1. No category

OXFORD INTERNATIONAL
MODEL UNITED NATIONS
12TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE
7TH – 9TH NOVEMBER 2014
UNITED NATIONS CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE
emissions, not all states eventually ratified
the protocol.
HISTORY OF THE
COMMITTEE
The Protocol was due to expire in 2012,
but an extension was agreed to by the
COP at the Doha conference3.
The last UNCCC was in Warsaw in 2013;
the next sessions will be at Lima and
Paris, respectively.
The 2013 UNCCC at Warsaw, Poland.
Source: RT.
The United Nations Climate Change
Conference (UNCCC) is an annual
Conference of the Parties (COP) session
under the UN Framework Convention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
There are currently a total of 198 Party
States to the Convention and Observer
States4.
According to the UNFCCC, there are
currently 192 Parties to the Kyoto
Protocol5.
The COP is, as described by the
UNFCCC website, the ―supreme
decision-making
body
of
the
Convention‖. Party States of the
Convention are members of the COP.
They convene at the yearly conferences1
to discuss progress in tackling climate
change, as well as any further
developments in the area.
The first UNCCC was held in Berlin in
1995. But it was only in 1997, at the third
COP session, that the Convention
adopted the Kyoto Protocol2. It was a
first major step in setting greenhouse gas
emissions reductions standards. But
despite agreements to legally binding
provisions for the reduction of
3
1
https://unfccc.int/meetings/items/6237.php?filtbody=
53
2
http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php
http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment20653018
4
https://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/parties/item
s/2352.php
5
http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/status_of_ratificatio
n/items/2613.php
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TOPIC A: FRAMEWORKS FOR
CONTINGENCY PLANS IN
LIGHT OF IRREVERSIBLE
CLIMATE CHANGE
The question as we enter the third decade
of the twenty-first century may not be
―How can we stop climate change?‖, but
rather ―What can we do to react to
climate change?‖
TOPIC HISTORY
The beginning of climate change
action
The melting of the ice caps is a wellknown symbol of climate change.
Source: Affordable World Security.
―Anthropogenic warming could lead to
some impacts that are abrupt or
irreversible, depending upon the rate and
magnitude of the climate change‖,
concluded the IPCC‘s 2007 Climate
Change Synthesis Report.
The world is already facing ―severe,
pervasive and irreversible‖ impacts of
climate change, according to the IPCC‘s
Climate
Change
2014:
Impacts,
Adaptation, and Vulnerability report.
A defining question of the early 21st
century is likely to be whether we are
already too late to stop certain
irreversible effects of climate change
which may already be locked into our
planet‘s fate. This topic will aim to get
delegates to realise the significant
modifications to life for the foreseeable
future that will be necessary should
irreversible shifts in climate take place.
By the early 1990s, climate change was
only beginning to enter the public and
political consciousness6. Scientists had
known for quite a while that the
temperature was rising at a rate quicker
than expected of the usual flux in climate,
and that the warming was human-made
in nature.
Eventually, the famous 2°C temperature
increase limit cemented itself in the
debate over climate change. Scientists
reported that the potential risk presented
by climate change would be particularly
great if global temperatures were to
exceed the 2°C limit.
The limit had its share of detractors, but
the presence of a simple, straightforward
policy goal caught on. In the present day,
nearly every state has endorsed or signed
on to the 2°C cap – as well as the idea
that an increase beyond that threshold
would be dangerous.
The UNCCC conferences (and in
particular the Kyoto Protocol) therefore
6
http://www.vox.com/2014/4/22/5551004/twodegrees
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revolved strongly around the possible
policies capable of reducing emissions.
The Reality of the 2°C Limit
The problem at present, however, is that
that limit has become increasingly
unrealistic. The annual climate change
talks have so far been less than successful
in getting states to ratify or else adopt
policies that are substantially cutting
down on emissions.
