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Grammatical Development of MARA Literature, Problems and
Future Development.
- L. Amie.
Eima biepipa, ‘Mara Literature liata Grammar hmâ padona lia hmahsiena, rairuna nata
hmahsie via n’awpa,’ tahpa liana heta biepi chaipa(Central theme) châta, ‘Mara Literature,’
tahpa he hmâh ei sih la, a pha thlyu aw. Chatana chata, Mara reih nata Mara Literature
chhichâna zy, Mara Grammar nata Mara reih liata rairuna a y theipa zy, Mara reih
cheihchalo ta Marapa chi nâta pho a pôhkha ngaitapa ta Literature liata hmah eima sie via
thei n’awpa ta,a peimawhpa zy pahmaohpa ta, ei phana rakha palâsa awpa ei vaw chhuah
aw.
Mara reih chhichâna: Mongolian chi nata pho pathlapa tawhta apua laihpa hry liata chi nata
pho thokhazy cha ama reih ama pahleipa vâta phôhpa maoh-nô hawhta châpa ta, he khizaw
liata ama thâtih reih awpa hnei khao leipa ama ypa ta, ama reih tyh. Cha nawhzy cha ama
reih ama pahlei hapa vâta ama chi nata pho lei hapa châ ei ta, ti nata râh chhao rei awpa
hnei khao hra veih ei. Khizaw liata thâtih ahnei khao lei awpa duahmo liata ama y, eima tah
thei thlyu aw.
Marapa pi he Mongolian pathlapa hry liata chi nata pho chy chaipa, a lei hapa zy hry liata a
hroh chhôhpa he eima châ, eima tah thei thlyu aw. Achhâpa cha nochhi lâta keimo hlâta
maluh hluh viapa Lai reih a cheihpa nawh nahta athata â pahlaopahli pi ta, Lai reih heta
Mara reih he pahnie kaw ta, Laipa nata Marapa pi heta a lyuna hluhpi eima hnei. Eimâ
zaokhi laihna chhao kao hluhpi a y hra. Chahawna chata, notla lâta Tlaikaopa(Mizo) keimo
hlâta maluh hluh viapa y heih hra ei ta, Tlaikaopa nata Marapa chhao pi heta a zaona hluhpi
za hnei pi ta, he vâta Tlaikao reih heta Mara reih a pahnie ngaita kaw. Hezy leipa ta, Mara
reih heta accent nata Dialect chi nano nanopa hnei ta, Chapi, Zyhno, Hawthai, Vytu zy y pi
ta, a zaokhi kawpa eima châ khai nota, eima reih hmâpa aophaoh he ananona kao hluhpi
liata eima hnei chyu. He zydua vâna heta Mara reih he rainao kawpa ta alei thei thlâh awpa,
‘Reih,’ he a châ, eima ta thei aw. Anodeikua eima reih he pahlei leipa pi ta, chavâta, Marapa
chi nata pho he a bohta, a laiseih ngâ hai.
Lakher Pioneer Missionary- zy ta, A,AW,Y,B............(Alphabet) cha kô 1908 liata Rev. R.A
Lorrain ta a vaw tao.(Source: Mara History by Mylai Hlychho). Mara Alphabet eima hnei
tawhta kô 100 hlei a châ haw. R.A Lorrain ta Tlôsaih reih ta Mara Alphabet a taona chhâpa
he, Mara reih pabohsa ta Marapa chi nata pho cheihchalo awpata a khopa vâta a taopa he
cha, kao kha vaw châ sala, Alphabet a taona daihti liana heta Mara râh chhôh liata abeina’zy
ama pachâna la awpata a aw pakhy ei. Abei nawh zy chhaota, Tlôsaih reih he thei thai chyu
ei ta, ama pahno thei chyu. Chatana chata, bei nawhzy ama pachâna liahsa la tuapa ta,
“Tlôsai Reih” ta Mara Alphabet he eima Missionary, R.A Lorrain heta a vaw taopa he a châ.
