1. business and industrial
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3. oil

ECONOMICS RESEARCH | Crude Oil
November 12, 2014
Oil Spills…
Crude oil price plunged. Crude oil prices have fallen by almost
15% on average since the start of Oct 2014.
Pulled down by macroeconomic fundamentals and industry
dynamics. Key factors triggering the slump include prices catching
up with fundamentals such as prolonged excess supply following
the uneven economic performance among the major economies
and the downturn in large emerging markets. The oil supply glut
also reflects industry dynamics such as the surge in nonconventional output – especially US shale oil – and the fact that
there is no major collapse in the production out of the geopolitical
“hotspots”, namely Russia, Iran, Iraq and Libya. In addition, there
is the negative impact from the US Dollar-boosting “normalization”
of US monetary policy with the end of QE last month and the
expected rise in US interest rate sometimes next year, in view of
the observed inverse relationship between crude oil prices and US
Dollar.
Economists
Suhaimi Ilias
[email protected]
(603) 2297 8682
Dr. Zamros Dzulkafli
[email protected]
(603) 2082 6818
Ramesh Lankanathan
[email protected]
(603) 2297 8685
William Poh
[email protected]
(603) 2297 8683
Oil industry dynamics is the key to crude oil price outlook. It
appears that OPEC – led by Saudi Arabia - is not keen on playing
the role of price stabiliser by adjusting their output, but insteadt
trying to “force” cuts in non-OPEC output as non-conventional
supplies such as shale oil, oil sands and Arctic oil are just breaking
even or making losses at current crude oil price levels.
Assuming crude oil price to stabilise after the recent fall. We
expect Brent crude to average around USD85/bbl in 2015 (2014
YTD: USD104/bbl; 2014E: USD100/bbl). Over a two-year horizon of
2015-2016, we assume Brent to average around USD85/bblUSD90/bbl.
Downside risks to Malaysia from lower average crude oil price
given that the official macroeconomic forecasts for 2015 among
others is based on the assumption of average USD105/bbl for the
country’s Tapis crude and USD100/bbl for Brent. If Brent averages
USD85/bbl, budget deficit to GDP ratio could miss 2015’s -3.0%
target by 0.3-0.6 ppt, oil exports revenue will be MYR4.6b lower
and oil trade surplus will be about MYR1b narrower, ceteris
paribus.
But tempered by potential savings in fuel subsidy spending, on
top of on-going fuel subsidy rationalisation. We estimated that
every USD10/bbl drop in the annual average of global crude oil
price can save the Government MYR2.1b in annual fuel subsidies.
The crude oil price level also matters. The last time global crude
oil prices were around current levels was in 2010 (WTI & Brent fullyear average of USD79/bbl and USD88/bbl respectively vs
USD79/bbl and USD84/bbl so far in Nov 2014). We estimated that
RON95 price averaged MYR2.11/litre then vs current fixed price of
MYR2.30/litre. If the current global crude oil price situation
persists, the Government may end up spending far less on fuel
subsidies, or even enjoys “fuel tax” instead if actual fuel prices
turn out to be lower than the current fixed prices.
SEE PAGE 12 FOR IMPORTANTDISCLOSURES AND ANALYST CERTIFICATIONS
PP16832/01/2013 (031128)
Crude Oil
“Black Gold Down”
Crude oil price plunged. At the time of publishing this note, global crude
oil prices have fallen by almost 15% on average since the start of Oct 2014.
This is based on the prices of major benchmarks i.e. West Texas
Intermediate (WTI, -15.1%), Brent (-13.9%) and Dubai (-14.7%). The price
of Malaysia’s Tapis crude has also declined by -13.4%.
Crude Oil Prices (WTI & Brent, USD/bbl)
Source: Bloomberg
On negative cocktails of macroeconomic fundamentals and industry
dynamics. Movements in crude oil prices over the past four years have
been dominated by “geopolitics” – specifically the Middle East and North
Africa (MENA) – on the upsides and “macroeconomics” on the downsides.
Key factors triggering the latest slump in crude oil prices include the crude
oil supply glut that are tied to global economic development and outlook
as well as specific oil industry dynamics, plus the impact of the
“normalization” of US monetary policy.
Crude oil supply glut. The global crude oil market has been in excess
supply since 2012. Latest monthly figures showed global supply at 95
million barrels per day (mbpd) versus global demand of 92.1 mbpd. The
average net supply in 2012-2014YTD is 0.9 mbpd, nearly doubled the 0.40.5 mbpd in the previous excess supply episodes in the last 20 years e.g.
