APUSH World War II Notes Part A Causes of the War in Europe 1. Versailles Peace Treaty what did the treaty do to cause WWII? a. b. War Guilt Clause Germany pays $33 billion in reparations Causes of the War in Europe 2. Hitler rises to power what was his early life like? development of the Nazi Party… 1932 Elections in Germany… German depression ends German militarism 1936 Olympics Persecution of the Jews & others begins in 1933…examples? Causes of the War in Europe (cont.) 3. Failure of the British & the French to stop Hitler Hitler wants lebensraum…”living space” military build-up (1933-1939) Rhineland (1936) Spanish Civil War (1936-39) Annexation of Austria (Mar. 1938) Munich Conference (Sept. 1938)…how was Hitler appeased? Sudetenland (Sept. 1938) Czechoslovakia (Mar. 1939) Poland (Sept. 1939) Munich Agreement Causes of the War in Europe (cont.) 4. Weaknesses of the League of Nations in what ways was the League weak? how did these contribute to WWII? Causes of the War in the Pacific 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Japan needed more living space…why? Japan was resource poor…imported everything Japan needed/built a strong military…why? Japan wanted to control the Pacific (Japanese Empire) Invasion of Manchuria (1931) Invasion of China (1937) League of Nations “inaction” Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941) who planned it? What was the goal? did we know ahead of time? Leaders in WWII Political Leaders: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Germany Italy USSR Great Britain (2) Vichy France Free France Japan (2) US (2) Benito Mussolini & Adolf Hitler Italy & Germany Josef Stalin--USSR Neville Chamberlain & Winston Churchill Prime Ministers of Great Britain Vichy France—Philippe Henri Petain Free France—Gen. Charles DeGaulle Japan: Emperor Hirohito & Prime Minister Hideki Tojo FDR & Truman—US Presidents Leaders in WWII Military Leaders in European Theater: 1. 2. 3. 4. USSR Germany Great Britain US (3) Military Leaders in the Pacific Theater: 1. 2. Japan US (3) Gen. Georgi Zhukov--USSR Field Marshall Erwin Rommel—Germany “Desert Fox” Gen. Bernard Montgomery--Britain Gen. George Marshall—Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff--US Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower—Supreme Allied Commander in Europe Gen. George Patton—US Tank Commander Adm. Isoroku Yamamoto—Commander of the Japanese Navy Gen. Douglas MacArthur—Supreme Allied Commander in the Pacific Adm. Chester Nimitz—C in C of the US Pacific Fleet Adm. Bull Halsey—US Fleet Admiral in the Pacific APUSH World War II Notes Part B The War in Europe 1. Blitzkrieg “Lightning War” a. b. c. d. Luftwaffe attacks targets Tanks and heavy armor move in quickly Infantry follows to secure area Extremely fast and overwhelming warfare 2. Poland a. b. c. d. WWI-era planes Few tanks Many soldiers are on horseback Poland falls in six weeks 3. France a. b. c. d. Maginot Line 3rd most powerful military in the world Surrender in six weeks Vichy Gov’t cooperates with the Nazis 4. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Nazi Germany controls Western Europe Germany h. Luxembourg Austria i. Norway Czechoslovakia j. France Poland Denmark Belgium Netherlands Axis Expansion in Europe 1935-1941 5. a. b. c. d. Non-aggression Pact between USSR and Germany Hitler and Stalin hated each other Why did they make this agreement? Shocked the world What was the agreement? 6. Battle of the Atlantic a. b. c. d. e. U-Boats Convoy System Goal: starve the Brits out of the war Sonar Enigma/Ultra (U-571) 7. Battle of Britain a. b. c. air war: Luftwaffe –vs- RAF Goal: destroy RAF to invade Britain Operation Sea Lion • What was it? • Why was it cancelled? d. Radar & RAF saves the Brits The Eastern Front 1. Invasion of the USSR “Operation Barbarossa” 2. Goal: Lebensraum “living space” 3. Red Army retreats hundreds of miles 4. Russian “scorched earth policy” 4. Battle of Leningrad a. The city is under siege by the Germans for 900 days b. Hitler orders no prisoners taken 5. Battle of Moscow a. Stalin stays in town b. Russian winter and Hitler’s stupidity/stubbornness defeat the German Army 6. Battle of Stalingrad a. b. c. d. e. Named after Stalin, war materials & factories, gateway to the Soviet oil fields “Enemy at the Gates” House to house, street to street fighting Hitler’s again leads to the German defeat…no retreat/no surrender order Turning point on the Eastern Front 7. Kursk tank battle a. largest tank battle in history b. USSR Germany 1.3 million men 1.0 million men 3,600 tanks 2,700 tanks 2,400 planes2,000 planes 20,000 artillery maybe 3,000-5,000! c. Germans are overwhelmed & pushed back d. Artillery and air superiority prove decisive for the Red Army North African Front (1942) 1. 2. 3. German invasion Goal: capture the Suez Canal British retreat a. Gen. Montgomery takes command b. El Alamein 4. 5. 