pi
An Essential Guide to BS EN 1176 and BS EN 1177
Children’s Playground Equipment & Surfacing: updated for 2008
www.playinspections.co.uk
www.wicksteed.co.uk
An Essential Guide to BS EN 1176 and BS EN 1177
Accessibility
Barriers and Guardrails
Barriers
Bridges
Cableway: dimensions
Cableway: free space
Cableway: impact areas
Cableway: safety
Chains
Climbing ropes
Definitions
Design
Entrapment: test of all users
Entrapment: clothing
Entrapment: feet and legs
Entrapment: fingers
Entrapment: wedge (neck)
Entrapment: whole body
Falling space protection
Fibre ropes
Free space
General safety Grip and grasp
Handrails
Head/neck entrapments
Introduction
Ladders
Legal Background
Management
Management: documentation
Management: foundations
Management: inspection
Management: installation
Management: maintenance
Management: safety
Management: staff
Marking
Materials
Means of access
Minimum space
Obstacles Obstacles (free space)
Abbreviations:
CFH
FFH
BSI
SI
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Product information
Ramps
Rigid circular openings
Rocking items
Rocking: definitions
Rocking: falling space
Rocking: safety requirements
Rocking: surfacing requirements
Rocking: types
Ropes and chains
Rotating items
Rotating: definitions
Rotating: free space
Rotating: protective skirts
Rotating: safety Rotating: specific requirements Rotating: surfacing
Slides
Slides: definitions
Slides: free space
Slides: run-outs
Slides: safety requirements
Slides: surfacing Spatial networks
Stairs
Surfacing
Surfacing: definitions
Surfacing: dimensions:
Surfacing: information
Surfacing: loose-fill
Surfacing: safety requirements
Suspended beams
Swinging suspended ropes Swings
Swings: definitions
Swings: free space
Swings: requirements
Swings: siting
Swings: surfacing Traffic flows
Wire ropes
Critical fall height
Free fall height
British Standards Institute
Severity Index
The interpretations are those of Rob Davies of Wicksteed Leisure Ltd and Peter Heseltine of The Play Inspection Company.
Other interpretations are possible. Where there is a dispute, reference should be made to the published Standard and to any
interpretation committee which is established in the UK or Europe and may be contacted through BSI.
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The Play Inspection Company and Wicksteed Playscapes
The Play Inspection Company
The Play Inspection Company was formed by four leading
individuals In the Play Industry to provide a professional
service covering all aspects of play. We aim to ensure children
enjoy themselves, grow and develop through their play and, at
the same time, assure providers face reduced injury claims and
litigation.
Keith Dalton has over 20 years experience in the playground
industry. He was Managing Director of Hags Play Ltd for over 10
years, and was also responsible for the development of the BTEC
Level 3 Advanced Award in Playground Inspection & Operation,
being one of the only 2 approved tutors for this course in the UK.
Safety Surfacing is an area of many myths; Keith is one of the
most knowledgeable people around the industry with regard to
the different types and properties of impact absorbing surfaces.
Keith was also responsible for the production of the DDA
Assessment check-list that now forms the industry standard.
In May 2003 Keith enrolled with the Register of Play Inspectors
International (RPII) and is one of a select group who are qualified
to examine all levels of inspectors enrolling with the RPII.
Wicksteed
As the largest and longest established playground equipment
manufacturer in the UK, Wicksteed takes on the responsibility
of ensuring the safety of children is given high priority in the
playground industry.
As long ago as 1959 our playground equipment of the time
carried the British Standard Kitemark to BS 3178. The Safety
Standard evolved from BS 3178 to BS 5696 in 1979 and
subsequently in 1998 BS EN 1176 and BS EN 1177 became the
European Safety Standard for playground equipment and impact
absorbing playground surfacing.
Wicksteed has always been heavily involved in the formulation
of the Safety Standards of the day and we represent the UK
playground equipment manufacturers on the European
Standards Committee.
Our Technical Manager - Rob Davies, has co-written this
publication and it has been our pleasure to sponsor the
document to ensure everyone affected by the 2008 changes to
BS EN 1176/77 are kept up to date and fully informed.
Peter Heseltine has been involved in children’s play provision for
over 35 years and has written numerous publications including:
Review of Playground and Related Surveys • Playing Safe
Playground Safety Checklist • Playground Design for Local
Communities • The Children’s Playground • Guide to BS1176 and
1177 • Assessing Risk on Children’s Playgrounds
Peter has been working independently providing training and
inspection services to the industry and for three years with
The Play Inspection Company.
3
Introduction
Two main standards for playground equipment were used
in the UK - BS 5696 and DIN 7926 until the end of 1998.
The European Standard came into effect on January 1,
1999 and is applicable throughout the European Union
and some non-EU countries.
BS EN 1176
Playground Equipment and Surfacing
Part 1: General safety requirements and test methods
Part 2: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for swings
Part 3: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for slides
Part 4: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for runways
Part 5: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for carousels
Part 6: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for rocking equipment
Part 7: Guidance for installation, inspection, maintenance
and operation
Part 11: Additional specific safety requirements and test methods for spatial networks
Part 10: Fully Enclosed Play Equipment is outside the scope
of this document
BS EN 1177
Impact Attenuating Playground Surfacing
Determination of Critical Fall Height
BS 7188
Impact Absorbing Playground Surfaces: Performance
Requirements and Test Methods (Published 1998 and covers
some aspects of surfaces not applicable outside the UK.
Currently being revised)
These notes summarise the main requirements of the standard
for the interested lay person where these may be assessed on
site. It does not replace the Standards. In the event of legal claims
or disputes, reference should be made to the full Standards,
copies of which are available from BSI Publications, 389 Chiswick
Road, London, W4 4AL. Where additional information is felt to be
helpful these are included as Author’s Notes.
