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Using the Harvard
Referencing System
College of Health & Social Care
September 2010
Why do I need to reference?
• Reading, understanding and correcting referencing the work of
others in your assignments is important.
• By correctly referencing you will:
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–
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Protect yourself against accusations of plagiarism
Demonstrate that you have read widely
Show your understanding of a topic
Support your arguments with published research
• If you don’t reference correctly you may commit plagiarism,
which is seen as academic misconduct and carries penalties.
http://www.governance.salford.ac.uk/cms/resources/uploads/File/AQA/28_Policy_
on_the_Conduct_of_Assessed_Work_(Academic_Good_Conduct).pdf
What should I reference?
• Acknowledging the work of others in your assignments gives
academic credibility to your work by allowing you to back up
your arguments with published material.
• You should reference anything you have taken from another
work, whether you are paraphrasing, summarising or directly
quoting.
• Some things can be taken as common knowledge and do
not therefore need to be backed up with a reference.
Taking notes
Taking clear notes during your reading will
make referencing much easier and quicker.
• Make a note of: author / title / date / publisher details and
chapter details / page numbers if relevant.
• If it is online, note the web address and the date and time
you accessed it.
• Make clear distinction between any direct quotes you write
down and information written in your own words so you don’t
accidently plagiarise when you come to write you
assignment
Citing in your text
• The first part of a Harvard reference is the in-text
citation where you acknowledge the sources you read.
• Use (author, date) and page numbers if applicable.
• Consider the flow of your writing when choosing how to
include the citation.
Addy (2006) explains
that children with
developmental
coordination disorder
often struggle within
mainstream education
(p.25)
Addy (2006, p.25)
explains that children
with developmental
coordination disorder
often struggle within
mainstream education
Children with
developmental
coordination disorder
often struggle within
mainstream education
(Addy, 2006, p.25)
Quotations
• Use quotation marks ‘t’ and page number(s) to indicate a direct
quote.
• Short quotes can be included in your own sentence:
Continuing professional development allows people to ‘build on their knowledge
and skills to develop their level of competence’ (Alsop, 2000, p.64).
• Longer quotes should be indented and in a separate paragraph:
Evidence suggests that the popularity for alternative medicine is growing.
‘It is estimated that a third of the population have
tried the remedies of complementary medicine or
visited its practitioners’ (Dimond, 2004, p.378).
• Avoid overusing quotations.
Paraphrasing
• Presenting an idea or argument in your own words.
• Ensure it is significantly altered from the original to avoid
issues of plagiarism (just changing a couple of words is not enough!).
• Paraphrases relate to specific sections of a work, so it is
good practice to include the page number as you would do
with a direct quotation.
Effectively preparing patients by dealing with questions, setting
goals and making the patient feel involved in their care can
significantly reduce postoperative anxiety and may have a positive
impact on their subsequent recovery (Lees, 2010, p.11).
Summarising
• A brief outline of the main points of a work without going into
specific details.
• Generally summaries relate to a whole work, or to a large
section, so are much less specific than paraphrasing.
• As a summary potentially covers most or all of a work, it
does not require page numbers to be given as they are for
direct quotations and paraphrasing.
A recent study by Sampson (2009) demonstrated that moderate
alcohol consumption may reduce the risk of dementia in later life.
Secondary References
• Where the passage you are referring to is the authors own
reference to another work.
• You are relying on their accurate and unbiased reproduction
of that work, so it is much better to locate the source and
read and reference it directly in you own work.
• If you cannot locate the original, secondary reference it by:
A study concluded that marijuana users felt ‘less confident’ than
cocaine users about being able to stop taking the drug. (Budney
et al, 1998 cited in Butcher, Mineka & Hooley, 2010, p.412).
In your end list:
Reference the item
you have read.
In the body of
your text cite
both works
Butcher, J. N., Mineka, S. & Hooley, J. M. (2010)
Abnormal Psychology (14th ed). Boston, Parson
Education Inc.
The End List
• At the end of your work include a list of references.
• List in alphabetical order by author, do not separate into
different types of work.
• The following slides show how to reference correctly.
Bibliographies and Reference Lists
Bibliography:
Lists all the
material you
have read,
whether cited
in your
assignment
or not.
Reference
List:
Lists only the
material you
have cited
directly in
your
assignment.
Where both
are requested:
Reference list
gives all items
directly cited.
Bibliography
contains any
other reading.
• Always check your programme / module handbooks to see
which form of end list is required.
How to reference a…
BOOK
Author(s)
Surname.Initial(s),
Use & between two authors.
Date
Year of publication
Naidoo, J. & Willis, J. (2001) Health studies:
an introduction. Basingstoke, Palgrave.
Title
In sentence case and italicised.
Publisher
Place of publication, publisher.
How to reference a…
e-BOOK
Author(s)
Date
Year of publication
Surname.Initial(s),
Use & between two authors.
Title
In sentence case and italicised.
Seedhouse, D. (2009) Ethics: the heart of health care (3rd
ed). Chichester, Wiley [Online]. Available at
http://www.dawsonera.com. Accessed on 24th January
2010, 10:15am.
Publisher
Publisher followed by [Online].
Access information
Give homepage of website, and date
and time you accessed the resource.
(As e-books often require a login, only
the homepage needs to be given.)
How to reference a…
JOURNAL ARTICLE
Date
Year of publication
Author(s)
Surname.Initial(s),
Use & between two authors.
Article Title
In sentence case
Kelly, C. & Lynes, D. (2008) Psychological effects of
chronic lung disease. Nursing Times, 104(47), pp.82-85.
Journal Title
In Title Case and italicised
Journal information
Give volume and issue as x(x),
followed by page numbers
pp. For multiple pages
p. For a single page item
How to reference a…
e-JOURNAL ARTICLE
Author(s)
Surname.Initial(s),
Use & between two authors.
Journal Title
In Title Case
and italicised
Date
Year of publication
In sentence case
Pollard, K. (2009) Student engagement in
interprofessional working in practice placement settings.
Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(20), pp.2846-56 [Online].
Available at www.swetswise.com. Accessed on 15th May
2010, 10:10am.
Journal information
Give volume and issue as x(x),
followed by page numbers
pp. For multiple pages
p. For a single page item
Follow with [Online].
Article Title
Access information
Give homepage of website, and date
and time you accessed the resource.
(As e-journals often require a login,
only the homepage needs to be given.)
How to reference a…
WEB PAGE
Author(s)
Surname.Initial(s) if a person
is the author. Otherwise use
corporate author or
organisation.
Date
Year site last updated (often
shown at the bottom of the
page).
If not known, enter (no date).
Department for Children, Schools and Families. (2009) Background to
every child matters. Every Child Matters [Online]. Available at
http://www.dcsf.gov.uk/everychildmatters/about/background/background/
. Accessed on 18th February 2010, 11:10pm.
Access information
Page Title
In sentence case
Website Title
In Title Case and
italicised. Followed
by [Online].
Give full address of webpage,
and date and time you
accessed the resource.
How to reference …
Anything else…
http://www.resources.fhsc.salford.ac.uk/referencing/
Full referencing guide
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