Sonderdrucke aus der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg ULRICH HAARMANN An eleventh century précis of Arabic orthography Originalbeitrag erschienen in: Wadad Al-Qadi (Hrsg.): Studia arabica & islamica: Festschrift für Ihsan Abbas on his sixtieth birthday. Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1981, S. 165-182 AN ELEVENTH CENTURY PRÉCIS OF ARABIC ORTHOGRAPHY ULRICH HAARMANN EARLY ARABIC GRAMMARIANS rarely discuss the problems of orthography in their grammatical compendia. Even in the final chapters of his Kiab, dealing with pause (wagf), the non-radical consonants (1zuriif al-zaweid), reduplication and assimilation, Siba.wayhi (d. 177/793) omits any references to the rules of writing. There is one notable exception: in the chapter on pause he mentions the alif al-wiqiiya, to be used after forms like ,;alamii and ramaw, with reference to al-tlaril b. Abmad. 1 This disinterest in orthography continues during the two centuries after Sibawayhi. In his K. al-Muqtaclab, 2 al-Mubarrad (d. 285/898) refers only to the phenomenon of the representation of the sounds by orthographic signs (al-lzuritf al-carabiyya... lahei paean.. mustadall calayhei fi bi-l-calcimiit), and Abu Bakr al-Zubaydi: (d. 379/989) contents himself with giving the rules for writing etymological wiiws and yes in their different renderin.gs. 3 Sibawayhi's philosophy seems to have been to keep phonemics and graphemics categorically apart, as in modern linguistics. This separation was a particular achievement in a linguistic system where the morphophonemic rules and the norms of spelling are so closely interrelated — especially in the treatment of the half consonants (1:zurtif al-lin) — and where only one term was used for letter and consonantal sound harf). In the first three centuries, therefore, we find the discussion of orthography almost entirely relegated to special monographs, notably those on the differentiation of the alif mamdfida and the alif maq,sgra, and to the adab al-kiitib works with their heterogeneous material, both technical and theoretical, on the requirements of the craft of the scribe. The first grammarian who, within a grammatical treatise, gave some space to orthography seems to have been al-Zagtäki (d. 337/949). In his Oumal, he presents the rules for writing the hamza and for differentiating between al-ma gar and al-mamdlid, in between. purely grammatical discussions on the pronouns of the second person 4 and on the opposition of masculine and feminine. 5 At a later time these orthographical insertions became independent chapters, or appendixes, on hay; the best known examples are the final part of Ibn (d. 646/1248) geifiya on morphology and the Otima in the sixth volume of al-Suyati's (d. 911/1505) grammatical encyclopaedia Ham' al-hawamic. 6 . Billact ed., II, 285; ed. by 'A. Häriin (Cairo 1395/1975), IV, 176,-2. I owe this reference, and further valuable advice on the first vestiges of orthography in the books on nahw, to Ramzi Baalbaki, Professor of Arabic, American University of Beirut. 2 Ed. by M. CA. cUdayma (Cairo 1965), I, 192. 3 K. al-Weicjili fi 1-nalzw, ed. CA. ljalifa (Amman baniit... al-ye n.d. [1977]), 280-82: beib wa-l-zemizv. Cf. also Brockelmann, GAL, I, 132-33. 4 Ed. by M. Ben Cheneb (Algiers/Paris 1957), 265. Ibid., 285. I have not had a chance to see the manuscript of "A Treatise on Arabic Grammar and Orthography," that is preserved in the Austrian National Library ; cf. H. Loebenstein, Katalog der arabischen Hand- schqten der listerreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Neuer- 165 166 ULRICH HAARMANN [2 One of the first nuluit who granted orthography a clearly defined, and equal, place in a book of grammar and thus broke with the tradition of keeping these disciplines apart, was the Egyptian Tithir b. .A.Ijrnad b. Bab[afgzid (d. 3 Ragztb, 469)31 Jan., 1077). 7 In Fitt- it/lid Egypt, he was celebrated as the greatest grammarian of his generation. 8 The best known member Of the school founded by him was the Alexandrian map? Ibn al-Fatilyam (d. 516,1122). 9 In his didactic treatise on grammar, a1-Hugaddima al-mulfsiba fi 1-naljw, Ibn Iiiib§ad devotes nine chapters to grammar - the parts qf speech: (1) noun, (2) verb, (3) particle; the cases: (4) rqr, (5) na,vb, (6) ,4arr and (7) (8) gocernment (ctimir and ()) apposition (teibic) - and a fully integrated tenth and final chapter to orthography /wffl I BillAacl's interest in orthogrztphy zts a legitimate part of naljw and ,vall can probably be attributed to his familiarity with the writings of al-ZaW,A- I. He wrote a commentary on a1-Zia50s ("mall° with its orthographic section and, as another token of his indebtedness to al-Za0zIA - 1, entitled a commentary of his own Muqaddima as al-Oafmal aIh5diyaji artz al-Hugaddima a1-krifiya; he dictated this commentary to his pupil Ibn al-Fabljam in 465/1072-3 at the latter's request and asked him one year later to transmit it on his behalf. u The unfamiliar inclusion of orthography into a book of grammar was certainly noted by the colleagues in the field. One commentator of the Mugaddima appropriately gave his lad) the name: `Umdat dawi 1-himam caM 1-Mulzsiba fi cilmay wa-l-galam, "...on the two Lsc. different] sciences of the language and the pen''' . 12 werbtmgen 1868-1968 (Vienna 1970), I. 231, no. 2461. Al-Zamal)kiri, e.g. deals with an orthographic problem only once in his Aftfragal when he speaks about the mute he in lammah (I)ãr a1-C;i1, Beirut 2 n.d.), 359. 6. 7 He seems to have been commonly known as al-Tahir; see tfusam Sac -id al-Nucaymi, "alIuqaddima al-mutisiba fi kulligyat al-isltimiyya (Baghdad), 3 (1970), 329-86, here 334. with a reference where his grammatical treatise is quoted as Mugaddimai al-Trihir. See also E. Griffini, Lista dei manoscritti arabi nuovo Condo della Biblioteca Ambrosiana di Milano, RSO, 7 (1916-8), 579. no. 358,9, and Umberto Rizzitano, al-Fahharn mutiri"skiliano'," Stu& orientalistici in onore di Giorgio Levi della Vida (Rome 1956), II. 403-24, here 419, note 2 C. quoting klakki Ijailfa. — Among the numerous biographical works dealing with Ibn Bab`,4bad two should be singled out because of their originality and comprehensiveness: Ibn Watizytit al-dytin, ed. I. 'Abbas, (Beirut 1968-72), II, 515-17. no. 308. and Inbeih alrmecit caläanbdh al-nniult, ed. I. Abu 1-Facll Ibrahim (Cairo 1371/1952). II, 95-7, no. 312. For further detailed references see Brockelmann, GAL, I. 301, S I, 529; al-Qifti's Inbcih, II, 95, note; U. Haarmann, Ibn Bilbasheidies ‘‘„lfugaddima": An Arabic Grammatical Treatise of the 11th century A.D. Edition/ TranslationlAnnotation, B.A. thesis, Department of Oriental Studies, Princeton University, 1965. xii-xiii and 136, n. 2; 11-lusam Sacid al-Nucaymi, l'al-Muqaddima," 330, n. 1; kinlid CAbd alK arim. al-mugaddima al-muhsiba ( Kuwait 1977), I, 7-23; Niukianunad Aba 1-Futilh Sarif, garh al-mucradima al-nahwiyya Ii-bn Dirasa mawelticiyya hi-tolab said mumtanic wa-hi-tabzeib Oadid gayr masbiig bihi ( [Cairo:1 al-Oihaz al-markazi li-l-kutub aI.amiiyva wa-l-madrasiyya, 1978). I. 25-32, esp. the list on p. 25. 8 11 7(iftlytit al-dytin, II, 515 : wa-ktina huzva 'ilm al-nahu); al-Yalici, imiim cagihi al4antin (Haydarabad 1338; 2 Beirut 1390/1970), III, 98. 5. 