The Standard recognises the developmental importance
of play and risk. It is felt that children need to experience
risk and the Standard is designed to prevent injuries with
a disabling or fatal result or where a child may receive an
injury in the event of an incorrect judgement on their part.
It cannot remove all possibility of injury. Parental or caregiver supervision is seen as crucial in reducing injuries to
very young children. Increased accessibility for children
with disabilities has been borne in mind to provide a
balance between safety and challenge.
4
BS EN 1177 solely concerns the testing of impact absorbing
surfaces. All other requirements and recommendations have
been transferred to BS EN 1176.
pi
Published by The Play Inspection Company, Rivers Lea House, 14 Ringwood Road,
Longham, Ferndown, Dorset BH22 9AN
t. 01202 59 0675 • [email protected] • www.playinspections.co.uk
and Wicksteed Leisure Limited, Digby Street, Kettering, Northamptonshire NN16 8YJ
t. 01536 517028 • f. 01536 410633 • [email protected] • www.wicksteed.co.uk
© The Play Inspection Company & Wicksteed Leisure 2008
Legal background
Definitions
The European Standards (BS EN 1176 and BS EN 1177)
harmonised existing national standards (principally BS 5696,
parts of BS 7188, DIN 7926 (the German standard)
and NF S54201 (the French Standard).
The official definitions may be found in the Standard - the
explanations which follow attempt to explain them in every
day terms. The definitions selected are primarily for the
purchaser: others that affect the manufacturer or supplier
have not been included. Additional definitions are included
in each part of the additional requirements.
BS EN 1176 is not retrospective or, currently, as with previous
standards, a legal requirement in the UK but represents good
practice in the event of an accident claim. Their limitations should
be recognised: mere compliance will not automatically create a
safe playground or give immunity from legal proceedings. Like
previous playground standards they are intended to be used
intelligently as part of a risk assessment.
The Health and Safety Executive have issued a guidance note LAC
79-2 Safety in Children’s Playgrounds. Copies available from the
HSE and can be downloaded from www.hse.gov.uk/
lau/lacs/79-2.html
BS 5696, DIN 7926, NFS54201 and part of BS 7188 have been
withdrawn. Equipment produced before BS EN 1176 (January1,
1999) should meet BS 5696 or DIN 7926 or have undergone third
party testing, for example by carrying a TüV certificate or a BSI
Kitemark and be subject to a risk assessment in the UK.
N.B. There are differences between BSI Kitemarks and TüV
certificates. Suppliers can notify prospective purchasers of the
implications of each. Both give good indications of safety and
suitability.
Where there are differences between the new and old standards,
our advice is DON’T PANIC! Equipment that has been perfectly
safe under BS 5696, DIN 7926 or the earlier version of BS EN
1176 have not suddenly become dangerous the day after
publication of this new BS EN 1176. In the UK manufacturers
will have twelve months from the date of publication to
achieve conformity.
New equipment should meet BS EN 1176. BSI and TüV’s will use
BS EN 1176 in assessing compliance. The same applies to the
provision of impact absorbing surfaces.
As will become apparent, some elements of EN 1176 are open
to opinion. In the event of a dispute, advice, information and
guidance on interpretation may be sought from BSI’s Technical
Committee SW/65 and decisions from the European Standards
Committee, CEN/TC136/SC1. There were some changes to
the Standard in the early years as experience was gained from
practical implementation on site. Commonsense and risk
assessment will remain a good guide.
Ancillary items
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• Playground equipment: these are items provided for outdoor play such as swings, slides, roundabouts etc. or where such outdoor items are used indoors. It does not include staffed
& enclosed adventure playgrounds although its general principles are a useful guide. Although not stated we believe this refers to permanently fixed equipment only - equipment produced for the home is not covered by this Standard (BS EN 71 & the Toy Directive apply). It does not include soft-play areas,
skateboard areas or ancillary items,such as fences, seats, litterbins etc. European standards for fully enclosed play equipment, wheeled sports & multi-use games have
been published
• Climbing equipment: items on which children cannot stand unaided but must hold on, requiring three points of contact
unless moving
• Playing surface: the ground
• Forced movement: a movement to which a child is committed by the design of the equipment (ie. a swing, slide or fire man’s pole)
• Free space: the space which children are forced to use by the action of the equipment (ie. slide chute or fire man’s pole)
• Falling space: the space through which the child falls from the point of fall
• Free height of fall: distance from the clearly intended body support or position which can easily be reached to the impact area
• Collective use: use by more than one user at a time
• Ladders, stairs and ramps: means of access or egress, the difference between them being detailed on Page 10
• Impact area: the area where the child will strike the surface or another item or part of equipment (see Section on Surfacing pg 16)
• Grip and grasp: a part which the child needs to support their weight will require grip and a part the child uses for balance would require grasp.
• Obstacle: a piece of the equipment extending into the path
of movement
i. in the free space, something in the path of a user undergoing forced movement
ii. in the falling space a hard and sharp object the user can strike during a fall
iii. other types of movement – something unexpected likely to cause a collision by the user
• Family of products: modular or multi-play equipment
• Easily accessible: protection against falling is required where there are ladders, stairs, ramps or tiered platforms (less than 600mm height difference) which fail to allow time for the intervention of a parent or care-giver.
A tüv certificate forms part of this assessment.
5
Definitions cont..
Marking
• Cluster: separate items designed to be grouped together
(i.e adventure trails). NB. Space between individual items in the cluster must be appropriate to the intended age, for example, no more than 500mm to enable a suitable step to be made.
