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A Study on Social Issue Solutions Using the ‘Internet of Things’
(Focusing on a Crime Prevention Camera System)
Hong Joo Lee
Dept.of Industrial & Management Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Korea
Correspondence should be addressed to Hong Joo Lee [email protected]
Many researchers in various fields are seeking solutions to such problems through political and
administrative measures. However, concrete solutions have yet to be presented. Researches that seek
solutions to the said problems using new technologies are increasing. In this study, a solution for
changing and improving society was proposed by investigating social issue solutions and technologies
centered on social organizations and systems. To do that, the types of social issues were analyzed by
defining them through the analysis in the preceding studies and using a meta-research technique. I am
suggested a crime prevention security system to prevent crimes in deteriorated areas. The system is
integrated with the IOT, which differs from the existing manual camera.
1. Introduction
Korea’s social issues, its society should be changed
Korean society is facing a significant turning point.
It is growing slowly, and only competitive fields are
developing, which is resulting in unbalanced growth.
and improved. That is, the needed social changes
and improvements can be achieved through changes
and improvements in organizations and technologies.
Furthermore, low fertility and an aging population
are fast emerging, and diseases, natural disasters,
and catastrophes are ensuing from climate changes.
Thus, aggressive responses are required.
Therefore, it is very important to propose solutions
for the protection of the national welfare and the
Table 1: Types of changes and improvements
needed in Korean society
Centered on
Centered on
Organizations
Technologies
and Systems
Vaccine
resolution of social problems. In particular, despite
Social welfare
techniques
system
Healthcare
Medical
system
insurance
Food
system
monitoring
size in the world with an over 5,000-fold increase in
Shared
system for
imports in the last 50 years.[1] Even though many
economy
preventing
Korea’s remarkable economic growth, Koreans’
national satisfaction with their quality of life appears
to be very low, with the country ranking 27th among
36 countries in the 2013 OECD Better Life Index,
although South Korea boasts the 10th largest trading
researchers are striving to solve the country’s
political and administrative problems, they seem to
have reached their limit. Therefore, to solve South
Changes and
Improvements
for Solving
Social Issues
food poisoning
However, in these days, considering technologies,
institutes are conducting research that could solve
more and more attentions are required to identify
social problems and create human-oriented values
scientific technology solutions as an alternative
through scientific technology, there has not been any
measure. Today, the researches on social roles of
notable result produced by research so far. Therefore,
scientific technology are not comprehensive or
in order to overcome such limit, social issues should
systematic and people’s concerns for them are also
be resolved through research on convergence social
relatively low. Moreover, since the purpose of
and scientific technology and a model that can
scientific technology is to focus on economic growth,
produce profits should be studied by ensuring
systematic research to improve the social roles of
business markets.
scientific technology is not being conducted.
Nevertheless, according to the survey conducted by
the 2013 NSTC (National Science & Technology
Council), 60.2% of the people still consider that
Table 2: Examples of social and scientific
technologies
Products and
Category
Role
Services
scientific technology could play a significant role for
resolving social problems and become an important
measure that improves the quality of life, including
Health and
medicine
national health and safety, beyond a mere measure
of economic growth. [2] Advanced countries such as
the US, EU, and Japan are continuously conducting
research with huge budgets in order to identify
solutions
for
social
issues
using
scientific
Safety (from
disasters and
catastrophes)
Influenza A
and seasonal
flu vaccines
Advanced
Emergency
Braking
Eco-friendly
education have been recently
expanding the paradigm of R&D on scientific
Environment
and improvement in quality of life. Moreover, the
necessity of convergence technology has been
architectural
materials
technology that focuses on both economic growth
Augmented
Culture
reality and 3D
recognized more than ever before in order to lead to
TV
innovations for future societies and sculpt a human-
response to
infectious
diseases
Prevention of
damage from
traffic accidents
System
technology. In addition, the government and the
department of
Preventive
Construction of
a pleasant
indoor
environment
Satisfaction of
emotional needs
(Source: NSTC, 2013)
oriented and creative society for sustainable life.