At the world‘s current rate, the limit will
have been breached by the middle of the
century – and if allowed to persist
further, we may well exceed the 4 °C limit
by the end of the century. That is far
beyond the limit previously called
―dangerous‖.
To successfully keep to the 2 °C limit
today would mean urgent and deep
emissions cuts.
Today, it may be time to consider that
the limit will almost certainly be breached
at some point, and that collective action
on adaptation, rather than mitigation,
is needed to reduce climate change‘s
potential damage in the future.
DISCUSSION OF THE
PROBLEM
An Inevitable Change?
Climate change will affect almost every
facet of our lives. Combined with the
expiration of the Earth‘s oil reserves
within the next sixty years, human life
will have to adapt significantly to take
into consideration the additional
environmental demands placed upon it.
In the event of irreversible climate
change, human life will undergo the
greatest sudden change since the end of
the Ice Age.
Within a century, modern plastics will be
unmanufacturable due to the use of oil
products in their production. Countries
which have focused their economies on
certain kinds of agriculture will be unable
to grow their staple crops, requiring
adaptation of both economies and
human diets. Crops that draw heavily on
water resources will have to be
substituted for their less intensive
relatives.
With at least some climate change
looking certain, delegates must consider
how the world will react to this
inevitability rather than debating about
what will happen.
There are a plethora of problems that
climate change could cause, and the
number of reports on the impact of the
phenomenon runs into the thousands. As
this is largely a speculative topic, you are
encouraged to do your own reading and
find problems that you can foresee from
other sources and from your own
thinking – however, general principles
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will surely be the nature of any feasible
resolution.
The Great Green Wall project is a
proposed
initiative
to
counter
desertification in the Sahel-Saharan
region. Source: BBC
Some Interesting
Investigate
Problems
to
 Cost increases in international
travel and other modes of
transport. Given overwhelming
global reliance on fossil fuels, we
face the possibility of travelling
becoming an exponentially more
expensive activity. Any mode of
transport reliant on fossil fuels will
likely find costs ballooning in the
wake of irreversible climate
change.
 Changes in sea or wind
currents. One example is the
cooling of the Gulf Stream, which
the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) predicts
will cool the United Kingdom by 1
degree Celsius by 21007. The
change in temperature will affect
biosystems, agriculture and ways
of life across large tracts of land.
 The melting of the polar
icecaps and glaciers. An
enduring symbol of the change
that climate change has wrought,
the melting icecaps are more than
a striking visual representation of
climate change. The phenomenon
threatens biodiversity, affects
ocean temperatures and mountain
groundwater sources and will
result in rising water levels. These
higher water levels in turn threaten
land in the Pacific and Indian
Oceans.
 Permanent desertification. This
particularly
devastating
phenomenon
―threatens
the
livelihoods of millions of people‖,
especially those in developing
countries.
 Limited access to water
supplies. A water shortage or
limitation in access will easily
disrupt manufacturing activities
and agriculture – the end result
being a threat to human
sustenance.
7
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/
en/ch10s10-3-4.html
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POINTS RESOLUTIONS
SHOULD ADDRESS
 How do we find global solutions
to localised problems?
These are some of the points delegates
should keep in mind when discussing
ideas and drafting a resolution. The list
is by no means exhaustive:
 Is there a one-size-fits-all response
to climate change, or will the
committee delegate to other
institutions? How can the UN
work to support institutions in
concerned states?
 What can states do to ensure that
changes to everyday life help ease
the burden of climate change?
What advice can the United
Nations give? What support is it
willing to offer?
 What can be done regarding
agricultural effects and the stress
placed on water resources?
 Will international legal arbitration
be required? Will the drain on
resources cause conflicts or
deterioration of international
relations? How will the United
Nations as a body cope with this?
 How can we encourage states to
take steps to limit individual
climate change?
 What effects will climate change
have (permanently) on personal
travel? Is adaptation, reduction or
invention the way forward? How
can the UN help in the field of
technology?
