Pioneering fire protection
through innovation and
professionalism
BS 9999
in relation to changes in fire legislation
Bill Parlor
Technical Officer, Association for Specialist Fire Protection
BS 9999: 2008
•
Code of practice for fire safety in the design,
management and use of buildings
• Title excludes construction
• Replaces DD 9999
• Takes new fire legislation into account
• Includes findings from BDAG the
Buildings Disaster Assessment Group
BS 9999: What is it?
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A prescriptive code of practice for fire safety design beyond the
limits of Approved Document B.
It is NOT a fire engineering guide, although it uses fire engineering
principles to formulate the guidance provided
• Conceived in 1997 to publish in 2002
• Sits between AD/B and FSE
• Replaces/updates most of BS 5588:
Fire precautions in the design, construction
and use of buildings, except Part 1 for
residential buildings
Technical guidance at 3 levels
•
General approach
• Applicable to the majority of buildings
• Government guidance, Approved Document B
•
Advanced approach
• BS 9999, a flexible and transparent approach
• Structured approach to risk based design based on FSE
•
Fire safety engineering
• BS 7974 with supporting Published Documents
• FSE may be the only practical approach for some large and
complex buildings, and for buildings containing different uses.
A basis for greater confidence?
• Approved Document B has served us well in the past
• Are the provisions in AD/B overly conservative?
• Do they require a new approach?
• BS 9999 replaces most of BS 5588
• But Approved Document B still references BS 5588
Positioning of BS 9999
• BSI suggest that
• BS 9999 provides an advanced approach to fire
safety, and
• It promotes a more flexible approach to fire safety
design through use of structured risk-based design
where designers can take account of varying
human factors
• But also suggest that
• Individual recommendations applied in isolation
might give little or no benefit, and might even
reduce the level of fire safety. Strong words!
Replacement of BS 5588?
• It 1997, BSI FSH14 steering panel identified a number
of problems with the existing BS 5588 series, including
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Incomplete coverage of aspects, systems and /or occupancies
Duplication of text in the various sections
Variations in wording
Variations of guidance within BSI documents, and with
other national guidance documents
First thoughts for the new code ?
• A code based on functional requirements rather
than occupancies and 4 functional areas were
identified
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Means of escape
Construction
Access and facilities for fire fighting
Management of fire safety
• Subsequently, BSI FSH14 steering group realised that
more work was needed, to absorb new changes to fire
safety law and re-issue of AD-B
BS 9999: Original format
•
Based on occupancy risk profile
• Risk category, fire load density, fire growth potential
•
Fire safety management as a critical feature
• Section 5 is about designing so that buildings can be managed
• Section 9 is about managing occupied buildings
• NOTE that Paragraph numbers do not match ‘section numbers’
•
Travel time for means of escape
• Travel distance, occupant numbers
•
Construction
• Added guidance takes account of ventilation, fire suppression
systems, etc
BS 9999 today: Nine sections
1 General
2 Risk profiles and assessing risk
3 Ensuring effective fire protection
4 Managing fire safety
5 Designing means of escape
6 Access and facilities for fire fighting
7 Designing the building structure: Load bearing
and non load bearing elements
Sections 30 – 38: pages 149 - 238
8 Special risk protection
9. Managing occupied buildings
BS 9999: 460 pages
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460 pages may be too big to manage!
Introduction starts on page 21
9 main sections in 234 pages
Plus 26 annexes in another 205 pages, such as
 Business continuity
 Atria, theatres and cinemas, shops
 Commissioning and handover of smoke control
systems
 Inspection and maintenance of fire safety installations
for ducts.
Fire risks – Table 1
RISK ASSESSMENTS & RISK PROFILES OF
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the occupants, the property and business continuity
the use of the building
the risks associated with its use
The likelihood of a fire occurring
the likely severity and potential spread of fire growth
• Tables helps the risk to be assessed by determining
occupancy, travel distance, exit capacities, etc
• Five different occupant categories are considered
NOTE: This risk assessment is not designed to satisfy the
fire risk assessment requirements of any fire safety
related legislation!
Risk profile per building – Table 4
u
Occupancy
characteristic
Fire growth
rate
Risk
profile
A
1 Slow
A1
Occupants who are awake
And familiar with the building
2 Medium
3 Fast
A2
A3
4 Ultra fast
A4 unacceptable in BS 9999
1 Slow
2 Medium
3 Fast
B1
B2
B3
4Ultra fast
B4
1 Slow
2 Medium
3 Fast
4 Ultra fast
C1
C2
C3 unacceptable
C4 unacceptable
B
Occupants who are awake and
Unfamiliar with the building
C
Occupants who are likely to
be asleep
Occupancies C, D and E
• C Occupants likely to be asleep
• Ci
• Cii
• Ciii
long term individual occupancy
long term manage doccupancy
short term occupancy [in hotels]
• D Occupants receiving medical care
• E Occupants in transit
[railway stations, airports]
Fire growth rate KJ/s3
0.2
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
slow
Bank hall
medium
Cardboard
boxes
fast
Plastic
products
ultra fast
Expanded
Cellular plastics
Sprinklers & risk 6.5
•
If sprinklers are installed, the fire growth rate can be
reduced by one level in Tables 4, 12 and 13, subject to
defined limits.
