1. art and entertainment
2. visual art and design
3. painting

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4
WITNESS HISTORY
AUDIO
SECTION
Sunset
In the 1800s, many writers turned away from the
harsh realities of industrial life to celebrate
nature. The English poet William Wordsworth
described the peace and beauty of sunset:
4
Standards-Based
Instruction
Standards-at-a-Glance
• History-Social Science
Next, students will study the emergence of
Romanticism in the arts, social criticism, and
the move away from Classicism during the
Industrial Age.
• Analysis Skills
HI1 Students show the connections, causal
and otherwise, between particular historical
events and larger social, economic, and
political trends and developments.
• English-Language Arts
Writing 2.3
a beauteous evening, calm and free,
“ ItTheis holy
time is quiet as a Nun
Breathless with adoration; the broad sun
Is sinking down in its tranquillity.
—William Wordsworth,
Complete Poetical Works
”
Focus Question What artistic movements
emerged in reaction to the Industrial Revolution?
Albert Bierstadt, Hetch Hetchy Canyon, 1875
Arts in the Industrial Age
Standards Preview
H-SS 10.3.7 Describe the emergence of Romanticism in
art and literature (e.g., the poetry of William Blake and
William Wordsworth), social criticism (e.g., the novels of
Charles Dickens), and the move away from Classicism
in Europe.
Terms, People, and Places
William Wordsworth
William Blake
romanticism
Lord Byron
Victor Hugo
Ludwig van Beethoven
realism
Charles Dickens
Gustave Courbet
Louis Daguerre
impressionism
Claude Monet
Vincent van Gogh
Reading Skill: Identify Supporting Details Fill
in a table like the one below with details about the
artistic movements in the 1800s.
Major Artistic Movements of the 1800s
Movement
Goals/
Characteristics
Major
Figures
Romanticism
Realism
• Rebellion against • Wordsworth
reason
•
•
Impressionism
•
•
William Wordsworth, along with William Blake, Samuel Taylor
Coleridge, and Percy Bysshe Shelley among others, was part of a
cultural movement called romanticism. From about 1750 to 1850,
romanticism shaped Western literature and arts.
The Romantic Revolt Against Reason
Romanticism does not refer to romance in the sense of an affectionate relationship, but rather to an artistic style emphasizing
imagination, freedom, and emotion. Romanticism was a reaction
to the neoclassical writers of the Enlightenment, who had turned
to classical Greek and Roman literature and ideals that stressed
order, harmony, reason, and emotional restraint. In contrast to
Enlightenment literature, the works of romantic writers included
simple, direct language, intense feelings, and a glorification of
nature. Artists, composers, and architects were also followers
of the movement.
The Romantic Hero Romantic writers created a new kind of
hero—a mysterious, melancholy figure who felt out of step with
society. “My joys, my grief, my passions, and my powers, / Made me
a stranger,” wrote Britain’s George Gordon, Lord Byron. He himself was a larger-than-life figure equal to those he created. After a
rebellious, wandering life, he joined Greek forces battling for freedom. When he died of a fever there, his legend bloomed. In fact,
public interest in his poetry and adventures was so great that
moody, isolated romantic heroes came to be described as “Byronic.”
Vocabulary Builder
Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use words from this section.
Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 25; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3
High-Use Words
emphasis, p. 219
intense, p. 220
Definitions and Sample Sentences
n. special attention given to something to make it stand out
The school placed more emphasis on scholarship than athletics.
adj. very strong or deep
Death Valley is known for its intense heat.
Prepare to Read
Build Background Knowledge
L3
Ask students to recall how the Industrial
Revolution affected all aspects of life. Ask
them to predict how it would influence
the way that people thought about,
viewed, or listened to the arts.
Set a Purpose
■
L3
WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection
aloud or play the audio.
AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, Sunset
Ask What is the main idea of this
stanza? (that the setting sun is calm,
quiet, beautiful, and peaceful) How is
Wordsworth’s poem a reaction to
industrial life? (By retreating to the
beauty and power of nature, it turns
away from industrialization and city
life.)
