2
Egypt. J. Agronematol., Vol. 11, No.1, PP. 17 -31 (2012)
Eco-Friendly Management Of Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne
incognita
Abdelnabby H.M.
Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Egypt
Abstract
The need for alternatives to nematicides has stimulated research focusing on
sustainable and eco-friendly tactics for management of plant parasitic nematodes.
The increase in the population and penetration rates of root-knot nematode
Meloidogyne incognita on pea plants was significantly arrested when poultry litter
(PL) and organic compost (OC) were applied. The nematode penetration rates were
significantly inhibited to record 11, 14 and 17 J2/root with PL, PL+OC and OC,
respectively. High reductions of all nematode criteria compared to the control were
observed with respect to treatment and/or doses. The nematode build-up was
reduced to 1.83 and 2.59 with PL and OC at their highest dose, respectively.
Furthermore, the percentage of nematode reduction was increased steadily by
increasing the organic amendment dose to record 61.33 and 45.33% with PL and
OC at rate of 30g/pot, respectively. The highest reduction of % egg production was
achieved using the PL at its highest rate recording 31.3%, while the OC at the same
dose recorded 49.95%.
Promotion effect of both organic amendments was investigated on pea plants.
The vegetative measurements were improved with the increase of both organic
amendment doses. PL achieved better promotion effect than OC at all doses.
Introduction
Root knot nematodes are worldwide in distribution and have an extensive
host range (Barker et al., 1985). Meloidogyne spp. and particularly Meloidogyne
incognita can infect pea, other legumes including bean and lima bean (Santo and
Ponti, 1985), as well as other non-leguminous hosts. In Egypt, Meloidogyne
incognita, due to its frequency of occurrence, high level of infestation and possible
interactions with other pathogens, is considered the predominant species attacking
vegetable crops (Oteifa and El-Gindi, 1982). Because of environmental and other
concerns associated with a number of synthetic chemical pesticides, there is need
to develop novel tools that are environmentally and toxicologically safe for
decreasing yield losses caused by this nematode (Gullino et al., 2003, Bainard et
al., 2006). Incorporation of organic matter into the soil has been practiced by
farmers for many years (Akhtar and Alam 1991). Addition of organic amendments,
including animal wastes and organic compost has been shown to have a
suppressive effect on plant parasitic nematodes (Sundararaju and Kumar, 2003;
Abubakar et al., 2004; Walker, 2004; Mohanty et al., 2006, Orisago et al., 2008,
Abdelnabby H.M.
18
El-Nagdi and Abd El Fattah, 2011). Application of poultry litter supplies nutrients to
the crop, impacts communities of soil organisms and may stimulate organisms that
are antagonistic to nematodes (Riegel and Noe, 2000; Koenning et al., 2003).
Therefore, the present study was undertaken to achieve three goals. The first goal
was to investigate whether the two organic amendments (poultry litter and organic
compost) have any relevance to impair the penetration rate of RKN juveniles to pea
seedlings as common vegetable crop. The second goal was to investigate the
promotion effect of such practices on pea plants under greenhouse conditions. The
third goal was to determine the efficacy of both organic amendments at three
application rates for suppressing nematode population on plant roots.
Material and Methods
Nemotode stock culture
Meloidogyne incognita race 3 (Kafoid and White) stock culture was initiated
from well identified single egg- masses which were collected from galled tomato
roots. The fresh egg- masses were then propagated on tomato seedlings (cv.
Supper Marmand) cultivated in sterilized soil. The pure culture of M. incognita was
maintained in greenhouse.
Soil analysis and assay: Sandy-loam top soil was collected, autoclaved,
thoroughly mixed and distributed into 14-cm (pots). The initial physico-chemical
properties of the soil are presented in Table1.
Poultry litter (PL): Poultry litter (poultry excrement and saw dust bedding) was
collected from a commercial broiler house in Qaliubia governorate, Egypt. Litter was
collected from coops, air-dried, ground to pass through 2mm sieve, and stored in
plastic bottles until mixing with soil at doses of 10, 20 and 30 g per pot. The nutrient
content of the litter is presented in Table 2.
Organic compost (OC): Sugar cane compost was obtained from Agriculture
Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt. The organic compost (OC) was mixed with
soil at rates of 10, 20 and 30 g/pot. The chemical characterization of OC is
presented in Table 2.