• Does this assumes that sprinklers can react to quell an ultra fast
fire?
•
Only sprinklers designed and installed in accordance
with BS EN 12845 and BS 5306-2 can be used to
reduce the fire resistance periods in Tables 25 and 26
Detection and alarm systems
• Each risk profile is associated with minimum
acceptable types of alarm and detection systems,
Types available M, L1, L2, L3 ( BS 5839-1).
• These may permit extensions or reductions to the travel
distance or door widths, but there are limits on the extent
of changes permitted.
• Some may argue that some of the tables are merely
guidance and should not be taken to literally, but the
document is said to be prescriptive!
Design so that a building can be built
and managed
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Innovative solutions rely on all fire precautions functioning
and the effective interaction of passive/active defences
Clear need for competent products and competent installers
Do recognise that BCO’s rarely inspect work on site!
Need for reliable commissioning and maintenance
Do fire safety engineers ever go to site?
What about product life cycle, periodic inspections,
durability and planned replacement
THREE Management levels: Table 6
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1 = highest and best level
2 = normally acceptable level
3 = basic level of management [not acceptable]
Enforcers (in design phase) may decide that Level 3 (in
use phase) is never enough to meet legislative
requirements!
Level 1 requires individual Level 1 for all management factors
Level 2 requires individual Level 2 for all management factors
Details of management factor levels
Planning for changes in risk profile
 Resources and authority
 Staffing levels & ratio to occupants
 Fire training
 Work control and repairs
 Communications
 Maintenance and testing
 Liaison with fire service
 Contingency planning
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8.3.2
8.3.3
8.3.4
8.3.5
8.3.6
8.3.7
8.3.8
8.3.9
8.3.10
Example of Building management factor
WORK CONTROL
• Level 1
developed proactively with clear lines of responsibility;
a permit system; logging and audit processes and
routine checking and supervision.
Should anticipate required changes to fire safety strategy
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Level 2
Identifies and reacts to any changes and work required on
site; temporary abnormalities, clear lines of responsibility;
a permit system; logging and audit processes.
•
Level 3
A level 3 work control system is reactive to work
required on site, and is unlikely to meet legislative duties.
Management of premises
Management is covered in two sections
 DESIGN STAGE
○ The occupancy profile is needed at an early stage, with
clear determination of the ‘quality/level of management’
of fire safety to be expected when occupied
 OCCUPANCY STAGE
○ Covers all aspects of management of fire safety in an
occupied building, up to demolition of the building
Occupant response and travel time
Tenability
Threatens life
SMOKE KILLS
alarm
ignition
ASET available safe escape time
Time to
alarm
Pre-movement time
ALLOWABLE
TRAVEL TIME
Management controlled?
FIRE
Travel starts
DIE OR
SURVIV
E
Getting out
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TOTAL EVACUATION
• Phased procedure
• Do occupants understand/believe the fire escape strategy?
• Often used in high rise premises [ Since all floors are fire resisting]
• Simultaneous procedure
• Single or two staged evacuation
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Decided by psychological response?
PROGRESSIVE EVACUATION
• Initially to a place of relative safety?
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To an adjoining fire compartment
No fire compartments mean no choices exist
• Followed by managed escape?
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Human behaviour?
• Only depends on the visibility of the fire or smoke!
Travel distances
•
BS 9999 Table 12 provides maximum travel distances
when minimum fire protection measures are provided
Risk profile
A1
A2
A3
A4
Fire
slow
medium
fast
ultra fast
2-way distance 1- way distance
65m
55m
45m
30m
26m
22m
18m
14m
NOTE 1 - Reduce distances by 25% if alcohol is available.
NOTE Fitting sprinklers to A3 risk could allow 1 way distance to be increased from 18m to 22m
Means of escape
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Egress design values/person allow change to various
width factors depending on the risk profile of the
occupants [change of use?]
Travel distances can be extended by 10 – 25% if smoke
ventilation exists, or if high ceilings are used [assumes
good order]
•
Corridor widths shall be the same as the door width in
the corridor, or 1200mm [but can be reduced if no wheelchair
users ‘are expected’ or where areas are ‘just used for maintenance’]
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All smoke vents should be at least 3m from an escape
route [no wind expected?]
BS 9999 and Refuges (Annex G)
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A refuge is a location where people whose abilities or
impairments might cause delayed evacuation can await
assistance with the next part of their escape.
• It must be a place of relative safety.
• Refuges are temporary waiting areas during planned evacuation.