■
Focus Point out the Section Focus
Question and write it on the board.
Tell students to refer to this question
as they read. (Answer appears with
Section 4 Assessment answers.)
■
Preview Have students preview the
Section Standards and the list of
Terms, People, and Places.
■
Have students read this
section using the Guided Questioning
strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read,
have them fill in the table describing
the major artistic movements of the
1800s.
Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide, p. 52
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Teach
The Romantic Revolt
Against Reason H-SS 10.3.7
Page 218 Monday, July 25, 2005 12:20 PM
BIOGRAPHY
L3
Instruct
■
Introduce Read aloud the quotation
by Lord Byron under the black heading
The Romantic Hero at the bottom of
the page (“My joys . . . / Made me a
stranger”) and discuss students’
responses.
■
Teach Explain that romanticism
emphasizes imagination, emotion, and
feeling as sources of knowledge. Ask
How was romanticism a reaction
to Enlightenment ideas? (Romantics appealed to emotion rather than
reason.) Ask What did romantic
poetry, writing, music, and art
have in common? (They all sought to
excite strong emotions and intense feelings from the audience or viewer.)
■
Quick Activity Ask students to read
the biography of Beethoven on this
page. Then play the Witness History
audio selection. Ask students to describe
what classifies this piece as romantic.
Then ask them to look at the painting
on the previous page and describe the
romantic qualities of that piece.
AUDIO Witness History Audio CD,
Beethoven
Inspired by the Past Romantic writers combined history, legend, and
folklore. Sir Walter Scott’s novels and ballads evoked the turbulent history of Scottish clans or medieval knights. Alexandre Dumas (doo MAH)
and Victor Hugo re-created France’s past in novels like The Three
Musketeers and The Hunchback of Notre Dame.
Architects, too, were inspired by old styles and forms. Churches and
other buildings, including the British Parliament, were modeled on
medieval Gothic styles. To people living in the 1800s, medieval towers
and lacy stonework conjured up images of a glorious past.
Ludwig van Beethoven
An accomplished musician by age 12,
composer Ludwig van Beethoven
(1770–1827) agonized over every note
of every composition. The result was
stunning music that expresses intense
emotion. The famous opening of his
Fifth Symphony conveys the sense of
fate knocking at the door. His Sixth
Symphony captures a joyful day in the
countryside, interrupted by a violent
thunderstorm.
Beethoven’s career was haunted by
perhaps the greatest tragedy a
musician can face. In 1798, he began to
lose his hearing. Still, he continued to
compose music he could hear only in
his mind. How did Beethoven’s
music reflect romanticism?
AUDIO
Independent Practice
Have students work in groups to compare
the romantic hero of the 1800s to the ideal
of a romantic hero today. Ask How are
they similar or different? (Possible
similarities: mysteriousness and melancholy; possible differences: audiences
today prefer happy endings rather than
the grim destiny met by heroes of the
1800s.) Have each group create a Venn diagram with the characteristics discussed.
Answers
BIOGRAPHY His music aroused strong
emotions.
They rebelled against the Enlightenment’s
emphasis on reason and progress.
218 Life in the Industrial Age
Music Stirs Emotions Romantic composers also tried to stir deep emotions. Audiences were moved to laughter or tears at Hungarian Franz
Liszt’s piano playing. The passionate music of German composer
Ludwig van Beethoven combined classical forms with a stirring range
of sound. He was the first composer to take full advantage of the broad
range of instruments in the modern orchestra. In all, Beethoven produced nine symphonies, five piano concertos, a violin concerto, an opera,
two masses, and dozens of shorter pieces. To many, he is considered the
greatest composer of his day.
Other romantic composers wove traditional folk melodies into their
works to glorify their nations’ pasts. In his piano works, Frederic Chopin
(shoh PAN) used Polish peasant dances to convey the sorrows and joys of
people living under foreign occupation.