Equipment should be permanently marked and include:
• Steep play element: a play feature steeper than 450 to
enter or leave equipment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Manufacturer or authorised agent
Year of manufacture
Equipment reference
Basic level mark
Number and date of BS EN 1176
Minimum space around
equipment and zones
The minimum space around equipment is made up of three
elements:
1. space occupied by equipment
2. free space (only applies where there is ‘forced’ movement
and this distance should be stated by the supplier)
3. falling space (surfacing area). Free spaces may not overlap,
falling spaces may overlap but free spaces + falling spaces may not overlap (Other than for cluster items)
• The free space is measured vertically as well as horizontally
(i.e. as if a tin can is enclosing the child and moving with the equipment or motion - Diagram 1)
• The measurements for the free space are:
Standing A: 1000mmB: 1800mm
Sitting A: 1000mm B: 1500mm
Hanging A: 500mm B: 300mm above the hanging position
and 1800mm below
• Some equipment may have different distances set
by the supplier
A
300mm
B
Diagram 1
Protection against injuries in the free space
• No obstacles in the free space (other than structures to assist, support or safeguard the user, for example, platforms with
fire poles or hand-rails)
• Clearance between pole and take-off platform:
350mm minimum
• Fire poles should meet grip requirements
• Traffic flows should not go through the free space
Protection against injuries in the falling space
• Free height of fall should not exceed 3m
• No obstacles in the falling space (i.e solid bar at base of
angled nets or links)
• The impact absorbency of the surface should be sufficient for the free fall height
• Dimensions are as given in Surfacing section (Page 16)
• Platforms with fall heights of more than 1m between them require testable impact absorbency
Protection against injuries due to other types of movement
No unexpected obstacles (Diagram 2)
6
Diagram 2
General safety requirements
Ropes and chains
Materials
Materials and product finishing treatments should meet Standard requirements if available or be suitable for their purpose
• Flammability: use flash resistant materials
• Timber: timber should be resistant to ground decay by selection of the correct species, construction method or preservatives
Metal fastenings should not be corroded by the timber species used, by any paint or preservative
Preservatives should be to BS EN 351-1 and EN 351-2.
No coal-tar oils (i.e. creosote). CCA should not be used.
Weather-proofed plywood should meet BS EN 636-3
• Metal: metals should be protected against corrosion by severe climate, special natural conditions (salt water) or environmental pollution. (Suppliers can advise on special treatments). Metal producing toxic oxides/flaking must be protected by a non-toxic coating
Author’s note: Incompatible metals may cause corrosion
This section covers swinging, climbing ropes, chains and nets.
•Synthetics: it should be possible to identify wear in the gel coat of GRP, for example, by an indicator colour layer. There should be no UV degradation (if there is a risk of
brittleness the manufacturer must notify the purchaser of
the replacement time-scale)
• Toxic materials: such materials must not be used where
children can access them
Design and manufacture
The equipment must be suitable for the user and risks should
be identifiable by the child. This may require separation by
age group.
• Accessibility: adults must be able to gain access to
help children
• Grip requirements: permitted diameter: 16 - 45mm
• Grasp requirements: permitted diameter: max.
diameter 60mm
Finishing
• Timber species and synthetics should be splinter resistant
• No protrusions or sharp edge components (ie. Protruding nails)
• Bolts should conform to Diagram 3
• Welds should be ground smooth
• Corners, edges or projecting parts over 8mm should have
a 3mm radius
• No hard and sharp-edged parts (i.e. razor blade effect caused
by sheet steel)
• No crushing or shearing points
• Where equipment comes to a stop, it should be cushioned (i.e. dampers on rocking items)
• Connections: nuts and bolts should not come loose by themselves and should resist removal
Author’s note: The term ‘resist removal’ is our interpretation of the
intention of the Standard. Nails alone may not withstand the tests for
structural stability
• Consumable components: these should be replaceable by
the operator only
• Leaking lubricants should not stain or impair the safety
of the equipment
Fibre ropes
• Conform to EN ISO 9954 or EN ISO 2307 or have a material
and load certificate
• Ropes used by hands shall have a soft, non-slip covering
Wire ropes
• Unstressed and corrosion resistant with no splayed wires
outside the ferrule
• Wire connector clip threads should protrude less than 8mm
• Turnbuckles should be enclosed, have a loop at each end and
be secured
Sheathed wire ropes
• When sheathed wire ropes are used each strand should be covered with synthetic or natural yarn
Author’s note: In practice, the rope only needs be covered, not individual strands.
Chains
• Maximum opening of individual links: 8.6mm in
any one direction.
• Connecting links between chains must be less than 8.6mm
or over 12mm
Swinging suspended ropes (fixed at one end)
• Not combined with swings in the same bay.
• Less than 2m long: over 600mm from static parts
over 900mm from swinging parts
• 2m - 4m long: over 1000mm from any other
part or component
• Rope diameter: 25 - 45mm
• Ropes should not form loops
Climbing ropes
• Anchored at both ends
• Probe C should be capable of insertion through any
possible loop
• Single climbing rope diameter: 18 - 45mm
• Nets should meet grip requirements
Heavy suspended beams
Items such as tree trunks or planks over 25 kg:
• Ground clearance 400mm minimum at all times
• Changes in profile: 50mm minimum radius
• Movement should be less than 100mm
Diagram 3
7
Entrapments
DEFINITIONS
• Entrapment: a place from where children cannot extricate themselves unaided
• Crushing point: a place where the equipment moves to entrap a child
• Shearing point: a point where the equipment moves to create a cutting injury
• Bound opening: an opening the periphery of which
is unbroken
• Non-bound opening: an opening with three sides
(i.e. a space between a platform and two verticals)
NB. Head, neck and torso entrapments start at 600mm
above the ground or standing surface
There are six probes: the Torso Probe (C), the Large Head Probe
(D), the Wedge Probe and the two Finger Probes. A new probe
(E) tests bound flexible openings. The tests for children under
three have been removed. There is also a toggle test to reduce
the dangers of clothing and toggles being caught and a ring
gauge for use on rocking rquipment only. Full details of the test
methods may be found in the Standard. Dimensions are given on
the inside back cover.
