ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND
CHEMOTHERAPY
VOLUME 23
NUMBER 1 * JANUARY 1983
Leon H. Schmidt, Editor-in-Chief (1985)
University of Alabama in Birmingham
Birmingham, Alabama
George A. Jacoby, Jr., Editor (1985)
Massachusetts General Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Herbert L. Ennis, Editor (1987)
Roche Institute of Molecular Biology
Nutley, New Jersey
Robert C. Moellering, Jr., Editor (1987)
New England Deaconess Hospital
Boston, Massachusetts
Robert L. Hamill, Editor (1985)
Eli Lilly & Company, Inc.
Indianapolis, Indiana
John A. Washington II, Editor (1986)
Mayo Clinic
Rochester, Minnesota
EDITORIAL BOARD
Norris Allen (1983)
Vincent T. Andriole (1984)
John P. Anhalt (1984)
Bascom F. Anthony (1985)
Donald Armstrong (1983)
George R. Aronoff (1983)
Robert Austrian (1983)
Richard H. Baltz (1984)
Arthur L. Barry (1983)
John D. Bartlett (1984)
Michael Barza (1985)
John E. Bennett (1984)
Richard F. Bergstrom (1985)
Gerald P. Bodey (1983)
Lawrence E. Bryan (1985)
Ward Bullock (1984)
D. Buyske (1983)
Anthony Chow (1985)
C. Glenn Cobbs (1983)
Paul S. Cohen (1983)
William A. Craig (1984)
Nigel A. C. Curtis (1983)
Naomi Datta (1984)
Lawrence E. Day (1983)
William E. Dismukes (1984)
R. Gordon Douglas, Jr. (1983)
John C. Drach (1984)
Theodore Eickhoff (1985)
Gertrude B. Elion (1984)
Arthur English (1983)
Robert J. Fass (1985)
Stuart Feldman (1985)
Sydney Finegold (1985)
Robert J. Fitzgerald (1983)
Martin Forbes (1983)
Dale N. Gerding (1985)
David Gilbert (1984)
Anthony J. Glazko (1984)
Irving H. Goldberg (1985)
Richard H. Gustafson (1984)
Jack Gwaltney (1983)
Wendell H. Hall (1983)
Maurice W. Harmon (1984)
Joseph Hawkins, Jr. (1985)
Michael Higgins (1983)
Dah Hsi Wang Ho (1983)
Richard Hornick (1983)
Milton Huppert (1983)
George Gee Jackson (1983)
James H. Jorgensen (1984)
William J. Jusko (1983)
A. W. Karchmer (1985)
Donald Kaye (1985)
George S. Kobayashi (1985)
Donald J. Krogstad (1983)
Felix Leitner (1983)
Stephen A. Lerner (1983)
Matthew E. Levison (1984)
Stuart B. Levy (1983)
Friedrich C. Luft (1984)
Joan Lusk (1983)
R. Luthy (1983)
Francis L. Macrina (1985)
George H. McCracken (1984)
Gerald Medoff (1983)
Michael Miller (1984)
Barbara Minshew (1985)
Bernard Moss (1984)
Barbara E. Murray (1984)
John D. Nelson (1983)
Harold C. Neu (1983)
J. F. Niblack (1983)
James T. Park (1985)
T. J. Perun (1983)
Lance R. Peterson (1985)
Burton M. Pogell (1984)
Paul Quie (1983)
Michael Rein (1983)
W. H. G. Richards (1983)
Richard Roberts (1985)
Ian M. Rollo (1985)
Richard Root (1983)
John P. Rosazza (1983)
Jon E. Rosenblatt (1985)
Merle Sande (1985)
Christine C. Sanders (1984)
W. Eugene Sanders (1984)
Jerome J. Schentag (1985)
F. C. Sciavolino (1985)
Oldrich K. Sebek (1983)
William M. Shannon (1983)
Charles Shipman, Jr. (1985)
Robert W. Sidwell (1984)
Walter Siegenthaler (1983)
P. Frederick Sparling (1984)
Brian G. Spratt (1983)
Harold Standiford (1985)
R. Sutherland (1985)
Vera L. Sutter (1984)
Morton N. Swartz (1985)
Richard B. Sykes (1985)
Francis P. Tally (1984)
Alexander Tomasz (1985)
Ralph Tompsett (1985)
Michael Waring (1984)
Bernard Weisblum (1985)
Peter G. Welling (1985)
Richard Wenzel (1983)
Lowell Young (1985)
Pauline K. W. Yu (1985)
Walter G. Peter III, Director, Publications
Helen R. Whiteley, Chairman, Publications Board
Linda M. Illig, Managing Editor, Journals
Deborah J. Shuman, Production Editor
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ISSN 0066-4804), an interdisciplinary publication of the American Society for
Microbiology, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006, is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge relating to all aspects of
antimicrobial agents, anticancer agents, and chemotherapy. Instructions to authors are published in the January issue each year;
reprints are available from the editors and the Publications Office. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy is published
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Copyright C 1983, American Society for Microbiology.