Romanticism in Art Painters, too, broke free from the discipline and
strict rules of the Enlightenment. Landscape painters like J.M.W. Turner
sought to capture the beauty and power of nature. Using bold brush
strokes and colors, Turner often showed tiny human figures struggling
against sea and storm.
Romantics painted many subjects, from simple peasant life to medieval knights to current events. Bright colors conveyed violent energy and
emotion. The French painter Eugène Delacroix (deh luh KRWAH) filled his
canvases with dramatic action. In Liberty Leading the People, the Goddess of Liberty carries the revolutionary tricolor as French citizens rally
to the cause.
Standards Check How did romantic writers, musicians, and artists
respond to the Enlightenment? H-SS 10.3.7
The Call to Realism
By the mid-1800s, a new artistic movement, realism, took hold in the
West. Realism was an attempt to represent the world as it was, without
the sentiment associated with romanticism. Realists often focused their
work on the harsh side of life in cities or villages. Many writers and artists were committed to improving the lot of the unfortunates whose lives
they depicted.
Monitor Progress
As students fill in their tables, circulate
to make sure they understand the major
features of artistic movements in the
1800s. For a completed version of the
table, see
Note Taking Transparencies, 23
The romantic hero often hid a guilty secret and faced a grim destiny.
German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (GUR tuh) wrote the dramatic poem Faust. The aging scholar Faust makes a pact with the devil,
exchanging his soul for youth. After much agony, Faust wins salvation by
accepting his duty to help others. In Jane Eyre, British novelist Charlotte
Brontë weaves a tale about a quiet governess and her brooding, Byronic
employer, whose large mansion conceals a terrifying secret.
Solutions for All Learners
L1 Special Needs
L2 Less Proficient Readers
Write the word romantic on the board. Ask students to
suggest definitions for this word. Then explain that
romanticism was a cultural movement that rejected
reason as the only way to acquire knowledge and
embraced emotion and imagination. Ask them to
explain how romanticism is similar to and different from
their definitions of romantic.
L2 English Language Learners
Use the following resources to help students acquire
basic skills.
Adapted Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide
■ Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 52
■ Adapted Section Summary, p. 53
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Novels Depict Grim Reality The English novelist Charles Dickens vividly portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and
factory workers, including children. In
Oliver Twist, Dickens tells the story of a
nine-year-old orphan raised in a grim poorhouse. In response to a request for more
food, Oliver is smacked on the head and
sent away to work. Later, he runs away to
London. There he is taken in by Fagin, a
villain who trains homeless children to
become pickpockets. The book shocked
many middle-class readers with its picture
of poverty, mistreatment of children, and
urban crime. Yet, Dickens’s humor and colorful characters made him one of the most
popular novelists in the world.
French novelists also portrayed the ills
of their time. Victor Hugo, who moved from
romantic to realistic novels, revealed how
hunger drove a good man to crime and how
the law hounded him ever after in Les
Misérables (lay miz ehr AHB). The novels of
Émile Zola painted an even grimmer picture. In Germinal, Zola exposed class warfare in the French mining industry. To
Zola’s characters, neither the Enlightenment’s faith in reason nor the romantic
movement’s feelings mattered at all.
Realism in the Arts
A Thomas Eakins’s 1875 painting
The Gross Clinic depicts the
realism of medical school where
students learn by performing
autopsies. The artist included
many realistic elements such
as the surgical tools in the
foreground and the reaction of
the spectator at the far left.
The Call to Realism/The
Visual Arts Take New
Directions H-SS 10.3.7
Instruct
■
Introduce: Vocabulary Builder
Have students read the Vocabulary
Builder term and definition. Then have
students read the introductory paragraph under this heading and each
black heading. Use the Idea Wave
strategy (TE, p. T22) and ask If
Charles Dickens were alive today,
what kinds of people might he
emphasize in his writing? (Sample:
homeless people, the working poor, people suffering from disease, victims of
war, political and economic refugees)
■
Teach Ask What was the realist
movement? (a rejection of the romantic emphasis on imagination and a
focus on ordinary subjects, workingclass men and women, and the harsh
realities of industrial life) What is the
aim of impressionist paintings? (to
capture the eye’s first impression of an
object or scene) How does impressionist painting differ from photography? (Photography is much more
realistic than impressionist painting.)