Entrapment of head and neck in completely bound, partially
bound, shearing or moving openings
• No head or torso entrapments whether entering head or feet first
Tests for all children (rigid or flexible openings)
• All cases: if the torso probe (C or E ) enters then the large head probe (D) must also pass through to its full depth, not including the handle
• The probes are not rotated and the taper should be ignored
• If the C or E probes fails to enter to its full depth, there is no entrapment
•If Probe E is used on a flexible bound opening a pull of 20k is
required to assess the opening where entrapment is suspected.
Author’s note: Steel cored rope will stretch in use, particularly when
new. Re-testing may be advisable.
Wedge entrapments
The basic test is: If Portion B can be inserted level or to an angle
of up to 450 to a greater depth than the thickness (45mm) then
Portion A should touch the bottom without touching the sides.
Angles between 450 and 900 have a second test: If Portion A can
be inserted to less than Portion B1 it passes.
Toggle tests
This is to assess whether clothing can be trapped and is used
only where there is freespace. There are tests for slides, fire poles
and accessible roof ridges. This does not refer solely to anoraktype toggles.
NB. The chain length has been decreased & the stand base has
a size.
8
Slides: For narrow slides, place on centre line, move forwards
keeping pole vertical - toggle or chain should not be caught. Do
not use force: the test is where the chain or toggle can be caught
naturally. For wide slides, position the pole at both sides of chute
surface. The test is applied for the whole chute length and height
of the test pole.
Fire poles:
1. Position the device vertically at the edge of the platform nearest the pole - there should be no entrapment
of the toggle
2. Remove toggle and chain, hold 1.8m above platform
and re-test
3. Continue test down the pole to height of 1.2m from
the ground
Roofs: Remove chain and toggle and apply to any openings in
the apex or surface in a downward motion to test for entrapment.
Non-rigid members (ie. ropes and chains)
• Overlapping must not create an entrapment
Bridges
• The space between the flexible bridge and rigid sides should be not less than 230mm
See Diagram 4
Author’s note: Wire rope will stretch in use and may lead to an
entrapment
Entrapment of the whole body
This may occur in tunnels (not tube slides)
1. if tunnels are open at one end only they should:
• slope less than 50
• be sloped upwards on entry
• have an internal diameter over 750mm
• be less than 2m long
2. if open both ends
• slope less than 150
• have an internal diameter over 400mm & be less than
1m long
or
• have an internal diameter over 500mm & be less than
2m long
or
• have an internal diameter over 750mm with no limit on length
• slope greater than 150
• have an internal diameter over 750mm with no length limit
• have provision for internal climbing (e.g. steps or handles)
3. Moving equipment suspended above the user should be at least 400mm from the playing surface (not swings see separate requirements)
Entrapment of feet and legs
These may occur where there are holes in platforms, bridges etc.
• Inclined planes (not suspension bridges) less than 450 should
have no gaps over 30mm in the direction of movement.
(There are no requirements for suspension bridge gaps other
than the main entrapment requirements)
Entrapments
Finger entrapments
These may occur in:
1.gaps where the movement of the child may cause a finger
to become stuck
2.open-ended tubes
3.moving gaps
• Openings within the free space or with a lower edge over 1200mm above the playing surface should be below 8mm in any one direction (i.e. a slot)
•If the 8mm probe enters, the 25mm probe should also enter
(not chains)
•Probes should not encounter other entrapments when inserted
to 100mm
•Tube ends should be securely enclosed and removable only
with tools
•Moving gaps should not close to less than 12mm
•Diagram 5 shows entrapment distances
not less than 230mm
not less than 230mm
Diagram 4
not between 8mm & 25mm
all children: not between 89mm
& 230mm
barriers less than 89mm
close off end of tube
Diagram 5
9
Handrails, guardrails and barriers
Probes should be applied to all accesses. All means of access
should have no entrapments; be securely fixed; be level to ±
30 (ramps across width) and have a constant angle. It does not
refer to agility equipment used as an access i.e. arched climbers,
scramble nets.
DEFINITIONS
• Handrail: a rail to help the child balance
• Guardrail: a rail to prevent children falling
• Barrier: a guardrail with non - accessible infill
Handrails
Where required they should be between 600mm and 850mm
above the foot position.
Guardrails and barriers
• Platforms up to 600mm - no barriers required + impact absorbing surface over 600mm (can be grass up to 1.5m
(but see note on grass in Surfacing Section p16)
•Equipment over 600mm requires a 600 – 850mm barrier
No bars, infills or steps that can be used as steps. Tops should
discourage standing or sitting
Open sided platforms
• At the access and exit openings to play items from a platform
(i.e. a fire pole) the space in the barrier shall be 500mm, unless there is a guardrail
• Width for stairs, ramps and bridges should be the same as the access item
• For play elements with an inclination over 450 which are not easily accessible (e.g. a scramble net) the opening is
1200mm max.
• Steep play elements (over 450 ) should have 500mm maximum openings and platforms under 2m high
≥ 140
≤ 30
≥ 110
Diagram 6
10
Means of access
Ladders
Ladders should:
1.have rungs and/or sides up to 60mm diameter (grasp) or have handrails 16 - 45mm (grip).
•Near vertical ladders i.e. within 100: apply grip requirements to the rungs.