Many United Nations bodies will be
concerned with the fight against the
consequences of climate change, however
the major institutions you need to be
concerned with are the UNEP, the IPCC
and of course our very own UNCCC.
Companies like Dutch Docklands are
creating business opportunities out of
climate change. Pictured is a ‗floating
islands‘ project in the Maldives. Source:
Dutch Docklands.
FURTHER READING
 Fourth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental
Panel
on
Climate Change [2007]:
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_dat
a/ar4/syr/en/contents.html
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 IPCC WGII AR5 Summary for
Policymakers [2014]:
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_dat
a/ar4/syr/en/contents.html
 UNEP Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment on Desertification:
http://www.unep.org/maweb/documents
/document.355.aspx.pdf
 Deutsche Bank - Investing in
Climate Change – an interesting
look at investing into firms
looking to profit from climate
change:
https://fundsus.deutscheawm.co
m/EN/docs/products/Investing_
in_Climate_Change_2011.pdf
 The Atlantic – The UN’s New
Focus: Surviving, Not Stopping,
Climate Change. A very concise
summary on the argument for
adapting, rather than simply
halting, climate change.
http://www.theatlantic.com/inter
national/archive/2014/04/theuns-new-focus-surviving-notstopping-climate-change/359929/
 Vox – Meet the companies that
are trying to profit from global
warming. The article itself
contains many useful links to
interesting case studies of
organisations attempting to benefit
from climate change.
http://www.vox.com/2014/8/18
/6031219/how-to-profit-off-ofglobal-warming
 Vox – This map explains why
climate change is so unfair. The
graphics in this article provide an
accessible look at the disparity in
negative climate change effects on
countries.
http://www.vox.com/2014/6/2/
5765030/obama-global-inequalitypower
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 UNFCCC – Annual COP
conferences:
https://unfccc.int/meetings/items
/6237.php?filtbody=53
 UNFCCC – Kyoto Protocol:
http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol
/items/2830.php
 BBC - ‗UN climate talks extend
Kyoto Protocol, promise
compensation‘:
http://www.bbc.com/news/scien
ce-environment-20653018
 UNFCCC – Parties and Observer
States:
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https://unfccc.int/parties_and_ob
servers/parties/items/2352.php
 UNFCCC – Status of Ratification
of the Kyoto Protocol:
http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol
/status_of_ratification/items/261
3.php
 Vox – ‗Two degrees: How the
world failed on climate change‘
http://www.vox.com/2014/4/22
/5551004/two-degrees
 IPCC Fourth Assessment Report:
Climate Change 2007: Working
Group I: The Physical Science
Basis:
http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_
and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10s10-34.html
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TOPIC B: A UNIVERSAL
CARBON CREDIT AND TAX
SYSTEM
quantity of the greenhouse gas that may
be emitted collectively. The limit is split
into units (the emissions permits of
‗Carbon Credits‘) and sold to firms.
Firms must therefore purchase as many
credits as they require to emit and meet
their needs, and the total collective
emissions will not exceed the cap set.
Permits or credits can also be transferred
or sold off – as with any trade. There are
emissions markets where carbon credits
are traded – like the European Climate
Exchange.
A graphical representation of the capand-trade system. Source: Vox
A Carbon Tax is simply what its name
implies: a tax imposed on the carbon
content of fuels. The idea is simple: as
emitters of greenhouse gas emissions (of
which carbon dioxide is the major gas)
do not generally have an incentive to
reduce emissions, levying a tax on
emissions will therefore force parties to
scale emissions according to cost.
In other words, parties will only be able
to emit as much greenhouse gas they can
afford to.
Yet another form of carbon pricing is the
Carbon Credit. This takes an emissions
trading approach to reducing greenhouse
gas emissions – also popularly known as
a cap-and-trade system.