9 Muhammad Abta 1-Futilb (asarif, arfz, I. 35; U. Rizzitano, al-Fakiharn," 406, 414-24; idem, EP. III. 761a, s.v. Ibn 10 Al-Nucaymi,"al-Nluqaddima," 331; U. Rizzial-Fabljam," 418; Brockelmann, GAL, tano, S I, 529. The Egyptian scholar Niu*tafa formerly BahawalpurWakistan, plans to edit this text. " Al-Nucayrni, "al-Muqaddima," 332-34; Brockelmann, GAL, S I, 529. This important text has recently been edited twice under different titles: (a) Art: al-mugaddima al-muhsiba, ed. uarid cAbd al-Karim, 2 vols. (Kuwait 1977); (b) garh almugaddima al-nahzeiyya, ed. NIuklammad Aba 1-Futab arif ([Cairol 1978), II, 13-444. Sections of this commentary were edited and translated into English in Haarmann. Ibn 13tibasluidh' " ..11uqaddima," 115-35. 12 On this work, its exact title, the question of its author and the available manuscripts, see U. Rizzitano, 'Ibn al-Fal.lham," 419, note 2 C plus footnote*. Cf. also the description of Ibn zetz-l-tzall in gtyiya as Matn the Istanbul edition of 1310. 3] AN ELEVENTH CENTURY PRÉCIS OF ARABIC ORTHOGRAPHY 167 The life of al-T5.hir b. Babgad was so remarkable that he became a favourite of medieval biographers. He was born in Egypt from Daylami stock. His Iranian name Ibn Bäb[a]ga,d, according to Ferdinand Justi ' 3 "who is joyful about his father still alive", is attested several times from the history of Bayid Iraq. One Abil Muljammad b. Babgad was Abil Kankar's vizier when al-kfusayn al-Sardbi, one of Muhaddib Dawla's retainers, rose in the swamplands of southern Iraq against the Bilyid central power in 418/1027.' 4 Al-klasan b. Muhammad b. 'Ali b. Muljammad b. Babg a- ,d, who lived approximately in the same period — his exact dates are unknown — and became known as Muhammad al-Basrl, wrote adab works in the kligaz, in Bap,d5,d, in Walidn, and in Wäsit. 15 The father or grandfather of our grammarian Ibn. Babgad had come from Iraq to Egypt, and the author himself had travelled to Iraq in his early days, when he made his living as a pearl merchan.0 6 or jeweller."' Ibn. Babgad, who was probably a Sici though the sources remain silent about his religious affiliation, served as a clerk in the Fdtimid diwan al-inW in Cairo. As such, he checked outgoing mail for grammatical correctness and, like many an Egyptian grammarian before and after him, 18 taught at the revered mosque of cAmr b. al-cAs in Fustät. At a certain point he suddenly renounced his office and salary and shut himself up in the roof chamber of the minaret of 'Ames mosque to devote all his time to cibcida and study. Minaret chambers were popular refuges for pious stifis during the Middle Ages."' Ibn B5.13§Id's decision to withdraw from worldly affairs and to practice tawakkul in such an uncompromising fashion was prompted by observing a cat feed his sick mate day after day in his presence. "Since God has caused this dumb animal to be served and fed by another cat, and has not withheld from it its nourishment, how could he let a human being such as I am perish of hunger ?" 20 His life came to an appropriate end when he fell off the roof of the mosque during one of his somnambulant trips. *** Besides his Mugaddima and his own commentary on it, Ibn Babga",c1 must have written an impressive number of grammatical works. Ibn tiallikan speaks of his unfinished fifteen volume compendium of grammar, known as the Tactigat al-gurfa, "Notes from the 13 Ferdinand Justi, Iranisches Namenbuch (Hildeshelm 1963), 55b. The Arab biographers are less precise; Ibn J3allikan, Wafaydt al-acydn, II, 517, 5, writes : wa-hiyczkalimac alamiyy a tatacjamman al-faralz wa-l-surar. ,, (Beirut 14 Ibn al-Atir, fi l-terilz 1386/1966), IX, 359 (= ed. C. J. Tornberg [Leiden, 1851-76], IX, 253). H. Busse, Chalif und GrojekOnig. Die Buyiden im Iraq (945-1055). Beiruter Texte und Studien 6 (Beirut/Wiesbaden 1969), 94-5 refers to al-arabi's abortive revolt, yet fails to mention Aba Muhammad b. Babgad. 15 klalia b. Aybak al-Safadi, bi-lwafarit, ed. Ramadan cAbd al-Tawwäb, XII. Bibliotheca Islamica 6/12 (Wiesbaden 1979), 232, no. 210. 16 Al-Suyati, Bugyat al-wuccit (Cairo 1326), 232. 17 Al-Qifti, Inböh al-rum:it, II, 95, 4. " Two grammarians from the Ayrabid period who taught at the "Old Mosque" in Fustät were Abu 1-Fath cUtman b. 'ha al-Bulayti (d. 599/ 1202) (see Brockelmann, GAL, I, 302) and Aba Zakariyyd' Ya`qab b. cAbd al-Mucti (d. 628/1231) (see Brockelmann, GAL, I, 303). " R. Sellheim, "Die Gelehrtenfarnilie Ibn alBailani," Die islamische Welt zzvischen Mittelalter und Neuzeit. Festschrift fiir Hans Robert Roemer zum 65. Geburtstag, ed. U. Haarmann and P. Bachmann. Beiruter Texte und Studien 22 (Beirut/Wiesbaden, 1979), 565 refers to Abb. . 1-Tana' b. al-Baylani of the 16th century and also to the better-known example of Aba Zakariyyap al-Tibrizi. 20 Ibn Wafaylit al-acycin, II, 516, 16-18; Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary Translated from the Arabic by Bn. Mac Guckin de Slane, I (=NewYork/London 1961) , 648. 168 ULRICH HAARMANN [4 Chamber", an allusion to his abode in old age. 21 Neither this work, nor his commentary of Ibn al-Sarni:0 LCcid, 22 seem to be preserved. As a commentator both of Ibn al-Sarrak — the teacher and pupil of al-Färäbi, and of al-Zatga.gi Ibn al-Sarräg's disciple, Ibn Babkid, a follower of the Basran school, 23 stands in the tradition 24 of those 4th/ 10th century grammarians who tried to cope with the impact of Aristotelian logic on traditional grammar. As is well known, the new, alien logic never overcame Sibawayhi and the indigenous Basran qiyik. Even in his theoretical work al-kfaij fi al-Zak:0i uses logical terms and resorts to dialectical methods primarily in order to demonstrate the fundamental distinction and incompatibility of Arabic grammar and Greek logic. 25 Nevertheless, this logical intermezzo left its traces on later grammarians. ibn Bii.b§5.d's concise, often abstract, definitions at the beginning of each chapter, the systematic arrangement of the whole body of traditional grammar in four main parts (parts of speech; cases; government and apposition; orthography) and equally lucid subchapters, betray a logical training. More conspicuous yet is his indefatigable search for ci/ai of unusual grammatical phenomena, which led him to sometimes rather unorthodox conclusions. Why is alladi written with only one lam (translation chapter 5.1) ? Why hadeika with an mill in the first syllable (4.3) ? And why does one drop the second wow in Dämtid and the like (5.2.2) and the ye in q&fin (5.2.3) ? In some of his answers our author seems to be original and unique. - *** The text of Ibn Babgad's Mugaddima was edited for the first time in my unpublished Princeton B. A. thesis of 1965, 26 together with an English translation. Two manuscripts, Berlin Landberg 261 (Ahlwardt 6470) and Princeton Yahuda ELS 3884 (Mach 3463), served as the basis for this edition. Before a revised version could be submitted for publication, klusam Sacid al-Nucaymi published the Arabic text in 1970 in Magallat kulliyyat al-isidmiyya in Baghdad. 27 He used five different manuscripts: Iraqi museum 1963; Dar al-kutub/Cairo 281 natzw; Azhar 15302; Där al-kutub/Cairo 67 fin; Dar al-kutulD/Cairo 1540 nalzw. Al-Nucaymi's edition provides a useful basis for study, although numerous omissions and misreading have to be rectified; a list of the most important emendations is given at the end of this introduction. In the same year, 1970, the text was printed a third time in Baghdad 28 it is reproduced in the notes of the Kuwait edition of Ibn Babgäd's own commentary on the Mugaddirna, al-Thidi or al-Cumal alhädiya, at the beginning of each chapter. Here I shall present the translation of the tenth chapter of the Mugaddima on orthography, based on the manuscripts available both in al-Nucaymi's and my own edition; when necessary, the text of the Sarli was also consulted. . ; *** tt 194. 