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Author Index
Alexander, Donald P., 59
Aronoff, George R., 74
Jhala, H. I., 54
Jonsson, Monica, 15
Baker, W. L., 26
Banker, D. D., 54
Bansal, Madhu B., 166
Baselski, Vickie S., 161
Brier, Michael E., 74
Brodeur, James P., 108
Kawabata, Tomoji, 8
Kelley, Eileen, 113
Kitaura, Kozo, 105
Klastersky, Jean, 36
Kuroda, Kyoichi, 31
Kusajima, Hisao, 1
Chang, Daniel S., 67
Cherubin, Charles E., 42
Chippendale, Gwynn R., 188
Chopra, I., 175
Cimarusti, Christopher M., 98
Cohen, Sidney, 151
Connor, Edward, 182
Coppens, Lyne, 36
Crowley, John J., 169
Curvey, Ron, 19
Latif, Razia, 46
Lietman, Paul S., 133
Linner, E. C., 142
Lowy, Franklin D., 67
Luft, Friedrich C., 74
Dajani, Adnan S., 46
Davis, Robert E., 22
Edson, Randall S., 179
Farber, Bruce F., 138
Fasching, Claudine E., 49
Feingold, David S., 185
Fineberg, Naomi S., 74
Fohrman, Daniel E., 59
Gadebusch, Hans H., 86
Georgopapadakou, Nafsika H., 98
Gerding, Dale N., 49
Glant, Michael D., 74
Glogowski, Walter, 182
Goldstein, Ellie J. C., 42
Gootz, Thomas D., 91
Hansen, Vicky R., 161
Hanson, Bernard, 36
Hermans, Paul E., 179
Hirano, Shoji, 31
Ikeda, Akiyoshi, 31
Irikura, Tsutomu, 1
Isayama, Yasuro, 163
Jenkin, Howard M., 119
Maack, Richard W., 188
Malewicz, Barbara, 119
McDonnell, Richard W., 151
McGuffin, Robert W., 169
McKinstry, Doris N., 125
Meeker, Timothy C., 169
Minagawa, Harushige, 105
Mitani, Kenji, 163
Miyahara, Tadashi, 8
Moellering, Robert C., Jr., 138
Momsen, Maureen, 119
Motoi, Isamu, 31
Nakamizo, Nobuhiro, 105
Nakamura, Masuhisa, 8
Nakazawa, Muneo, 163
Neu, Harold C., 63
Neuhaus, Ellen G., 67
Norrby, S. Ragnar, 15
Schoenknecht, F. D., 142
Sekizaki, Tsutomu, 163
Selepak, Sally T., 172
Sherris, J. C., 142
Shimada, Jingoro, 1, 8
Shimamura, Masayoshi, 31
Shiota, Faith M., 169
Shoda, Ryochu, 31
Shulman, Michael, 42
Shungu, Daniel L., 86
Siegel, Martin S., 169
Smalley, David L., 161
Smith, Craig R., 133
Smith, M. C. M., 175
Smith, Sandra A., 98
Spector, Stephen A., 113
Steadham, Joe, 19
Steigbigel, Neal H., 67
Sud, Inder Jit, 185
Sugata, Toshiaki, 31
Sugeno, Kooichi, 8
Sugerman, A. Arthur, 125
Sugimoto, Chihiro, 163
Swabb, Edward A., 125
Sweeney, Helen M., 151
Sykes, Richard B., 98
Taylor, P. C., 142
Tenney, James H., 188
Terakado, Nobuyuki, 163
Thadepalli, Haragopal, 166
Tokunaga, Shuji, 31
Tyndall, Michael, 113
Uchida, Hiroshi, 1
Ueda, Yasushi, 1, 8
Ohkawa, Mitsuo, 31
Okasho, Akira, 31
Van Etta, Linda L., 49
Vance, Paula H., 19
Peterson, Lance R., 49
Polak, Annemarie, 79
Pottratz, Scott T., 74
Waldorf, Alayn R., 79
Walker, Naomi E., 74
Wallace, Richard J., Jr., 19
Washington, John A., II, 179
Weinberg, Ellen, 86
Whitmore, Susan C., 22
Wiss, Karen, 19
Witebsky, Frank G., 172
Rangnekar, V. M., 54
Rissler, Jane F., 22
Rothstein, Gerald, 59
Russo, Mary E., 59
Sanders, Christine C., 91
Sawaki, Masaru, 31
Scheld, W. Michael, 108
Yamaji, Takehisa, 1, 8
Yogev, Ram, 182
Yoshida, Tadashi, 8
Yu, Pauline K. W., 179
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Jan. 1983
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
script has been received by the Publications
Office. Such a request, which should be accompanied by a copy of the Acknowledgments section of the paper, will in no way affect review of
the manuscript.
HOW TO SUBMIT MANUSCRIPTS
Submit manuscripts directly to the ASM Publications Office, 1913 I St., NW, Washington,
DC 20006. Since all submissions must be processed through this office, alternate routings,
such as to a member of the Board of Editors, will
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manuscript should be accompanied by a covering letter stating the following: the journal to
which the manuscript is being submitted; the
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number all pages in sequence, including the
abstract, tables, and figure legends. The use of
paper with numbered lines is recommended.