■
Quick Activity Point out that realism
took many forms: paintings, plays, novels. Refer students to the Realism in
the Arts feature on this page. As a
class, have students discuss how each
visual reflects features of realism. Then
display Color Transparency 40: The
Stone Breakers, by Gustave Courbet. Tell students that many critics
denounced this work as vulgar and
unspiritual. Ask students why they
think his work caused such a reaction.
Color Transparencies, 40
A
B Edvard Munch’s 1898 painting shows an impression of
Henrik Ibsen filled with
psychological realism, similar
to that found in Ibsen’s plays.
B
C This 1896 portrait of Ibsen
shows photographic realism
in the playwright’s appearance and expression.
C
D Victor Hugo’s 1862 novel
D
Realism in Drama Norwegian dramatist
Henrik Ibsen brought realism to the stage.
His plays attacked the hypocrisy he
observed around him. A Doll’s House
showed a woman caught in a straitjacket
of social rules. In An Enemy of the People, a
doctor discovers that the water in a local
spa is polluted. Because the town’s economy depends on its spa, the citizens denounce the doctor and suppress
the truth. Ibsen’s realistic dramas had a wide influence in Europe and
the United States.
Arts Reject Romantic Ideas Painters also represented the realities of
their time. Rejecting the romantic emphasis on imagination, they
focused on ordinary subjects, especially working-class men and women.
“I cannot paint an angel,” said the French realist Gustave Courbet
(koor BAY) “because I have never seen one.” Instead, he painted works
such as The Stone Breakers, which shows two rough laborers on a country
road. Later in the century, The Gross Clinic, by American painter
Thomas Eakins, shocked viewers with its realistic depiction of an
autopsy conducted in a medical classroom.
Les Misérables describes
the reality of poverty,
hunger, and corruption
among the poor in Paris.
This 1886 poster depicts
the novel’s main characters:
the convict Jean Valjean at
the center, and Cosette, the
girl he adopts, at the right.
Vocabulary Builder
emphasis—(EM fuh sis) n. special
attention given to something to make
it stand out
Standards Check How did the realism movement differ from the
romantic movement? H-SS 10.3.7
Independent Practice
Biography To help students better
understand the role of photography in the
1800s, have them read the biography
Julia Margaret Cameron and complete
the worksheet.
Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 31
Link to Drama
“Immoral and Subversive” Henrik Ibsen originally planned to study medicine at the University of
Norway. After failing his entrance examinations in
Greek and arithmetic, he decided to work as a playwright and stage manager of the newly founded
Norwegian Theater. He began writing historical and
romantic plays for the small company before venturing into his “problem plays.” These plays, one of
L3
which is A Doll’s House, openly criticized social conventions of the 1800s, such as subjugation of women,
political hypocrisy, bourgeois mediocrity, and corrupt
journalism. These forthright attacks on social structures caused his critics to label him “immoral and
subversive.” Yet, Ibsen’s willingness to probe the
foundations of society eventually earned him the title
of “father of modern drama.”
Monitor Progress
Check Reading and Note Taking Study
Guide entries for student understanding.
Answer
Realism represented the realities of industrialization and rejected the romantic emphasis on
imagination and sentiment.
Chapter 6 Section 4 219
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The Visual Arts Take New Directions
Assess and Reteach
Assess Progress
By the 1840s, a new art form, photography, was emerging.
Louis Daguerre (dah GEHR) in France and William Fox Talbot in
England had improved on earlier technologies to produce successful photographs. At first, many photos were stiff, posed portraits of middle-class
families or prominent people. Other photographs reflected the romantics’
fascination with faraway places.
In time, photographers used the camera to present the grim realities
of life. During the American Civil War, Mathew B. Brady preserved a
vivid, realistic record of the corpse-strewn battlefields. Other photographers showed the harsh conditions in industrial factories or slums.
L3
■
Have students complete the Section
Assessment.
