Finnish
climate policy
– towards a low-carbon
and energy-efficient future
Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and
Ministry of Employment and the Economy 2015
1
PART I
Principles of climate policy
PART II
Sector-specific mitigation
of climate change
PART III
Impacts of climate change
and adaptation to them
2
PART I
Principles of climate policy
3
Why do we need climate policy?
The target is to keep the earth’s average
temperature from rising more than
2°C
YK:n ilmastosopimus
Climate change is a global problem, and active, shared measures should be
Kioton pöytäkirja
taken to mitigate it.
Sitoutuneiden
maiden päästöt
alle by 43% since
The carbon dioxide content
of the atmosphere
haskattavat
increased
15 the
% maailman
kasvihuonekaasupäästöistä
1750. The reason for this is
use of fossil
fuels and deforestation.
As a consequence of the rise in carbon dioxide content, the atmosphere
1. velvoitekausi
2. velvoitekausi
has already grown warmer by 0.85 degrees compared
to the preindustrial era.
The oceans have become warmer, snow and ice cover have decreased, and sea
1992
1997
2005
2008
2012
levels have risen.The effects are already seen on all the continents.
Climate policy helps in mitigating global warming and adapting to the
effects of climate change. Finland’s national climate policy is closely linked to
kansainvälinen
2020
the international agreements on climateUusi
change
and the shared sopimus
climate policy
2015
of the EU.
Part I: Principles of climate policy
2020
2020
4
Finland’s goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 80–95%
compared to 1990 levels by 2050
To achieve this goal, significant and comprehensive societal measures are required, especially concerning energy
production and consumption.
Source-specific greenhouse gas emissions in Finland between 1990 and 2012
million tonnes CO2e.*
80
1990 emission level 71.6 Mt CO2e
-80–95%
Million tonnes CO2e
60
40
20
0
20
50
40
20
30
20
20
20
12
20
10
Part I: Principles of climate policy
20
00
20
90
19
Waste management
Agriculture
Industrial processes
Energy production and consumption
*Carbon dioxide equivalent is a quantity used in climate science describing the amount of any
greenhouse gas emissions in CO2 units.
Source: Statistics Finland and MEE/ Energy and Climate Roadmap 2050
5
Finland has an active role in climate policy
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
United Nations’ Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992
Kyoto Protocol, 1997
Objective: United Nations new climate change agreement 2015
EU L
EVEL
LL
EV
EL
Part I: Principles of climate policy
ERNATIONA
TION
NA
A
EVEL
NATIONAL LEVEL
National climate and energy strategies (2001, 2005, 2008, 2013)
Government Foresight Report on Long-term Climate and
Energy Policy (2009)
Energy and Climate Roadmap 2050 (2014)
Climate Change Adaptation Plan 2022 (2014)
Climate Change Act (2015)
National legislation and other policy instruments, programmes
INT
LL
EU LEVEL
Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol and the EU’s internal
distribution of responsibility (effort sharing)
The EU’s shared and coordinated policies
Monitoring system for greenhouse gas emissions
EU climate and energy package until 2020
EU climate and energy targets until 2030
Energy roadmap 2050
LOCAL LEVEL
municipalities
civil society
6
All countries to be included in the new climate change agreement
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Kyoto Protocol
1992
1st commitment
period of Kyoto
2008
1997
2nd commitment
period of Kyoto
2020
2012
New international agreement
2020
2015
The United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
tonnes CO2e/ capita
million tonnes CO2e
Total emissions of countries in 2011 (incl. land use sector) Greenhouse gas emissions of countries per capita in 2011
China
USA
EU28
India
Russia
20
15
10
5
0
China
USA
EU28
India
Russia
*Carbon dioxide equivalent is a quantity used in climate science describing the amount of any greenhouse gas emissions in CO2 units.
PART I: Principles of climate policy Source: World Resources Institute
7
Finland supports the climate measures of developing countries
Climate finance is a key question in international climate change negotiations. The purpose is to share the expenses
caused by climate change. This also generates innovations and business.