Submit figures as glossy or mat-finish photographs (see p. iv for detailed instructions).
Authors who are unsure of proper English
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standards of style.
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Scope
AAC is an interdisciplinary journal devoted to
the dissemination of knowledge relating to all
aspects of antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and anticancer agents and chemotherapy. Within the
circumscriptions set forth below, any report
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purview of AAC.
ASM publishes a number of different journals
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antimicrobial, antiparasitic, or anticancer agents
as tools in the isolation, identification, or epidemiology of microorganisms associated with disease; (b) are concerned with quality control
i
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
procedures for diffusion, elution, or dilution
tests for determining susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents in the clinical laboratory; and (c)
deal with applications of commercially prepared
tests or kits to assays performed in the clinical
laboratory to measure the activities of established antimicrobial agents or their concentrations in body fluids will be considered appropriate for the Journal of Clinical Microbiology.
Manuscripts concerned with development or
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and Chemotherapy.
(iii) Manuscripts describing new or novel
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these are applied to the study of problems related to production or activity of antimicrobial
agents. Such manuscripts are more appropriate
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Microbiological Societies. If the main thrust of
the manuscript is not taxonomy, the manuscript
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If you have questions about these guidelines,
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journal on scientific grounds or on the basis of
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* .
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Editorial Style
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The Review Process
All manuscripts are subjected to critical review by the editors, by members of the Editorial
Board, or by qualified outside reviewers. When
a manuscript is submitted to the journal, it is
ORGANIZATION AND FORMAT
Regular Papers
Regular full-length papers should include the
elements described in this section.
. .
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
Title. Each manuscript should present the
results of anindependent, cohesive study; thus,
numbered series titles are not permitted. Exercise care in composing a title. Avoid the maintitle/subtitle arrangement. On the title page, include: title, running title (not to exceed 46 characters and spaces), full name (incuding first
name and middle initial) of each author, address(es) of the institution(s) at which the work
was performed, and each author's affiliation or a
footnote indicating the present address of any
author no longer at the institution where the
work was performed. Place an asterisk after the
name of the author to whom inquiries regarding
the paper should be directed, and give that
author's telephone number.
microbial strains. When large numbers of microbial strains or mutants are used in a study,
include strain tables identifying the sources and
properties of the strains, mutants, bacteriophages, plasmids, etc.
A method, strain, etc., used in only one of
several experiments* reported in the paper
should be described in the Results section or, if
brief enough, may be included in a table footnote
or figure legend.
Materials and Methods. The Materials and
Methods section should include sufficient technical information so that the experiments can be
repeated. For commonly used materials and
methods (e.g., commonly used media, protein
determinations), a simple reference is sufficient.
If several alternative methodologies are commonly employed, it is useful to identify the
method briefly as well as to cite the reference.
For example, it is preferable to state "cells were
broken by ultrasonic treatment as previously
described (9)" rather than "cells were broken as
previously described (9)." You should allow the
reader to assess the methodology without constant reference to previous publications. Describe new methods completely, and give
sources of unusual chemicals, equipment, or
Appendixes. Appendixes, which contain supplementary material to aid the reader, are permitted. Titles, authors, and Literature Cited
sections that are distinct from those of the
primary article are not allowed. If it is not
feasible to list the author(s) of the appendix in
the by-line or the Acknowledgment section of
the primary article, rewrite the appendix so that
it can be considered for publication as an independent article, either full length or Note style.
Results. In the Results section, include the
rationale or design of the experiments as well as
the results; reserve extensive interpretation of
the results for the Discussion section. Present
the results as concisely as possible in one of the
following: text, table(s), or figure(s). However,
Diclaimers. If a statement disclaiming gov- avoid extensive use of graphs to present data
ernmental or any other type of endorsement or that might be more concisely or more quantitaapproval is included, it will be deleted by the tively presented in the text or tables. Limit
photographs (particularly photomicrographs and
Publications Office.
electron micrographs) to those that are absoluteAbstract. Limit the abstract to 250 words or ly necessary to demonstrate the experimental
fewer, and concisely summarize the basic con- findings. Number figures and tables in the order
tent of the paper without presenting extensive in which they are cited in the text, and be sure
experimental details. Do not include abbrevia- that all figures and tables are cited.
tions or diagrams. When it is essential to include
Dscussion. The Discussion should provide an
a reference, use the full literature citation but
omit the article title. Because the abstract will be interpretation of the results in relation to previpublished separately by abstracting services, it ously published work and to the experimental
must be complete and understandable without system at hand and should not contain extensive
repetition of the Results section or reiteration of
reference to the text.
the introduction. In short papers, the Results
Introduction. The introduction should supply and Discussion sections may be combined.
sufficient background information to allow the
Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments for fireader to understand and evaluate the results of
the present study without referring to previous nancial assistance and for personal assistance
publications on the topic. The introduction are given in two separate paragraphs. The usual
should also provide the rationale for the study. format for acknowledgment of grant support is
References should be chosen carefully to pro- as follows: "This work was supported in part by
vide the most salient background rather than an Public Health Service grant CA-01234 from the
National Cancer Institute."
exhaustive review of the topic.