22 25 Versteegh, 116, 124-25, 128-48; Wain alMub5.rak, al-Nahw al-carabi. Al-'ilia al-naluviyya, naPatuhei wa-tataztwurului ( 2 [136 ru ti 1391/1971), Chapter IV, esp. 102-30. 28 See above, n. 7. The thesis was supervised by Professor Rudolf Mach. 27 3 (1970), 338-84. 28 .Matbacat Wafayeit al-acycln, II, 515,-3. See the edition of Ibn al-Sarrag's K. I ii 1-nahw, ed. CA. al-Fatli, I-II (Baghdad 1973 ff.). 23 Ibn al-Anbari, Nuzfuzt al-alibbe, ed. cAtiyya cAmir. Acta Universitat is Stockholmiensis II (Stockholm 1962), 213, 1-2: min lzuddtiq nuhtit al-misrigyin cald madhab 24 See the table in C.H.M. Versteegh, Greek Elements in Arabic Linguistic Thinking (Leiden 1977), 5 AN ELEVENTH CENTURY PRÉCIS OF ARABIC ORTHOGRAPHY 169 Comprehensive research on Arabic orthography will have to be both normative and descriptive. The study of the complex historical development of Arabic orthographical practice through the centuries 29 and in the different parts of the Islamic world must be compared with the relatively few texts in which the rules of writing, as they were valid during their authors' time, were laid down. Work on both planes has hardly begun.. Ibn Qutayba (d. 276/889) was the first to describe the peculiarities of Arabic orthography (tagwinz al-yad"), rather than only the rules of al-manidad wa-l-nzaqsfir, 31 comprehensively in the second part of his K. Adab al-kdtib. His presentation lacks the cohesion of the works of later authors, who profited from the new logical school of thought. The headings of the individual chapters in the K. Adab al-keitib are often misleading or incomplete. The categories of badal, ziyada and 4 adflnags of the later orthographers are not yet elaborated. Half a century later, the interest in /jay had spread. As we have mentioned before, al-Zak-04i (d. 337/949) includes orthographical remarks in hi s Oumal. And both Abii Bakr (d. 335/946) and Ibn Durustawayhi (d. 346/957) composed their own short, didactic books on the adab Al-Still" neglects certain important orthographic problems, e.g. the writing of hamza in an intermediate position, and is almost simplistic in his presentation. Ibn Durustawayhi's Kitdb al-kuttdb, 33 however, is a masterpiece of exactitude, conciseness and, at the same time, comprehensiveness. Unlike Ibn Qutayba, he contends himself with one or two examples for a given norm. Like our author Ibn Babgad one century later (e.g., see below, translation 6.0), he opens his chapters with definitions and a list of the conditions and reasons (Iurat, usal,cilal) for the particular orthographic rules; the kardhiyat al-iltibds or kardhiyat igvtimac al-dbah fi l-hag, the aversion to ambiguity in writing, stands in the first place. 34 Ibn Durustawayhi's division of orthography into the subcategories harnza, madd, qasr, fag wa-wasl, ljadf, ziydda and badal is found in all later works, both grammatical and epistolographical. Al-Batalyawsi's (d. 521/1127) and al-Gawdliqrs (d. 539/1144) commentaries 35 on . 29 Werner Diem has taken important first steps in this direction; see his "Untersuchungen zur frilhen Geschichte der arabischen Orthographie," Orientalia N.S., 48 (1979), 207-57; he is not concerned with post-Queanic developments. 39 Ibn. Qutayba al-Dinawari, Adab al-keitib, ed. M. Grtinert (Leiden 1900), 234. 31 The earliest accessible title of this genre is al-Farra's (d. 207/822) K. al-Manqics ed. cAbd al-cAziz al-Maymani al-Rakkati. Daba?ir al-carab 41 (Cairo 1967), 9-57. Several 3rd/9th century works on mamdfid and manqgs have been published: Abii. cAbd Allah Niftawayhi (d. 323/935), al-Magr wa-l-mamdlid, ed. klasan ãiIi Farhad, in Malallat kulliyyat al-dddb, 6thnica1 al-Ririe!, 4 (1973[1), not accessible to me; Aba 1-Tayyib a1-Wagga 3 (d. 325/936), al-Mamdad ed. Ramadan cAbd al-Tawwab. Silsilat rawVi c al-turat al-lugawi 1 (Cairo 1979); Ibn Wallad al-Misri (d. 332/943), al-Maqsfir wa-l-mamdrid, ed. Paul BrOnnle. Contributions towards Arabic Philology I (London/Leiden 1900) (see also the important critique of this book by 'Ali b. kiamza 22 al-Bari [d. 375/985] in his K. al-Tanbiheit cad al-ruzat, ed. cAbd al-cAziz al-Maymani al-Ragkati. Datia'ir al-carab 41 [Cairo 1967], 32554) ; Aba cUmar al-Zahid '6-ularn Taclab' (d. 345/957), al-Maq,siir tera-l-mamdfid, ed. Muhammad Oabbar al-Mucaybid, in RIMA, 20/2 (1974), 17-47. Finally add Aba 1-Barakat b. al-Anbari (d. 577/1181), I:Iilyat 1-farq bayn almagiir wa-l-mamdfid, ed. cAtiyya cAmir. Act a Universitatis Stockholmiensis VI (Stockholm 1966). 32 Abti Bakr Muhammad al-Still, Adab al-kuttcib, ed. Muhammad Bahkat al-Atari (Cairo 1341). 33 Abil. Muhammad cAbd Allah b. Durustawayhi, Kiteth al-kuttilb [al-mutammam fi wa-1-hijciTh ed. L. Cheikho (Beirut 2 1927). 34 10, 11 if; 17, 13 if; 20, 3 if; 24, 3 if; especially 34, 14 if; 46, 3 if; 49, 9 ff. . 35 Ibn al-Sid al-Batalyawsi, larz adab al-kuttdb (Beirut 2 1973) ; Abti. Mans& Mawhab b. Ahmad gartz adab al-keitib, ed. Mustafa. Sadiq al-Rafici. (Cairo 1350). 170 ULRIC!' HAARMANN [ 6 Iba Qutayba s canonical Adab al-killib give no new material on the rules of spelling. In the only chapter on 'jay in his K. al-Igtideib fi s'arlz adab al-Batalyawsi deals with the orthography of the hamza that is preceded by a mute consonant and stands at the end of a word — a chapter missing in Ibn B5.bgäd's Mugaddima. 36 Al-Qalqagandi (d. 821/1418), the last great name in the history of the secretarial literature, pays special attention to the purely graphic aspects of orthography in the third volume of his ,.Stubiz a1-acSii, 37 e.g. the early practices of indicating the hamza with a yellow dot, the proper placement of the hamza in the sequence and otherwise gives the most complete, and often redundant, documentation of the orthographic rules. Among the grammarians, Ibn Iiiibgäd seems to have been one of - the first, if not the first systematic orthographer. He fbilows Ibn Durustawayhi's arrangement with the exception that he places al-mamdad wa-l-margiir before the mahmitz. A few important aspects of are left out in Ibn Babgad's Mugaddima, notably the rules for the hamza after a mute consonant at the end of a word; the lzadf of the alif in proper names like Isbaq, and al-I-Järit; and thefa,s1 and wasi of the pronoun man. There are indications that Ibn Sqfiya. I am thinking of the Bii.bgäd's tenth chapter served as a model for Ibn name Rayyã which both Ibn Babgad (2.1.) and Ibn al-klagribial-Astardbadi 38 give as a second example for the rule that in proper names the alif maviira following a O D can be rendered as O D instead of alff. Only Ibn 6amdca (d. 816/1415), the author of a gloss on al-6drabirdi's (d. 746/1345) commentary on theSdfiya, 39 points out that this name is invented and that there exist no parallels whatsoever to Yatlyã and its spelling in the realm of the proper names 1-c alamiyya). 