Rungs require grip and sides require grasp
2.be evenly spaced (not between top rung and platform and bottom rung and ground)
3.be non-rotating and equally spaced
•Timber fixing methods should be secured against removal
•There should be a clear space behind the rung or step, when measured from the tread centre line, of more than 90mm when measured at 900 to the ladder
•Ladder sides may be higher than the platform
Stairs
Stairs should:
1.have at least three risers
2.be evenly spaced
3.have a minimum tread depth of 110mm
4.A 30mm maximum gap between tread front and next tread back (See diagram 6)
•Stairs over 2m in vertical height should have intermediate platforms at less than 2m intervals, the same width and be over 1m long. They should change direction by 900 or be
off-set (no off-set on free-standing slides up to 2.5m)
•Guardrails and barriers should have 600mm high handrails from the first step and meet grasp requirements
•Barriers are required above 600mm
•Guardrails should be provided from the first step
•Guardrails and barriers should meet grasp requirements and
handrail requirements
Ramps
(inclined surfaces up to 380 from the horizontal with a constant
angle)
Ramps should:
1.have slip-resistant measures if accessible to all ages i.e. footholds
•Guardrails and barriers should have 600mm high handrails from the first step and meet grasp requirements
•Barriers are required above 600mm
•Guardrails should be provided from the first step
•Guardrails and barriers should meet grasp requirements and handrail requirements
Swings
These requirements refer only to the four types of
swing identified.
DEFINITIONS
• Swing height: distance between pivot centre
and ground surface
• Swing suspension: distance between pivot centre
and seat surface
• Ground clearance: distance between lowest part of seat and ground
• Seat height: distance between top of seat and ground
Types
Type 1: Type 2: Type 3: Type 4: Traditional classic swing
Swing with restricted movement
Single point swing
Contact (Hexagonal) swings
Requirements
• No all rigid suspension members (i.e. solid bar top to bottom)
• Design for Type one, two and four swings should be principally for use by seated children and Type three by standing children
• Two seats per bay maximum
•Cradle & flat swing should not be mixed in the same bay
Author’s note: When only one bay with two swings is provided, the
seats may be mixed, provided an appropriate Risk Assessment has
been undertaken.
Freespace
• The free space is 500mm from seat centre line measured horizontally to the front and 1000mm either side with the seat at 600 to vertical
• For synthetic surfaces barriers or other obstacles must be 500mm from the surfacing area in the main direction
of movement
Surfacing requirements
Free height of fall
• FFH is calculated from the centre of the stationary seat surface
at 600 (half swing suspension length + height of swing seat at rest)
Forward and back
Different areas for synthetic and loose-fill surfaces in a box or pit
1.synthetic: 0.867 x length of suspension member + 1.75m
2.loose-fill: 0.867 x length of suspension member + 2.25m
Surfacing distances for swings
Minimum surfacing distance from seat centre to edge
length*
synthetic
loose fill
1.5
3.05
3.55
1.6
3.14
3.64
1.7
3.22
3.72
1.8
3.31
3.81
• Cradles should be designed so children do not slip through
the frame
•Type three swing chains should not twist round each other
•Type three swings require a secondary bearing support mechanism NB. This may be internal.
• Type four swings should discourage children jumping
forwards, for example, by seat design
1.9
3.40
3.90
2.0
3.48
3.98
2.1
3.57
4.07
2.2
3.66
4.16
2.3
3.74
4.24
Dimensions
• Minimum ground clearance at rest: 350mm (400mm for
Type 3 and tyre seats)
• No maximum seat to surface height
Author’s note: We recommend a maximum height of 635mm (from
BS 5696) for both cradle and flat seats.
2.4
3.83
4.33
2.5
3.91
4.42
• Distance between seat and frame: 20% of swing
suspension + 200mm
• Distance between seats: 20% of the swing
suspension + 300mm
• If tilted at an angle of 300 the upper edge of a cradle seat should be level with or behind the leading edge of the seat base unless impact requirements are met
• Pivot splay (separation distance) at crossbar: width between seat fixings + 5% of swing suspension length
Siting
• Swing sets for young children should be separated from those for older children and sited to avoid cross traffic
• Enclosures should be at least 1.5m from the swing seat edge
*Length of suspension member (pivot to seat surface at 635mm
from ground)
Surfacing Side width Type 1, Type 2 and Type 4
• Seat width no greater than 500mm: 1.75m minimum
(i.e. 875mm each way from seat centre – 50% each side from
seat centre)
• Seat width greater than 500mm: 1.75m minimum + difference between seat width and 500mm (50% each side
of seat centre)
• Areas for two seats in one bay may overlap providing the distance between seats is 20% of the swing
suspension + 300mm
Surfacing Side width Type 3
• Circular area with a radius equal to the Forward and
Backward figure for Type 1 and 2 swings
11
Slides
These requirements do not apply to water, roller and multiple
slides with mats etc.
DEFINITIONS
• Slide: a slope that contains and guides the user
• Embankment slide: a slide where the majority of the chute follows the land contours
• Attachment slide: a slide that has access from other items (i.e. a platform)
• Starting section: the section where the child gets onto
the slide
• Sliding section: where there is forced movement
• Run-out: section where the speed is reduced
• Guarding section: protection against falls from
the starting section
Safety requirements
• Free-standing slides: the maximum vertical height which a stairway can reach without a 900 change of direction is 2.5m
• Starting section at the top of each chute: length 350mm minimum, zero to 50 downwards at the centre line.