Literature Cited. Arrange the Literature Cited
section in alphabetical order, by first author, and
number consecutively. (Abbreviate journal
names according to the Bibliographic Guide for
Editors & Authors, American Chemical Society,
1974, or Serial Sources for the BIOSIS Data
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
Base, BioSciences Information Service, 1981.)
Cite each listed reference by number in the text.
The following types of references are not valid
for listing: unpublished data, personal communications, manuscripts in preparation, manuscripts submitted, "in press" references,
pamphlets, abstracts, patents, theses, dissertations, and material that has not been subjected
to peer review. References to such sources
should be made parenthetically in the text. An
"in press" reference to an ASM publication
should state the control number (e.g., AAC 576)
or the name of the publication, if it is a book.
Follow the styles shown in the examples below.
1. Andrews, F. A., W. H. Beggs, and G. A. Sarosi.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1977. Influence of antioxidants on the bioactivity of
amphotericin B. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
11:615-619.
Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, and
R. E. Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirements for
enzyme inhibition by endotoxin in mice, p. 321325. In D. Schlessinger (ed.), Microbiology-1977.
American Society for Microbiology, Washington,
D.C.
Finegold, S. M., W. E. Shepherd, and E. H.
Spaulding. 1977. Cumitech 5, Practical anaerobic
bacteriology. Coordinating ed., W. E. Shepherd.
American Society for Microbiology, Washington,
D.C.
Gill, T. J., m. 1976. Principles of radioimmunoassay, p. 169-171. In N. R. Rose and H. Friedman
(ed.), Manual of clinical immunology. American
Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagales
nomen novum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E.
Gibbons (ed.), Bergey's manual of determinative
bacteriology, 8th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co.,
Baltimore.
Sacks, L. E. 1972. Influence of intra- and extracellular cations on the germination of bacterial spores,
p. 437-442. In H. 0. Halvorson, R. Hanson, and
L. L. Campbell (ed.), Spores V. American Society
for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
Winshell, E. B., C. Cherubin, J. Winter, and H. C.
Neu. 1970. Antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in
the eastern United States, p. 86-89. Antimicrob.
Agents Chemother. 1969.
Parenthetical references in the text should be
cited as follows:
... and protects the organisms against oxygen
toxicity (H. P. Misra and I. Fridovich, Fed.
Proc. 35:1686, 1976).
... system was used (W. E. Scowcroft, A. H.
Gibson, and J. D. Pagan, Biochem. Biophys.
Res. Commun., in press).
... linkage group XIV (R. D. Smyth, Ph.D.
thesis, University of California, Los Angeles,
1972).
... in poly mitochondria (S. E. Mainzer and
C. W. Slayman, Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc.
Microbiol. 1976, K15, p. 139).
IV
Notes
Submit Notes in the same way as full-length
papers. They receive the same review, and they
are neither published more rapidly than fulllength papers nor considered preliminary communications. The Note format is intended for
the presentation of brief observations that do not
warrant full-length papers.
Each Note must have an abstract of no more
than 50 words. Do not use section headings in
the body of the Note; report methods, results,
and discussion in a single section. The text is not
to exceed 1,000 words, and the number of figures and tables should be kept to a minimum.
Present acknowledgments as in full-length papers, but do not use a heading. The Literature
Cited section is identical to that of full-length
papers.
ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES
Photographs
When submitting electron micrographs, photographs of polyacrylamide gels, etc., keep in
mind the journal page size: 6.5 cm for a single
column and 14 cm for a double column (maximum). Include only the significant portion of the
illustration. Each must be of sufficient contrast
to withstand the inevitable loss of contrast and
detail inherent in the printing process. Electron
and light micrographs must be first-generation
copies of the original negatives. Indicate the
magnification of each photomicrograph with a
scale marker on the micrograph. Do not mount
photographs on heavy cardboard. Composite figures may be mounted on bond paper or on
lightweight, flexible cardboard. A complete set
of photographs, not photocopies, must accompany each copy of the manuscript.
Drawings
Submit graphs, charts, diagrams, and other
drawings as photographs made from finished
drawings not requiring additional artwork or
typesetting. No part of the graph or drawings
should be typewritten. Use a lettering set or
other professional-quality device for all labeling.
Most graphs will be reduced to one-column
width (6.5 cm), and all elements in the drawing
should be prepared to withstand this reduction.
Avoid very heavy letters, which tend to close up
when reduced, and avoid unusual symbols
which the printer may not be able to reproduce
in the legend. Symbols and lettering should be of
appropriate size; do not use large letters and
small symbols or vice versa. Direct readouts
from computers, recorders, etc., are not usually
acceptable; such materials should be redrawn.