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Chatana chata, ‘Tlôsaih Reih’ ta Mara Alphabet a tao khai tawhta Mara reih ta ‘Holy Bible’
he a vaw palie(Translate). Mara reih ta Abeipa bie a chuna Saku o padua ta, Saikao khih
ngaipa ta, Mara sawzy ta Mara reih ta Abeipa bie a vaw chu pathao ei ta, Mara reih ta châro
nata rei chhao thai lymâ ei ta, Mara saw chârei nata rozie a thaipa ama pôh rili lymâ.
Atanoh daihti liata Mara saw châ athaipa vaw pua chhi lymâ pi ta, hla a phi thai kawpa nata
châ a roh thai kawpa zy chhao eima pua lymâ. Mara reih pabohsa ta, Mara Literature hmah
a sie lymâ thei n’awpa ta KTP, MTP, nata MSO na’zy heta weekly newspaper nata Magazine
zy papua tyh ei ta, achuna su Primary nata Middle school liata Mara reih achu thei awpa châ
heih ta, awnanopa ta châbu ama papuapa zy, MADC Publication Board ta hmah a lapa zy,
mopakha ta châbu eima papuapa zy nata, Mara reih ta Daily Newspaper a puapa ‘DEIVA’
thahti bu apua ngâ haipa zy heta Mara reih pabohsa ta, Mara reih phana nata â ngiana a
palâhâh lymâ.
Mara Literature:
Mara Literature he English Literature nata European Literature zy nata pakho-pangâhpa
ta,thlie thai awpa chi châ mâh vei. Mara reih ta châ eima ropa châbu nata hla eima phipa zy
he kô 100 a tloh mâh leipa he a châ via chai. Mara reih ta châbu a puapa chhao bu 100
(zakha) tloh mâh hra vei, tah theipa he a châ. Mara reih ta châropa he a hâti ngaita kaw,
eima tah thei hra aw. Anodeikua hezy vâta Mara Literature duahmo â hnai kaw tahna za châ
hlei vei. Mara literature heta bie pha ngaitapa hluhpi hnei ta, eima chaluah kaw mâh leipa
vâta, pyu chhao hnei kaw hra veih ei. Eima chaluah thei hmeiseih daihti liata Mara Literature
he â ngiana nata phana pyu hawhta paro lymâ aw ta, pawpi hawhta a pawh lymâ thlyu aw.
Tlaikao nawh ta ‘Khawnglungrun’ tahpa chaluah ei ta, he ‘Khawnglungrun’ tahpa ama
chaluahpa heta Mizo Literature India râh liata pyu a hnei ngâ hai. Keimo chhao chaluah
thei’pa eima hnei, ‘Hlichhy nata Hly-âh, Nâra etc zy he eima chaluah thei daihti liata Mara
Literature heta khizaw kaohki nano nanopa liata a pyu a chahryh thlyu aw.
Mara Literature liata hmia a sah tuapa nata lâpi a taotuhpa hmiatua chaipa cha R.A Lorrain,
eima Missionary he a châ. R.A Lorrain heta Holy Bible nata Khazohpa reithaina hlazy Mara
reih ta a vaw palie, Khazohpa reithaina hla chhao Mara reih ta a vaw phi hra. Mara saw
tawhta Rev C. Thalai, Dr.S Hrachu, A. Zakia, N. Lybei, RC. Beilaizi Bohia, nata FC. Minela zy he
a lâluah viapa, reithaina hla aphituhpa zy châ ei ta, chyhsa hropa chhao ama y hra, Mara reih
heta Christian Literature lâchhâh liata hmah a sie ngaita kaw.
Mara reih khizaw Literature liata alâluah viapa zy – Dr S. Hrachu, V. Hlychho, A .Zakia,
Laicho Notlia zy he hlasapa chi pho hla a phipa zy châ ei ta, Dr S. Hrachu, Rev NC.Vabeilua,
Rev Dr. Lai u Fachhai zy he hla reipa chi ‘Poem’ a rohpa zy hry liata pahno ahlao viapa zy
ama châ. Thyutlia huasuapa hla nata lôliena hla lâchhâ ta alâ via chaipa cha, Puhpa J .Vialua
he a châ. Puhpa J .Vialua heta pho hla ama sapa chi a phi hlu kaw hra. Thyutliapa hry liata L.