NB. This can be the platform for attachment slides
• If the starting section is over 400mm long, barrier
requirements apply
• From a platform, the opening to the slide is the same width as
the starting or guarding section
• For attachment slides over 1m free fall height there should be a guarding section if the starting section protrudes beyond the platform with a height of at least 500mm at one point
• For attachment slides over 1m FFH there should be a guardrail across the entrance to the slide at a height of between
600 - 900mm
• Free standing slide starting section should have a guarding section equivalent to barrier requirements
• On free-standing slides over 2m easily accessible
requirements apply
Sliding section
• Maximum angle:600 at any point and an average overall of 400
• Angle changes over 150 should be radiused (curved). For the first 2m in height the radius is 450mm and for the remainder the radius is over 1000mm
• The width of open and straight slides over 1500mm long should be less than 700mm or greater than 950mm
• Spiral or curved slides should have a width less than 700mm
• Jointed slides should not allow entry of sharp objects
between sections.
Author’s note: One piece slides are preferred
12
Run-outs
• Run-outs of at least 300mm are required if the sliding section
is under 1.5m long.
Additional requirements if over 1.5m long:
Type 1: Short run-out slide
Over 1.5m and under 7.5m: equal or greater
than 500mm with a radiused end of 50mm
Over 7.5m: greater than 1500mm with a radiused
end of 50mm
Type 2: Long run-out slide (all lengths over 1.5m)
The run-out is a minimum of .3 x sliding length
• Average angle of run-outs:
Type 1: 100 Type 2: 50 (both downwards)
• Height of run-out:
Less than 1.5m sliding length: maximum 200mm
Greater than 1.5m sliding length: maximum 350mm
There is no minimum run-out height
• Chutes should have a side height of:
fall height up to: 1.2m: 100mm minimum
1.2m - 2.5m: 150mm minimum
Over 2.5m: 500mm minimum
•Maximum side angle from slide bed: 300
•Tops of sides should be rounded or radiused to at least 3mm
Tunnel slides
• Tunnel slides should be a minimum 750mm high and 750mm wide (or circular with a minimum diameter of 750mm)
• Tunnels should start on or at the end of the starting section and be continuous over the sliding section but not over
the run-out
Free space
• 1m radius centred on the mid-point of the slide.
NB. The can principle in Diagram 1(Page 6) means that the can is held at right-angle to the surface and moved down to give the free space
• Multi-track slides may overlap their free-spaces
Surfacing requirements
Normal distances except for the run-out should be:
• Type 1: 1m each side and 2m beyond
• Type 2: 1m each side and 1m beyond
Cable runways
This refers only to wire cable systems and not to trackway systems.
Impact areas
2000mm
Diagram 9
DEFINITIONS
• Traveller: the trolley and suspension mechanism holding the seat or handle
Safety requirements
•Stop at end or angle of cable should progressively slow down the traveller
•Angle of swing should be less than 450
•Traveller should not be removable except with tools
•No access to internal mechanism
•Suspension mechanism should be flexible and exclude the risk of strangulation
or
Be installed at least 2m above the ground at the middle of the
cable when loaded
•Where children hang by the hands, the grip should not
be enclosed (i.e. a loop)
•Climbing should be discouraged onto the grip
•Hand grips should comply to grip requirements (16 - 45mm)
•Children should be able to get off the seat at any time
(i.e. no loops or straps)
•A tail may be provided under the seat for pulling the traveller back to the start but should present no risk of entrapment
or strangulation
•Maximum loaded (1 x 16 stone adult) speed is 7m per second
2000mm
2000mm
•Suppliers must provide extra information (i.e. cable settings and permissible gradients) for this item in addition to the information detailed on Page 18.
Dimensions of suspension mechanism
2m
Diagram 7
Free space
•If two cables are placed parallel the minimum distance between them is 2m
Diagram 8
Spatial networks
The requiremewnts are:
•There should be no straight path through the structure with
a diameter greater than 650mm
•If this exists the surface must meet the CFH requirements
of the highest point
• For horizontal nets the mesh size should be less than
420mm diameter
•The FFH is from the highest point of direct fall to the
surface beneath
13
Rotating Items
DEFINITIONS
• Items that rotate around a vertical axis or one inclined
up to 50
Types
Type A:
Type B:
Type C:
Type D:
Type E:
Rotating chair
Traditional platform roundabout
Overhead rotating item with hanging grips
Track-driven roundabout
Large revolving inclined discs
NB. Rotating items under 500mm diameter are excluded.
Safety requirements
•Maximum free height of fall: 1000mm
(For Type C: 1500 - 3000mm)
•Maximum speed at periphery of mechanically driven roundabouts under reasonable use: 5m per second. As no method is given, this cannot be tested to BS EN 1176. BSI are testing items by the test method in the former BS 5696 and issuing approval for conforming items.
Author’s note: In our opinion such tests should be accepted.
• Hand grips should be between 16 - 45mm
Specific requirements
Type A: •Maximum diameter: 2m
•Ground clearance: 400mm minimum
•Minimum of three seats, spaced equally
•All components should be free from burrs and rounded
with a minimum 5mm radius
•Seats should conform to swing seat requirements for
impact absorbency
Type B: •Platforms should be circular and enclosed
•All parts should revolve in the same direction
•No super-structure over the edge of the platform
•Mechanism should be enclosed
•If set flush in ground, there should be a maximum 6mm gap between the edge and the ground and a vertical difference (trip hazard) of less than 20mm
•If not set flush, ground clearance more than 400mm or
60 - 110mm maintained for 300mm from edge (diagram 10).
Protruding bolts underneath are covered by the protrusion requirements.
Roundabouts with protective skirts
•Protective skirts should be of rigid material and have no burrs or other defects. There are further detailed requirements listed in the Standard.