In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (as well
as table column headings), avoid ambiguous use
v
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
of numbers with exponents. Usually, it is preferable to use the International System of Units (ii
for 10-6, m for 1i-0, k for 103, M for 106, etc.). A
complete listing of SI symbols can be found in
the International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC) "Manual of Symbols and
Terminology for Physicochemical Quantities
and Units" (Pure Appl. Chem. 21:3-44, 1970).
Thus, a representation of 20,000 cpm on a figure
ordinate should be tnade by the number 20,
accompanied by the label kcpm.
When powers of 10 must be employed, the
editorial style of the journal follows the CBE
Style Manual recommendation, which differs
from the conventions used by several other
journals. The CBE Style Manual suggests that
the exponent power be associated with the number shown. In representing 2 x 107 cells per ml,
the correct designation would be 2, labeled as
"107 cells per ml." Likewise, an enzyme activity of 0.06 U/ml would be shown as 6, accompanied by the label "10-2 U/ml." The preferred
designation would be "60 mU/ml" (milliunits
per ml).
Figure Legends
Figure legends may be placed beneath the
photocopy of a drawing for the convenience of
reviewers. (In addition, however, a complete set
of photographs or drawings, with legends on
separate pages, must accompany each copy of
the manuscript.) Legends should provide
enough information so that the figure is understandable without frequent reference to the text.
However, do not repeat experimental methods
in the legend. Define all symbols and abbreviations used in the figure. Common abbreviations
and others used frequently in preceding text
need not be redefined in the legend.
Tables
Type each table on a separate page. Arrange
the data so that columns of like material read
down, not across. The headings should be sufficiently clear so that the meaning of the data will
be understandable without reference to the text.
See the Abbreviations section of these instructions for those that may be used in tables.
Explanatory footnotes are acceptable, but more
extensive table "legends" are not. Footnotes
should not include detailed descriptions of the
experiment. Table 1 is an example of a wellconstructed table.
Tables (or graphs) presenting "raw" drug
susceptibility data should be avoided. To
achieve clarity of exposition and conserve
space, such data should be analyzed by the
author and presented preferably in tabular form.
TABLE 1. Distribution of protein and ATPase in
fractions of dialyzed membranesa
ATPase
Membranes
from:
Control
El treated
Frction
/go
ToaU
protein
Total U
Depleted
0.036
2.3
membrane
Concentrated
supernatant
0.134
4.82
Depleted
membrane
0.034
1.98
Concentrated
supernatant
0.11
4.6
a Specific activities of ATPase of nondepleted membranes from control and treated bacteria were 0.21 and
0.20, respectively.
Camera-Ready Copy
Drawings, tables, chemical formulas, etc.,
that can be photographically reproduced for
publication without further typesetting or
artwork are referred to as "camera ready."
Camera-ready copy must be carefufly prepared to
conform with the style of AAC. It should not be
hand lettered. The advantages of submitting
camera copy are that no second proofreading is
necessary and the material will appear exactly as
envisioned by the author. This is particularly
advantageous when there are long, complicated
tables and when the spacing and division of
material are important.
NOMENCLATURE
Chemical and Biochemical Nomenclature
The recognized authority for the names of
chemical compounds is Chemical Abstracts
(Chemical Abstracts Service, Ohio State University, Columbus) and its indexes. For guidelines to the use of biochemical terminology,
consult the following: International Union of
Biochemistry Biochemical Nomenclature and
Related Documents, 1978, reprinted for The
Biochemical Society, London, England; the instructions to authors of the Journal ofBiological
Chemistry and Archives of Biochemistry and
Biophysics (first issues of each year); and the
Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (G. D. Fasman, ed., 3rd ed., 1976, CRC
Press, Inc.).
Molecular weights should not be expresssed
in daltons; molecular weight is a unitless ratio.
Molecular mass is expressed in daltons.
For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial)
name as assigned by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
as described in Enzyme Nomenclature 1978 (Academic Press, Inc., 1979). If a nonrecommended
name is used, place the proper (trivial) name in
parentheses at first use in the abstract and text.
Use the EC number when it has been assigned,
and express enzyme activity either in katals
(preferred) or in the older system of "pLmol
min."
Nomenclature of Microorganisms
In general, the nomenclature of bacteria
should follow that presented in Bergey's Manual
of Determinative Bacteriology (8th ed., The
Williams & Wilkins Co., 1974). Only those
names which were included in the "Approved
Lists of Bacterial Names" (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:225-420, 1980) and those which have been
validly published in the International Journal of
Systematic Bacteriology since 1 January 1980
have standing in nomenclature. If there is reason
to use a name that does not have standing in
nomenclature, the name should be enclosed in
quotation marks, and an appropriate statement
concerning the nomenclatural status of the name
should be made in the text (for an example, see
Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:547-556, 1980).
Binary names consisting of a generic name
and a specific epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli)
must be used for all microorganisms. Names of
higher categories may be used alone, but a
specific epithet must be preceded by a generic
name the first time it is used in a paper. Thereafter, the generic name should be abbreviated to
the initial capital letter (e.g., E. coli), provided
there can be no confusion with other genera
used in the paper. Names of all taxa (phyla [for
fungi, divisions], classes, orders, families, genera, species, subspecies) are printed in italics;
strain designations and numbers are not.