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Beimokhai heta huasuapa hla nata pho hla a phi hra, he hleikhô ta Phôh(novel) chhao a roh
hra. John Beizachhi Phuto chhao hla sapa a phi hra. Mara reih heta hla sapa chi hluhpi hnei
ta, eima palâsa leipa hry liata hla sapa chi a phi thaipa hluhpi ama y. Hlabie reipa chi ‘Poem’
deikua Mara reih heta za hnei hluh vei.
Mara Literature he kao hluhpi liata hmahsie kaw ta, ahnai kawpa châ vei, eima tah nona
heta, Novel (phôh) nata Play (Drama) lâchhâh liata rei awpa a chyh ngaita kaw. KH. Beithie ,
Dr S. Hrachu, Rev NC. Vabeilua zy he Mara reih ta Phôh aroh tuapa zy châ ei ta, play he Mara
reih ta ama rohpa hmô thei awpa y mâh vei tah theipa a châ chy.
Literature liata a peimawh kaw tyhpa miakha cha, hlabie (Poem) nata phôh (Novel) ama
rohpa original text chhopasiana nata alaichadaina (Literary criticism/Critical analysis) ama
rohpa he a châ. He chhopasiana nata alaichadaina ama rohpa he thokha liata hlabie or
Phôh-original text hlâta pha via ta, a peimawh via ama tah. Chhopasiana nata alaichadaina
ama rohpa heta hla nata bie original text phana nata angiana thao papua ta, palyupalih ta,
hla nata bie (Literature) phana chhao apabohsa thei hra. Mara reih ta hla nata bie Literary
text pha ngâsâpa a hneipa zy he chhopasiana nata alachadaina (Critical analysis) za hnei mâh
vei, tah theihpa he a châ.
Literature phana miakhapa cha phôh (Novel) heta poem papua thei ta, Poem chhao heta
Novel pha kawpa a papua thei hra. Irish chyhsa WB. Yeats heta Poem pha kawpa ‘The
Second Coming’ tahpa he roh ta, he hlabie pha ngâsâpa âchhihpa ta African chyhsa Chinua
Achebe ama tahpa ta Novel pha ngâsâpa ‘Things Fall Apart’, tahpa he a vaw roh, he Novel
he khizaw liata reih nano nanopa reih 70(Sysari) ta paliepa a châ hai. Mara Literature liata
Hlichhy nata Hly-âh thâtih tawhta Mara reih ta hlabie a hneipa he pahno awpa a y hôlô hra.
He hawhna heta, hla nata phôh heta azaona pathuh ngaitapa ama za hnei.
Eima palâsa laihpa zy tawhna heta Mara Literature duahmo a rakhapa eima pahno thei thlyu
aw. Literature â boh thei n’awpa nata hmah a sie thei n’awpa ta a peimawh kawpa miakha
cha Grammar he a châ.
Mara Grammar chhichâna:
Grammar eima tahpa he châropa kao lia dei châ leipa ta, bie eima reipa liata yzie
peimawhna a hnei hra. Bie eima reipa nata ropa zy he bie dopa nata bie hmeiseihpa a
pachâsatuhpa cha Grammar he a châ. Grammar heta châropa pabohsa ta,reih chhao a
pabohsa thei hra, eima tah thei aw.
Mara Grammar he Puhpa A. Zakia tah kô 1994-pa liata Mara reih siezie nata rozie hmaohkha
ta eima sie thei n’awpa ta a vaw tao. Puhpa A. Zakia ta Mara Grammar a taopa he Mara reih
ta Grammar bu hmâ thei awpata eima hnei tua chaipa a châ thlyu aw. He Grammar bu siezie
âchhihpa ta Mara reih ta châ a rohpa zy he ama châ rohpa rei thadâh achhih ta, rei nao via
ta, rei a pha via hra.Thokha Mara reih ta châ eima rohpa he eima châropa a pha kaw nota,
Grammar eima pado leipa a y laihpa vâta, eima reipa he riethei achhih kaw ta, eima pahno
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pasia thai leipa a vaw y pâ tyh.Grammar eima pado leipa vâta Mara reih ta châ eima rohpa
hmâh ta châ hrasala, eima châropa zy liata eima no avâh thai leipa he a y thei. Grammar
eima pado leipa ta a châ khiata la, châ eima rohpa phana nata peimawhna zydua a lei khai
thei thlâh ha. He vâta reih zydua heta Grammar he ama za hnei chyu, tah theipa he a châ.