1995-1998 and 2004-2006, and close to the 1.1 mbpd excess supply in 2008
during the global financial crisis and economic recession. In fact, 2014
YTD excess supply is running at an average of 1.5 mbpd as crude oil supply
grow by 2.0% versus 0.7% rise in demand. Further indication of the supply
glut is the rise in global crude oil floating storage which has been on a
general uptrend since late-2011.
November 12, 2014
2
Crude Oil
Global Crude Oil Supply & Demand (mbpd)
Global Crude Oil Supply & Demand (% chg)
Source: Blooomberg
Source: Bloomberg
Global Net Oil Supply & Crude Oil Price
Global Crude Oil Floating Storage (Daily, m barrels)
Source: Bloomberg
Source: Bloomberg
As non-conventional supply surge amid no collapse in supply from
geopolitical “hotspots”. In particular, the shale oil output from North
America – namely the US - is surging to push up total supply. At the same
time, data shows no major disruptions in supply from geopolitical
“hotspots”. Production in Russia is sustained despite Western sanctions in
response to the Ukraine conflict. In MENA, the steady rise in supply from
Iraq more than offset the impact of sanctions on Iran’s production to keep
total OPEC output on a steady path. In fact, Iran output stabilised after
the dip between late-2011 and mid-2012. In addition, there is also the
recent recovery in Libya’s output after two rounds of disruptions.
OPEC & non-OPEC Crude Oil Output (mbpd)
US & Canada Crude Oil Output (mbpd)
Source: Bloomberg
Source: Bloomberg
November 12, 2014
3
Crude Oil
Iran, Iraq & Libya Crude Oil Output (mbpd)
Russia Crude Oil Output (mbpd)
Source: Bloomberg
Source: Bloomberg
While demand growth is curtailed by uneven global economic growth.
The world real GDP growth – which we expect to moderately pick up to
3.7% in 2015 from the estimate of 3.3% in 2014 – will be uneven and
asymmetric given the faster growth in US that is increasingly becoming
energy self-sufficient amid falling net import of crude oil, while other
major oil consumers (and net oil importers) like Eurozone, Japan and China
are struggling for growth.
Composite Purchasing Managers Index (Manufacturing &
Services PMI): US, Eurozone, Japan, China
US: Net Oil Imports (mbpd)
Source: Bloomberg
Source: Bloomberg
Stronger US Dollar as US monetary policy “normalising” an added
factor. There is also the turning point in US monetary policy i.e.
“normalisation” with the end of QE Taper and the expected eventual rise
in fed funds rate that is fuelling stronger US Dollar, which is "negative" for
commodities including crude oil, as per the chart showing the obvious
inverse relationship between crude oil prices and USD.
November 12, 2014
4
Crude Oil
Crude Oil Prices (WTI & Brent, USD/bbl) vs US Dollar Index
Source: Bloomberg
Feeding into a “bearish” market sentiment. Currently, crude oil futures
are pricing in WTI and Brent to average USD78/bbl and USD86/bbl between
now until end-2015. At the same time, Bloomberg News survey showed a
bearish crude oil market situation as the percentage of analysts and
traders expecting weaker crude oil price exceed those who expect stronger
crude oil price in the short term.
Crude Oil Prices – Spot & Futures (USD/bbl)
Crude Oil Price (WTI, USD/bbl) vs Bull-Bear Index
Source: Bloomberg
Note: We derive the “Bull-Bear Index” by calculating the difference
between the percentage of analysts and traders expecting firmer
crude oil price in the short-term and the percentage of analysts
and traders expecting weaker crude oil price, according to weekly
Bloomberg News survey.
Source: Bloomberg, Maybank
November 12, 2014
5
Crude Oil
Outlook & Lookout
Excess supply to persist in 2015. Latest forecast by the International
Energy Agency (IEA) expects global crude oil demand to rise to 93.5 mbpd
in 2015 (2014YTD: 92.0 mbpd; 2014E: 92.4 mbpd). At the same time, IEA
expects non-OPEC output to rise by 1.2 mbpd in 2015 to 57.5 mbpd (2014E:
56.3 mbpd). Assuming production by OPEC and other producers next year
stays the same as 2014 YTD level, then crude oil supply can increase to
94.4 mbpd (2014 YTD: 93.2 mbpd). This would result in continued - but
narrower - excess supply of 0.9 mbpd (2014 YTD: 1.3 mbpd). The excess
can be smaller if demand picks up and/or supply drop by more than
expected e.g. if OPEC output next year were to drop by the same amount
as IEA’s projected decline in 2015 “call” or demand for OPEC crude oil,
then the excess supply could narrow to 0.5 mbpd.