Finnish climate finance 2013
57%
GATION
MITI
gy
olo
Wa
ter
meth
o
ds
Renewable energy
ffi
rce e
u
o
s
Re
cien
spo
n
a
r
dt
rt
an
on
i
t
c
tru
ergy
s
n
e en
l
o
b
a
C
w
Rene
s
ion
ation
tat
Cult
iv
rs
th e
Fo
res
tat
ion
te c
hn
ea
W
AD
AP
TA
TIO
N
43
%
Weather stations
cy
Reso
u
PUBLIC FINANCE
€92 million
rce e
ffi
cienc
y
PRIVATE FINANCE*
Estimated €400 million – €1.5 billion
*Private climate finance includes those direct investments by Finnish companies, such as renewable energy projects in developing countries, which the state
has intitiated with support from Finnfund, for instance.
PART I: Principles of climate policy Source: Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Employment and the Economy, the Ministry of the Environment
8
Path to the Paris Climate Change Conference in 2015
6.3.
31.3.
Large economies are requested to report those climate measures
to which they will commit in Paris
1.–11.6
Climate change negotiations in Bonn
31.8.–4.9.
Climate change negotiations in Bonn
1.10.
19.–23.10.
1.11.
30.11.–11.12.
PART I: Principles of climate policy The EU reports the emission reduction commitments to which it will commit in
Paris (Finland included in the EU commitment)
Deadline for reporting the national climate measures
Climate change negotiations in Bonn
UN synthesis report on the sufficiency of emission reduction commitments for
keeping to the target of 2 °C (commitments sent by 1 October)
The United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris, where the new
agreement will be signed
9
The EU has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions
at l e a s t
-20% -40% -80–95%
by 2020
PART I: Principles of climate policy by 2030 by 2050
10
EU’s climate and energy targets for 2020 and 2030
2020
Reducing greenhouse
gas emissions
-20%
compared to 1990 levels
20 %
The share of renewable energy
to
Improving energy efficiency
20%
of final energy consumption
compared to the estimated
development in 2007
2030
at l e a s t
-40%
compared to 1990 levels
to
27 %
of final energy consumption
27%
compared to the estimated
development in 2007*
*Indicative target
PART I: Principles of climate policy 11
What is included in the EU’s emissions trading system?
Emissions reduction targets for sectors covered by the emissions trading system and sectors not covered.
Emissions trading
-21%
production of electricity and
district heating,
metal processing industry,
pulp and paper industry,
chemical industry, air traffic
and construction industry
by 2020
The emissions reduction target of the EU’s emissions
trading system compared to 2005 levels
Approximately half of Finland’s emissions were
covered by the emissions trading system in 2013.
PART I: Principles of climate policy Not included in emissions trading
transportation,
some agricultural emissions,
use of fuels for the heating of
buildings and for transportation,
agriculture, and waste management
-16%
by 2020
The emissions reduction target for Finland’s
emissions from sectors not covered by the emissions
trading system, compared to 2020 levels.
Source: Statistics Finland
12
Million emission units* MtCO2
The number of emission allowances decreases annually in the
EU’s emissions trading system
Emission level 2005
2 500
-43%
2 000
1 500
1 000
500
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
2035
2040
2045
2050
Current emission ceiling
The new emission ceiling agreed in the EU’s 2030 package
*1 emission unit = 1 tonne of carbon dioxide
PART I: Principles of climate policy Source: EEA 2014
13
Emissions reduction targets and measures are integrated with
several other policy targets
Security of
energy supply
Competitiveness
Reduci
n
g green
Securing food
production
PART I: Principles of climate policy Affordable
housing
Developing
new business
opportunities
house g
Improving
air quality
as emis
Efficiency of
transport
sions
Securing
ecosystem
services
14
Finland has decoupled greenhouse gas emissions from economic growth
Greenhouse gas emissions have decreased in Finland while the gross national product has increased. Some of the
production causing greenhouse gas emissions now takes place abroad, however, and imports have grown. On the other
hand, some of Finland’s emissions are generated in the manufacturing of products for export abroad. For example, our
paper industry produces paper for 100 million people.
200%
Gross domestic product
(comparison reference 2010 prices),
year 1990 = 100
150%
1990 level
100%
Greenhouse gas emissions of production
50%
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
PART I: Principles of climate policy Source: Statistics Finland
15
PART II
Sector-specific mitigation of climate change
16
Most of Finland’s greenhouse gas emissions are generated by energy
production and consumption
Emissions can be reduced in all sectors by switching from fossil fuels to emission-free energy sources, by improving
energy efficiency and by carbon sequestration.