4 ° Though all these books and chapters on lyzy are normative, they also yield information on the development of Arabic non-Qur'dnic 4 orthography. Spelling is more susceptible to change than the grammar of the Arabic language, the a priori unchangeable vehicle of God's revelation. It will be a task of future research to collect and compare the rules from the different orthographic manuals and to see how the individual judgment on certain usages gradually changed. It is remarkable that even in the short textual history of Ibn Bäbgäd's tract such changes become palpable: in the Princeton manuscript of 17 Da 1-1:14,ta 781/26 March 1380 of the Mugaddima, 42 at least one rule is brought up to date in comparison to the older preserved manuscripts of the same text. The indetermined aljf mamduda in the accusative should no longer be written with two alifs (LS"), but with one alf plus madda fr....s"), as it was later in usage. 43 ' * * .1qtiefrib, 168-70. Aba 1-`Abbas Abrnad al-Qalgagandi, ,Stzbh al -aUri" ft intic at (Cairo 1357/1938), III, 163-65, 175-211. Raclyy al-Din al-Astarlibädi, arh gei.figai Jim , ed. Mubammad Nar al-tlasan et al., Cairo n.d. [13561), III, 332, 7; 332, 22 ult.] -333, 2; see below, n. 56. Ma .4imlic at (7144:Ilya al -mariamiia 'aid main alarm al -e,.(irabirdi waal -.tiifiya zea 36 37 * dsiya alei li-bn ()crawl' a... ( Istanbul 1310), 383, 2, 10. 40 383, 23-24. Ibn Babgad uses the term halt muiltare , as opposed to !tall (nut oa` : Liz-panic orthography (See translation 0.). 42 See the colophon in Haarmann, ibn 13(ibashadh' s fugaddirne , after p. 35. 43 See below, translation 1.0. 7] AN ELEVENTH CENTURY PRECIS OF ARABIC ORTHOGRAPHY 1 71 Corrections of, and additions to, al-Nucaymi's edition of the Mnqaddima on the basis of the Berlin and Princeton manuscripts (reference is made to page and line); B=ms. Berlin, P=ms. Princeton. 329, 4 : read 469, not 496. 346, 7 : read jt.c.., 347, 7 : add after 350, 2 : full stop after I1-0 , not after 357, 5 : read .1.11 Lj , not Lajj ; the topic is the differentiation of rnarfir and niabni cal& l-cfamm, therefore the form ending in fatha (or kasra), though of course correct in principle, would be is irrelevant in this context. not JUL. 358, ult. to 359, 5: read 4i A.6,,jj Lsus-it j t -t,4 JAL.1131s-. JU-1 t4..c.. .1i; ... 2.:L.A....5" I dA LJ .7 .) AJ • p 3k<11 ;i9f.4 (z;:t.J. 31.5- 011 JU--1 L..5S L,51 3 g1 360, 1 360, -4 364, ult. , not 1. read , not : read m (homoioteleuton): insert after L. 31s- : * 1.1uj ±.1;j1 315-: cr....xis 3 _it. : Ji2.7 "...J. J1.3 ji , not 366, apu. : read A.:11 , not I 367, 1 read twice 367, 3 read ... Lii 1 1) 373, 7 read IS , not US-; the correct reading is given as a variant. 377, 9 P adds after : 377, 19 P adds after : 377, 12 377, 14 : P adds after read L. JS , not 378, 13 P adds after - - Lj jiAA13 , not . - . : 378, 16 : read jt.J , not J. 378, 16f. read not .1,1. 379, 16 : B adds after LX, L6153 c LAU. L61.53 L5L4 _, i r3j 172 ULRICH HAARMANN 380, 1 P adds after oijiyi : 380, 7 remove square brackets from correct text of the eiya, 381, 10 read 4.6i5-4,1Zrol; ci.C. n ot 49.;15- 381, 11 read 3i in two words, not 381, 17 read ,t-liVitti , not 382, 1 read 382, 7 [8 . % and delete note 314; B and P give the j ; this is the very topic of the paragraph. , not : add after jy : 382, 10 read _I'S , not 382, 11 B adds after ,Y,J;r:.--11 Li-IS1 : P adds after 382, 13 B adds after 382, 14 . - : iUJr. : read twice 1.12-- , not 112,:- . 382, 18 : BP add after jt-A the indispensable phrase: aA 383, 1 : read '31i L , not _1 ffr 383, 15 -1! 31.5 BP add after 4. .71.,01 3."*.11 the necessary examples: 383, 15f. add after 384, 6 : B adds after . : J.A1Jc. * * . * TRANSLATION 44 [377] Tenth Chapter: Chapter of Orthography (hag) 0. Orthography 45 is of two kinds, prescribed (muttabac) and invented (mulyara`). The first refers to the spelling of the Qur'an (mastilzif), the second to all those [orthographic rules] which the scribes have agreed upon, which the grammarians have derived by analogy, and which the prosodists have elaborated. The scope of orthography includes the knowledge of eight topics: the prolonged (al-mamdficl) and the abbreviated (al-magiir) forms, the forms with hamza (al-mahmilz), " Pp. 377-84 in al-Nucaymi's edition. — Cf. also edition Matbacat alCAnI (= Muqaddirnalal'Anil, 51-7; Sarh al-rnagaddima al-mulzsiba, ed. Kuwait, II [ = garbfKuwait], 434-68; gartz mugaddima al-nahwiyya, ed. Cairo [= Sorb/Cairo], II, 405-44. 45 Ibn al-klagibial-Astarabadi, gcifiya, III, 312 and al-Suyati, Ham` al-hart.grnic famc aljalvdmic (Kuwait 1979), VI, 305 also use the term twit, whereas Ibn Qutayba, 234, speaks of orthography as tagwim al-yad. Ai-zaggagi rigorously distinguishes between writing (al-hije al-cayn) and speaking (a1-hife li-l-samtic); see his (Lmal, 271, 13f. and 272, 1. 9} AN ELEVENTH CENTURY PRE' CIS OF ARABIC ORTHOGRAPHY 173 connection and separation (a1-was-1 wa-l-qaf), 46 elision (al-hadf), 47 augmentation (alzigiida) and substitution (al-badal). 1. The prolonged form (a1-mamdia) 48 1.1 These are all the [nouns] whose final letter is a hamza preceded by a non-consonantal (zVida) alif, such as Ijinne ("henna"), kistr ("garment"), hirbcr ("chameleon") and Omni' ("red", fern. sg.). All of them are spelled with one alif in the nominative and genitive, and with two aly:s in the accusative <- or with one alif plus madda 49 except for the diptotes whose accusative is like their genitive. When the prolonged form is put in the dual, it is, in the nominative, always spelled with two alifs. 5 ° When the prolonged form is connected with a pronoun of the second or third person, it is written with wiiw in the nominative, with yã3 in the genitive, and with <the single> 51 alff <plus the madda> 52 in the accusative in consistency with the vowel of the hamza, such as: LS Lct.t):) or ,:t11.....5 or ->, 2. The abbreviated form (al-maw-fir) 53 2.1. These are all the [nouns] whose final letter is pronounced as a single alif (= a long a) (alif mqfrada ft l-laf;)". When this [long] a is [378] the fourth letter or more, such as in L L5-72-9-::11, and L;.. * C7 11 and their like, then it is always written as yã, as long , - -- 46 More usual is al-wag wa-l fasl; see Ibn Durustawayhi, 34 ff.; Ibn al-Kagibial-Astarabadi, HI, 325; al-Qalqagandi, III, 205, 11; 211, 9 ff. 47 As a synonym of bacif also nags is used in an orthographical context; Ibn III, 328, 12; al-Qalqagandi, HI, 180, 10. 48 For definitions of al-mamdfiar, see al-Wagga', 29, 3 ff.; Ibn Wand, 3, 8; 145, 1 ff; Ibn Durustawayhi, 17, 14-15; and Ibn al-Anbari, Hilya, 29 ff.; cf. also al-Parra', 11 ult. ff. - Alzagga..gi, 284, only lists the forms. Further definitions are given in cAmir's introduction to Ibn al-Anbari's Vilya, pp. alif-alif to bee -alif. On the rich literature on marndild wa-magiir before Ibn al-Anbari see ibidem, pp. clad to kaf; Abmad cAbd al-Magid Haridi, "Kitab al-Maq§ar wal-mamdad li-Abi cAli al-Qali wa-turat al-maqsar wa-l-mamdad fi 1-luka 1-carabiyya," RIMA, 20 (1974), 49-130, esp. 52-67; R. cAbd al-Tawwab in his edition of al-Wagga"s al-Mamdid wa-1-maqsfir, 15-23. H.L. Fleischer concisely states the practical linguistic raison d'être for the great number of books on mamdad wa-maqsar: the gradual merger of both endings into alif maqsara in post-classical Arabic made it necessary to have contrastive word lists of both categories; see his Kleinere Schriften, I (OsnabrUck 1968), 26. The term qasr, "abbreviation," refers to the shortening of alif maq,sfira in a closed syllable (before alff wasla) as opposed to alif mamdada which retains its long quantity : because it is "protected" by the final hamza; see W. Wright, Grammar of the Arabic Language (Cambridge 3 1955), I, 11, § 7, rem. b. - On almamdlid in adab al-kcitib works, see Ibn Qutayba, 327-30; 253, paen. - 255, 5 (including almaqsiir); Ibn Durustawayhi, 17-19 (chapter two); al-Zagagi, 280, 5-285, 11. See also Muqaddima /al-clkni, 51; garb/Kuwait, 437-43; garb/ Cairo, 410-16. 