• Consideration should be given to the likely number and size of
refuges, and to allow for bigger powered wheelchairs
• 1200mm wide corridors allow turning through 180 degrees.
•
Refuges are not to be used as a place to leave disabled
people to await rescue by the fire service
Fire resistance
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The purpose of structural fire resistance is threefold
Minimise risk to occupants
Reduce risk to fire-fighters coming in to search
Reduce danger to persons in the vicinity of the building
Apply to load bearing structure, if required
Non load bearing elements enclosing escape routes
Fire resistance: Tables 24, 25, 26
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Determine FR values as required from Table 24
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Table 25 gives FR values based on fuel load density,
assuming an unventilated fire, with and without
sprinklers
•
Table 26 gives FR values provided that the ventilation
conditions given in Table 27 can be met.
• Including non-standard REI figures of 15, 45, 75, 105 minutes
•
Fire loads are built into Tables 25, 26 and reflect the typical risk
profiles provided in Table 5
Ventilation conditions: Tables 26 and 27
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Occupancy characteristics
• Use of building
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Ventilation parameter
• As minimum ventilation area as a percentage of floor area
• Typically 2.5 to 10%
• As height of opening as fraction of compartment height
• Typically 0.3 to 0.9/1.0
Maximum size of compartments
RISK PROFILE
SINGLE STOREY MULTISTOREY
FLOOR AREA
TOP FLOOR HEIGHT
MAX FLOOR AREA
A1
No limit
no limit
No limit
A2
No limit
less than 30m
over 30m
no limit
n/a
A3
No limit
less than 18m
18 to 30m
14 000 sqm
4 000 sqm
A4
20 000 sqm
less than 18m
20 000 sqm
over 18m
n/a
Trade off’s with sprinklers
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BS 9999 does not require sprinklers to be mandatory in
any buildings.
• It is suggested that sprinklers should be installed in buildings
over 30m high
•
BS 9999 generally allows more attractive trade off for
automatic sprinkler installation and automatic fire
detection, than are generally available through
Approved Document B.
• Has the evidence been provided for this step?
Ups and downs1
Steel industry guidance SN36 on BS 9999
• A two storey office building with ground
floor area less than 1000m2 will see the
required fire resistance drop from 30
minutes to 15 minutes.
• Most hot rolled steel structural sections will
achieve 15 minutes without fire protection, so
that no additional fire protection will be
required.
Ups and downs 2
Steel industry guidance SN36
• An open plan office building between 30 to 60 metres
high will see a reduction in AD/B requirements
• from 120 minutes with sprinklers, to 90 minutes without
sprinklers; and 60 minutes with sprinklers
• A department store without sprinklers, between 11- 18m
high will see an increase from 60 to 75 minutes.
• But there is no 75 minute period of classification available in BS
EN Classification systems
Change of use of buildings; 48.3
• Should be taken into account at design stage [clause 10]
and used as a basis for fire safety documentation
• Fire safety manual – Clause 9 / Annex H
• Generally, the fire safety documentation needs to be reassessed if the use of the building is changed.
• Who will be liable all the fire safety provisions?
Personal observations 1
• Which issues are most critical for a successful
fire safety strategy?
• Will fire investigators consider the fire strategy
and the construction?
• Critical lessons are being missed.
• Feedback is vital
Personal observations 2
• Will fire fighters know which code was used
for the design when they’re about to tackle a
fire incident, and will it affect their
decisions?
• How can we know what level of tenability is
acceptable when fire fighters leave the safety
of the fire lobby?
 Buildings are getting higher!
 Buildings have fewer windows that open!
Personal observations 3
• Will escaping occupants care a hoot about the
design method? Should they care?
• Escaping occupants and fire fighters will care
that the fire safety measures are properly
specified and properly installed, and do their
job!
• Will they be happy with 1st party certification?
• Will they be happy that untrained or poorly trained
installers have been selected on price for the critical
installation.
• ITS HIGH TIME WE JOINED IT ALL UP!
Meeting legal liabilities? – 3 elements
• Appoint competent designers and competent installers
• especially for specialist fire protection works
• CDM Regulations 2007
• Contractors must provide building users with fire safety
information at handover
• Building Regulation 16B and Approved Doc B appendix G
• Building users must make and maintain a risk
assessment
• Regulatory Reform (Fire safety) Order 2005
John Ruskin – philosopher and poet
‘Nothing really changes’
It is unwise to pay too much,
But it is worse to pay too little.
When you pay too much, all you lose is money, that is all.
When you pay too little, you sometimes lose everything
Because the thing you bought was incapable
Of doing the thing it was bought to do.
The common law of business prohibits paying a little
And getting a lot – it can’t be done.
If you do deal with the lowest bidder, it is well to add
Something for the risk you run, and if you do that,
You will have enough to pay for something better
Finally
We all have a role to make fire safety work!