6. US arrives (1942) a. Gen. Eisenhower b. Operation Torch c. Kasserine Pass Rommel is finally defeated Germans are squeezed out of North Africa The War in Italy • • • • The German Army escaped to Sicily Pushed from Sicily to the boot of Italy Italian army quickly stops fighting Italian people immediately turn against Mussolini • Mussolini is ousted from power • German army does all of the fighting against the Allies • Takes 18 months to push Germans to Rome Western Front 1. D-Day Invasion a. b. c. Allies tricked Hitler 1. Calais –or2. Normandy Normandy invasion Helps the USSR… how? 2. Liberation of France a. b. c. Paris is declared an “Open City” Nazis retreat US liberates Paris (Patton) 3. The push towards Germany a. b. c. d. Patton leads the way Germans in full retreat US/British air superiority Tanks & infantry eat up territory 4. Battle of the Bulge a. Last German offensive of the war b. Catches Allies off-guard c. Delays the invasion of Germany 2 weeks 5. a. b. c. Germany is invaded from both sides Hitler’s two-front war is a mistake USSR attacks Germany from the East Americans and British attack from the West 6. Liberating the camps a. Red Army (USSR) discovers the 1st concentration camp (Majdanek) b. Aachen is the 1st concentration camp discovered by the US 7. Battle of Berlin a. Hitler Youth and old men defend the city b. USSR given the “honor” of capturing Berlin c. Eisenhower saves thousands of US lives by allowing the USSR to capture Berlin 8. The end of Hitler a. b. c. hiding in his bunker marries Eva Braun how did he die? 9. Unconditional surrender 10. V-E Day May 8, 1945 APUSH World War II Notes Part C The Holocaust 1. Hitler’s beliefs a. “Aryan superiority” b. blame the Jews for everything 2. Persecution begins a. long history of persecution b. Hitler & Nazis increase intensity c. Kristallnacht (Nov. 9-10, 1938) b. 1st Concentration Camps open (1933) 3. Many groups persecuted a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Jews Jehovah’s Witnesses Homosexuals Political opponents Slavs Gypsies Free Masons People born with disabilities J. The War in the Pacific 1. Pearl Harbor (Dec. 7, 1941) 2. Carrier Warfare 3. Japanese expansion 4. Doolittle Raid (April 18, 1942) 5. Battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942) a. 1st naval warfare where opposing ships cannot see each other b. Stopped the Japanese advance c. saved Australia from invasion d. US Losses Japanese Losses 1 large carrier 1 small carrier 1 destroyer 1 destroyer 65 planes 69 planes 6. Battle of Midway (June 1942) a. Turning point in the Pacific war b. Japanese begin a long retreat c. US Losses 1 carrier 1 destroyer 98 planes Japanese Losses 4 carriers 1 cruiser 264 planes 7. Island Hopping Campaign a. attack some Japanese held islands, skip others b. the islands that are skipped are cut off from supplies c. keep attacking islands closer & closer to Japan d. Guadalcanal (Aug, 1942-Feb. 1943) 1. 1st Japanese defeat on land 2. jungle warfare 8. Battle of Leyte Gulf (Oct. 1944) a. b. c. disaster for the Japanese Navy Japan lost: 1. 3 battleships 2. 4 aircraft carriers 3. 13 cruisers 4. 400 planes Japanese use kamikazes 1. 424 missions 2. 16 US ships sunk 3. 80 more US ships damaged 9. Philippines retaken (Feb. 1945) 10. Battle of Iwo Jima (Feb.-March 1945) a. US needed as an airbase for longrange bombers to reach Japan b. 20,700 Japanese soldiers c. 6,000 US Marines die d. only 200 Japanese survive 11. Battle of Okinawa (April-June 1945) a. b. c. d. e. f. needed b/c it was close to Japan (bombers & eventually invasion of Japan would start here) 1,900 kamikaze attacks 30 US ships sunk 300 damaged 5,000 sailors killed the Fighting: 1. 110,000 Japanese killed 2. 7,600 Americans killed 3. 15:1 kill ratio 4. Japanese commit suicide rather than surrender 12. Kamikazes 13. Invasion of Japan: a. predicted to cost 1,000,000 American lives b. predicted to cost 500,000 British lives 14. Manhattan Project a. b. c. top secret project to build an atomic bomb 1. atomic fission (Atom Bomb) 2. nuclear fusion (Hydrogen Bomb) USSR had spies in the program Truman informs Stalin at Potsdam, Stalin is unimpressed 15. Decision to use the “bomb” a. b. c. d. would save lives a demonstration for the Japanese might be a dud Japanese might shoot down the plane Japanese might move American POWs to the test area 16. Hiroshima & Nagasaki 17. Unconditional surrender 18. V-J Day K. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Alabama’s involvement in WW2 Tuskegee Airmen Aliceville POW Camp Mobile shipyards Birmingham steel industry Military bases L. America during WW2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Great Depression ends Unemployment decreases More women are working Great Migration continues Minorities have more opportunities Massive industrialization Rationing War Bonds New Technology (examples) Internment camps FDR dies April 12, 1945 M. Conferences & Postwar Stuff 1. a. Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945) Goals: 1. create the United Nations 2. in exchange for Sakhalin & Kuril islands, Stalin promised to enter the war against Japan 3. Stalin promises free elections in Poland and Soviet-occupied Eastern Europe b. Churchill, Stalin, FDR 2. Potsdam Conference (July 1945) a. b. Goals: 1. plan for disarming Germany 2. eliminate the Nazi regime 3. war crimes trials Churchill/Attlee, Stalin, Truman 3. War Crimes Trials a. Nuremburg 1. 12 of 22 sentenced to death 2. 200 later found guilty of war crimes b. Japan Prime Minister Hideki Tojo is hanged 4. Rebuilding Europe and Japan a. Why? b. How? c. Examples 5. 6. Postwar Europe GI Bill a. b. What was it? Effects on America
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