43 P only. P represents a later stage in the development of orthography. 50 On the tatniyat al-mamdfid see garb/Kuwait, 440, 13 ff.; garb/Cairo, II, 413, 7 IT; Ibn Wallad, 159, 4 if; Ibn al-Anbari, Ifilya, Introduction, be. 51 P only. 52 P only. 53 For definitions of al-maqsar see al-Farra', 11, 3-9; al-Wagga', 30, 6-12; Ibn Wallad, 3, 10; 135, 11 if; Ibn Durustawayhi, 20, 4; al-Zagagi, 280, 6 if; Ibn al-Anbari, klilya, 1, 9 if, and the authors quoted in cAmir's introduction, pp. mint niin. - For material on al-maqsfir, see also the chapters in Ibn Qutayba, 279-84, 322-24 (without a definition); Ibn Durustawayhi, 20-23 (chapter three). See also Muqaddima /al-cAni, 51-3 ; garb/ Kuwait, 444-48; garb/Cairo, 417-21. 54 According to this interesting, if necessarily cumbersome definition, final long a can be rendere in writing both as ya and as alif; the author ri incapable of recognizing and defining alif maqs - 174 ULRICH HAA.RMANN [10 as there is no yil preceding it, 55 for in that case it is rendered as alif. For instance: L-; sa LYLOI LCIL 1 , and LIIP Two nouns form an exception to this rule: the proper names Yabyä. (-,.) and Rayyä (); 56 they are written with ye. 3 - 2.2. When the long a is the third letter, its root has to be considered. If it is a wiiw, , and 1-;} If its root, however, is ye, it is then it is written as an alit', e.g. • • . -. • rendered as zie, e.g. (al-gina) meaning the opposite of poverty, and c5.7-4) 1 . When the abbreviated form is connected with a pronoun, it is always 57 rendered as all); e.g. ot-zi 0C,4.) and ti. The criteria by which we can recognize whether its basis is a wtiw or a 0' 58 amount to eight: ( 1) the dual, e.g. al-fatayeini vs. al-casaletini. (_.) the plural, e.g. al-ganaweitu vs. al-Itayrytitu. (3) the form of the nomen yids (wazn facia raid) vs. al-ramyatu (the single throw). ft 1-ma,seldir), e.g. a 'azwatu (the single 4) the use of the [perfect] verb in the first person (radd al- '1 ild l-nafs), 59 e.g. gazawtu vs. ramaytu. (5) the imperfect verb (al-119 al-mustagbal), e.g. gag as a single phonemic unit occuring in two graphic variants (h41). In his gad.? (Kuwait. II, 4+1, 2; Cairo, 417, 2-3) Ibn Babd changes the phrase "whose final letter is pronounced as a..." ( 31s' tr;-..1) slightly into ‘'in whose final letter there is pronounced a..." 4 315 L.) - Cf. also Ibn Durustawayhi, 20,4 : al-maTaiiru kullu kalimatin tilfiruhd alifun Id grayr; 21,7: wa-kullu kalirnatin cald taldiati ahriffin pilituhd alifun numgalibatun minyein tuktabu yd'. - On the attempts of describing long vowels with the inappropriate means of Arabic grammatical terminology. see Versteegh, Greek Elements, 19-21. 33 Cf. al-Zaktaki, 269, 10-14; 270, 10f. 56 See his short commentary (garb/Kuwait, 445, (3; ,arb,Cairo, II, 417, 13): "the reason for the irregular spelling of Yabyä and Rayya with alff is that they are proper names." - Most authors, such as Ibn Walläd, 164, 6, Abil cArnr (d. 444/1053), al-Mugnic fi rasm masdllif al-am,sdr, ed. 0. Pretzl. Bibliotheca Islamica. 3 (Istanbul 1932), 69,5 f and al-Suyati, Hamc, VI, 336, 4-8, mention Yabya as the only example for this rule. Besides Ibn Bab5,d, Ibn al-Kakib (leifiya, 332, 7) gives both names. His commentator al-Astardbädi adds that the spelling of Yabyä and Rayya with final ye is a pattern (wa-kadd 772d afbaluzhumd), and that this peculiar form serves to differentiate 1)etween proper names and other grammatical categories 332, ult. - 333, 2). Al-kIiirabirdi, in his fi vs. yarmi. commentary on the gdflya, is more explicit and names fi'i, verb", and fifa, "adjective", as these other parts of speech (.11a,.qtaticat al-gdfiya, 383, 9-10). cIzz al-Din Muhammad b. Oamaca (d.. 816/1415, GAL, I, 305, S I. 536) refutes al-Astarabldi, al-C.'rarabirdi and - according to his own statement - even al-Niubarrad (d. 285/898), by stating clearly that there exist no parallels to Vatiyã and its spelling among the proper names Jr 1 ceziamina); see above, n. 40. Therefore Rayyã with its peculiar spelling Le..) appears as a product of (Ibn Babgid's or rather one of his precursors', perhaps al-Mubarrad's?) grammatical analogical phantasy. 57 I.e. whether its root is wily or yd'. 58 Cf. Ibn Wallad, 162, 13 if; al-Suyati, Hamc, VI, 338, 9 ff. 59 The same expression is used by Ibn Qutayba, 278, 5; al-Zagg5.gi, 269, 5ff; Ibn al-1:15.kib, III, 332, 13, and al-arabirdi, 383, 16. Again Ibn Oamdca is more detailed (Maknacat a1-,47dfiya, 383, ult.): gazvluhei •wa-hi-radd al-ficl ilö nqffika' mitlulzu radd al-fic I ild mulyitibika dakaran aw untd, i.e. you may as well take the second person [singular] in the masculine or feminine (= gazawta, ramayta or gazalvti, ramrzyti). - See also Ibn Babgad's own commentary (gar/i/Kuwait, 446, 15-16; Sari/Cairo, II, 419, 12-13: "the tei' of the first person (= -tu) makes the preceding [consonant] silent so that the alit' representing it reverts to its root (sc. zeciw or y da),71 . ( - 11] AN ELEVENTH CENTURY PRECIS OF ARABIC ORTHOGRAPHY 175 (6) all the verbs whose first letter is weiw, like: wed ("to comprise"), wafil ("to fulfill") or wadd ("to pay blood money"), for their final long a (alif) is derived from yd. (7) all the verbs whose second radical (cayn) is wilzv, like: &wiz ("to go/lead astray"), gawii ("to roast"), cawel ("to howl"), and rawd ("to tell, bring water"), for their aiif is, in the majority of cases, derived from 0. - The verbs that follow the pattern faciltu, e.g. raditu, ts'aqitu < and walitu> , 60 cannot be differentiated because here the wdw-class (bandt al-weiw) merges with the ye-class (bandt al-ye). A distinction is possible only with the verbs that follow the pattern facaltu, e.g. ramaytu vs. danawtu. (8) the e/i-coloring of the a (al-imilla), 61 e.g. in , I. , and in some prepositions such as L5-1- 1 and L5T-P . The latter are spelled with ye because [their ending] reverts to a yd' when they are connected with a pronominal suffix, e.g. ilayka and calayka. too, is spelled with ye. 31S" is written with al/ though kild and kiltd occur [also] with a ye owing to imeila. The differentiation between the weiw- and [379] the yã-class is thus based on eight factors. If, however, the root of the final long a remains unknown, it is spelled with an alif. This is the case in the alif of md, ë td and the like. , 3. The forms with hamza (al-mahrnfiz) 62 Here one has to pay attention to the following: 3.1. Hamza as the first letter [of a word] always has the shape of an alif, regardless of its . If the hamza is joined by the interrogative or ibil, vocalization, e.g. unzm, (.1 ; alif, one writes two alifs, such as a-abfika, 40i , unless the second hanzza is a connective hamza. In that case this [second ail] drops out, and one writes only one Another example is to be found alif; as in: a-bnuka 11,ayrun am gullimuka, rt cçsr 1a 51,"has — in the Qur'an (37: 153): a-stafd 'l-baniiti 'aid 'l-banin, He chosen daughters above sons". ; . " 3.2 If the hamza holds a medium position, see the following: P only. Cf. Ibn Wallad, 163, 8ff. He disputes the imilla in lad€i, 'aid, and dd. See also Ibn Qutayba, 284-85. 