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Object Oriented Programming with Java
Written by Amir Kirsh, Edited by Liron Blecher
© Amir Kirsh
Agenda
• All that is to know on class syntax
• Constructors and Initializers
• Inheritance and Polymorphism
• Interfaces
• Nested Classes
• Casting
• Enums
Classes and Objects
A class will look like this:
<Access-Modifier> class MyClass {
// field, constructor, and method declarations
}
To instantiate an object we will do:
MyClass instance = new MyClass(<constructor params>);
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Accessibility Options
Four accessibility options:
– public
– protected *
– (default) = “package” **
– private
* protected is also accessible by package
** called also “package-private” or “package-friendly”
Example:
public class Person {
private String name;
protected java.util.Date birthDate;
String id; // default accessibility = package
public Person() {}
}
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Static
Static member can be accessed without an instance
(same as in C++)
Example:
Called sometimes “class variable”
as opposed to “instance variable”
public class Widget {
static private int counter;
static public getCounter() {return counter;}
}
int number = Widget.getCounter();
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The ‘this’ keyword
In Java ‘this’ is a reference to myself
(in C++ it is a pointer…)
Example:
public class Point {
private int x, y;
public Point(int x, int y) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
}
}
The ‘this’ keyword is also used to call another constructor of
the same class – we will see that later
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Defining constants
Though const is a reserved word in Java
it's actually not in use!
However the final keyword let's you define
constants and const variables
Example:
public class Thingy {
public final static int doodad = 6; // constant
public final int id; // constant variable
public Thingy(int id) {this.id = id;} // OK
//public void set(int id) {this.id = id;} // error!
}
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Agenda
• All that is to know on class syntax
• Constructors and Initializers
• Inheritance and Polymorphism
• Interfaces
• Nested Classes
• Casting
• Enums
Constructors
– Constructors in Java are very similar to C++
– You can overload constructors (like any other method)
– A constructor which doesn't get any parameter
is called “empty constructor”
– You may prefer not to have a constructor at all,
in which case it is said that you have by default
an “empty constructor”
– A constructor can call another constructor
of the same class using the ‘this’ keyword
– Calling another constructor can be done only
as the first instruction of the calling constructor
Examples in following slides…
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Constructors
Example 1:
public class Person {
String name = ""; // fields can be initialized!
Date birthDate;
public Person() {} // empty constructor
public Person(String name) {
this(name, new Date()); //must be in first line
}
public Person(String name, Date birthDate) {
this.name = name;
this.birthDate = birthDate;
}
}
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Constructors
Example 2:
public class Person {
String name = "";
Date birthDate = new Date();
public Person(String name, Date birthDate) {
this.name = name;
this.birthDate = birthDate;
}
}
Person p; // OK
p = new Person(); // not good – compilation error
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Static Initializer
Static initializer is a block of instructions
performed the first time a class is loaded
Static initializer may be useful to perform
a one time initializations of static members
Example:
public class Thingy {
static String s;
// the block underneath is a static initializer
static { s="Hello"; }
Usually static initializer would
}
do a more complex job…
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examples.commandline
DEMO
13
Agenda
• All that is to know on class syntax
• Constructors and Initializers
• Inheritance and Polymorphism
• Interfaces
• Nested Classes
• Casting
• Enums
Inheritance
Some Terms
A class that is derived from another class is called a subclass
(also a derived class, extended class, or child class).
The class from which the subclass is derived is called a
superclass (also a base class or a parent class).
Excepting java.lang.Object, which has no superclass,
every class has exactly one and only one direct superclass
(single inheritance).
In the absence of any other explicit superclass, every class is
implicitly a subclass of Object.
A class is said to be descended from all the classes in its
inheritance chain stretching back to Object.