However, scientific technology is still supplier-
Thus, this paper suggests a solution to crime
prevention that can practically resolve social issues.
oriented (the government, corporations, researchers,
etc.) and solitarily compartmentalized; therefore, it
is difficult to expect the effects of convergence.
Thus, convergence researches are required to
2. Related Works
2.1 Government Activities for Solving Social
Issues
vitalize convergence scientific technology, using
cooperation of collective intelligence, such as
As the development of national-level research that
consumers like citizens, humanity scientists, and the
only concentrate on economic and technical growth
government or corporations.
are recognized as a problem, various forms of
Hence, even if the government and research
research are coming up to surface to improve
national
convenience
from
of
existing problem solution methods. This is because
balancing the social ecosystem. In this context,
in the problem-solving process, the social issues
major companies and nations are showing interest in
must be understood; and to investigate the goals of
national
everyone,
the problem solutions, the major performers and the
responding to various social issues and improving
technical characteristics and revolution patterns of
the
while
the solution of such problems must be determined.
encompassing welfare, environment, and safety. In
In addition, the government, which has been leading
South Korea, such activities are being promoted
the solution of social issues, should convert its
through
for
‘supply-oriented policy’ to a ‘demand-oriented
solving social issues. These projects aim to ‘improve
policy’ to discover the demands of civil society and
citizens’ quality of life by solving social issues that
satisfy them. Furthermore, the government should
significantly affect peoples’ lives through science
combine new and unique technologies with existing
technologies, and to create products and services
technologies to come up with newly designed
that are used in citizens’ daily lives in the light of the
technologies.
convenience
perspective
services
comprehensive
technology
a
quality
for
of
development
life
projects
developments in technologies, legal systems, service
delivery, etc. To sum up such existing discussions,
2.3 Social Services and Problems
social technologies can be defined as technologies
that create products and services using a fusion
Philip Kotler (2010), who is a business management
technology, etc., as a subset of the national welfare
scholar from the U.S., suggested that, in the current
technology.
Market 3.0, corporations are performing activities to
resolve ‘social problems’ and consumers are actively
2.2 A New Paradigm for Demand-oriented
engaging in the market based on advanced
information and technology. [4] It implies that social
Science Technologies
problems are not just issues of the government, but a
The latest improvements in physical living standards
common issue that corporations and citizens should
and new social issues such
as crime and
participate to solve together; therefore, it becomes
environmental pollution are being spotlighted as
possible for such activities to evolve into actions
affecting quality of life. Therefore, technologies for
that create added values. In addition, the importance
solving social issues should be determined after
of social services is increasing in order for the
classifying technology development and utilization
government to resolve social problems that occurs
areas as a social problem sector and defining the
within the fields of welfare, health and medical
roles of the applied
technologies. To date,
treatment, education, employment, housing, culture,
researchers have first demanded that technology
and environment. Chang (2012) developed an
(research and development) items. However, such
innovative, new social service using scientific,
approach has shown that the demanded products are
engineering, and systematic methods and introduced
yet to be developed or have not yet been distributed
social service R&D policies as an effective political
even though they have already been developed. [3]
measure that can improve the existing social service
In addition, studies for solving social issues through
distribution system and customer interface. [5]
technologies require different approaches because
However,
their aims and directions differ from those of the
distribution system is focusing on development-
since
the
existing
social
service
oriented
research,
and
or have exchanges, and the term ‘problem’
fundamental
represents a state wherein a basic desire has not been
application studies on social services. Moreover,
satisfied, or a negative state. Therefore, social
Song (2012) said that technology innovation is
problems cannot be absolutely or objectively
required to resolve social problems such as safety,
defined, but should be relatively clarified according
health, and environment issues resulting from rapid
to special criteria [7]. In this study, the common
social changes, while the advancement of social
elements of the definitions of social problems are
services through social technology is important as a
deduced based on the previous researches, as
measure that reduces financial burden and improves
presented in the following table. According to the
the quality and efficiency of social services. [6]
previous researches, first, social problems diverge
development
are
balanced
required
support
for
from social values (norms or order); second, they are
determined as problems that need to be solved by
2.4 Definition of Social Problems
majority people or a few influential people; third,
To address social issues, the concept of a social issue
they are caused by the society itself; fourth, social or
is herein defined. J. H. Kim et al. (2011) stated in
group activities are required to solve them; and fifth,
their study that the term ‘society’ refers to a group
they have negative effects on many people.