Energy production 35%
Total emissions in 2013:
63.2 million t of CO2e
Domestic transportation 19%
Industrial production and construction 14%
77% Energy production and consumption
includes electricity and heat production utilised by industry
Other energy* 9%
Waste management 4%
9% Industrial processes
10% Agriculture
*For example, heating of buildings, agriculture, forestry and fishing industries and associated machinery used in the sectors, other uses of fuel and fugitive emissions
of fuels, for example. Carbon dioxide equivalent is a quantity used in climate science describing the amount of any greenhouse gas emissions in CO2 units.
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change
Source: Statistics Finland
17
Energy production
and consumption
In order to achieve the emissions reduction targets, a transition to a
zero-emission energy system by 2050 is needed. Energy must also
be used more efficiently.
18
Finland has a diverse energy system
The diversity of energy sources improves the security of supply and enhances the opportunitites to work effectively
in changing conditions. The share of renewables and other zero-emission forms of energy is high in Finland in
international comparisons.
Oil 23.1%
Natural gas 7.8%
Net imports of electricity 4.1%
Peat 4.1%
Hydro and wind power 3.5%
Coal 11.0%
Wood fuels, in total 24.7%
Nuclear energy 18.0%
Others 3.7%
Total consumption* of energy in Finland in 2013
In total 381 terawatthours (TWh)
*Total consumption includes the fuels utilised in energy production and processing as well as energy used directly in the final consumption,
including transportation fuel and fuels utilised for heating buildings.
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change Source: Statistics Finland
19
Most of the energy in Finland is used in industry and for heating buildings
Use of energy can be made more efficient in all sectors, especially in construction, housing and transportation.
In Finland, the industrial sector is already quite energy efficient in its operations, and through this strong energy
efficiency competence it is possible to develop and commercialise cleantech solutions.
Others
Heating of buildings
12%
46%
25%
16%
Industry
Transportation
Sector-specific final consumption of energy in Finland in 2013
In total 308 terawatthours (TWh)
The Others sector includes the use of electricity and fuel by households, the public and private service sector, agriculture and forestry, and in construction
operations.
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change
Source: Statistics Finland
20
Bioenergy accounts for 80% of Finland’s renewable forms of energy
Finland is boosting its share of renewable energy by using more wood fuels, in particular. The goal is also to
sharply increase the amount of electricity produced through wind power.
Uusiutuvan
energian
Sources of renewable
forms of
energylähteet
in 20132013
14%
Small-scale use of wood
32%
Wood fuels from
industrial and energy
production
11%
Hydropower
33%
Waste sludge from the
wood processing industry
The share of renewable energy in
the final consumption of energy
Share 2013 36.8% Other bioenergy (e.g. transport biofuels) 4%
Recycled fuel (bio) 2%
Biogas 0.6%
Heat pumps 4%
Wind power 0.4%
The EU’s objective for Finland 2020
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change 11%
Others
38%
Source: Statistics Finland, Eurostat
21
Bionenergy sources in Finland
Forest residue
Side streams and
waste sludge from forestry
Saw dust and bark from sawmills
Electricity
Heat
Biofuels for
transport and
machinery
Firewood
Side streams from
the food industry
Biowaste
Manure
Energy plants and
other vegetation biomass
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change 22
The share of renewable forms of energy in Finland is one of the
highest in the EU countries
Share of renewable forms of energy in total energy consumption in 2013
34.8%
Sweden
Austria
29.6%
Finland
29.2%
24.2%
Denmark
14.6%
Spain
EU28
11.8%
Germany
10.3%
9%
France
Great Britain
5%
0
20
hydropower
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change
40
wind power
60
solar energy
80
bioenergy
100
others
Source: Eurostat
23
Electricity produced in Finland has low emissions
Greenhouse gas emissions in electricity production are caused by the use of fossil fuels and peat. The proportion of
these in electricity production is globally around 68%, in the EU 49% and in Finland 33%.
Sähköntuotannon
ominaispäästöt
Specific emissions
of electricity production, gCO2/kWh*
0
200
400
600
800
1000
India
China
World
USA
Germany
Great Britain
EU28
Denmark
Austria
Finland
France
Sweden
Norway
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change
* Average value between 2010 and 2012
Source: International Energy Agency IEA
24
Transportation
Transportation emissions are reduced by improving the energy
efficiency of transportation and utilising renewable forms of energy
or electricity instead of fossil fuels.
