Hazards and Risks of Earthquakes and Volcanoes Geology 112 Section 1: T/Th, 0900-1015 Section 2: T/Th, 1330-1445 Paula Jefferis, Lecturer Contact information: Instructor: Paula Jefferis Office: DH 419 Telephone: 408-924-5016 Email: [email protected] Welcome to the spring 2011 semester! Wishing you success during the semester! Regular attendance with active participation, understanding material, and completing assignments helps achieve this goal.  These classes are large so make a point of making a visit during office hours especially if the material is overwhelming   http://www.sjsu.edu/people/paula.jefferis-nilsen Natural Disasters, Patrick Abbott  7th edition; ISBN 978-0-13-602007-3 Reading the entire chapter associated with topic will be helpful to understanding material in class. Assignments and Percentage of Class Assignment Percentage Three exams 55% Oral report and essay 10% Term paper 15% Home or work evaluation 10% Field trip 10% Assignments and Due Dates Assignment or exam Date Exam #1 March 1st Exam #2 April 14th Exam #3 (last day of class) May 17th Oral report and essay February 15 and 16 Term paper April 21st Home evaluation Pinnacles field trip May 5th Section 1: Saturday, March 12th Section 2: Saturday, March 18th All written work must be submitted to turnitin.com before class  Register and understand how the system works Section 1 Id #:3751962 Section 2 Id #: 3751963 Password:earthquakes1 (case sensitive) Password: earthquakes2 (case sensitive) Class organization Introduction, formation of the Earth and plate tectonics  Volcanoes: geology, hazards, mitigation and prediction  Earthquakes: geology, seismology, hazards  Mitigation measures to reduce risk  Work load Read appropriate pages in text  complete term paper, home analysis, exams on assigned dates  understand vocabulary and concepts  apply vocabulary and concepts to explain Earth’s processes  attend 1 Saturday field trip  Part I: Earth Process Physical map of the World 70% oceanic crust; 30% continental crust Tectonic map of the world Cross-section of the Earth showing earth processes producing earthquakes and volcanoes. Part II: Volcanoes  Why are some volcanoes more destructive than others? – location  The Mt. St. Helens eruption, 1980 Volcanoes  Why do some volcanoes look different than others? – location  Mauna Loa, Hawaii Volcanoes around the World Hawaii What type of hazards can you think of associated with a volcanic eruption? Volcanic Hazards Pyroclastic flows Ashfall Lahars Lava flow Comparison of ash plumes Mt. St Helens was a relatively small eruption compared to prehistoric eruptions Potential Risk Proximity and understanding of the volcano Monitoring Scientists document any change in volcanic activity with technology.  Volcanic eruptions have been predicted  Part III: Earthquakes Where do earthquakes occur?  Why?  Why and where earthquakes and occur? Earthquakes Today Why earthquakes occur: release of energy Ground shaking Acceleration or push when seismic waves reach the Earth’s surface. Earthquakes are caused when the Earth moves along faults Enriquillo-Plantain Garden Fault zone: 1860; 1770; 1751 –last earthquakes Population and shaking Warmer colors equals higher population concentrations Stronger shaking is associated with population concentrations Structural failure Structural failure 6,718,362 million people Anchorage, 1964 Coalinga, 1983 Indonesia, 2005 What type of hazards can you think of associated with an earthquake? Earthquake Hazards Liquefaction Ground shaking Landslides Ground Rupture Tsunami Earthquakes cannot be predicted Preparedness  Retrofit structures known not to respond well in earthquakes. Education  Local population understanding the potential hazard can reduce loss of life Putting Down Roots in Earthquake Country Recovery Federal, state and local agencies aid in the recovery of natural disasters.  Search and rescue volunteers  International help  One small airport in Haiti. Difficult to deliver and distribute supplies. Connection Patterns and characteristics of earthquakes and volcanoes  The theory of plate tectonics helps explain this pattern  If people understand the possible hazards, preparation can help reduce the risk  Remember! Read text  Attend class  Ask questions  Equals success in this class! 