Experiment set-up:
a. Nematode penetration rates: For each treatment, pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.)
were planted in small containers (100 cm3) filled with sand mixed with poultry litter
and/or organic compost (1:1). After one week, the whole plantlets were inoculated
individually at the same time with 5000 freshly hatched juveniles (24–48 h old),
deposited into four 2-cm-deep holes 1 cm from the base of the stem. Ten replicates
were applied for each treatment.
b. Rates of nematode reproduction and reduction: The experiment was
conducted in greenhouse. Seeds of pea (Pisum sativum L.) were transplanted into
Egypt. J. Agronematol., Vol. 11, No. 1, (2012)
Eco-Friendly Management Of Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne Incognita
19
14 cm pots filled with the mixed soil treatments inoculated with 5000 eggs/pot of the
root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita. The pots were arranged on nursery
benches in a randomized pattern with five replications at 24 to 29 °C receiving the
same horticultural treatment. Pots were watered daily to guaranty an optimal water
supply for the growing plants. After germination, plants in each pot were thinned to
one plant. The untreated pots were left as the control. The experiment was
terminated 6 weeks after planting.
Observation:
a. Nematode penetration rates: Plantlets were harvested for root staining after 48
h. Plantlet roots were recovered by individual immersion of containers into a small
bucket and were washed with caution under tap water. Nematodes were stained
using the acid fuchsin method described by Bybd et al. (1983) with some
modifications. Microwave was used for boiling roots in staining solution then
autoclaving for 15 min in clearing reagent. This method was preferred due to its
simplicity and quality. This procedure produces stained roots with almost clear
background. Stained white rootlets and the root tip were then cut from the main root
with shears, spread over a transparent glass to separate them, covered with
another watch glass and crushed mildly between both glasses for viewing the
nematodes inside the plant tissues. Second stage juveniles were counted for each
individual plant by examining the root system under a dissecting microscope.
b. Vegetative measurements: At the end of the experimental period "6 weeks",
vegetative measurements were assessed to record data on promotion effects of
treatments on plants.
The soil in pots was well irrigated before removing the plants. Roots were washed in
a gentle flow of water. Plant height [cm] was measured from the soil surface to the
highest growing point of the plant as well as the length of the root system [cm] from
the soil surface to the root tip. Fresh weights of shoots and roots [g] were also
recorded separately.
c. Rates of nematode reproduction and reduction:
To assess infection, soil and roots were removed from pots, the soil was rinsed from
roots, root fresh weights were recorded, and roots were stored at 4 °C until
processing. Galls and egg masses were counted using a hand lens at 3-5X
magnification. To collect eggs, roots were cut into pieces with shears, placed in
0.6% sodium hypochlorite, and ground in a mini-food processor on the low setting
for 2 min. The roots and solution were poured onto nested 60/80/500-mesh sieves,
the eggs were washed with water, collected from the 500-mesh sieve, and stored as
aqueous egg suspensions at 4 °C until counting using Chalex® counting chamber
(Chalex corporation, USA). Two aliquots from each sample were counted to
estimate number of eggs per gram of root.
Egypt. J. Agronematol., Vol. 11, No. 1, (2012)
Abdelnabby H.M.
20
Aliquots of 100-cm3 soil samples from each pot were assayed for juveniles of M.
incognita using the modified Baermann technique (Coyne et al., 2007). The
nematode build-up (Pf / Pi) was calculated where Pf is the average final population
of nematodes and Pi is the initial population used as inoculum (Oostenbrink,
1966). % nematode reduction and % egg production were calculated as follows:
Final population of control – Final pop. of treatment
% nematode reduction =
*100
Final population of control
Eggs per egg mass * No. of egg masses of treatment
*100
% egg production =
Eggs per egg mass * No. of egg masses of highest treatment
Rates of nematode reproduction and reduction were calculated referring to root and
soil fresh weight.
Table (1): Initial physico-chemical properties of experimental soil
Properties
Value
Physical properties:
a. Sand (%)
72
b. Silt (%)
15
c. Clay (%)
13
d. Textural Class
Sandy loam
Chemical properties:
a. pH in H2O 1:1
6.0
b. Organic carbon (%)
1.3
c. Organic soil substance (%)
1.8
d. Total nitrogen (%)
0.1
e. PCAL (%)
0.008
f. KCAL (%)
0.007
g. Mg (%)
0.003
Egypt. J. Agronematol., Vol. 11, No. 1, (2012)
Eco-Friendly Management Of Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne Incognita
21
Statistical analysis:
The obtained data were statistically analyzed according to the SPSS software
package version 12 (SPSS, 2003). The differences between means were tested
using Tukey's multiple test at the 5% significance level.