Under this system, the state, government
or some other regulatory authority
establishes a limit (the ‗cap‘) on the
In simple terms, therefore, these systems
attempt to price carbon as a way of
reducing emissions. The question that
follows is: which system is preferable? In
addition, what effects might these
policies have on the average consumer?
There has been much debate over this,
but generally carbon taxes have been
considered the more desirable option by
economists and analysts. However, the
application of either system
internationally is far from universal. That
most states have by and large failed to
meet the targets set by the Kyoto
Protocol speaks to the potential need for
a stronger global consideration of carbon
taxes or emissions trading.
The ultimate aim of such carbon pricing
methods is not to increase government
revenue – in fact, some cases involve a
‗revenue-neutral‘ policy, where carbon
taxes essentially substitute other existing
taxes. The end goal of the policy is to
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reduce the disparity in price between
traditional fossil fuels and more
sustainable renewable and clean
energy.8 By raising prices for the former
relative to the latter, incentives are
created for parties to make the switch,
where previously economic
considerations dictated the use of fossil
fuels almost by default.
DISCUSSION OF THE
PROBLEM
By taxing carbon emissions, the hope is
that some of the burden and social cost
of greenhouse gas emissions is passed
on to emitters. Source: The Liberty Beat
The Issue in Brief:
The carbon market can be divided into
two: the voluntary market and the
regulatory (compliance) market.
In the compliance market, carbon credits
are generated by projects that operate
under one of the UNFCCC-approved
mechanisms such as the Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM).
Credits generated under this mechanism
are known as Certified Emissions
Reductions (CERs). In the voluntary
market, carbon credits are generated by
projects that are accredited to
independent international standards such
as the Verified Carbon Standard (VCS).
These credits are known as Verified
Emission Reductions (VERs). Carbon
Trade Exchange supports the trading of
both voluntary and compliance credits.
It is important to note that carbon
credits differ from carbon allowances
although the term carbon credit is
interchangeably used to represent
both. Although in most cases they both
represent one tonne of carbon dioxide
equivalent, allowances do not originate
from carbon projects but are allocated to
companies under a ‗cap and trade‘ system
such as the EU Emissions Trading
Scheme – therefore, they represent the
right to emit.
At the centre of the government‘s policy
on climate change is pricing carbon.
Many commentators and politicians have
referred to this as a ―carbon tax‖9. The
idea is that polluters will pay per tonne of
carbon they release into the atmosphere.
This cost will initially be set at $23, and
increase gradually until 2015, when we
8
http://www.carbontax.org/issues/protecting-thevulnerable/ensuring-equity/
9
http://www.carbontax.org/whats-a-carbon-tax
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will shift to a trading scheme that will let
the market set the cost.
Case Study 1: Australia
This is widely thought of as the most
effective and least costly mechanism to
reduce carbon output and reduce the
level of climate change that is occurring.
Carbon Taxes in Developed
States
Introduction
Even amongst so-called ‗developed‘
nations, there has not been a wide
adoption of the carbon tax system. Cases
exist where the existing political structure
simply obstructs any attempt to introduce
such a system – in others, legislation was
actually passed, only to be scuttled later
under the force of public or private
pressure. And in a few instances,
countries have actually successfully
adopted carbon taxes.
The reasons behind the relatively difficult
political acceptance of carbon taxes are
nuanced and specific to each state.
Broadly speaking, however, corporate
lobbying and private sector interests
often play a role in railing against carbon
taxes.
In addition, a lack of public
understanding on the issue does not help
matters in some cases.
Repealing the carbon tax introduced by
the Gillard administration was a key
promise in current Australian Prime
Minister Tony Abbott‘s election. Source:
The Australian
On July 17, Australia became the first
country to repeal a carbon tax. Australia,
the world's 12th largest economy, is one
of the world's largest per capita
greenhouse gas emitters due to its
reliance on coal-burning power stations
to power homes and industry.