Global Crude Oil Supply & Demand (mbpd)
Global Net Oil Supply (mbpd)
Note: 2014 estimate and 2015 forecast based on the assumptions in
the above paragraph
Sources: Bloomberg, IEA, Maybank KE
Note: 2014 estimate and 2015 forecast are based on the
assumptions in the above paragraph
Sources: Bloomberg, IEA, Maybank KE
Key lookout to the outlook will be oil industry dynamics, particularly the
interplay between the major OPEC and non-OPEC producers in terms of
their “pain thresholds” vis-à-vis factors like market shares and breakeven
price.
As OPEC now less keen to play the “swing producer” role to stabilise
crude oil price. In fact, Saudi Arabia appears to be setting the tone and
policy for OPEC as it has been reported to cut prices of its crude sold to
Asian and European buyers since summer and recently extended the
discounts to US buyers. This is believed to aim at protecting and
stabilizing its market share that swing between 9% and 12% since 2000
amid the surge in US’ share to almost 10% now from as low as 5% five years
ago.
November 12, 2014
6
Crude Oil
Share of Global Crude Oil Supply (%)
Share of Global Crude Oil Supply (%)
Source: Bloomberg
Source: Bloomberg
Amid conflicting information on “breakeven” crude oil price for
different producers. In addition, rather than adjusting their output to
stabilise crude oil price as in the past, Saudi’s action appears to aim at
“forcing” cuts in “non-conventional” and “costlier” oil output such as
shale, deepwater and Arctic oils – especially shale.
The reported
production cost of shale oil or the so called “light tight oil” varies between
USD50/bbl to USD100/bbl, implying a simple average of around USD75/bbl.
This average and estimates from the table below suggest US shale oil
producers are just breaking even at crude oil price of USD85/bbl.
Meanwhile, IEA estimated that not more than 3% of total world crude oil
output is subjected to breakeven crude oil price at USD80/bbl or more.
Profit per barrel at Market Crude Oil Price of USD85 (Average, USD/bbl)
Major Oil Producer
Exploration Type
Marginal Production
Cost
Transport Costs to
Major Distribution
Channel
Total Cost
Profit per Barrel at
Market Crude Oil
Price of USD85
Saudi Arabia
Onshore
3
4
7
78
Middle East ex-Saudi Arabia
Onshore
14
4
18
67
Russia
Onshore
18
12
30
55
Other Former USSR
Onshore
21
12
33
52
Venezuela / Mexico
Standard
32
4
36
49
Norway / UK
North Sea
50
2
52
33
US
Deepwater
57
2
59
26
Brazil
Offshore
80
2
82
3
US
Shale
73
12
85
0
Canada
Sands
90
15
105
(20)
Russia
Arctic
120
5
125
(40)
Source: snbchf.com
Assuming crude oil price to stabilise around current level. We expect
Brent crude to average around USD85/bbl in 2015 (2014 YTD: USD104/bbl;
2014E: USD100/bbl) as the global economic growth is expected to be
sustained (2015E: +3.7%; 2014E: +3.3%) to support crude oil demand
growth, while the recent sharp drop in crude oil prices will result in some
moderation in crude oil supply growth. Over a two-year horizon of 20152016, we assume Brent to average around USD85/bbl-USD90/bbl.
November 12, 2014
7
Crude Oil
“Downside risks” to Malaysia from lower average crude oil price given
that the official macroeconomic forecasts for 2015 is among others based
on the assumption of average USD105/bbl for the country’s Tapis crude
and USD100/bbl for Brent.
Negative fiscal and trade impact, ceteris paribus. On the basis of Brent
crude averaging USD85/bbl next year, there is a risk that the Government
may miss the budget deficit to GDP target of -3.0% set for 2015, with the
number coming in between -3.3% and -3.6% instead, depending on what
happen to Petronas’ dividend to the Government i.e. stay as per Budget
2015 forecast of MYR27b or cut in line or in proportion to the lower crude
oil price assumption.