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Inheritance
– Class Object is the ancestor base class of all classes in Java
– There is no multiple inheritance in Java
– Inheritance is always “public” thus type is not stated
(no private or protected inheritance as in C++)
– Class can implement several interfaces (contracts)
– Class can be abstract
– Access to base class is done using the super keyword
– Constructor may send parameters to its base using the
‘super’ keyword as its first instruction
– If the base class does not have an empty constructor then
the class is required to pass parameters to its super
Examples in following slides…
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Inheritance
Example 1:
public class Person {
private String name;
public Person(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
// Override toString in class Object
public String toString() {
return name;
}
}
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Inheritance
Example 1 (cont’):
public class Employee extends Person {
private Employee manager;
public Employee(String name, Employee manager) {
super(name); // must be first
this.manager = manager;
}
// Override toString in class Person
public String toString() {
return super.toString() +
(manager!=null? ", reporting to: " + manager :
" - I'm the big boss!");
}
}
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Inheritance
Example 2:
abstract public class Shape {
protected Color line = Color.Black;
protected Color fill = Color.White;
protected Shape() {}
public Shape(Color line, Color fill) {
this.line = line;
this.fill = fill;
}
abstract public void draw();
abstract public boolean isPointInside(Point p);
}
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Inheritance
Example 2 (cont’):
public class Circle extends Shape {
private Point center;
private double radius;
public Circle(Point center, double radius) {
this.center = center; this.radius = radius;
}
public void draw() {…} // use Graphics or Graphics2d
public boolean isPointInside(Point p) {
return (p.distance(center) < radius);
}
}
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Inheritance
The final keyword is used to forbid a method from being
override in derived classes
Above is relevant when implementing a generic algorithm in the
base class, and it allows the JVM to linkage the calls to the
method more efficiently
The final keyword can also be used on a class to prevent the
class from being subclassed at all
Example:
of course, final and abstract
don‘t go together (why?)
abstract public class Shape {
…
final public void setFillColor(Color color)
{<some implementation>}
}
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examples.inheritance
DEMO
22
Interfaces
– Interface is a contract
– An interface can contain method signatures
(methods without implementation) and static constants
– Interface cannot be instantiated, it can only be implemented
by classes and extended by other interfaces
– Interface that do not include any method signature is called
a marker interface
– Class can implement several interfaces (contracts)
– Class can announce on implementing an interface,
without really implementing all of the declared methods,
but then the class must be abstract
Examples in following slides…
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Interfaces
Example 1 – using interface Comparable:
// a generic max function
static public Object max(Comparable... comparables) {
int length = comparables.length;
if(length == 0) { return null; }
Comparable max = comparables[0];
for(int i=1; i<length; i++) {
if(max.compareTo(comparables[i]) < 0) {
max = comparables[i];
}
}
return max;
}
// calling the function can go like this:
String maxStr = (String) max("hello", "world", "!!!");
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Interfaces
Example 2 – supporting foreach on our own type:
To have your own class support iterating, using the "foreach“
syntax, the class should implement the interface Iterable:
public interface Iterable<T> {
Iterator<T> iterator();
}
// example
public interface Collection<E> extends Iterable<E> {
…
Iterator<E> iterator();
…
}
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Interfaces
Example 3 – supporting clone on our own type:
To have your own class support the clone method
the class should implement the marker interface Cloneable:
public interface Cloneable {}
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Interfaces
Example 4 – new HasName interface:
To allow name investigation we want to create a new HasName
interface:
public interface HasName {
String getName();
}
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examples.interfaces
DEMO
28
Agenda
• All that is to know on class syntax
• Constructors and Initializers
• Inheritance and Polymorphism
• Interfaces
• Nested Classes
• Casting
• Enums
Nested Classes
•
Nested Classes are classes which are defined inside another
class. They are divided into two categories:
static and non-static.
•
Nested classes that are declared as static are simply called
static nested classes
Non-static nested classes are called inner classes
•
Inner classes that are defined without having their own name
are called anonymous classes
•
All Nested classes have access to private data members and
methods of the containing class (static nested class only have
access to static methods and data members)
Examples in following slides…
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Nested Classes
Example 1:
public class OuterClass {
private int a;
static public class InnerStaticClass {
public int b;
}
public class InnerClass {
public void setA(int a1) {
a = a1; // we have access to a !!!