■
Administer the Section Quiz.
Teaching Resources, Unit 2, p. 24
■
To further assess student understanding, use
Progress Monitoring Transparencies, 23
Reteach
If students need more instruction, have
them read the section summary.
L3
Reading and Note Taking
Study Guide, p. 53
L1 L2
Adapted Reading and
Note Taking Study Guide, p. 53
Spanish Reading and
Note Taking Study Guide, p. 53
Extend
Postimpressionism
This self-portrait of Dutch painter Vincent
van Gogh shows his bandaged ear, which he
cut off in a state of depression. What
postimpressionist features are
demonstrated in Van Gogh’s self-portrait?
L2
L4
See this Chapter’s Professional Development pages for the Extend Online activity
on Impressionism.
Vocabulary Builder
Answers
intense—(in TENS) adj. very strong or
deep
Caption intense colors, bold brush strokes, and
the effects of light
The realism of photography made some artists
turn away from realistic painting.
Standard
H-SS 10.3.7
E-LA W 2.3
Assessment
2, 3, 4, 5
Quick Write
4
Terms, People, and Places
1. For each term, person, or place listed at
the beginning of the section, write a
sentence explaining its significance.
2. Reading Skill: Identify Supporting
Details Use your completed table to
answer the Focus Question: What artistic movements emerged in reaction to
the Industrial Revolution?
Section 4 Assessment
1. Sentences should reflect an understanding
of each term, person, or place listed at the
beginning of the section.
2. romanticism, realism, impressionism,
postimpressionism
3. Sample: They were interested in history,
legends, and folklore; celebrated nature
and dramatic action; and sought to stir
strong emotions.
220 Life in the Industrial Age
The Impressionists Photography posed a challenge to painters. Why
try for realism, some artists asked, when a camera could do the same thing
better? By the 1870s, a group of painters took art in a new direction, seeking to capture the first fleeting impression made by a scene or object on the
viewer’s eye. The new movement, known as impressionism, took root in
Paris, capital of the Western art world.
Since the Renaissance, painters had carefully finished their paintings
so that no brush strokes showed. But impressionists like Claude Monet
(moh NAY) and Edgar Degas (day GAH) brushed strokes of color side by
side without any blending. According to new scientific studies of optics,
the human eye would mix these patches of color.
By concentrating on visual impressions rather than realism, artists
achieved a fresh view of familiar subjects. Monet, for example, painted
the cathedral at Rouen (roo AHN), France, dozens of times from the same
angle, capturing how it looked in different lights at different times of day.
The Postimpressionists Later painters, called postimpressionists,
developed a variety of styles. Georges Seurat (suh RAH) arranged small
dots of color to define the shapes of objects. Vincent van Gogh experimented with sharp brush lines and bright colors. His unique brushwork
lent a dreamlike quality to everyday subjects. Paul Gauguin (goh GAN)
also developed a bold, personal style. In his paintings, people look flat, as
in “primitive” folk art. But his brooding colors and black outlining of
shapes convey intense feelings and images.
Standards Check How did photography influence the development of
painting? H-SS 10.3.7
Standards Monitoring Online
For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice
Web Code: mza-2141
Comprehension and Critical Thinking
3. Summarize What are three subjects
romantics favored?
4. Draw Conclusions What did Courbet
mean when he said, “I cannot paint an
angel because I have never seen one”?
Do you agree with his attitude? Explain.
5. Recognize Cause and Effect In what
ways were the new artistic styles of the
1800s a reaction to changes in society?
4. He meant that he painted only what he
saw and not what he imagined. Student
answers should explain why they agree or
disagree with his attitude.
5. Sample: Romantics sought to escape or
ignore the industrial society around
them. Realists sought to expose the evils
of the industrial world. Impressionists
responded to the development of
photography.
● Writing About History
Quick Write: Support a Solution Based
on what you’ve read, list supporting information, such as details, data, and facts, for
the following thesis statement of a problem-solution essay: Artists in the 1800s
portrayed subjects realistically to make the
public more aware of some of the grim
problems of life in industrialized nations.