62 The orthographic rules of the hamza — alzaggagi, 277, 3 says: alikiim al-hamza l-ltatt — are discussed by Ibn Qutayba, 285-94; al-Sall, 247, 4 - 249 ult.; al-Zagtaki, 277-80 (complete, yet less systematic than Ibn Durustawayhi, and Ibn. 60 61 Babgad: the hamza at the beginning is followed by the hamza at the end of a word, etc.) ; Ibn. Durustawayhi, 10-17 (chapter one); al-Batalyawsi, 189-95, 230; Ibn al-ljakib/al-Astara,badi, III, 319, 12-325, 6; al-Qalqagandl., III, 163, 13-165, 20; al-Suyati, Hamc , VI, 310-19. — See also Muqaddima 53; garb/Kuwait, 449-53; garb/Cairo, /al-c Ani, 422 -27. I 76 [12 ULRICH HAARMANN 3.2.1 If it is mute (sdkin), its shape is determined by the vowel of the preceding [consonant}, such as in: res, Ljeli ; bi'r, ; and su'r, . This [orthography] is consistent with the [result of the] lightening of the ham.;a. 63 3.2.2 If the hamza [in this position] is vocalized, one has to take into consideration what precedes it: 3.2.2.1 If this preceding [consonant] is mute, the hamza has no visible letter, e.g. ar'us, cr . ; istal'im yd ; and . This way of spelling is the preferred and correct one. 64 3.2.2.2 if the preceding [consonant] is vocalized, one returns to the hamza itself and takes its own vowel into account: 3.2.2.2.1 If [this vowel] is a fatija, the vowel of the preceding consonant determines its $ ; and seala, JL , since the fath is the brother of ; shape, e.g. :c4•upan, the sukzin." 1 3.2.2.2.2 If, however, its vowel is not frati3a, but rather damm or kasr, then its own vowel determines its shape and you write a WOW if you vocalize the hamza with a tfamma, and a ye if you vocalize it with a kasra. This is what you find in: gad la' uma r-ragulu, . and gad su'ila, 3.3 if the hamza is located at the end of the word (mutaiarrifa), it is always written in accord with the vowel preceding it, " whether it itself is vocalized or mute. For instance : tan yagra'a, f,ii ; Kand lam yagra',1 ;;11. J'; 67 or huwa yagrapu, gad garea, , or gad dafu'a yawmund, , and hztwa yt, and huwa yugri'u, _ yadju'u, ,-; ; - If a pronoun is suffixed to this [hamza in] final position, the rules of the final position are superseded by the rules of the medium position in all respects which we have mentioned .5 , ... o ... 5 1E , : .. above, e.g. huwa yagreuhu, oj,-;2-* ! yt ; [3801 lan yagreahu, ciI A j ; lam yagra'hu, 01A 6.$ , 68 . 3,\ ; yakla'uhu, 0 _..L...-!, , and huwa yugri'uhu 's-saldm, c")k-31 0 j i _,A . _ Aram yugri'hu, . - ,... , - , 0 r . 1 - I.e. the pronunciation as riis, bit, sur. Sharing Ibn Qutayba's (290, 3-4, alwad), al-Zaggiki's (279, ult. -280, 2, itztirir), AbÜ krayyan al-Oarnati's (d. 745/1345) ( Tashil, see al-Suyiati, Ham`, VI, 311 ult. - 312, 5), and, later on, alQ.alciaandi's preference (III, 206, 14 ff., alatisan al-aqyas), Ibn Durustawayhi (13-14, § 9, esp. 14, 2, 8, 12) argues for the taelf of these forms — in analogy to yar'ci > yard; weak > malak — not only in pronunciation, but also in writing, i.e. for the omission (lzadf) [sc. of a carrier of the hamzal as being preferable (afwad, ilaiyetr) and more logical (aqyas) than the ibdiii with the corresponding "soft" letters alif wiiio and rr. 65 I.e. the rule described under 3.2.1 is applied 63 (res. 64 If the preceding consonant is, however, mute (al-mar'u , un Izab' un the rules of the intermediary position (3.2.2.1) are valid. The author fails to mention this case, both in the Muqaddirna and in the garb, as a special category, unlike all the other writers on the subject: Ibn Qutayba, 290, 9 if; al-Sali 249, 1 if; al-Zagggi, 277, 6 f; Ibn Durustawayhi, 16, 17 if; al-Batalyawsi, 168-70; al-Qalciagandi, III, 208, 5-12; al-Suyati, Ham', VI, 313, 7-9. 67 B only. 68 P ordy. 66 y..0 ). 13] 177 AN ELEVENTH CENTURY PRÉCIS OF ARABIC ORTHOGRAPHY 4. Connection and separation (al-wasl wa-l-qaf) 69 This has primarily to do with md, id and hd. 4.1.1 Mil is always joined, in writing, to particles with government (ljureff if these have one consonant, whether ma is a noun or a particle, such as in God's word — may he be exalted (Qur'an 5 :155) : ) nagclihim mitdquhum, "so for their breaking the compact", and (Qur'an 2 :151) : Ica-md ( 1 ) arsalnii fi-kum rasitlan, "as also We have sent among you a Messenger". 4.1.2 If the particles with government consist of more than one consonant, such as inna, layta, lacatia, ilã hattil and the like, then ma is written separately, if it is a noun with the meaning of alladi, such as in (Qur'an. 16 :95) : inna cinda cildhi huwa Ilayrun), , "surely what is with God that is better for you". It is connected, however, if it is a particle such as in (Qur'an 4:171) : inna-mc7 ) 'II Au ileihun waljidun, "God is only One God". - Yet if it is the interrogative mã, then it is connected in writing though it is a noun because of the apocopation [sc. of the dill that affects ail For example: 115 ma (11) tanuru?, hattii ma tagibu? or (Qur'an 79 :43) : fl-ma ( anta min dikraii, "what art thou about to mention it ?" and (Qur'an 78 :1) : cam-ma ( P) yatasealiina, "of what do they question one another ?". 72 - - If the he of silence (sakt) is attached to it, [381] one writes it separately and says for instance: ilci mah cA.) and lzattä mah (4 ), because it now exceeds one consonant. , To summarize: If ma- is a noun other than the interrogative, it is written separately after [the particles] with more than one consonant; if ma is a particle or an interrogative noun, then it is joined in writing. According to this rule one says : ayna ma ( L. i ) wa c adtand, "where is what you promised us ?", and separates the two in writing. Or you say: ayna-mã (1;J.1 ) tacidnd nakun, "whereever you summon us, we shall go" and write the two together. Sometimes, when having the meaning of alladi, it is connected in writing, though separate writing is preferable. This happens with min and Can for reasons of assimilation (ickdm). &c.) safahta, or harabtu mim-mii So you can say: safalgu cam-mä (Lc' ) safalita and Can m(7 harabta. As far as kull d-mc7 is concerned, the mil inherent ( ) harabta and min md (L. in it is connected if kulla mã is an adverb (.;arf), e.g. kulla ma (V ) qumta qumtu. If it is a , . - - 69 Chapters on al-wasl wa-l-fasl (or: al-qatC): Ibn Qutayba, 256-64; 258,7-259,6; Ibn Durustawayhi, 24-34, esp. 26 ff: (chapter four) ; al-Zagläti, 276,6-9 (only on the shortening of ma); al-Batalyawsi, 163,5-166,5 ; Ibn. al -}Agibial-Astardbadi, III, 325,8-327,9; al-Qalqagandi, III, 211,8218, 8; al-Suyiati, Hamc, VI, 319-23. — See also Muqaddima 54-5; garb,./Kuwait, 454-58; garlz/Cairo, 428-33. - a, "particles" (cf. Ibn Qutayba, 70 Hurisf al-metl 284,4), i.e. one of the three parts of speech, as opposed to 1.zuriff al-mabcini, "letters of the alphabet". The phrase ljurzif al-maciini is derived from Sibawayhi's famous opening sentence... harf fãz limenan laysa bi-sm ficl. The copious; ‘Often 23 - - contradictory, literature on this definition is evaluated and summarized in Versteegh, Greek Elements, 43-5, 47 (particularly on the term lzuriif Al-Batalyawsi, 167f., raises the question where the line between the particles (1zurif almactini), the nouns and verbs can legitimately be drawn with words like matd ) vs. kila They are, as zurizf, nouns, yet share bine and cad= al-tasarruf with the particles proper. 