Results
The nutrient content (%) of poultry litter and organic compost used to amend soil is
presented in Table 2.
Table (2): Nutrient content (%) of poultry litter and Organic compost
Nutrient (%)
Poultry litter
Organic compost
a. Nitrogen
1.71
1.20
b. Carbon
22.2
27.5
c. Phosphorus
1.82
0.4
d. Potassium
1.92
1.1
e. manganese
0.7
0.3
Rates of nematode penetration influenced by poultry litter (PL) and organic
compost (OC) soil amendments
Significant interactions were observed between main effects and
experimental runs for nematode penetration data. Lower population densities of
M. incognita were observed in roots treated with poultry litter (PL) and/or organic
compost (OC) compared to the control (Table 3 and Fig 1). PL consistently reduced
the nematode penetration rate to record 11 J2/root followed by the mixture of
PL+OC with penetration rate of 14J2/root while organic compost achieved 17 J2/root
compared to the control (nematodes only) with 27 J2/root.
Table (3): Penetration rate of M. incognita in soil amended by poultry litter and
organic compost on pea roots
Treatment
Second stage juveniles (J2) inside root (48 h)
Lateral roots
Poultry litter (PL)
Organic compost (OC)
PL+OC
Control
Main root tip
c
c
9
2
b
b
14
bc
11
a
21
3
b
3
a
6
- PL+OC: poultry litter + organic compost (1:1); Control: Meloidogyne incognita only
- Each value represents the mean of ten replicates;
- Mean values with the same letter in column are not significantly different by Tukey's test at 0.05 level.
Egypt. J. Agronematol., Vol. 11, No. 1, (2012)
Abdelnabby H.M.
22
40x magnification
Fig (1): Root tip of pea showing stained J2 of root knot nematode
Promotion effect of pea plants influenced by poultry litter (PL) and organic
compost (OC) soil amendments
Promotion effects of various PL and OC treatments on pea vigor were indicated by
increases in shoot heights and fresh weights compared to untreated plants (Fig. 2a
& b).These parameters demonstrated differences among treatment doses.
Responses were not also the same according to the type of soil amendment. Pea
shoot growth and weight were increased with the increase of both organic
amendment doses. PL achieved better promotion effect than OC at all doses. The
highest record of plant height was achieved using PL(-Mi) at rate of 30 g/pot
recording 89 cm. While when using the same dose of OC(-Mi), the plant height was
78cm. Following the same pattern as shoot height, the greatest weight (35.4g) was
recorded with PL (-Mi) at rate of 30 g/pot. While the greatest weight recorded with
OC was 28.3g with OC (-Mi) at the same dose.
(b)
(a)
Shoot weight (g)
Shoot height (cm)
Application rate (g/pot)
Application rate (g/pot)
Fig. (2): Effect of poultry litter and organic compost as soil amendments on
shoot measurements of pea plants inoculated (+) or not inoculated (-)
with nematodes.
Egypt. J. Agronematol., Vol. 11, No. 1, (2012)
Eco-Friendly Management Of Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne Incognita
23
Although plants without nematodes had greater shoot heights and greater
weights than plants with nematodes, the opposite result was recorded with root
fresh weights. Plants inoculated with nematodes had heavier roots than plants free
of nematodes (Table 4). There were no consistent differences in root weights or
length among each treatment rates, even though significant differences were
observed between different treatments and the untreated control. The heaviest root
weight (44.2g) was recorded using PL(+Mi) at rate of 10g/pot followed by PL(+Mi) at
rate of 30g/pot recording 40.2g, then 39.5g was recorded using OC(+Mi) at rate of
30g/pot. In the contrary, the longest root lengths were achieved with treatments free
of nematodes when the treatment of PL(-Mi) recorded 28.9 and 27.4cm at rates of
20 and 30g/pot, respectively. OC (-Mi) achieved also significant differences
compared to the untreated control recording 23.2 and 20.8cm at rates of 30 and
20g/pot, respectively.
