Does your group agree or disagree with the video’s argument regarding Reagan’s role in the Cold War? END OF THE COLD WAR      http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfLDKFwDSIg What is the main idea of the video clip? Provide details to support. What is meant by the term “hero worship” in the context of the end of the Cold War? Evaluate the strength of the author’s argument. Does your group agree or disagree with the video’s argument regarding what caused the collapse of the Soviet Union? SOVIETS IN AFGHANISTAN     Muslim Afghanistan had remained a nonaligned nation in the Cold War until 1978 Pro-Soviet government introduced radical reforms in education and family law- led to civil war Islamic religious leaders objected to the change brought by the communist People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan. 1979- beginning of Soviet intervention SOVIETS IN AFGHANISTAN     With the help of Soviet forces, Babrak Karmal tried to establish control over Afghanistan 1979-1988- Soviet forces fought a brutal campaign against Afghan mujahedeen, or Islamic warriors Weapons and money from the United States sustained the Islamic fighters in their struggle CIA provided fighters with ground-to-air Stinger Missiles SOVIETS IN AFGHANISTAN 1986- Soviet leadership replaced Karmal with the equally unpopular Muhammad Najibullah  United Nations negotiated a cease-fire in 1988 and a full Soviet withdrawal took place the following year  Fighting cont. after the Soviet retreat with the Taliban gaining control of the country by 1996  SOVIETS IN AFGHANISTAN      Experience in Afghanistan demonstrated the declining power of the Soviet Union Afghanistan: Soviet Union Vietnam: United States Taxed both nations and caused dissatisfaction with Cold War policies- undermined the prestige of the superpowers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8Vmx9Pg5Js SOVIETS IN AFGHANISTAN    Draw/paint a picture or write a fictional story/poem about Afghanistan and its connection to the Cold War Include facts related to the Soviet Union, United States, and the Taliban Attempt to artistically answer the following questionWhat does history teach us about our current situation in Afghanistan? TIMELINE: 234-240 Create a timeline about 10 events in central and eastern Europe after Stalin’s death.  Focus only on areas of unrest.  Make sure to include the date and what happened. 