25
Road transportation causes the majority of greenhouse gas emissions
Approximately 90 per cent of domestic transportation emissions are caused by road traffic. If international
transportation is examined, the amount of emissions caused by aviation and, in particular, shipping increases. The
emissions of international transportation are not currently regulated by international agreements, and are not,
therefore, officially monitored.
Greenhouse gas emissions from domestic transportation in 2013
Rail traffic 1%
Domestic air traffic 2%
Waterway transport 4%
Machinery 5%
Road traffic 89%
Passenger cars
53%
5%
Passenger cars, buses,
motorcycles and similar
Vans and trucks
31%
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change
Source: Statistics Finland
26
New alternatives to oil can be used as transportation fuels
In transportation, fossil fuels can be replaced by, for example, electricity, hydrogen, liquid biofuels and renewable
diesel, i.e. natural gas and biogas.
Carbon dioxide emissions of passenger cars with different fuels (fuel emissions from production to use are included)
139 g/km
Petrol
119 g/km
Natural gas
102 g/km
Diesel
Flexifuel vehicles (high blend ethanol vehicle)
49 g/km
Biogas
32 g/km
Electric vehicle with a battery, average electricity
28 g/km
8%
17 g/km
Renewable diesel/waste grease
by 2015
Electric vehicle with a battery, renewable electricity 0 g/km
0
30
60
In its legislation, Finland is
committed to the following
percentages of biocomponents
in road traffic fuels
90
120
g/km
150
20%
by 2020
A so-called double counting will be taken
into account
*C category car, manufactured without performance data, Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change
Source: VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland/ Nylund 2015
27
Construction and housing
The emissions from the built environment are reduced by improving
the energy efficiency of buildings, making the urban structure
denser, and reducing emissions of transportation and housing.
In addition, the production method of energy needed for the
operations and housing of communities has a large impact on
emissions.
28
To reduce emissions, the various levels, from the infrastructure planning
to the user’s choices, must be taken into account
The planning of sustainable, well-functioning communities is the basis for energy-smart housing. With regard to
climate change, the most significant solutions related to land use are made in growing urban areas.
Urban planning
- Services nearby
- Functional public transport
- Local energy production
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change
Buildings
- Energy efficiency
- Maintenance and repair work
Life-style and consumer actions
- Use of buildings
29
Towards more energy-efficient buildings
About 40% of Finland’s total energy consumption is attributable to buildings. They generate around 35% of greenhouse
gas emissions, which can be reduced significantly by improving the energy efficiency of buildings.
•Nearly zero-energy buildings by 2020
•Energy provisions for building renovation 2013
•Energy certificate in use since 2008
What is a nearly zero-energy building like?
Healthy room microclimate
warmth, humidity, sound, lighting, air quality
Low heat loss
good insulation, integrity and
heat recovery of ventilation
Low total energy consumption
Efficient use of electricity
and management of electricity’s peak consumption
Use of renewable energy
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change
30
In Finland, most of the greenhouse gas emissions of housing are caused
by heating
Approximately half of household emissions are caused by heating living spaces, a fifth by heating water and a third by
lighting and other electricity consumption. Reducing emissions and energy consumption is, however, easy as even the
smallest changes in routines and habits have an effect.
50%
Heating
30%
Lighting and other electricity
consumption
20%
Heating of water
Distribution of household emissions in Finland.
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change
31
Waste sector
Greenhouse gas emissions caused by waste are reduced by
improving the utilisation of waste and decreasing the quantity of
waste transported to landfill sites. In recent years, emissions have
dropped so swiftly that it could be called a success story.
32
In Finland, most of the greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector
are generated in landfill sites
Only about three per cent of waste generated in Finland is municipal waste, but it accounts for nearly all of the
greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector.
Greenhouse gas emissions of landfill sites in 2013
Construction waste 15%
Industrial solid waste 17%
Municipal solid waste 61%
Industrial sludge 6%
Municipal wastewater sludge 1%
The proportion of landfill site emissions is 83% of the greenhouse gas emissions of the waste sector.