Table (4): Effect of poultry litter (PL) and organic compost (OC) soil
applications on root measurements of pea
Treatment
Root length (cm)
(-Mi)
(+Mi)
Root weight (g)
(-Mi)
(+Mi)
PL (g/pot)
b
24.0
a
26.9
ab
24.3
10
25.3
20
28.9
30
27.4
ab
33.7
ab
a
32.1
ab
39.1
ab
a
40.2
ab
44.2
a
ab
35.8
b
29.6
b
38.1
b
bc
28.8
b
37.5
b
c
30.5
b
39.5
d
17.9
OC (g/pot)
10
19.2
c
20.5
20
20.8
c
18.3
30
23.2
bc
16.5
d
13.7
Control
15.5
c
ab
25.4
c
PL= poultry litter, OC= organic compost, Mi= Meloidogyne incognita, Control= Plants inoculated (+) or
not inoculated (-) with nematodes without any treatment.
Mean values with the same letters in column are not significantly different by Tukey's test at 0.05 level
As illustrated in Table 5, the effects of poultry litter (PL) and organic compost
(OC) on RKN population densities on pea varied greatly among treatments and/or
doses. Generally, all applied levels resulted in high reductions of all nematode
criteria compared to the control. The PL treatment achieved nematode reduction
values greater than the OC with respect to the application rates. In both treatments,
as the application rate increases, the nematode population and reproductivity
reduce.
The PL treatment at application rate of 30g/pot achieved the highest rates of
Egypt. J. Agronematol., Vol. 11, No. 1, (2012)
Abdelnabby H.M.
24
nematode suppression compared to the control and even with OC. The no. of J2 in
soil/pot, immature and mature stages/root were reduced to 8938, 132 and 78
individuals, respectively. Consequently, the nematode build-up was reduced to
1.83. Furthermore, stark reductions in nematode reproductivity parameters were
noticed with 297 eggs/egg mass and 485 eggs/g root.
In case of the OC, its potential of nematode suppression compared to control
was noticeable with nematode counts and fecundity recording 12746 J2 in soil/pot,
97 immature stages/root, 91 mature female/root and consequently 2.59 as
nematode build-up. In addition, eggs/ egg mass and eggs/g root were impaired to
record 406 and 736 eggs, respectively.
Table (5): Effect of various concentrations of poultry litter (PL) and organic
compost (OC) on root-knot nematode counts and fecundity on pea
plants.
Nematode counts
Treatment
Mature
females
Immature
stages
Nematodes fecundity
(J2) in
soil/pot
Pf/Pi
Eggs/egg
mass
Eggs/g
root
PL (g/pot)
10
128
20
94
30
78
b
c
12703
2.60
406
c
835
cd
9174
d
1.89
394
c
783
d
1.83
297
e
485
b
3.53
514
a
1360
bc
3.19
346
d
859
c
2.59
406
c
736
a
4.73
451
b
1820
185
c
c
172
d
132
d
8938
bc
215
b
17329
c
185
c
15642
c
cd
d
OC (g/pot)
10
118
20
102
30
91
Control
164
cd
a
97
e
287
a
12746
23208
b
c
cd
a
PL= poultry litter, OC= organic compost, J2= second stage juveniles, Pf/Pi= nematodes build-up (final
population/initial population), Control= plants inoculated with nematodes without any treatment.
Mean values with the same letters in column are not significantly different by Tukey's test at 0.05 level
The percentages of egg production and population reduction are reliable
parameters to evaluate the potential of a treatment in controlling plant parasitic
nematodes. In both treatments, % Egg production was decreased with the increase
of application rate. On the contrary, the inhibition of nematode population
represented as % nematodes reduction was increased steadily by increasing the
organic amendment dose (Fig 3).
Great reductions of the percentage of egg production were observed
according to the application of PL at rate of 30 g/pot recording 31.3%. Resembling
Egypt. J. Agronematol., Vol. 11, No. 1, (2012)
Eco-Friendly Management Of Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne Incognita
25
results were noticeable with OC recording 49.95% compared to the control (Fig 3a).
High percentages were achieved in nematode reduction according to the
application of both soil amendments. The highest reduction, 61.33% was achieved
using the PL at its highest rate while the OC at the same dose recorded 45.33%
(Fig 3-b).
(a)
(b)
Nematodes reduction (%)
Egg production (%)
Application rate g/pot
Application rate g/pot
Fig. (3): Effect of various rates of poultry litter (PL) and organic compost (OC)
on percentages of egg production and population reduction of rootknot nematodes on pea plants.
Discussion
Accumulation of solid wastes from human activities and agro-industries is a
serious problem in Egypt that represents an environmental hazard and leads to
significant pollution of soils and water. The proper use of these materials in
agricultural soils, through their application for management of phytonematodes,
could be useful approach for solving this problem.