composed of more than two individuals who interact
Table 3: Previous researches that defined social problems
Elements
Threat
to Social
Order
Researchers
Merton & Nisbet [8]
○
Perry & Perry [9]
○
Determined by the
Majority with the
Need for
Improvement
Determined
by
Influential
People
Affect
Many
People
○
Etzioni [10]
○
Shepard & Voss [11]
○
Rubington & Weinberg [12]
○
Henslin [13]
○
Choi [14]
Social
Reason
Social &
Group
Activities
Required
for
Improve
ments
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
Eitzen & Zinn [15]
Kornblum & Julian [16]
○
Lauer [17]
○
Curran & Renzetti [18]
○
Horton et al. [19]
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
Beeghley [20]
○
○
○
Sullivan [21]
○
Zastrow [22]
Mooney et al. [23]
○
Kim [24]
○
○
Park et al. [25]
○
○
○
○
○
○
Park et al. [26]
○
Won [27]
○
○
○
○
○
○
○
In addition, J. H. Kim et al. (2011) suggested that
shows the viewpoints of scholars on social problems.
social problems are evaluated differently depending
In the paper, I analyzed literature reviews
on the particular era, society, culture, value, etc. [7].
through meta research analysis. Table 4 shows that
Therefore, social problems can be classified
many researchers studied about crimes as important
depending
social problems.
on
the
technological
environment,
reserved resources, and levels of values that citizens
aim for. Thus, the conceptual characteristics of such
2.6 Korean Ranking of Quality of Life
social problems are reflected to this study on the
different types of social problems and their solutions.
In this paper, the priorities of South Koreans in
terms of quality of life in the OECD’s report in
2014 are investigated by sector. The housing sector
2.5 Classification of Social Problems
showed a low level of satisfaction. Therefore, the
Social problems, which used to be classified in the
South Korean government is introducing the
previous research based on the individual criteria of
CPTED program to improve the deteriorated
the researchers, can be classified according to their
housing environment and solve Korea’s public
causes, properties, or types. The types of social
security issues. However, the current CPTED
problems can be based on an academic viewpoint or
program is being used only to improve the housing
determined for application in national policies.
environment.
These two viewpoints were reflected in this study to
organize the details of the preceding studies
promoted from the academic viewpoint. Table 4
Table 4: Analysis of preceding studies to draw out the types of social problems
Type
Moo
Ake
lney
la et
et
al.
al.
[33]
[23]
ㅇ ㅇ ㅇ
Mert Schn
Curran Cho
Cho
Beeg Parrill Eitze
Sulli
on & eiKo & i &
ZasKim i et
ho& n &
Researcher Nisbe der et
[30 Renzet Cho
trow
[29] al.
ley Stimso Zinn
van
t
al.
]
ti
i
[22]
[14]
[20] n [32] [20]
[21]
[8] [28]
[18] [31]
Health Care
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
Food
Energy
Education
Environment
Life
Crimes
Quality
Disasters and
Calamities
Housing and
Traffic
Culture and
Leisure
ㅇ
Rouf
Y.