71 Cf. Ibn Qutayba, 264,4ff, Ibn Durustawayhi, 48,8. 72 This example is missing in P and B. It is quoted, among others, by al-Zagggi, 6urnal, 276, 9, probably Ibn Babgad's main source. 178 [14 ULRICH HAARMANN noun, then the ma is separated in writing, such as in: kullu md ([4 ma fi ' d-dunyö fOnin. - j) cindi laka and kullu 4.2 LO is joined to an if it is the an which puts the verb into the subjunctive (an rzdsiba li-l-fic1). It is written separately if the an does not govern the subjunctive, but is rather the lightened derivate [of anna] with taklid (bal mulzaffafa min al-Iadda). 73 There is the example in God's word — may he be praised — (Qur'an 5:71) : wa0,414 an Ia (\1 31) takiinu fitrzatun, "and they supposed there should Ix- no trial". If one assumes that an governs the subjunctive, the connection [of an and lã to aiifl is required. If one assumes that it governs the indicative (rafc), on the other hand, one must keep the two separate because in this case one presupposes the following construction in the indicative: annahu 15 takanu..., with the presumptive added he [sc. of -hu as the separating factor. . The hi which occurs together with the conditional in is joined to it, e.g. ilia tada` ucäqibka, "if you do not stop slandering me, I shall punish you", and: Nä tadhab adhab, "if you do not go, then I shall go". The same is true with hal ifit assumes the meaning of disapproval (inktir) and reproach (tawbilz,), as in: heti il_aragta, "why did you not leave"? 4.3 The hei which is used to excite attention (li-l-tanbih), is joined to da without its alif unless it is accompanied by the klif of address (kaf al-P5b) — such as in: hiida, UA; 01%; häç.ldni , 31-1A, and hettlei, 1 ` ,%. If the keV of address is adjoined, then it is written separate with its alff, such as: heiddka, .6ab ; hödiinika, Lt ; &WA-a, h&c-Mika, ,t-lil-71A; and hifuleika, ,!...nitA, because here the kg of address takes over the function of exciting attention (tanbih) [sc. from the h51 ) 5. Elision (al-liaclf) 75 5.1 This has primarily to do with the letters of prolongation and softness (1zurfif al-madd wa-l-lin, i.e. alif, zocize) and yril and the geminate letters (alquirizf al-muOcafa), [382] if they belong to one and the same word, such as: kurrurz,:1 ; burrurz,:, ; kdda , J ; and madda,'-k, If the gemination of a letter, however, covers two words, then nothing is elided, e.g. in al-laban, 30; al-lalzrn, r>.131; and al-layl, Except in the case of alladi, 42; allah, j 1 ; and aliadina, :i?...111, in the plural, for they are spelled with only one him, [firstly] since here [the element of the relative clause Csila) [in alladil ( -ladi) and the . ! 73 On the an al-nii,siba li-l-ficl vs. an al-nzubaffafa see Ibn al-klägib, III, 325, 11 and al-Astarabadi's commentary, 326, 12-14. A modern study on the same subject is W. Fischer's, "DaB-Satze mit 01 und Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik,1 (1978), 24-31. 74 This taclil is peculiar to Ibn Bii.bgäd; see also his SariziKuwait, 458, 2; SaritiCairo, II, 433, 3-4. Ibn Durustawayhi, 33, 12, promises to give the reasons for the insertion of an dal in these forms at a later time, a promise never fulfilled. Al-Qalqagandi, 0 III, 182,18-183,1, in the chapter on the kat' remains silent about the reasons for this redundant aq: Ibn Qutayba, 249, 6fT, 75 On elision, see 265,l-2676; al-Zaggaki, 274,3-275,14; 1bn Durustawayhi, 34, 12-45, ult. (chapter five) ; Ibn al-ljagib/ al-Astareabadi, HI, 328,12-332,5 ; al -Qalqagandi, HI, 180,10-196,14; al-Surati, Ham', VI, 328, 16-335, 7. — See also Mugaddima Jal-c.:kni, 55-7; garb /Kuwait, 459-63; garli/Cairo, II, 434-48. 15] 179 AN ELEVENTH CENTURY PRÉCIS OF ARABIC ORTHOGRAPHY relative pronoun (mawsill) [in alladi] (= al-) have practically become one and the same thing; 76 [secondly] because this [spelling] gives safety from confusion. For in their dual forms alladi and allati are spelled with two /dins, in order to provide a differentiation between the dual and the plural. 77 One says: ra'aytu ' iladayni ,:re 3.111) gilmd and allatayni haragatd. 5.2 The letters of prolongation and softness: 5.2.1 Examples for the apocopation of alif can be found in Adam, r .;r, and 78 5.2.2 Examples for the apocopation of zegze) we have in: Ddwlld, , dwüs ,79 and yagreilna, 3jo.A , 80 which are [all] written with one wciw only <in order to facilitate the reading> 81 and because of the aversion (kardhiya) against writing two wdws the first of which is vocalized with a (lemma. If, however, the first laze) is vocalized with a fattza, then the two ways remain in writing, e.g. istawaw, , "they were equal" ; awate), 1V-P , "they howled", and lawaw, 1:;?* , "they roasted". 82 There is only one exception from the first rule mentioned, namely in the phrase: al-qawmu dawie mdlin, pin, for one spells [dawi] with two weiws the first of which carries a clamma, in order not to confuse it with the singular (sc. da, j). , 5.2.3 Examples for the apocopation of ycip are: al-mustahzi'ina, ; al-mustagri'ina, . < These words are written with only one ye if they are forms in the plural ›. 83 If they, however, are dual forms, one writes the two yes (sc. al-mustahzi'ayni, ai-mustagrip ayni, dcicin and gazin and the like from among [Furthermore the yap is elided] in gd the forms with a weak third radical (manglis) 84 All of them are written without a ye if they are nianated in the nominative or in the genitive; <this is in accord with their pronunciation (ljamlan Cald l-lasft)> . 85 If they are without manation, or nitmated in the accusative, then they are spelled with the ye . Thus the yd persists in writing (hay) where 76 Only Ibn Babgad offers this explanation, which is in itself difficult to understand; see also his garb/Kuwait, 460,10-11; SarbiCairo, II, 434, ult. He may have taken it over from an older source without having fully grasped its scope and meaning. More common is a related argument for the elision of the second itinz in alladi, etc.: the two elements of alladi, al- and -ladi, are more or less one and therefore inseparable. See Ibn III, 328,15 and al-Odrabirdi, 381, 16: fa-innand tuktabu wdlzida li-anna fad ld tanfasilu fa-sdra ka-l-jue , and al-Qalqagandi, III, 193, 11: fa-kaannahu laysat munfasila. Only few authors resort to katrat Ibn Qutayba, 266, 10 (see also Wright, Grammar, I, 271 C), explaining the defective writing of alladi etc. with their frequent occurrence. 77 With this familiar argument, the assumption of graphic differentiation for the purpose of avoiding ambiguity, Ibn Babgan returns to the mainstream of the grammatical tradition: Ibn Qutayba, 266,11-267,1 ; Ibn Durustawayhi, 35,11 ; Ibn al-klägibial-Astardbadi, HI, 328, 15 and 330, 3 if; al-Qalqagandi, HI, 193, 14; al-Suyati, Ham`, VI, 329, 12. 78 Cf. Ibn Qutayba, 249, 6 f; al-Qalqagandi, HI, 189, 9 if; see also al-Suyitti, Ham', VI, 329, 6. 79 Cf. Ibn Qutayba, 263,3ff; al-Sall, 251, paen. 8 ° Cf. Ibn Qutayba, 265,9ff; al-Qalqagandi, III, 195,7ff. 81 PB only. 82 Cf. Ibn Qutayba, 265,9ff; al-Still, 252,2ff.; al-Zaggagi, 275,11 ff. 83 B only, though indispensable. 84 Ibn Qutayba, 275, 11ff. 85 B only; the meaning: because their ending in] is pronounced exactly like the ending of a nanated noun with a strong third radical in the genitive. 