Recovery of methane: 36 thousand tonnes
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change
Source: Finnish Environment Institute
33
In Finland, emissions from landfill sites have dropped radically
Greenhouse gas emissions of landfill sites in total Mt CO2-e.
The goal of 85% emission reduction in the waste sector will be achieved by 2050 through the current measures that
restrict the disposal of organic waste in landfills.
4.0
3.5
1997 Waste Tax Act and a decision by the Finnish Government on landfill sites.
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1990
2000
2010
2020
year
2030
2040
2050
*Reduction calculation has not taken into account the carbon dioxide emissions created during the energy production when waste is utilised as fuel, as the
energy produced with waste is used to replace energy produced with some other fuel and the net effect of the waste utilised as fuel on the greenhouse gas
emissions is included in the emissions of the energy sector.
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change
Source: Finnish Environment Institute and SYKE
34
In Finland, less and less municipal waste ends up in landfills
Landfill disposal of organic waste will be ended by 2016 and waste will gradually be utilised more as both material and
energy. According to the data from early 2015, the goals set for 2016 will be exceeded.
Distribution of municipal waste to utilisation and processing between 2006 and 2012 and the goal set for 2016
30
Goal for 2016
20
2013
21
2012
22
12
2011
22
13
2010
11
20
2008
24
2007
24
11
2006
24
9
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change
33
25
40
22
24
Utilisation as material, excluding
composting and digestion
25
34
13
12
45
18
8
20
20
42
2009
0
30
46
17
51
12
53
9
40
58
60
Share of community waste, %
Composting and digestion
80
Utilisation as energy
100
Disposal in landfill site
Source: Statistics Finland and VALTSU
35
Agriculture and forestry
Agriculture and forestry generate greenhouse gas emissions.
On the other hand, forests and vegetation sequester a significant
amount of carbon dioxide. By managing forests, ensuring good
growth conditions of soil, and improving production methods,
greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced and carbon sequestration
by agriculture and forestry can be enhanced.
36
Agriculture and forestry: emissions and sequestration of greenhouse gases
soil
forest
clearing fields
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change
field
manure
domestic
animals
machinery
energy production
wood construction
and wood products
37
Forests and wood products can be used to sequester and store carbon
Carbon sinks of forests refer to the difference between annually sequestered carbon by forests and carbon
removals from them. At the the European scale, forest carbon sinks in Finland rank very high volume-wise. By
using wood in products and as energy, greenhouse gas emissions and use of non-renewable energy can be reduced.
Heathlands
Forest carbon sinks
WOOD PRODUCTS
in total: -26.1 million t of CO2e
in total: -4.4 million t of CO2e
Mires
Increment of the
growing stock
Removal of the
growing stock
-131.1 million t of CO2e.
104.6 million t of CO2e.
Increase in storage
-24.5 million t of CO2e.
Removal of forest stock
20.1 million t of CO2e.
-8.4 million t of CO2e. 8.8 million t of CO2e.
CO2e = Carbon dioxide equivalent is a quantity used in climate science describing the amount of any greenhouse gas emissions in CO2 units.
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change
Source: Statistics Finland 2013
38
Forests sequester a large volume of Finland’s greenhouse gas emissions
Million tonnes CO2e.
All countries report on the impacts of forests and land use on climate under the international agreement on climate
change. One inventory sector covers emissions resulting from land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF). In
Finland, forests sequester annually around 30–60% of greenhouse gas emissions. The most significant reason for the
variations in the carbon sinks of our forests are the changes in the annual volume of felling.
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Greenhouse gas emissions (other sectors)
Greenhouse gas emissions from the
LULUCF sector minus the sinks, i.e. net sink
Emissions minus net sinks
+
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010 2012
CO2e. = Carbon dioxide equivalent is a quantity used in climate science that describes the amount of all greenhouse gas emissions produced by human actions.
LULUCF= Land use, land-use change and forestry
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change
Source: Statistics Finland
39
Sources of emissions from agriculture in Finland
Most of the agricultural emissions come from the soil (e.g. from decomposition of organic matter and fertilisation).