The sugar cane organic composts (OC) are derived from various mixtures of
cane tops (immature stalk and green leaves), cane wash, filtercake residue, and
bagasse. Physical improvements in soils amended with sugar cane composts
through added organic matter appears to be the greatest potential benefit of these
materials in addition to serving as a partial fertilizer substitute for N and K
(Meunchang et al., 2005; Mathews and Thurkins, 2006). The composting process
should also eliminate potential autotoxic effects to sugarcane crops or allelopathic
effects on other crops that can occur when postharvest sugarcane residues are left
from the field (Viator et al., 2006). The nematode control achieved by
decomposition of plant residues in soil was found to be due to liberation of fatty
acids (El-Naggar et al., 1993). The high contents of fatty acids of botanical meals
or oils are the expectant chemicals produced during decomposition of such
chemicals and affect nematodes ecology. Also, rapid decomposition of organic
Egypt. J. Agronematol., Vol. 11, No. 1, (2012)
Abdelnabby H.M.
26
matter caused rapid nematode death due to a rapid increase of butyric and
propionic acids (Kesba, 2003). Higher organic-matter content increases soil waterholding capacity, and supports thriving communities of the decomposers and
predators that make up the soil "digestive system" (Abdelnabby, 2006). Goldstein
(1998) confirmed that systemic resistance was also induced in plants in response to
compost treatments. Composts and compost teas do activate disease resistance
genes in plants. These disease- resistant genes are typically “turned on” by the
plant in response to the presence of a pathogen. These genes mobilize chemical
defenses against the pathogenic invasion, although often too late to avoid the
disease. In plants growing in compost, however, these disease-prevention systems
are already running.
Animal manures have been used as soil amendments in plant production for
centuries. With an increase in the human consumption of poultry meat and eggs in
Egypt, more poultry manure and litter are available for disposal on agricultural
fields.
A common form of poultry manure is poultry litter, which consists of poultry
droppings and sawdust (Gullino et al., 2003). Poultry litter contains significant
quantities of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and micronutrients and can be used as a substitute for
commercial fertilizers (Sims & Wolf, 1994). Plant height, leaf area, dry shoot and
root weights were all stimulated by the addition of litter in M. incognita infested soil.
Agronomic studies on the plant growth enhancing effects of poultry manure have
shown an increase in the stem and leaf biomass of plants. Phosphorus uptake is
enhanced by the application of poultry manure, and this could be attributed to the
greater leaf biomass yield in poultry manure-treated soil (Mohanty et al., 2006).
The mode of action of chicken manure against nematodes is thought to be based
on the release of toxic levels of ammonium, although alterations in soil structure, the
stimulation of antagonistic organisms, and improved plant tolerance also may play a
role (Lazarovits et al., 2001). Griffiths et al. (1994) reported decreases in plant
parasitic nematodes with poultry manure, but no effects from cattle manure. Several
studies reported increases in bacterivorus nematodes with manure additions (Neher
and Olsen, 1999). The organic amendments and especially chicken manure
stimulated build-up of nematode antagonistic fungi and related nematode destroying
structures in the soil. The organic amendment supplies the needed food source to
the nematode trapping fungi hence their enhancement (Wachira et al. 2009).
Organic matter is known to affect activity, degradation, and persistence of
pesticides (Piccolo et al., 1998). This effect may be beneficial in terms of
preventing leaching to groundwater and is thought to be due to an increase in
microorganism activity.
Results from this experiment showed that M. incognita penetration and
Egypt. J. Agronematol., Vol. 11, No. 1, (2012)
Eco-Friendly Management Of Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne Incognita
27
population densities decreased in response to increasing rates of poultry litter or
organic compost in amended soil. This result was consistent with Riegel and Noe
(2000). The nematodes penetration rate was inhibited due to the high potassium
content (1.92 and 1.1%) in poultry litter and organic compost, respectively.