180 ULRICH HAARMANN [15 it persists in pronunciation (laA), and is apocopated in writing where it is apocopated in pronunciation. 5.3 Another section of this chapter is the apocopa.tion of the hamza of the definite article if the inchoative lam (lam al-i back?) or the preposition (lam g'arr) are prefixed to it; for example, if you say: la I-ragulu fz,ayrun mina 'l-rnar'a, ;IP , "verily, man is better than woman", and: cindi !jam , "I am in the debt of this man". 5.4 Furthermore we have in the chapter of apocopati n the removal of the connective (alff al-wa§l) from ibn if it occurs as an attribute in the singular (mufradan sffatan) between two proper names (calamayni), two kunyas, or two given names (lagabayni), whether the two belong to the same [of these three categories] or not. For instance you can say: <hada Zaydu bnu CAmrin, y.1 a:6 ; hada abfi 1-Qasimi bnu abi Mul.zammadin 5 J1i U. or hada Zaydu bnu ' l-arniri, , and hada bnu '1-amiri, , or hada Zaydu ban abi .4t 1-6 . But if you say: hada Zayduni bnu [383] aljina,t.".„.4'.1:-.7j 't-x.!..3126%; or inna .tfulzammadani bnuc Amrin, ,:yst (.1...s-t 31 Jj or hada Zaydun wa-` Amruni 'bnã Ijãlidin, J3t Liz, then you always preserve the aiif It is apocopated only under the conditions outlined above. r , 6. Augmentation (al-ziyiida) 6.0 For the most part these are irregular formations (add), which are employed in the intention of indicating the difference between forms that would otherwise be confused. 6.1 Among them is the redundant dif after the mite) of the plura1 87 — provided the weiw is not connected with a pronoun — such as in akalü , , aribü , and dacaw,i)c--) . The alif differentiates [this wiiw] from the wow in yacicii, f--k! and ya:gzzi, , which belongs [as a radical] to the verb itself. The authorities (al-mulzaffigiin) among our colleagues (min asizabinii) do not keep the alf in any of these latter cases. 88 , 6.2 Furthermore there is the spelling ofmI 3atun, ;Ct. , "hundred", with an alif to differentiate it from minhu. 89 This redundant letter of mi'a, so to speak, replaces the apocopated third radical (lam) of the word; for this reason you eliminate it in the plural forms [of a]. Ibn. Qutayba, 247,5ff; 268,4-269,9; 275,3; al-Zaggagi, 273,6-274,2; Ibn Durustawayhi, 46,149,7 (chapter six); Ibn al-krakibial-Astaribädi, III, 327,10-328,11 ; al-Qalqagandi, III, 175,12-180,9; al-Suyati, Ham`, VI, 324-28.- See also Muqaddima /a1-`Äni, 57; ar4/Kuwait, 464-65; Sarti/Cairo, 439-40. 67 Ibn Qutayba, 247,5-249,2; al-$011, 246,1247,2 ; al-Zagtaki, 274,1-2; Ibn Durustawayhi, 46,9-21; Ibn al-Kagibial-AstarAbacii, III, 327,10, 327,19-328,4 ; al-Qalqagandi, III, 176,16-178,8 ; al-Suyilti, Hamc, VI, 324,7-13. A1-Farr5. (d. 207/822) kept the alai in the indicative, al-KisVi, (d. 189/805) in the subjunctive; see 246,2; al-Qalqagandi, III, 177,10; al-Suyati, Ham' VI, 324,9-10. In the Qur'an most mitt's- were followed by the alif al wigeiya. 99 Ibn Qutayba, 269,4-6; 246, paen.; al-Z Agi, 274,1; Ibn Durustawayhi, 46, ult.-47,9; Ibn a1-1:14kibial-Astarabädi, III, 327,14; 328,9; al-Qalqagandi, III, 175,16-176,15; al-Suyati, Ham ', VI, 325,16-327,13. - 17] AN ELEVENTH CENTURY PRftIS OF ARABIC ORTHOGRAPHY 181 6.3 One adds a w'dw in cAmr" in the nominative and genitive to distinguish it from `Umar. In the accusative the waw is not kept because the alif which is substituted for the nanation fulfils the differentiating function of the W:UV. 6.4 One furthermore adds a weiw in ulcrika, , to discern it from ilayka. 6.5 The he of silence is added in cases like cih, AP, "heed!" ; sih , 4 , "embroider!" ; qih, 4 , "protect!", 92 if the speech breaks off with it. But if [the sentence] continues after it, then you apocopate the hef and say: ci .3kJ1 t, "heed the words !" ; Ji 'l-tawb, , "embroider the garment !" ; and qi Zaydan, i, "protect Zayd!". 7. Substitution (al-badal) 93 7.1 One example is the substitution (ib dc71) of an alif for the nanation in the accusative, such as in: reaytulaydan wa-Bakran, rj-S to draw a dividing line between [the nun of the urination] and the nun of the stem (al-nun al-asliyya) as in lzasan, - , and fagn, 12i. 7.2 Another example is the replacement of the feminine tie (ter al-tenii) of nouns by a he in the pause such as in: qcrimah, Alt; , and qeicidah, o. , in differentiation from the te that is connected with verbs, as in qcimat, , and qacadat,:: . 7.3 The ter occurs only with three particles : One says [384] lei and Icit, tumma and tummat, rubba and rubbat. 94 They are written with a td because of their resemblance to the verbs, since they exercise government like the verb. 7.4 Furthermore we have the abnormal spelling (cali “. .ariqat al-Iudild) of al-saldt, j L.aJ, al-zakeit, , and al-Ilayeit,a),r4- 1 , with a welw, as long as these words are in the singular. If they are in the construct or in the dual, they are [alwaysl spelled with an aq by analogy (qiyeis) [to the regular pattern]. 95 90 Ibn Qutayba, 268,5-269,2; al-Sall, 251,14; al-Zakka,gi, 273,6-8; Ibn Durustawayhi, 48,1549,2; Ibn al-kagib/al-Astardbadi, III, 327,15; al-Qalqa5andi, III, 178,10-20; al-Suyati, Ham`, VI, 328,10-14. See also A. Spitaler, und Verwandtes," Die islamische Welt zwischen Mittelalter und Neuzeit. Festschrift fiir Hans Robert Roemer zum 65. Geburtstag, 591-608. 91 Ibn Qutayba, 269,2-4; al-$ati, 251,17; al-Zaggati, 273,9 (following Ibn Qutayba); Ibn Durustawayhi, 49,3; al-Däni, Kitdb al-Naqt, ed. 0. Pretzl. Bibliotheca Islamica 3 (Istanbul 1932), 148,7 (li-l-farq bayn...); 1bn al-I-Agib/al-Astardbadi, III, 327,16; a1-Qa1qa5andi, III, 179,1-6; alSuyati, Ham ', VI, 327,14-328,9. — See also Fleischer, Kleinere Schriften, I, 25; Spitaler '5 . 596-97. 92 Ibn Qutayba, 275,3 ; al-Sall, 250,7-17; a1-Zak 04i, 276,2 -5 ; Ibn Durustawayhi, 48,1-5; , - Ibn al-klägibial-Astardbadi, III, 315,3,1 1. 93 Ibn Durustawayhi, 49,8-53,20 (chapter seven); Ibn al-15,gibia1-Astaribadl, III, 332,6-333, ult.; a1-Qa1qa5andi, III, 196,15-203,20; al-Suyati, Ham', VI, 335,8-339,6. — See also Muqaddima /al-cAni, 57; garb/Kuwait, 466-68; garb/Cairo, 441-43. 94 Ibn Durustawayhi, 50,3-4. 95 Ibn Qutayba, 269,11-270,10; al-Sali, 255,714 ; al-Zagagi, 276,11-277,2; Ibn Durustawayhi, 51,11-52,6; al-Dani, Muqnic, 57,9-59,2; al-Astaraba'di, III, 333,6; al-Qalqagandi, III, 203,4-20; a1-Suyati, Ham' VI, 340, 12 if (in a special chapter on rasrrz al-mufizaf). See also A. Spitaler, "Die Schreibung des Typus im Koran. Ein Beitrag zur Erldarun.g der koranischen Orthographie," WZKM, 56 (1960) Festschrift Herbert W. Duda. Zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet von semen Freun.den und Schtilern], 212-26. 1 89 ULRICH HAARMANN [18 7.5 there are the phrases yawmeidin,it-aj!, and ifineidin, , in which the hamza [of id] alif) is replaced by a ye. 96 These words are written as one word (muttasilatan bi-mti gablahri) according to those [scholars] who regard them as uninflected madhab man band). 97 Those who regard them as inflected (man acraba) write them with the harnza [of id] (= a4f) and separate the two components, and that is the basic form 1-a4-1). 98 98 1bn Qutayba, 264,7 (however not on the exchange alif harnzalyzi"); Ibn Durustawayhi, 52,11, compares this peculiar morphophonemic yd with the regular harnza mutateassila (rendered as 0 3 ) in .sa'ima, ; Ham', VI, 310, paen., chooses - ba'isa as an example. 97 115n Durustawayhi draws the parallel to the bine calif 1 fatba in hanzsata calara, 98 B only. -