Since the classification of fungi is far from
complete, it is the responsibility of the author to
determine the currently accepted binomial for a
given yeast or mold. Some sources for the
spelling of these names include The Yeasts (J.
Lodder, ed., North-Holland Publishing Co.,
1970) and Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of
the Fungi, Including the Lichens, 6th ed. (Com-
monwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey,
England, 1971).
Names used for viruses should be those approved by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) and published in the
3rd Report of the ICTV Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses, Intervirology, vol. 12,
no. 3-5, 1979. If desired, synonyms may be
added parenthetically when the name is first
mentioned. Approved generic (or group) and
family names may also be used.
Microorganisms, viruses, and plasmids should
be given designations consisting of letters and
Vi
serial numbers. It is generally advisable to include a worker's initials or a descriptive symbol
of locale, laboratory, etc., in the designation.
Each new strain, mutant, isolate, or derivative
should be given a new (serial) designation. Such
a designation should be distinct from those of
the genotype and phenotype, and genotypic and
phenotypic symbols should not be included.
A registry of plasmid designations is maintained by the Plasmid Reference Center, Department of Medical Microbiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
Genetic Nomenclature
Bacteria. The genetic properties of bacteria
are described in terms of phenotypes and genotypes. The phenotype designation describes the
observable properties of an organism. The genotype refers to the genetic constitution of an
organism, usually in reference to some standard
wild type. Use the recommendations of Demerec et al. (Genetics 54:61-74, 1966) as a guide
in employing these terms.
(i) Phenotype designations must be employed
when mutant loci have not been identified or
mapped. Phenotype designations generally consist of three-letter symbols; these are not italicized and the first letter of the symbol is capitalized. It is preferable to use roman or arabic
numerals (instead of letters) to identify a series
of related phenotypes. Thus, a series of bacteriocin-tolerant mutants might be designated
Toll, TolIl, Tollll, etc., or a series of nucleic
acid polymerase mutants might be designated
Poll, Pol2, Pol3, etc. Wild-type characteristics
can be designated as Tol+ or Pol+ and, when
necessary for clarity, negative superscripts
(Tol- Pol-) can be used to designate mutant
characteristics. Superscript letters may be used
to further delineate phenotypes (e.g., Strr for
streptomycin susceptibility). Phenotype designations should be defined.
(ii) Genotype designations are similarly indicated by three-letter locus symbols. In contrast
to phenotype designations, these are lowercase
italic (e.g., ara his rps). If several loci govern
related functions, these are distinguished by
italicized capital letters following the locus symbol (e.g., araA araB araC). Promoter, terminator, and operator sites should be indicated as
described by Bachmann and Low (Microbiol.
Rev. 44:1-56, 1980): e.g., lac2p, lacAt, and
lac2o.
(iii) Wild-type alleles are indicated with a
superscript plus (ara+ his'). Where the genotype of an organism is being specified (e.g., in a
strain table), a superscript minus is not used to
indicate a mutant locus. Elsewhere, a superscript minus may be used to distinguish between
the symbol of a mutant allele and that of a
vui
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
genetic locus. However, this distinction is best
made in the context, and thus one refers to an
ara mutant rather than an ara- strain.
(iv) Mutation sites are designated by placing
serial isolation numbers (allele numbers) after
the locus symbol (e.g., araAl araA2). If only a
single such locus exists or if it is not known in
which of several related loci the mutation has
occurred, a hyphen is used instead of the capital
letter (e.g., ara-23). It is essential in papers
reporting the isolation of new mutants that allele
numbers be given to the mutations. For Escherichia coli, there is a registry of such numbers:
E. coli Genetic Stock Center, Department of
Human Genetics, Yale University School of
Medicine, P.O. Box 3333, New Haven, CT
06510. For Salmonella, the registry is: Salmonella Genetic Stock Center, Department of Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta,
Canada T2N 1N4.
(v) The use of superscripts with genotypes
(other than + to indicate wild-type alleles)
should be avoided. Designations indicating amber mutations, temperature-sensitive mutations,
and indications of phenotype should follow the
allele number [e.g., araA230(Am) hisD21(Ts)].
(vi) Deletions are indicated by the symbol A
placed before the deleted gene or region, e.g.,
AtrpA432, A(aroP-aceE)419, or Ahis(dhuA hisJ
hisQ)1256. Similarly, other symbols can be used
(with appropriate definition). Thus, a fusion of
the ara and lac operons can be shown as 4(aralac)95. Similarly, 4'(araB'-lacZ+)96 indicates
that the fusion results in a truncated araB
gene fused to an intact lacZ, and 4'(malElacZ)97(Hyb) shows that a hybrid protein is
synthesized. An inversion is shown as IN(rrnDrrnE)1. An insertion of an E. coli his gene into
plasmid pSC101 at zero kilobases (0 kb) is
shown as pSC101 Ql(Okb::K-12hisB)4. An alternative designation of an insertion can be used in
simple cases, e.g., galT236::TnS. The number
236 refers to the locus of the insertion and, if the
strain carries an additional gal mutation, it is
listed separately. Additional examples, which
utilize a slightly different format, are to be found
in the papers by Campbell et al. and Novick et
al., cited below. It is important in reporting
construction of strains in which a mobile element was inserted and subsequently deleted that
this last fact be noted in the strain table. This can
be done by listing the genotype of the strain used
as an intermediate, in a table footnote, or by a
direct or parenthetical remark in the genotype,
e.g., (F-), AMu cts, mal::AMu cts::lac. In setting of parenthetical remarks within the genotype or dividing the genotype into constituent
elements, parentheses and square brackets are
used without special meaning; square brackets
are used outside parentheses. To indicate the
presence of an episome, parentheses (or brackets) are used (X, F+). Reference to an integrated
episome is indicated as described above for
inserted elements, and an exogenote is shown
as, for example, W3110/F'8(gal').