Grammar y leipa ta châropa eima palâsa tua aw.
“Grammar ei mapa dolei pava ta, Mara reih tacha ei maro pahmah tacha hrasa la ei mano
avah thai aw vei.....” chi hropa eima soh via tua aw.
“Grammar ei mapado leipava ta, Mara reihta châ ei maro pahmâhta châ hrasa la, eimano a
vâhthai awvei...” He eima palâsapa heta eima kho dâh chyu ta châ a roh thlâh awpa châ ma
pi, tahpa a palâsa kaw.
Mara reih ta châ eima rohpa liata rairuna a ypa thokha Grammar siezie ta eima palâsa tua
aw:
1.
Noun liata rairuna a y theipa:
a) Proper Noun: Proper Noun eima siekhei dâh liata rairuna a y theipa- Tipa, Siaha,
Pacho, Sacho, Macho, etc. Hezy he Mara reih siezie châ leipa ta, Mara reih siezie ta
eima soh tua aw - Tipâh, Siahâh, Pâchô, Sâhchô, etc.
Rohdâh
Rodah a châ leipa.
Tipa
Tipâh.
Siaha
Siahâh.
Pacho
Pâchô
Sacho
Sâhcho, or Sâchô.
b) Plural Noun: ‘zy’ he Plural Noun nata Conjunction châta hmatheipa a châ.
‘zy’ – Plural Noun hmâna:
Eg:-
Vaozy Sado liata ama y.
Ngazy, iakâhzy, cha-uzy nata, âsah zy hmaokhah ta eima chhoh.
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‘Zy’ – Conjunction châta hmâna:
Eg:- Pamoh zy, Chhichhi zy Lailai zy, Sota nata, Pawlai zy rai ama hria.
2. Pronoun liata:
Pronoun châta hmâ theipa- na, chi, pi, ei, tahpa zy he pronoun châ/vyuhpa ta hmâ theipa
châ ei ta, ‘ta’ nahta pazao lei awpa ama châ aw.
a) Phusâ cha pie na ta,.....(‘na’ he singular first personal pronoun vyupa a châ. ‘ta’ he
basic verb vyuhpa châ tah, past tense pasiatuhpa a châ aw. He vâta pazao awpa châ
vei.)
b) Châhnamei pazy chi ta,...... ‘chi’ he singular second person)
c) Châhnamei pazy ei chi ta,... ‘ei chi’ plural second person.
d) Châhnamei pazy ei ta,...... ‘ei’ plural third person.
3.
a)
b)
c)
Postposition liata- ‘ta’ postposition liata pazao awpa a châ.
Ei uhta nahta tho eima chhawh.
Ziza leipata hroh thei ma pi.
Saku kiah awpata ei chhuah.
4. Conjunction - Anodeikuala, châhrasala, tahpa zy he pazao khaipa ta Conjunction
ama châ. Tawhla, ‘ano’ nata ‘châ’ zy he pronoun ama châ. He vâta pronoun liata
pazao lei awpa ama châ.
a) Molaipa châ hrasala, â reisi thai kaw. (châ-pronoun)
b) Ano deikuala, Siaha liata y vei. (anodeikuala-pronoun)
c) Lailai la tlâh leipa ta, châhrasala saku kiah leipata y awpa khoh vei. (châhrasala-conj)
d) Lailai la Siaha College liata B.A a chu ta, anodeikuala Mongyuh reih he a thai kaw.
(Ano- conj).
5. Adverb liata- ‘ta’ he pazao awpa châ vei.
a) A chatliepa ta a râ teh.
b) A pha ngaitapa ta y teh.
c) Ngâchhihpa ta raihria teh.
Eg- ngâchhihpata, ngaitapata, chatliepata- tahpa zy liata ‘ta’ he pazao lei awpa a châ aw.
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Rairuna hrohriapa eima palâsa heih tua aw.