Type C:
•Handgrips must be the same height and, if below
1.8m, flexible
•Fall height: between 1500mm - 3000mm from the handgrip
•Free space is 2m when flexible handgrips are at 300
14
Type D:
• Pedals and cranks should free-wheel
• All mechanisms should be enclosed
• Any openings in the enclosure should be less than 5mm
• Distance between crank arms and other components should be at least 12mm
• No shear points
Type E:
• Clearance of underside at lowest point: 300mm
• Maximum platform height: 1m
• Free space: 3m
• The upper surface should be continuous, smooth and with
no handles or grips
•Underside should be continuous, smooth and without any
radial variations (i.e. spokes) or indentations
Free space
• Free space:
horizontal: 2m all round
• Vertical head clearance from platform:
sitting 1.5m
standing 1.8m
•Small rotating items under 500mm diameter are excluded.
Author’s note: We suggest as for rocking items (1000mm between
items at maximum movement)
Surfacing requirements
•There are no special extra requirements for surfacing areas
•Surfaces should be continuous underneath and level for
at least 300mm
Rocking equipment
DEFINITIONS
• Rocking equipment which can be moved by the user
and is pivoted from below
• Damping: any movement restricting device.
NB. Springs are treated as self-damping
Types
Type 1:
Type 2a:
Type 2b:
Type 3a & b:
Type 4:
Type 5:
Type 6:
Traditional single central pivot up and
down seesaw
Typically a single spring rocker with
main movement in one direction
Typically a single spring rocker moving in
more than one direction
As 2a and 2b but with multi-springs
A multi-pivot rocking item
Sweeping seesaw (with vertical and
horizontal movement- ie a Mobilus or Waltzer)
Overhead single-axis seesaw (i.e. rocking
beam with hanging seats)
Movement
Type 1: Type 3a:
Type 4: Type 6:
maximum horizontal movement: 140mm
maximum sideways movement: 50
maximum horizontal movement: 600mm
free-fall height should not exceed 2m when
seat angle is at 200
Falling space
• 1000mm between items at maximum movement
Author’s Note A risk assessment suggests 1.25m might be
more suitable
Surfacing requirements
There are no special extra requirements for surfacing areas. We
suggest 1m minimum if under 600mm.
Author’s note: A risk assessment suggests larger spring items should
have 1.5m.
Safety requirements
type
max. free
fall height
max. slope
of seat/stand
ground clearance
1
1500mm
200
230mm min
2a
1000mm
300
optional
2b
1000mm
300
230mm min
3a
1000mm
300
optional
3b
1000mm
300
230mm min
4
1000mm
200
230mm min
5
2000mm
230mm min
6
2000mm
230mm min
*Ground clearance not required when there is damping or
motion mainly in a horizontal direction
• Throughout the range of movement gaps in all accessible parts of the suspension mechanism should not be less
than 12mm
• Progressive restraint at extremity of movement is required
(not for spring rockers and not when damped)
• Foot rests should be provided where the ground clearance
is less than 230mm
•Hand grips should be provided for each seat or standing position
•Foot rests & hand grips should be firmly fixed & non - rotating
•Peg-type grips should have a ball or similar of 15cm2 area
(If circular the diameter over 22mm min.) Test with ring gauge - the grip should not protrude through the gauge
•Hand grip diameter: 16 - 45mm (for toddler items:
30mm maximum)
•Right-angled corners on moving equipment should be 20mm radius minimum (i.e. a bird’s beak)
15
Surfacing
Surfacing meeting the former SI readings (BS 7188) will pass the
HIC requirements. A variety of materials are allowed, for example,
rubber tiles, mats, wet-pour, loose-fills, grass re-inforcement
mats etc. Others may be developed. BS EN 1177 now refers
only to methods of test. Other requirements are in Part 1 of BS
EN 1176. BS 7188: Impact Absorbing Playground Surfaces:
Performance Requirements and Test Methods (Published 1998
and covers some aspects of surfaces not applicable outside the UK.
Currently being revised)
DEFINITIONS
• Free height of fall: Distance from the clearly intended body support or a position that may easily be reached to the impact area
• Measurement from:
Standing (from foot support to surface below)
Sitting (seat to surface below)
Hanging (hand support height to surface below)
Climbing (when body support is a combination of feet
and hands. ie a firepole)
NB. Climbing items should not give access to a free fall height of over 3m.
• Impact area: The area which can be hit by the falling user
Information
Surfacing suppliers must supply:
1.correct installation instructions
2.maintenance instructions
3.inspection procedures
Safety requirements
• Surfacing should have no sharp edges or projections
• Surfacing should have no entrapments
• Loose fills should be 100mm more than the depth required
to meet the HIC reading
• Hard surfaces should only be used outside the impact area
• Tested impact absorbing surfaces should be used where falls over 600mm or where forced movement is possible
• Under 600mm CFH and no forced movement, tested IAS is not required, but some form of protective surface should
be provided
• The use of topsoil or turf is left to each country
(See note below)
•No area requirement under 600mm.
Author’s note: 1m minimum is generally accepted as best practice.