Any deviations from standard genetic nomenclature should be defined in Materials and Methods or in a table of strains. For more detailed
information about genetic maps of locus symbols in current use, consult reviews by Bachmann and Low (Microbiol. Rev. 44:1-56, 1980)
for E. coli K-12, Sanderson and Hartmn (Microbiol. Rev. 42:471-519, 1978) for Salmonella
typhimurium, Holloway et al. (Microbiol. Rev.
43:73-102, 1979) for Pseudomonas, and Henner
and Hoch (Microbiol. Rev. 44:57-82, 1980) for
Bacillus subtilis. For yeasts, Chlamydomonas,
and several fungal species, symbols such as
those given in the Handbook of Microbiology
(A. I. Laskin and H. A. Lechevalier, ed., CRC
Press, Inc., 1974) should be employed.
"Mutant" vs. "mutation." Keep in mind the
distinction between a mutation (an alteration of
the primary sequence of the genetic material)
and a mutant (a strain carrying one or more
mutations). One may speak about the mapping
of a mutation, but one cannot map a mutant.
Likewise, a mutant has no genetic locus-only a
phenotype.
Strain desi os. Avoid the use of a genotype as a name (e.g., ". . . subsequent use of
leuC6 for transduction . . ."). If a strain designation has not been chosen, select an appropriate word combination (e.g., ". . . either strain
PA3092 or another strain containing the leuC6
mutation . . .").
Viruses. The rules for genetic nomenclature of
viruses (bacteriophages) differ from those for
bacteria. In most instances, viruses have no
phenotype, since they have no metabolism outside host cells. Therefore, distinctions between
phenotype and genotype cannot be made. Superscripts are employed to indicate hybrid genomes. Genetic symbols may be one, two, or
three letters. For example, a mutant strain of A
might be designated as A Aamll int2 redll4
c1857; this strain carries mutations in genes cI,
int, and red and an amber-suppressible (am)
mutation in gene A. A strain designated X att434
imm21 would represent a hybrid of phage A
which carries the immunity region (imm) of
phage 21 and the attachment (att) region of
phage 434. Host DNA insertions into viruses
should be delineated by square brackets, and the
genetic symbols and designations for such inserted DNA should conform to those employed
for the host genome. Genetic symbols for phage
can be found in Szybalski and Szybalski (Gene
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
7:217-270, 1979) and in Echols and Murialdo
(Microbiol. Rev. 42:577-591, 1978).
Transposable elements, plasmids, and restriction enzymes. Nomenclature of transposable elements (insertion sequences, transposons, phage
Mu, etc.) should follow the recommendations of
Campbell et al. (Gene 5:197-206, 1979), with the
modifications given in section vi. The system of
designating transposon insertions at sites where
there are no known loci, e.g., zef-123::TnS, has
been described by Chumley et al. (Genetics
91:639-655, 1979). The nomenclature recommendations of Novick et al. (Bacteriol. Rev.
40:168-189, 1976) for plasmids and plasmidspecified activities, of Low (Bacteriol. Rev.,
36:587-607, 1972) for F-prime factors, and of
Roberts (Nucleic Acids Res. 9:r75-r96, 1981) for
restriction enzymes and DNA fragments derived
from treatment with these enzymes should be
used whenever possible. Recombinant DNA
molecules, constructed in vitro, follow the nomenclature for insertions in general. DNA inserted into recombinant DNA molecules should
be described by using the gene symbols and
conventions for the organism from which the
DNA was obtained.
Abbreviations
It is strongly recommended that all abbreviations except those listed below be introduced in
the first paragraph in Materials and Methods.
Alternatively, define each abbreviation and introduce it in parentheses the first time it is used;
e.g., "cultures were grown in Eagle minimal
essential medium (MEM)." Generally, eliminate
abbreviations that are not used at least five times
in the text (including tables and figure legends).
Abbreviations should be used primarily as an aid
to the reader, rather than as a convenience to the
author, and therefore their use should be limited. Abbreviations other than those recommended by the IUPAC-IUB (Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 1978) should be
used only when a case can be made for necessity, such as in tables and figures.