}
}
}
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Nested Classes
Example 1 (cont’):
OuterClass.InnerStaticClass obj1 =
new OuterClass.InnerStaticClass();
OuterClass.InnerClass obj2 =
new OuterClass().new InnerClass();
obj2.setA(3); // we modify a of OuterClass!!!
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Nested Classes
Example 2 (Getting containing class ‘this’ reference):
public class OuterClass {
private int a;
public class InnerClass {
private int a;
public void setA(int a) {
a = a; //useless statement
this.a = a; //InnerClass’s instance a
//OuterClass’s instance a
OuterClass.this.a = a;
}
}
}
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Nested Classes
Example 3 – anonymous class:
public interface HaveName {
String getName();
}
void someFunction(HaveName someoneWithName) {
System.out.println(someoneWithName.getName());
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
someFunction(new HaveName() {
public String getName() { return "Momo"; }
});
}
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examples.innerstaticclass
DEMO
35
Agenda
• All that is to know on class syntax
• Constructors and Initializers
• Inheritance and Polymorphism
• Interfaces
• Nested Classes
• Casting
• Enums
Casting
• When you want to convert an object of a superclass to one of its
subclasses
• Use only if you know for sure what the objects’ class type
• Use instanceof method to check the class type (can also be an
interface or any class in the inheritance line)
• If you fail to check, you might get a ClassCastException
Examples in following slides…
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Casting
Example 1:
void foo() {
Object obj = new String(“Hiding in an object”);
boo (obj);
}
void boo(Object argument) {
if (argument instanceof String) {
String myString = (String)argument;
System.out.println (myString.toUpperCase());
}
}
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Agenda
• All that is to know on class syntax
• Constructors and Initializers
• Inheritance and Polymorphism
• Interfaces
• Nested Classes
• Casting
• Enums
Enums
Structure for Constant Enumeration
Not an integer!
- May represent data (= have fields)
- May implement methods (member and static)
Automatically extends the Enum abstract type
Cannot extend other Classes or Enums,
but can implement interfaces
Cannot be extended (Enums are final)
Examples in following slides…
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Enums
Example 1:
public class Card {
public enum Rank {
DEUCE, THREE, FOUR, FIVE, SIX, SEVEN, EIGHT, NINE,
TEN, JACK, QUEEN, KING, ACE
}
public enum Suit {
CLUBS, DIAMONDS, HEARTS, SPADES
}
private final Rank rank;
private final Suit suit;
private Card(Rank rank, Suit suit) {
this.rank = rank;
this.suit = suit;
}
…
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Enums
Example 1 (cont’):
public class Card {
…
public String toString() { return rank + " of " + suit; }
private static final List<Card> deck =
new ArrayList<Card>();
// Initialize the static deck
static {
for (Suit suit : Suit.values()){
for (Rank rank : Rank.values()){
deck.add(new Card(rank, suit))}};
}
public static ArrayList<Card> newDeck() {
// Return copy of prototype deck
return new ArrayList<Card>(deck);
}
}
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Enums
Example 2:
public enum Operation {
PLUS, MINUS, TIMES, DIVIDE;
// Do arithmetic op represented by this constant
double eval(double x, double y) {
switch(this) {
case PLUS:
return x + y;
case MINUS: return x - y;
case TIMES: return x * y;
case DIVIDE: return x / y;
}
throw new AssertionError("Unknown op: " + this);
}
}
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Enums
Example 3:
public enum
PLUS {
double
},
MINUS {
double
},
TIMES {
double
},
DIVIDE {
double
};
Operation {
eval(double x, double y) { return x + y; }
eval(double x, double y) { return x - y; }
eval(double x, double y) { return x * y; }
eval(double x, double y) { return x / y; }
// Do arithmetic op represented by this constant
abstract double eval(double x, double y);
}
44
examples.enums
DEMO
45
Links
Core Java Interview Questions:
http://www.javacodegeeks.com/2013/09/core-javainterview-questions.html
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