At the same time, being a net oil exporter, there will also be implication
on the external trade front. Crude oil currently accounts for 4.5% of total
exports, 3.9% of total imports and 9.8% of trade surplus. Based on our
USD85/bbl assumption for Brent in 2015, Malaysia stands to lose about
MYR4.6b in oil export revenues. However, the impact will be offset by
cheaper crude oil import bills to result in narrower crude oil trade surplus
of around -MYR1b rather than a dip into a crude oil trade deficit.
Malaysia: Oil-Related Federal Government Revenue (% of
Total Federal Government Revenue)
Malaysia: Total Oil-Related federal Government Revenue
vs Crude Oil Price
Sources: Ministry of Finance, Bloomberg
Source: Ministry of Finance, Bloomberg
Malaysia: Petronas Dividends to Federal Government vs
Crude Oil Price
Malaysia: Crude Oil Exports, Imports, Trade Balance &
Price
Sources: Ministry of Finance, Bloomberg
Sources: CEIC, Bloomberg
November 12, 2014
8
Crude Oil
Tempered by favourable impact on fuel subsidy costs on top of on-going
fuel subsidy rationalisation. Since Sep 2013, prices of RON95 and diesel
has been raised twice by 20 sen per litre each, the latest was last month.
We estimated that every USD10/bbl drop in the annual average of global
crude oil price can save the Government MYR2.1b in annual fuel subsidies.
So Brent averaging USD85/bbl versus official forecast of USD100/bbl means
MYR3.2b savings.
Furthermore, current level of crude oil price suggests convergence
between market and subsidised fuel prices. The level of crude oil price
also matters. To note, so far in Nov 2014, WTI and Brent averaged
USD79/bbl and USD84/bbl respectively. The last time both WTI and Brent
were averaging around current levels was 2010 i.e. full-year average of
USD79/bbl and USD88/bbl respectively. Based on the Automated Pricing
Mechanism (APM – see note below) used by the Government to determine
the market prices of fuels, we calculated that RON95 averaged
MYR2.11/litre in 2010 (versus subsidised RON95 of MYR1.75/litre at the
start of 2010 and MYR1.85/litre at end-2010 following two rounds of hikes
of 5 sen/litre on 16 July 2010 and 4 Dec 2010).
Malaysia: Fuel Subsidies & Crude Oil Price
Crude Oil Prices (USD/bbl)
Source: EPU, Bloomberg
Source: Bloomberg
Malaysia: RON97, RON95 & Diesel (MYR/litre)
Malaysia: RON95 - Market Price vs Subsidised Price
(MYR/litre)
Source: Bloomberg
Ticker for MOPS in Bloomberg discontinued after Jan 2014
Sources: Bloomberg, Maybank KE
November 12, 2014
9
Crude Oil
The gap between market and subsidised RON95 and diesel narrowing
between Sep 2014 and Nov 2014. The Government cut fuel subsidies and
correspondingly raised fuel prices by 20 sen/litre effective 2 Oct 2014
causing the amount of subsidy per litre for RON95 and diesel to narrow to
between MYR0.28/litre and MYR0.32/litre in Oct 2014 from between
MYR0.47/litre and MYR0.59/litre in Sep 2014. The gap tightens further in
Nov 2014 to between MYR0.12/litre and MYR0.13/litre as global crude oil
price dropped. If the current global crude oil price situation persists over
the next year or so, the Government will end up spending far less on fuel
subsidies, or even enjoying fuel surcharge or tax instead if market prices
are lower than the current fixed prices for RON95 and diesel. To note, the
Government is estimated to spend around MYR21b on fuel subsidies this
year (2013: MYR23.5b) and the latest fuel price hike is supposed to save
the Government around MYR4b in next year’s fuel subsidy spending, before
taking into account of the recent tumble in crude oil prices.
Malaysia: Fuel Prices & Subsidies (MYR/litre)
Fuels
Market Price
Subsidised Price
Subsidy
Sep 2014
2.57
2.10
0.47
Oct 2014
2.58
2.30
0.28
Nov 2014
2.43
2.30
0.13
Sep 2014
2.59
2.00
0.59
Oct 2014
2.52
2.20
0.32
Nov 2014
2.32
2.20
0.12
RON95
Diesel
Source: Information at Fuel Pump Station
Note: APM is the formula to calculate fuel prices as follows:
APM = (Product Cost + Alpha + Operational Cost + Oil company Margin +
Dealer Margin)
“Product Cost” is based on the Mean of Platts Singapore (MOPS) for petrol
and diesel which is based on the daily average of the transcations between
buyers and sellers of the petroleum-based refined products. To note, for
the non-subsidised price of RON97, the Government used the monthly
average of MOPS with a one month lag e.g. price for current month is
based on the monthly MOPS average for the preceding month.