It is often possible to use pronouns or to
paraphrase a long word after its first use (e.g.,
"the drug," "the substrate"). Standard chemical symbols, numerical multiples (e.g., Me2SO
for dimethyl sulfoxide), and trivial names or
their symbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may be
used for terms that appear in full in the neighboring text.
In addition to abbreviations for standard units
of measurement and chemical symbols of the
elements, the following should be used without
definition in the title, abstract, text, figure legends, and tables: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid);
cDNA (complementary DNA); RNA (ribonucle-
.
.i.
ic acid); RNase (ribonuclease); DNase (deoxyribonuclease); rRNA (ribosomal RNA); mRNA
(messenger RNA); tRNA (transfer RNA); AMP,
ADP, ATP, dAMP, GTP, etc. (for the respective
5' phosphates of adenosine or other nucleosides); 2'-AMP, 3'-AMP, and 5'-AMP (the 2'-,
3'-, and 5'-, when needed for contrast, phosphates of the nucleosides); NAD+ (nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide, oxidized); NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced); NADP
(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate);
NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
phosphate, reduced); Pi (orthophosphate); PP,
(pyrophosphate); UV (ultraviolet); PFU
(plaque-forming units); CFU (colony-forming
units); Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane]; DEAE (diethylaminoethyl); and EDTA
(ethylenediaminetetraacetate). Abbreviations
for cell lines (e.g., HeLa cells) also need not be
defined.
The following abbreviations should be used
without definition in tables:
amt (amount)
approx (approximately)
avg (average)
concn (concentration)
diam (diameter)
expt (experiment)
ht (height)
mo (month)
mol wt (molecular weight)
no. (number)
prepn (preparation)
SD (standard deviation)
SE (standard error)
SEM (standard error of the
mean)
sp act (specific activity)
sp gr (specific gravity)
temp (temperature)
tr (trace)
vol (volume)
vs (versus)
wk (week)
wt (weight)
yr (year)
Drugs and Pharmaceutical Agents
The use of "nonstandard" abbreviations to
designate names of antibiotics and other pharmaceutical agents generally will not be accepted, because the use of different abbreviations for
a single agent has often caused confusion. If, on
occasion, a nonstandardized abbreviation for a
drug or pharmaceutical substance is used, it will
be accepted under the following conditions: (i) it
must be defined in the abbreviation paragraph in
Materials and Methods or at the first use in the
text; (ii) it must be clear and unambiguous in
meaning; and (iii) it must contribute to ease of
assimilation by readers.
Whenever possible, use generic names of
drugs; the use of trade names is not permitted.
Sensitivity and Susceptibility to Drugs
Keep in mind the distinction between sensitivity and susceptibility. Sensitivity is the result of
an enzymatic reaction within the cell that makes
the organism susceptible to a drug. Thus, sensitivity refers to the effects of drugs on enzymes,
whereas susceptibility refers to the reaction of
an organism to a drug.
LS
INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS
Verb Tense
Use the past tense in referring to results
recorded in the present paper. Use the present
tense in discussing previously established findings and generally accepted phenomena.
Reptng Numerical Data
Standard metric units are used for reporting
length, weight, and volume. For these units and
for molarity, use the prefixes m, >, n, and p
(10-3, 10-6, 10-9, and 10-12, respectively).
Likewise, use the prefix k (for 103). Avoid
compound prefixes such as m, or ptx. Use ,g/
ml or pg/g in place of the ambiguous ppm. Units
of temperature are presented as follows: 37°C or
324 K.
When fractions are used to express units such
as enzymatic activities, it is preferable to use
whole units, such as g or min, in the denominator instead of fractional or multiple units such as
,g or 10 min. For example, "pmol/min" would
be preferable to "pmolV10 min," and "p,mol/g"
would be preferable to "nmoll,ug."
It is also preferable that an unambiguous form
such as the exponential notation be used in place
of multiple slashes; for example, ">mol g-1
min-" is preferable to ",mol/g per min."
See the CBE Style Manual, 4th edition, for
more detailed information regarding the report-
ing of numbers. Also contained in this source is
information on the appropriate SI units to be
used for the reporting of illumination, energy,
frequency, pressure, and other physical terms.
Isotopically Labeled Compounds
For simple molecules, the labelin is indicated
in the chemical formula (e.g., C02, 'H20,
H235S04). Brackets are not employed when the
isotopic symbol is attached to a word that is not
a specific chemical name (e.g., 1311-labeled protein, 14C-amino acids, 3H-ligands, etc.).
For specific chemicals, the symbol for the
isotope introduced is placed in square brackets
directly preceding the part of the name that
describes the labeled entity. Note that configuration symbols and modifiers precede the isotopic symbol. The following examples illustrate
correct usage:
[14C]urea
UDP-[U-14CJglucose
L-[methyl-'4C]methionine
[2,3-3Hlserine
[a-'4C]Iysine
[y-_32PJATP
E. coli [32PJDNA
fructose 1,6-f1-32P]diphosphate
This journal follows the same conventions for
isotopic labeling as the Journal of Biological
Chemistry, and more detailed information can
be found in the instructions to authors of that
journal (first issue of each year).
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