ENGINEERING BULLETIN Purolite S950Plus
ENGINEERING BULLETIN Purolite S950Plus Purolite® S950Plus is a macroporous chelating resin that utilizes weakly acidic aminophosphonic active groups to form complexes with metallic ions. The resin can be used for a variety of applications, including softening of brine in high TDS solutions and separation and recovery of heavy and transition metals. ?DA>;8C4B($?;DB CWis 4]VX]TTaX]V1d[[TcX]V _aTbT]cbcWT_WhbXRP[P]SRWT\XRP[ _a^_TacXTbP__[XRPcX^]bP]S^_TaPcX]VR^]SXcX^]bU^a ?da^[XcTB($?[dbaTbX]dbTSX]P`dT^dbb^[dcX^]bU^aWTPeh \TcP[aT\^eP[P]SSTRP[RXUXRPcX^]^UbPcdaPcTSQaX]Tb^[dcX^]b 5^a\^aTX]U^a\PcX^]V^c^fff_da^[XcTR^\^aR^]cPRch^da R[^bTbc?da^[XcTaTVX^]P[^UUXRTPb[XbcTS^]cWTQPRZR^eTa 8=TRODUCTION Founded in 1981, Purolite is a leading manufacturer of ion exchange, catalyst, adsorbent and specialty resins. With global headquarters in the United States, Purolite is the only company that focuses 100% of Xcbesources on the development and production of resin technology. Responding to the needs of our customers, Purolite has built cWT [PaVTbccechnical sales force in the industry, the widest variety^U _a^SdRcbP]SUXeTstrategically located Research and 3TeT[^_\T]c Va^d_b>da8B>( RTrtified manufacturing facilities in the U.S.A, A^\P]XPP]S2WX]PR^\QX]TSfXch more than 40 sales offices in "R^d]caXTbT]bdaTR^\_[TcTf^a[SfXSTcoverage. PREMIER PRODUCTS RELIABLE SERVICE INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS The quality and consistency of ^da_roducts is fundamental to ^da_erformance. Throughout P[[?da^[XcT_lants, production XbRPaTUd[[hRontrolled to ensure cWPc^da_roducts meet the most bcaX]VT]cRriteria, regardless of fWTaTcWThPre produced. We are technical experts P]S_roblem solvers. Reliable P]Sfell trained, we understand the urgency required to keep businesses operating smoothly. Purolite employs the largest technical sales organization in the industry. Our continued investment X]research & development \TP]bwe are always perfecting P]SSiscovering innovative dbTbU^aX^]Txchange resins P]SPSb^aQT]cbWe strive to \PZTcWTX\_^bbXQ[T_ossible. PUROLITE ENGINEERING BULLETIN PUROLITE® S950PLUS Purolite S950Plus is a macroporous chelating resin with a polystyrene matrix cross-linked with divinylbenzene and weakly acidic aminophosphonic active groups. This chemical structure facilitates the formation of complexes with metallic ions. The aminophosphonic chelating resins have a greater affinity for certain cations and form more stable complexes with cations of low atomic mass metals than their iminodiacetic resin counterparts. Purolite S950Plus is therefore capable of fixing one or more specific cations from a larger range even from solutions which are highly concentrated. Table 1 – Typical physical and chemical characteristics Polymer structure Macroporous polystyrene cross-linked with divinylbenzene Physical form Spherical beads Functional groups Aminophosphonic Ionic form, as shipped: Na+ Calcium capacity 24 g/L (minimum) Moisture retention, Na+ form 55 – 65% Particle size range 425 – 850 μm (2% maximum <425 μm) Uniformity coefficient 1.4 (maximum) Reversible swelling, H+ → Ca+ 20% (maximum) Reversible swelling, H+ → Na+ 50% (maximum) Specific gravity, Na+ form 1.13 approximately Shipping weight, H form (approximate) 710 – 760 g/L (44.4 – 47.5 lb/ft3) Temperature limit (maximum) 80°C (175°F) + Applications Although there are numerous applications of Purolite S950Plus, due to its high operating capacity for calcium, softening of brine in high TDS solutions is the most prevalent. In the chloralkali industry, chlorine gas and alkali metal hydroxides are produced by the electrolysis of saturated brine solutions in chloralkali cells. This industrial process has used three main types of cells— mercury, diaphragm and membrane electrolytic. The membrane electrolytic cells are the most economic and are supported by the most sophisticated technology in their operation. Although all types need periodic maintenance as a result of impurities in the brine, especially Ca and Mg, membrane cells require the highest purity brine. Typically it contains less than 20 ppb calcium and less than 50 – 100 ppb strontium, depending on the process specification. For strontium removal, the use of the iminodiacetic acid resin type Purolite S930Plus is recommended. Purolite S950Plus is also suitable for the separation and recovery of heavy and transition metals. It also has a high selectivity for lead, copper and zinc. Applications include the polishing of heavy metals from waste water plants after caustic precipitation and