Potassium encourages root growth and increases plant resistance to disease. It
produces larger, more uniformly distributed xylem vessels throughout the root
system, strengthens the vascular tissue and increases cell thickness (California
Fertilizer Association, 2001). Many factors could affect the response of nematode
communities to nutrient sources. Most importantly, nematode communities were
often affected by the nutrient composition, particularly the C:N ratio, of the organic
amendments (Ferris & Matute, 2003; Yeates & Boag, 2004). In general, amending
the soil with a low C:N ratio (less than 20:1) substrate resulted in an abundance of
enrichment-opportunist antagonistic microbes (Ferris & Matute, 2003; Wang et al.,
2004 & 2006) and rapid mineralization of N in the form of NH4+ or NO3- for
absorption and uptake by plant roots (Powers & McSorley, 2000). The poultry litter
used in this experiment has a low C:N ratio (13:1) and this resulted in the high
suppression of nematode population on pea plants followed by the organic compost
with higher C:N ratio (23:1).
The application of poultry litter and organic compost as soil amendments has
been shown in this experiment to reduce M. incognita infection on pea plants. This
finding will contribute to reduce the current level of frustration that is faced by
farmers due to yield loss by nematodes and high cost of nematicides.
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‫‪Eco-Friendly Management Of Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne Incognita‬‬
‫ا‬
‫ا‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﻧﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮدا ﺗﻌﻘﺪ اﻟﺠﺬور ﻣﻴﻠﻮدوﺟﻴﻦ إﻧﻜﻮﺟﻨﻴﺘﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺎزم ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻮة ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﻨﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ وﻗﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﻨﺒﺎت – ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺰراﻋﺔ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﻨﻬﺎ – ﻣﺼﺮ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ أدت اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮد ﺑﺪاﺋﻞ ﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪات اﻟﻨﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮدا إﻟﻰ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ اﻟﺪراﺳﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ اﻟﻨﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮدا ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام وﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺪاﻣﺔ ﺻﺪﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺪواﺟﻦ أو ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻤﺒﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻌﻀﻮي أدت إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺪاد وﻣﻌﺪل‬
‫اﺧﺘﺮاق ﻧﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮدا ﻧﻌﻘﺪ اﻟﺠﺬور "ﻣﻴﻠﻮدوﺟﻴﻦ إﻧﻜﻮﺟﻨﻴﺘﺎ" ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﺒﺴﻠﺔ‪ .‬أﺳﻔﺮت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﻋﻦ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض ﻣﻌﺪل اﺧﺘﺮاق اﻟﻨﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮدا ﻟﻠﺠﺬور ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻞ ‪١٧ ،٤ ،١١‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﻗﺔ‪/‬ﺟﺬر ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻤﺨﻠﻘﺎت اﻟﺪواﺟﻦ‪ ،‬وﻣﺨﻠﻮط ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺪواﺟﻦ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻮﺳﺖ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻀﻮي‪ ،‬واﻟﻜﻤﺒﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻌﻀﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ اﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻨﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮدا‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻨﺘﺮول ﻣﻊ اﻷﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻧﻮع اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ واﻟﺠﺮﻋﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪ .‬اﻧﺨﻔﺾ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺪل ﻧﻤﻮ ﺗﻌﺪاد اﻟﻨﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮدا ﻟﻴﺴﺠﻞ ‪ ١.٨٣‬و ‪ ٢.٥٩‬ﻣﻊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺪواﺟﻦ‬
‫واﻟﻜﻤﺒﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻌﻀﻮي ﺑﺄﻗﺼﻰ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﻮﺣﻆ أﻳﻀﺎ اﻧﺨﻔﺎض‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺪاد اﻟﻨﻴﻤﺎﺗﻮدا ﻃﺮدﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻞ ‪ ٦١.٣٣‬و ‪%٤٥.٣٣‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺪواﺟﻦ واﻟﻜﻤﺒﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻌﻀﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ‪ .‬اﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ ﺑﺸﺪة ﻧﺴﺒﺔ إﻧﺘﺎج‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺾ ﻣﻊ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺪواﺟﻦ ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻞ ‪ %٣١.٣‬ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻮﺳﺖ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻀﻮي ﺳﺠﻠﺖ ‪ .%٤٩.٩٥‬ﺗﻢ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﺤﻔﺰ ﻟﻸﺳﻤﺪة اﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺒﺴﻠﺔ وأﺳﻔﺮت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺪرة ﻧﻮﻋﻰ اﻟﺴﻤﺎد ﻣﺤﻞ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻷﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻛﻔﺎءة ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺎت اﻟﺪواﺟﻦ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻜﻤﺒﻮﺳﺖ اﻟﻌﻀﻮي‪.‬‬
‫)‪Egypt. J. Agronematol., Vol. 11, No. 1, (2012‬‬