Despite having only 0.02 percent of
Australia‘s three million businesses
affected (the top 500 polluters) by the
Carbon Tax that was recently repealed,
such decision was taken by the Australian
government as Australia is one of the
world‘s biggest producers of coal, and the
industry is worth about $60 billion and
supports an estimated 200,000 jobs.
The importance of the coal industry is
reiterated by Indian firms such Adani and
GVK which stated their disapproval at
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the Carbon Tax as it would increase the
cost of coal being exported to the India.
Therefore, it is no surprise that the recent
move by the Australian government
would be a major boost for coal trade
between Australia and India10.
There is a good reason why Australia‘s
move to repeal the Carbon Tax is
significant for other developed countries.
The Brookings Institution has previously
cited Australia as an "important
laboratory and learning opportunity" for
U.S. thinking about climate change and
energy policy, as it was one of the first
major countries outside Europe to adopt
a carbon price.
The country was also comparable in
many ways to the U.S., with similarly
energy-intensive lifestyles, industries and
per capita greenhouse gas emissions.
Hence, this represents a setback in
pressuring the U.S government to adopt
a carbon tax and credit system
domestically which is proven to have
work successfully in a country such as
Australia.
Case Study 2: British Columbia
Canadian economists Richard Lipsey
(left) and Stewart Elgie (right) were
among those voicing approval11 for the
province‘s tax and criticising Canadian
PM Stephen Harper‘s dismissal of the
policy. Source: Sustainable Prosperity
However, British Columbia (―BC‖),
Canada‘s third largest province (2011
population of 4.4 million), enacted
carbon tax which qualifies as the most
significant carbon tax in the Western
Hemisphere by far. The tax has also been
praised as extremely straightforward and
transparent in both its administration and
revenue treatment12.
It has been shown that in BC there is a
drop in fuel consumption since the tax
took effect in 2008, British Columbians‘
use of petroleum fuels (subject to the tax)
has dropped by 15.1% — and by 16.4%
compared to the rest of Canada. BC‘s
greenhouse gas emissions have shown a
similarly substantial decline (although
that analysis is based on one year‘s less
data).
11
10
http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/201407-18/news/51708637_1_australian-parliamentcarbon-tax-adani-group
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globedebate/the-insidious-truth-about-bcs-carbon-tax-itworks/article19512237/
12
http://www.fin.gov.bc.ca/tbs/tp/climate/A4.htm
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Additionally, ―BC‘s GDP growth has
outpaced the rest of Canada‘s (by a small
amount) since the carbon tax came into
effect – suggesting that it has not
adversely affected the province‘s
economy, as some had predicted. This
finding fits with evidence from seven
other countries that have had similar
carbon tax shifts in place for over a
decade, resulting in neutral or slightly
positive effects on GDP.
The BC government has kept its promise
to make the tax shift ‗revenue neutral‘,
meaning no net increase in taxes. In fact,
to date it has returned far more in tax
cuts (by over $300 million) than it has
received in carbon tax revenue – resulting
in a net benefit for taxpayers. BC‘s
personal and corporate income tax rates
are now the lowest in Canada, due to the
carbon tax shift.
Most importantly, from 2008 to 2010,
BC‘s per capita Green House Gases
emissions declined by 9.9% — a
substantial reduction. During this period,
BC‘s reductions outpaced those in the
rest of Canada by more than 5%. From
this, we could see that despite the setback
from Canada itself, one of its provinces
actually created a sustainable and
successful model of carbon tax as
compared to Australia.
Carbon Taxes in the Rest of
the World
Case Study 1: Mexico
According to a World Bank report13,
Mexico has a ―carbon tax on fossil fuel
sales and import by manufacturers,
producers and importers‖. Effective in
2014, the tax is not one on the entire
carbon content of fuels, but a tax on the
differential between emissions from fuel
and natural gas.
This means that natural gas is not
included in the tax, for now. Still, the tax
is estimated to cover around 40% of all
greenhouse gas emissions in the country.