Use of grass
Grass may be used up to a fall height of 1.5m providing the risk
assessment includes the following criteria:
•A depth test of 150mm indicates few stones or hard objects
•Areas of wear are strengthened
•The use of the grass surface is monitored
•A good sward is maintained
16
Dimensions of impact area
(not applicable for swings and cable runways)
Height of fall
3m max height
1.5m
over 1.5m subtract
1.5m, multiply result by
.667 and add 1.5m
600mm
no tested
surface required
1.5m
1.5m - 2.5m max
Examples of how this works are:
fall height
surface
distance
fall height
surface
distance
1.5m
1.50m
2.3m
2.03m
1.6m
1.56m
2.4m
2.10m
1.7m
1.63m
2.5m
2.16m
1.8m
1.70m
2.6m
2.23m
1.9m
1.76m
2.7m
2.30m
2.0m
1.83m
2.8m
2.37m
2.1m
1.90m
2.9m
2.43m
2.2m
1.96m
3.0m
2.50m
Loose-fill materials have different requirements:
material
description
min.depth
max. fall
height
bark
20 - 80mm particles
200mm
3000mm
wood chip
5 - 30mm particles
200mm
3000mm
sand
0.2 - 2mm particles
200mm
3000mm
gravel
2 - 8mm particles
200mm
3000mm
Installation, Inspection, Maintenance and Operation
Part 7 is guidance rather than a requirement (other than the
supplier’s documentation). In the UK a risk assessment must be
carried out on all playgrounds (see The Management of Health and
Safety at Work Regulations 1992).
Safety
• Appropriate safety systems must be established by
the operator
• No access should be allowed to unsafe equipment or areas
(+ signage in UK)
• Records of safety management should be kept by the
playground operator
• Effectiveness of safety measures should be assessed annually
(a risk assessment and annual inspection)
•Signs should give owner details and emergency service
contact points
•Entrances for emergency services should be freely accessible
•Information on accidents should be kept
(The Play Inspection Company has a suitable form)
•Staff and users should be safe during maintenance operations
•Single post equipment requires special attention
Installation
•Equipment should be installed safely to appropriate national building regulations and to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Foundations
•Should not present a hazard
•In loose-fill surfaces, foundations should be 400mm below the surface or, if tapered for water shedding, 200mm or, be
covered by the equipment. There are no specific requirements for synthetic surfaces. (Diagram 10)
Staff
•Competence of personnel should be appropriate to the task
•Training is necessary. The Play Inspection Company can advise.
•Adequate information about equipment and about their responsibilities should be given to staff
•Specialised tasks should be carried out by qualified people
(for example, welding)
Documentation
Playground records should include:
1.certificates of tests or compliance with standards
2.inspection and maintenance instructions
3.operating instructions from the supplier
4.operator’s own inspection and maintenance recommendations
5.design and tender documents
Routine maintenance
• Basic routine maintenance details should be supplied by the manufacturer and include security of fixings, painting and staining, surfacing maintenance, lubrication, cleansing
Corrective maintenance
•This covers remedial work and repairs as required
•Alterations should only be carried out after consultation
and agreement with the supplier or a competent person
basic level mark
Inspection
A post-installation inspection should be carried out by an
independent organisation such as the Play Inspection Company.
Manufacturers will recommend the inspection frequency
although high-vandalism or high-use sites may need a more
frequent check.
Routine visual inspections: identification of hazards from
vandalism, use or weather conditions (We recommend a recorded
daily or weekly inspection according to the risk assessment)
Operational inspection: every 1 - 3 months or as
recommended. Checks operation, stability, wear, sealed for life
parts etc.
Annual main inspection: checks long-term levels of safety
Author’s note: In the UK this inspection should be carried out by an
inspector qualified by the Register of Play Inspectors International
(see www.playinspectors.co.uk. Examinations are also available from
the Play Inspection Company, for staff carrying out the Routine and
Operational Inspections).
200mm
400mm
450
00
R1
Diagram 10
•An inspection schedule should be prepared for each playground, listing components and methods
•Appropriate action should be taken if defects are noted
17
Product information
The supplier has to supply a range of product information in
clear, simple, legible English. This is a requirement of the standard.
Information
Information should include details of:
1. free space
2. surfacing requirements
3. dimensions of largest part 4. mass of heaviest part (in kg.)
5. intended age range
6. availability of spare parts 7. standard compliance
8. if the equipment is intended for indoor or supervised
use only
9. delivery parts list
10. full installation instructions
11. post-installation instructions
12. run-in period instructions
13. inspection and maintenance instructions
14. servicing instructions
15. details of any special disposal requirements
16. spare part numbers
Author’s note: In the UK the Management of Health and Safety at
Work Regulations requires all new equipment to be risk assessed on
site by the purchaser or operator . The supplier or post-installation
inspection can assist with this.
This publication has made possible by sponsorship from Wicksteed Leisure Ltd in the interests of health and safety on children’s playgrounds.
18
Probe C Torso
Probe D large head
13
0
0
10 25
Probe e
X
MA
R18
13
25
00
44
25
25
0
0
10
23
25
15
0
10
7
89
13
2
10
0
64
20
0
R1
8
EN 1176 Probe Set
22
8
4
ROCKING EQUIPMENT RING GAUGE
DETACHABLE COLLAR
IO
RT
PO
45
23
0
25 DIAMETER FINGER ROD
8 DIAMETER FINGER ROD
5
15
26
5
25
45
90
45
.
REF
M
A
X
0
10
45°
45
0
N
8
25
10
'A
'
PO
RT
IO
N
'B
'
10 - 20
10
0
3.6 DIAMETER BALL CHAIN 400 long
(from centre of pole to top face of toggle)
HEAD AND NECK TEMPLATE
Please note: the finger rods are hemispherical at the ends
19
pi
An Essential Guide to BS EN 1176 and BS EN 1177
Children’s Playground Equipment & Surfacing: updated for 2008
£9.99
(incl. postage & packing)
the Play Inspection Company, Rivers Lea House, 14 Ringwood Road, Ferndown, Dorset BH22 9AN
t. 01202 590675 • f. 0870 4283942 • www.playinspections.co.uk • [email protected]
Wicksteed Leisure Limited, Digby Street, Kettering, Northamptonshire NN16 8YJ
t. 01536 517028 • f. 01536 410633 • www.wicksteed.co.uk • [email protected]