● Writing About History
Responses should show a clear organization
of the facts, data, and details that support
the thesis statement for a problem-solution
essay.
For additional assessment, have students
access Standards Monitoring Online at
Web Code mza-2141.
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ART
Impressionism
H-SS 10.3.7
Impressionism was one of the most
important art movements of the 1800s.
It marked a departure from tradition,
both in subject matter and painting
technique. Artists sought to depict the
human eye’s first perception of a scene.
Characterized by the use of unmixed
primary colors and small, visible brush
strokes, impressionism attempted to
show the effects of direct or reflected
light. Impressionist artists often
painted outdoors for maximum effect.
Impressionism
Objectives
■ Describe
the emergence of the impressionist movement.
■ Explain
how impressionist paintings
tried to capture a moment in time.
Claude Monet, Impression: Sunrise, 1872
In the 1800s, “The Salon,” an annual exhibition that accepted
only traditional paintings, dominated the Parisian art scene. In
1874, a group of artists held their own exhibition at a local
photographer’s studio. Claude Monet’s Impression: Sunrise
was one of the works displayed. Monet’s painting
demonstrates several characteristics of impressionist work,
including short, visible brush strokes and an idealized
depiction of a landscape.
Build Background Knowledge
L3
Have students use the ELBOW acronym
to discuss the characteristics of impressionism: Everyday life, Light, Brush
strokes, Outdoor settings, Weather and
atmosphere. Divide the class into groups.
Ask each group to select a painting by
one of the impressionists. Have students
discuss how ELBOW captures the
essence of the particular work selected.
Instruct
L3
Ask students to study the paintings on
this page and read the captions. Ask
them to describe how the paintings are
similar and how they are different.
Monitor Progress
Edgar Degas, The Dancing Class,
c. 1873–1875
This painting by Edgar Degas shows the
influence of the newly invented camera.
Impressionists’ paintings moved away
from the traditional placement of subjects
in favor of off-center compositions. Figures
were also painted on the outermost parts
of the canvas. Much like photographs,
impressionist paintings were often
snapshots of life rather than elaborate
portraits.
Berthe Morisot, Eugène Manet and His Daughter
at Bougival, c. 1881
French impressionist painter Berthe Morisot also
participated in the first impressionist exhibit in 1874.
Morisot’s delicate, subtle paintings often portrayed
her family and friends—as this one of her husband
and daughter.
To review this section, ask students to
list the technical innovations of impressionism, particularly the use of color.
(Sample: Impressionists used both short,
visible strokes and primary colors such as
red, blue, and yellow. These colors were
often unmixed and applied in combinations that caused an even greater effect on
the viewer’s eye than more traditional
methods.)
Thinking Critically
1. Summarize How did impressionism depart
from tradition?
2. Draw Conclusions What are the
advantages and disadvantages of painting
outdoors?
Thinking Critically
History Background
The Value of Art Like other artists, impressionist
painters still had to make a living, and the Salon’s
hostility towards their work made that task difficult.
Many impressionists came to rely on Paul DurandRuel, a Paris art dealer who became one of the movement’s earliest supporters. He tirelessly promoted
impressionism, and eventually patronage began to
build. Many of the initial collectors were middle-class
businessmen drawn to the world depicted in the
paintings. Americans, in particular, became reliable
purchasers of impressionist art. The first museum
exhibit devoted to impressionism was held at the
Musée de Luxembourg in 1897. The impressionists
received further exposure at the World’s Fair in 1900.
Today, the style pioneered by a few artistic renegades
is one of the most popular styles in the world.
1. It used unmixed primary colors; visible brush
strokes; idealized depictions of objects. Subjects
were sometimes off-center. Figures were sometimes on the periphery of the canvas.
2. Possible advantages: immediate connection
between artist and subject; painters did not
need to rely on sketches or memory in composing the final work; painters could capture one
scene at different times and in different lights.
Possible disadvantages: the artist was at the
mercy of the weather and had to work more
rapidly than in a studio.
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