Case Study 2: South Africa
A carbon tax is expected to be
introduced in South Africa by 2016;
currently the policy is undergoing
technical analysis and assessment to
determine its possible impact on the
financial situation of the country.
The proposed government policy
suggested ―a fuel input tax based on the
carbon content of the fuel‖. The tax
would cover ―all stationary direct
[greenhouse gas] emissions from both
fuel combustion and non-energy
industrial process emissions‖14.
13
http://www.ecofys.com/files/files/world-bankecofys-2014-state-trends-carbon-pricing.pdf at page
81.
14
http://www.ecofys.com/files/files/world-bankecofys-2014-state-trends-carbon-pricing.pdf at 83.
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The estimate pegged the tax as covering
around 80% of all greenhouse gas
emissions in South Africa.
Several other countries are considering
introducing carbon taxes as well. The
Brazilian government has undertaken an
economic impact study on the matter.
Chile‘s plans on introducing a carbon tax
are also significant, given their strong
reliance on coal in the local energy
industry.
Carbon Credits and
Emissions Trading
Introduction
The World Bank‘s comprehensive report
on state trends in carbon pricing15 notes
that emissions trading ―continue to
develop at pace, despite the dire state of
the international carbon market‖.
Eight new carbon markets opened in
2013, while one more opened in early
2014. Emissions trading schemes are
collectively valued at approximately $30
billion. China is currently home to the
second-largest carbon market in the
world, spanning nearly 1,115 million
tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions,
according to the World Bank16.
15
http://www.ecofys.com/files/files/world-bankecofys-2014-state-trends-carbon-pricing.pdf at 49.
16
http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/0
5/28/state-trends-report-tracks-global-growth-carbonpricing
Overview of case studies
On the other hand, emissions
programmes are already in place in
Europe and parts of the U.S. and Canada,
as well as Japan and Australia's transTasman neighbour New Zealand. South
Korea is expected to begin emissions
trading next year, while China is
proceeding with pilot schemes in seven
locations.
Europe's emissions market17 covers 31
countries and 40% of total greenhouse
gas output inside the bloc and the
European Union Emission Trading
Scheme is the largest multi-national,
greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme
in the world. It is one of the EU's central
policy instruments to meet their cap set
in the Kyoto Protocol.
Britain in 2008 also committed to
slashing emissions by at least 80% by
2050 when measured against 1990 levels,
while the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency has finalized regulations that aim
to deliver carbon pollution cuts of 30%
from power plants by 2030 when
compared with 2005 levels, giving teeth
to U.S. President Barrack Obama's
promise to tackle climate shift through
mechanisms putting a price on carbon.
But there have been backward moves as
well. Japan last year retreated on pledges
to cut greenhouse emissions, blaming the
17
http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/index_en.htm
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shutdown of its nuclear plants in the
wake of the 2011 Fukushima nuclear
disaster for a decision to release 3% more
greenhouse emissions by 2020 instead of
a 25% cut on 1990 levels previously
promised. Closing down nuclear power
forced the world's fifth-biggest emitter to
rely on fossil fuels for electricity
generation.
Canada withdrew from the Kyoto
protocol in 2011, with the conservative
government saying the agreement would
unfairly penalize its fossil fuel-reliant
economy for failing to meet a promised
6% cut.
POINTS RESOLUTIONS
SHOULD ADDRESS
Both the Carbon Tax and Credit system
have been implemented in many
countries, generating both success and
failures. The debate should therefore
focus on what could be done to better
supplement both systems to produce a
better success rate in the future.
Here are a few general point you might
like to consider in discussing any
resolution (this list is by no means
exhaustive):
 Recent carbon tax repeals in
states like Australia. Consider
the factors driving the repeal. Was
it due to an inherent flaw in the
law or policy, or an external
disruptive element? How might
states avoid adopting carbon tax
policies only to have them
defeated later?