1. Soil
N2O, CO2
2. Digestion by
domestic animals
CH4
3. Treatment
of manure
N2O, CH4
4. Liming and
controlled burning
N2O, CH4, CO2
5. Fuel consumption
of agriculture
CO2
CH4 = methane
N2O = nitrous oxide
CO2 = carbon dioxide
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change 40
Food production and consumption and related climate measures in Finland
Soil is managed carefully, for example The health of vegetation and animals
by trenching and preserving organic
is secured and the spreading of
matter (M+A)
detrimental invasive species is
prevented (A)
Plant varieties that are better
adapted to the new conditions are
bred, such as turnip rape and oilseed
rape (A)
Peatlands are cultivated in a
climate-friendly manner (M+A)
Energy efficiency is increased
and fossil fuels are replaced with
renewable energy (M+A)
Nutrients in manure are recovered and
nitrogen fertiliser is applied according
to requirements of plants (M)
Vegetables will be utilised more in
diets (M)
Food loss is reduced through the whole food system (M)
M: Measure for mitigation of climate change A: Measure for adaptation to climate change
PART II: Sector-specific mitigation of climate change 41
PART III
Impacts of climate change
and adaptation to them
42
Risks and opportunities of climate change in Finland
Energy and industry
- Securing the electricity supply in exceptional conditions
- Risk management in changing water conditions
+ More hydropower and bioenergy
Agriculture
- Greater risk of diseases and pests
- Extreme weather conditions cause harvest losses
+ New species and more bountiful varieties
Game management and reindeer herding
Biodiversity
Forestry
Tourism
- The quantity and quality of reindeer food
- Greater risk of parasite epidemics
- Snow-free winters are a risk for animals that
grow a winter coat
- Increase in forest damage
- Loss of frost makes felling more difficult
+ Trees grow faster
Water resources
Transportation
- Effect of heavy rain on the usability of roads
- Increased slipperiness
External threats
- Global economic disturbances
- More frequent conflicts
- Conflicts over natural resources
- Environmental migrants
- Higher risk of flooding
- Leaching of nutrients increases
- Changes in the quantity and quality of
groundwater
- Changes in the prevalence of plants and animals
- Greater numbers of invasive species
- Higher number of threatened species
- Shorter winter tourism season
+ The popularity of summer tourism may increase
Buildings and use of areas
- More flooding from stormwater runoff
- Exterior cladding affected by increased humidity and wind stress
- Higher moisture content of soil lowers the carrying capacity
Fish and fishing
- Smaller fish stocks
- Endangered species are threatened further
The Baltic Sea
- Rising sea level
- Decrease in salt levels, eutrophication
Health and wellbeing
- Heat waves, heat islands of cities
- Pollution of domestic water supply due to heavy rains
- Changes in the prevalence of animal-borne diseases
43
Finland has many ways of adapting to and preparing for climate change
With the help of carefully planned adaptation measures the negative effects of climate change can be mitigated while
the beneficial effects can be utilised better.
Agriculture
- breeding plants and animals
- improving the management of water resources
- alarm systems for pests
Energy
- measures for improving the security
of electricity supply
Forestry
- forest tree breeding
- developing forest management
- preparedness plans for forest damage
Tourism
- developing year-round tourism
- developing tourist services
Transportation
- warning systems and communication
- improving operations during disturbances
- improving the maintenance of transport routes
Floods
- warning systems and communication
-land use planning
- flood embankments, protective structures
Biodiversity
- developing the network of conservation areas
- preventing harmful invasive species
Health and wellbeing
- heat wave warnings
- managing the quality of drinking water
PART III: Impacts of climate change and adaptation to them
Source: How can we be prepared for inevitable climate change? (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry /2011)
44
Extreme weather conditions have already caused plenty of costs in Finland
Based on current experience, it pays to be prepared for extreme weather conditions.
Droughts €100 million
whole Finland 2002-2003
Forest damage caused by storms €120 million
costs for electricity companies €48 million
insurance compensations €102 million
Hannu and Tapani storms 2011
Flooding €6 million
Southern Ostrobothnia, 2012
Forest damage caused by storms
over €60 million
Eino storm 2013
Forest damage caused by storms
around €40 million
Seija storm 2013
Storms, over €100 million
Flooding €20 million
Flooding €0.9 million
Gulf of Finland, 2005
PART III: Impacts of climate change and adaptation to them
Centre of Kittilä, 2005
Flooding €20 million
Pori, 2007
Flooding €4.7 million
Summer 2010
Vantaanjoki, 2004
45