Pa nata pâ: pazao leipata hmânazy1)Ei pâ ta viapakao na chalei pa ta, ei ly kaw. (pa-for: postposition)
He liata ‘pa’ he postposition châ ta, ‘chalei’ he verb a châ. He vâta pazao lei awpa.
2)Thopi doh pi ta, viahchhâ eimâ hmie pâ. ( hmie-verb, pâ-postposition)
Pa-pazao n’awpa: Adjective liata pazao awpa a châ.
Moleipa, Chhorupa, Reingiahpa, Tiamapa, Veiseihpa, etc.
1) Chyhsa moleipa.
2) Chyhsa ngâchhihpa.
3) Chyhsa tiamapa.
La – Pronoun, postposition, verb zy liata pazao lei awpa.
1) Kei la sie aw va na. (la-pronoun)
2) Mylâ la ei sie aw. (la-postposition)
3) Thyu la eima sie aw.(la-verb)
La- Conjunction liata pazao awpa.
Anodeikuala, châhrasala, tawhla,...
Biesâ thokha pazao awpa:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Ngâthlâh- o lia ei y ngâthlâh tyh
Ngaitapa – a pha ngaitapa ta châ a chu ma y.
Siezie – Mara reih siezie pahno hra ma y.
Taozie- taozie phapa a chu teh.
Ydâh- ydâh dopa he byhna a châ.
Pazao lei awpa thokha:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Ngâ hai- ei sie ngâ hai.
Hai chy- ei nie hai chy.
Kaw chy – ei nie kaw chy.
Ngâ kaw – ei nie ngâ kaw.
Thlâh chy – ei y thlâh chy.
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He zy he definite or indefinite verb/basic verb châta eima hmâ theipa zy ama châ. Perfect
continuance tense zy ama châ thei hra.
Mara reih pabohsa ta hma a sie thei n’awpata peimawhpa zy :
1. Mara reih liata apôhkha awpa : Mara reih heta accent nata dialect nano nanopa he hnei
ta, he zydua pahlypa heta ‘Tlôsaih Reih,’ ta Alphabet he taopa a châ. Mara reih accent nata
dialect nanopa a hmâhpa pi heta Mara reih (Tlôsaih Reih) liata eimâ pôhkha awpa a
peimawh kaw. Mara reih Grammar eima siekhei dâh chhao eimâ lyu awpa he peimawh
ngaita. Palôh tlâhpa ta Mara reih he a phana nata â ngiana zydua chhaota eima pasô awpa
nata, eima cheihchalo thei n’awpa hetaTlôsaih Reih ta a hnei leipa mohchho thokha zy he,
Chapi, Zyhno, Hawthai, Vytu reih liata a ypa zy he Mara reih leiseih n’awpa châta eima hmâh
awpa a peimawh kaw. He heta Mara Literature phana nata â ngiana a palâsatuhpa miakha a
châ thei aw.
2. Rai lana liata: MADC ta rai a la awpa liata mâh (mark) 50 paphao thei sala, he heta Mara
saw rai a tluapa zy ta Mara reih he compulsory paper hawhta ama pachâ thei aw. Mara reih
a chu aw ei ta, Mara reih he ama palaiseisa lymâ thei aw.
3.Kô kha liata eikha Seminar hnei awpa: Social, Polity, Economy, Culture, literature,etc., a
nuapa ta ECM&CCIM, MSO, MTP,MCHP,KTP (hqrs) heta pachhuahpanoh thei tyh sala, Mara
reih hmasie n’awpa a châ thei aw.
4.Châbu rohtuhpa zy châta Lymâ(award) tao awpa: Mara Academic Award for Booker Prize
a y khiata, Mara reih ta châbu a rohpa vaw hluh via aw ei ta, he heta Mara reih hmahsiena a
tlôkhei aw.
Ei châ ly kaw ei!
Châbu hmâpa:
1. Mara rei, Py pangawh achupa, Third Edition: BSE, MADC,2000.
2. Hlychho, Mylai: Mara History, Second Edition, Hauhlira Press ,2008.
3. Vyphao Magazine, Editorial Board, MSO Gen.Hqrs: Siaha, J.P Offset,2012.
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