 The lack of commitment in
leading states – such as the
USA. The general lack of
leadership amongst the more
developed countries in committing
to a carbon tax and credit system
does not bode well for developing
countries who are looking to
balance environmental
responsibilities with growth. Can
this be resolved? Alternatively,
does it need resolving?
 The lack of regulation over
leading developing countries.
The classic developed-developing
divide between states on
environmental action plays here as
well. The perennial argument
made by countries like China,
India, Nigeria, Brazil etc. is that to
impose such policies would be to
leave them behind in catching up
with more developed states, which
did not have the burden of
managing carbon emissions during
their ascendance.
 Balancing growth and
sustainability. Should developing
countries (or all states, for that
matter) be regulated somehow
when it comes to emissions?
Should they be given the same
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opportunities to develop first, free
from responsibilities over
emissions? Is there a way to
compel responsibility without
affecting their growth?
 The possibility of a new
international agreement. The
Kyoto Protocol was the first major
step towards combating climate
change. Some are now arguing for
a new agreement, or at least a
strengthening of existing ones by
encouraging ratification by
countries which left the
convention or did not ratify to
begin with.
FURTHER READING
 World Bank – State and Trends
of Carbon Pricing. This is very
useful broad look at states which
have implemented carbon taxes,
and the state of carbon markets
worldwide today. An essential read
for any delegate intending to
seriously prepare for this topic.
http://www.ecofys.com/files/files
/world-bank-ecofys-2014-statetrends-carbon-pricing.pdf
 IPCC – Climate Change 2014:
Impacts, Adaptation, and
Vulnerability. A recent IPCC
policy report; worth at least a skim
through to pick out pertinent
points.
https://ipccwg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/IP
CC_WG2AR5_SPM_Approved.p
df
 IETA – The World’s Carbon
Markets: A Case Study Guide
To Emissions Trading. Another
extremely useful resource, with
links to a number of countryspecific case studies in emissions
trading.
http://www.ieta.org/worldscarbo
nmarkets
 UNEP – Carbon Markets and
Africa: A Quick Fact Sheet for
Journalists. A handy summary on
carbon markets and CDM projects
in Africa.
http://www.unep.org/climatechan
ge/Portals/5/cop17/docs/Carbo
n_Markets_and_Afria_Resource_
Guide_for_Journalists.pdf
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Carbon Tax – ‗Ensuring Equity‘
(Carbon Taxes vs Cap-and-Trade):
http://www.carbontax.org/issues
/protecting-thevulnerable/ensuring-equity/
 Carbon Tax – ‗What‘s a Carbon
Tax‘:
Page 17
www.oximun.org
http://www.carbontax.org/whatsa-carbon-tax
 The Economic Times - ‗Carbon
tax repeal in Australia to help in
coal supplies to India‘:
http://articles.economictimes.indi
atimes.com/2014-0718/news/51708637_1_australianparliament-carbon-tax-adani-group
 The Globe and Mail – ‗The
shocking truth about B.C.‘s carbon
tax: It works‘:
http://www.theglobeandmail.com
/globe-debate/the-insidious-truthabout-bcs-carbon-tax-itworks/article19512237/
 World Bank – State & Trends
Report Charts Global Growth of
Carbon Pricing
http://www.worldbank.org/en/ne
ws/feature/2014/05/28/statetrends-report-tracks-globalgrowth-carbon-pricing
 European Commission – The EU
Emissions Trading System (EU
ETS):
http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policie
s/ets/index_en.htm
 British Columbia Ministry of
Finance – How the Carbon Tax
Works:
http://www.fin.gov.bc.ca/tbs/tp/
climate/A4.htm
 World Bank Group – State and
Trends of Carbon Pricing:
http://www.ecofys.com/files/files
/world-bank-ecofys-2014-statetrends-carbon-pricing.pdf
Page 18
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