“Alpha” is a buffer for oil companies when buying the products (petrol,
diesel) and is set at 5 sen/litre for petrol and 4sen/litre for diesel
“Operational Cost” is set at 9.54 sen/litre for Peninsular Malaysia, 8.89
sen/litre for Sabah & 8.13 sen/litre for Sarawak, and is meant to cover
transport and marketing costs.
“Oil Company Margin” is set at 5 sen/litre for petrol and 2.25 sen/litre
for diesel
“Dealer Margin” is set at 12.19 sen/litre for petrol and 7 sen/litre for
diesel
November 12, 2014
10
Crude Oil
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11
Crude Oil
APPENDIX I: TERMS FOR PROVISION OF REPORT, DISCLAIMERS AND DISCLOSURES
DISCLAIMERS
This research report is prepared for general circulation and for information purposes only and under no circumstances should it be considered or intended as
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and that each security’s price or value may rise or fall. Opinions or recommendations contained herein are in form of technical ratings and fundamental
ratings. Technical ratings may differ from fundamental ratings as technical valuations apply different methodologies and are purely based on price and
volume-related information extracted from the relevant jurisdiction’s stock exchange in the equity analysis. Accordingly, investors’ returns may be less than
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Malaysia
Opinions or recommendations contained herein are in the form of technical ratings and fundamental ratings. Technical ratings may differ from fundamental
ratings as technical valuations apply different methodologies and are purely based on price and volume-related information extracted from Bursa Malaysia
Securities Berhad in the equity analysis.
Singapore
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Thailand
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UK
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November 12, 2014
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DISCLOSURES
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participant of the National Stock Exchange of India Limited (Reg No: INF/INB 231452435) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (Reg. N o. INF/INB 011452431) and is
regulated by Securities and Exchange Board of India. KESI is also registered with SEBI as Category 1 Merchant Banker (Reg. No. INM 000011708) US: Maybank
KESUSA is a member of/ and is authorized and regulated by the FINRA – Broker ID 27861. UK: Maybank KESL (Reg No 2377538) is authorized and regulated by
the Financial Services Authority.
Disclosure of Interest
Malaysia: MKE and its Representatives may from time to time have positions or be materially interested in the securities referred to he rein and may further
act as market maker or may have assumed an underwriting commitment or deal with such securities and may also perform or seek to perform investment
banking services, advisory and other services for or relating to those companies.
Singapore: As of 30 October 2014, Maybank KERPL and the covering analyst do not have any interest in any companies recommended in this research report.
Thailand: MBKET may have a business relationship with or may possibly be an issuer of derivative warrants on the securities /companies mentioned in the
research report. Therefore, Investors should exercise their own judgment before making any investment decisions. MBKET, its associates, directors, connected
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Hong Kong: KESHK may have financial interests in relation to an issuer or a new listing applicant referred to as defined by the requirements under Paragraph
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As of 30 October 2014, KESHK and the authoring analyst do not have any interest in any companies recommended in this research report.
MKE may have, within the last three years, served as manager or co-manager of a public offering of securities for, or currently may make a primary market in
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investment services in relation to the investment concerned or a related investment and may receive compensation for the serv ices provided from the
companies covered in this report.
OTHERS
Analyst Certification of Independence
The views expressed in this research report accurately reflect the analyst’s personal views about any and all of the subject securities or issuers; and no part of
the research analyst’s compensation was, is or will be, directly or indirectly, related to the specific recommendations or views expressed in the report.
Reminder
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No part of this material may be copied, photocopied or duplicated in any form by any means or redistributed without the prior consent of MKE.
Definition of Ratings
Maybank Kim Eng Research uses the following rating system
BUY
Return is expected to be above 10% in the next 12 months (excluding dividends)
HOLD
Return is expected to be between - 10% to +10% in the next 12 months (excluding dividends)
SELL
Return is expected to be below -10% in the next 12 months (excluding dividends)
Applicability of Ratings
The respective analyst maintains a coverage universe of stocks, the list of which may be adjusted according to needs. Investm ent ratings are only
applicable to the stocks which form part of the coverage universe. Reports on companies which are not part of the coverage do not carry investment
ratings as we do not actively follow developments in these companies.
November 12, 2014
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Malaysia
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