the purification of nickel sulfate or nickel chloride plating baths. The operating capacity of Purolite S950Plus is dependent on pH. It has the ability to operate in acidic, neutral or alkaline environments; however the relative selectivity for metals varies as a function of pH and ionic concentration. It is recommended to conduct laboratory trials to prove specific processes. The following list of relative affinities can help to serve as a guide. Acidic pH: Pb2+ > Cu2+ > U4+, Zn2+, Al3+ > Mg2+ > Sr2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Na+ Alkaline pH: Cd2+, Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Sr2+, Al3+ > Ba2+ >> Na+, K+ 1 Purolite® S950Plus 03 2014 PUROLITE ENGINEERING BULLETIN PUROLITE® S950PLUS Purolite S950Plus like all aminophosphonic type resins is susceptible to oxidation. Therefore the direct treatment of solutions containing oxidants should be avoided, as it leads to capacity loss. Free chlorine can be removed from feed solutions by treatment with activated carbon for example or chemically reduced by reaction with reducing agents such as sulfur dioxide or sulfite. Brine solutions often contain significant amounts of chlorates. In this case it is necessary to ensure that the brine displacement rinse prior to the acid regeneration is efficient, in order to avoid the formation of free chlorine from contact of the chlorates in the brine solution with the regeneration acid. Table 2 – Typical operating conditions for regeneration STEP DESIGN BASIS Service 8 – 30 BV/h (1 – 4 gpm/ft3) Displacement Backwash Only required for more concentrated feed solutions Conducted at 4 BV/h (0.5 gpm/ft3) with soft water Set for minimum water temperature to give 50% bed expansion Refer to Figures 1 and 3 for details. DURATION 4 – 6 BV (1 h – 1.5 h) 1 FBV* on clean water supplies and 2 – 3 FBV where solids are present Bed settle To allow the bed to reform fully classified 5 to 8 minutes Acid injection Typically 100 – 150 g/L hydrochloric acid applied Typically 30 – 60 minutes, depending on at approximately 4% HCl concentration at regeneration level and flow rate 3 2 – 6 BV/h (0.25 – 0.75 gpm/ft ) Slow rinse 2-3 BV (15 – 22.5 gal/ft3) at approximate regenerant flow rate with soft wate Typically 30 – 60 minutes, depending on volume of water applied and flow rate Typically 20 – 80 g/L sodium hydroxide applied at approximately 4% NaOH concentration at 2 – 4 BV/h (0.25 – 0.5 gpm/ft3) Sodium conversion Upflow direction in order to fluidize the resin bed and aid the safe expansion to Na form. Typically 15 – 60 minutes, depending on volume of water applied and flow rate Alternatively, sodium bicarbonate solution could be used in certain applications. Contact Purolite for details. Slow rinse * 2 2 – 3 BV (15 – 22.5 gal/ft3) at approximate regenerant flow rate with soft water Typically 30 – 60 minutes, depending on volume of water applied and flow rate 1 FBV = 1 free bed volume Purolite® S950Plus 03 2014 PUROLITE ENGINEERING BULLETIN PUROLITE® S950PLUS The following graphs show the hydraulic data (backwash expansion and pressure drop) of Purolite S950Plus when used in aqueous solutions for heavy metal removal and in decalcification of saturated brine solutions. For projections of operating capacities please contact Purolite. Figures 1 and 2 indicate heavy metal removal in aqueous solutions. Figure 1 – Backwash expansion (exhausted form) Figure 2 – Pressure drop in water 3 Purolite® S950Plus 03 2014 PUROLITE ENGINEERING BULLETIN PUROLITE® S950PLUS Figures 3 and 4 depict decalcification of brine Figure 3 – Backwash expansion in brine (exhausted form) Figure 4 – Pressure drop in brine 4 Purolite® S950Plus 03 2014 NOTES: Americas 150 Monument Road Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004 T +01 800.343.1500 T +01 610.668.9090 F +01 484.384.2751 [email protected] Europe Llantrisant Business Park Llantrisant Wales, UK CF72 8LF T +44 1443 229334 F +44 1443 227073 [email protected] Australia Brazil Canada China Czech Republic France Germany For further information on Purolite® products & services visit www.purolite.com India Indonesia Italy Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea Asia Pacific Room 707, C Section Huanglong Century Plaza No.3 Hangda Road Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 310007 T +86 571 876 31382 F +86 571 876 31385 AsiaPacifi[email protected] Malaysia Mexico Poland Romania Russia Singapore Slovak Republic South Africa Spain Taiwan UK Ukraine USA Uzbekistan © 201# Purolite All rights reserved.
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