AICE INTERNATIONAL HISTORY: THEME 3 War

AICE INTERNATIONAL
HISTORY: THEME 3
The Crisis of Communism and the End of the Cold
War
SINO-SOVIET CONFLICT
1950s
 Death of Stalin
 Incompatible personalities-distrust between
Khrushchev and Mao
 Different Interest of the Russian and Chinese
Empires
 Doctrinal Dispute
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SINO-SOVIET CONFLICT
Mao resented the fact that the Russians had done
very little to help Chinese communists
 Khrushchev visited Beijing in 1954-chief of world
communism?
 Mao- believed that he should be the world’s
leading communist
 Deterioration set in about 1956- disagreements
over De-Stalinization (Mao not consulted)
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SINO-SOVIET CONFLICT
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Khrushchev supports non-communists in Asia- India,
Burma, Afghanistan
1957- Khrushchev promised China samples of nuclear
material and information about the construction of
nuclear weapons
Mao- wanted to use Russia’s nuclear armory as a
diplomatic advantage against the US
Mao- encourage revolutionary movements in Asia,
Africa, and Latin America
SINO-SOVIET CONFLICT
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Khrushchev- did not support the Chinese view that the
communist powers could do more
Chinese maintained the orthodox Marxist position that war was
inevitable
Moscow was more worried than Beijing about the risks of
escalation to nuclear war
Russians and Chinese disagreed over the methods to be used to
turn Asia, Africa, and Latin America away from the US
SINO-SOVIET CONFLICT
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China only wanted to help communists- Russians
willing to help non-communist revolutionary
movements
Russians were not willing to support Chinese
attempts to regain Taiwan
Khrushchev was willing to set up nuclear bases in
China but only on the understanding that the
Russians would be in control
Russians pulled support for the Great Leap forward
SINO-SOVIET CONFLICT
August 1959- Khrushchev went to the US for
talks with Eisenhower at Camp David
 The Camp David negotiations left out Chinese
interests- Taiwan
 1960- withdrawal of 12,000 Russian technicians
from China
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SINO-SOVIET CONFLICT
1964- Khrushchev was overthrown
 Possible reconciliation between the Soviets and
Chinese…
 Chinese refused to attend a conference of
communist parties in Moscow in 1965
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SINO-SOVIET CONFLICT
Russian embassy in Beijing was attacked in 1967
 China condemned the Russian invasion of
Czechoslovakia
 1969- Border disputes almost led to war
 Russian forces in the east were increased in the
1970s and 1980s
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SINO-SOVIET CONFLICT
1979- Russian threat to China was magnified by
the establishment of Russian naval and air bases
in Vietnam
 1970-71- China admitted to the UN (Security
Council)
 1971- Nixon reversed American policy towards
China when he established diplomatic relations
with China
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THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR
1964-1982 Leonid Brezhnev
 Domestic problems- economy, corruption
 Empire in central and eastern Europe became
unsustainable
 By 1985 the USSR could neither feed its people
nor provide an acceptable standard of living
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THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR
1985 Mikhail Gorbachev
 Intelligent, courageous, and politically agile
 Embarked upon a course of economic and
political reform (glasnost, perestroika)
 Glasnost- openness
 Perestroika- restructuring of the economy
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THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR
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Glasnost
End to the falsification of economic performance
Inroads on censorship and habits of subservience
Abolition of the Communist Party’s monopoly of
power
Reforming both the state political system and the
economy
THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR
Perestroika
 Greater independence for co-operatives and
managers of state enterprises
 Introduction of regulation by market forces
 Difficulties in going from one system to another
 Development of the reforms was tentative and
shapeless
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THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR
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The political and economic transformation of the USSR was
slowed by nationalist movements within the Soviet Union
12 of the 15 republics all had grievances and disruptive
separatist aspirations
Three Baltic republics, Moldavia, three in the Caucasus
and five in central Asia.
http://www.history.com/videos/the-fall-of-the-sovietunion#the-fall-of-the-soviet-union
COMPARING POLICIES- WRITING ACTIVITY
THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR
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Gorbachev’s failures?
Devalued and demoted the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union (still wanted some modified form)
Economic policy was confusing and the economic
situation catastrophic
No foreign exchange, a budget deficit, all industries
losing money
THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR
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Gorbachev successes?
Boldness in abandoning the Soviet empire in Europe
Initiatives in the mutual disarmament of the Cold
war
Confronted the most daunting problems of the Soviet
Union- failed political and economic system
THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR
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System failure
Gorbachev failed because he was trying to reform the
unreformable
Soviet communism relied on central planning and
was not familiar with the function of a market
economy
Lasted as long as it did because of the tyranny of the
rulers- people sacrificed because they were afraid
THE DISINTEGRATION OF THE USSR
The collapse of the Soviet Union condemned the
communist system
 Capitalism triumphant but deeply unsatisfying
 1991- Boris Yeltsin takes power and inherits not
the Soviet Union but Russia
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END OF THE COLD WAR
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmtNJdX0Q44
What was the main idea of the video clip? Provide
details to support.
What actions did Reagan take that accelerated the
collapse of the Cold War?
Evaluate the strength of the Reagan foundation’s
argument.
Does your group agree or disagree with the video’s
argument regarding Reagan’s role in the Cold War?
END OF THE COLD WAR
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfLDKFwDSIg
What is the main idea of the video clip? Provide
details to support.
What is meant by the term “hero worship” in the
context of the end of the Cold War?
Evaluate the strength of the author’s argument.
Does your group agree or disagree with the video’s
argument regarding what caused the collapse of the
Soviet Union?
SOVIETS IN AFGHANISTAN
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Muslim Afghanistan had remained a nonaligned
nation in the Cold War until 1978
Pro-Soviet government introduced radical reforms in
education and family law- led to civil war
Islamic religious leaders objected to the change
brought by the communist People’s Democratic Party
of Afghanistan.
1979- beginning of Soviet intervention
SOVIETS IN AFGHANISTAN
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With the help of Soviet forces, Babrak Karmal tried to
establish control over Afghanistan
1979-1988- Soviet forces fought a brutal campaign
against Afghan mujahedeen, or Islamic warriors
Weapons and money from the United States
sustained the Islamic fighters in their struggle
CIA provided fighters with ground-to-air Stinger
Missiles
SOVIETS IN AFGHANISTAN
1986- Soviet leadership replaced Karmal with the
equally unpopular Muhammad Najibullah
 United Nations negotiated a cease-fire in 1988
and a full Soviet withdrawal took place the
following year
 Fighting cont. after the Soviet retreat with the
Taliban gaining control of the country by 1996
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SOVIETS IN AFGHANISTAN
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Experience in Afghanistan demonstrated the
declining power of the Soviet Union
Afghanistan: Soviet Union
Vietnam: United States
Taxed both nations and caused dissatisfaction with
Cold War policies- undermined the prestige of the
superpowers
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w8Vmx9Pg5Js
SOVIETS IN AFGHANISTAN
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Draw/paint a picture or write a fictional story/poem
about Afghanistan and its connection to the Cold War
Include facts related to the Soviet Union, United
States, and the Taliban
Attempt to artistically answer the following questionWhat does history teach us about our current
situation in Afghanistan?
TIMELINE: 234-240
Create a timeline about 10 events in central and
eastern Europe after Stalin’s death.
 Focus only on areas of unrest.
 Make sure to include the date and what
happened.
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