Aals
eXin Pot et
chaei
g et wer
al.
et al.
al. [37]
[35]
[34]
[36]
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ ㅇ
ㅇ ㅇ
ㅇ ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
Social
Value
Family
Dissolution
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ
ㅇ ㅇ
ㅇ
Table 5: Ranking of Quality of Life in South Korea
Parts
Housing
Income and Wealth
Jobs and Earnings
Community
Education and Skills
Environment
Civic Engagement
Health
Life Satisfaction
Personal Security
Work-Life Balance
Index
5.9
2.3
7.6
3.1
8.0
5.3
7.5
5.0
4.2
9.5
4.2
Ranking
20/36
23/36
14/36
34/36
4/36
30/36
3/36
30/36
25/36
6/36
34/36
(Source: http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org, 2014)
2.7 Service Types for Social Problem Solutions
In this study, to deduce the services needed to solve
social problems in health care, food, energy,
education, the environment, crimes, disasters and
calamities, housing, traffic, and leisure and culture,
Environment
which correspond to the life quality elements,
among the types of social problems revealed in
preceding studies, the preceding studies were
investigated to analyze the required services based
on the problems in each field, as presented in the
following table.
Crimes
Table 6: Services required by social problem type
Social
Problem
Health Care
Food
Energy
Education
Required Services
Provision of location information, status
monitoring, provision of warning
notices, real-time remote response
service, diet and exercise management,
personalized service, Provision of
preliminary information.
Location information provision, product
status
monitoring,
recording
of
particular event information, sharing of
distribution process data, provision of
food safety information, expansion and
management of delivery systems for
socially vulnerable groups, service
evaluation and management.
Usage monitoring, provision of notices,
recording of particular events, automatic
control, smart grid service, provision of
usage data, remote meter reading.
Goods sharing, service evaluation and
management, personalization, opening
Disasters
and
Calamities
Housing and
Traffic
Culture and
Leisure
and
use
of
public
facilities,
interpretation and subtitling, virtual
reality, detailed information search,
auxiliary device support.
Provision of location information,
pollution monitoring, provision of
notices, recording of particular events,
provision of preliminary information for
pollution prevention, operation and
management of integrated systems,
provision of usage information,
tailoring
of
consumer
demand
information, virtual reality, detailed
information search.
Provision of location information,
situation
monitoring
and
crime
forecasting, recording of particular
events, self-detection of abnormal
patterns, provision of warning notices,
automatic
control,
provision
of
preliminary information, automatic
collection of evidence pertaining to
problems.
Provision of location information,
climate
status
monitoring
and
forecasting, provision of warning
notices.
Provision of location information,
monitoring, danger warning, automatic
service control, provision of preliminary
information, goods sharing.
Provision of preliminary information,
vulnerable social group management
through delivery systems expansion,
tailoring to consumer types, opening
and
use
of
public
facilities,
interpretation and subtitling, community
and network construction.
2.8 Physical Design for Crime Prevention
Crime and the fear of crime are pervasive and
endemic concerns in modern post-industrial society
locate the site. Electronic fences can either be
and criminal justice systems are clearly failing to
wireless of in-ground.[43] Wireless fences have an
tackle both issues.[38]
electronic base unit that emits radio waves up to a
Brantingham and Brantingham (1991) have
certain range. A receiver and transmitter send an
argued that there are four dimensions to any crime
alert to the relevant body.[43] In-ground fence picks
namely, the law, the offender, the target and the
up radio waves and beeps once someone crosses the
location. [39]
fence.[43] Perimeter security can have fiber optic
As a place-based crime prevention strategy, crime
stretched
along
the
fence.
An
optical time
prevention through environmental design (CPTED)
reflectometer (a type of radar for light) attached to
emerged as an independent theory and is now
the fiber optic would locate the spot, within about a
increasingly fashionable and is being implemented
meter, where the twist or bend took place and a
worldwide.[40]
search light could be instantly aimed at the
CPTED is an acronym for crime prevention
point .[44]
through environmental design which asserts that
“the proper design and effective use of the built
3. Development of Social Issue Solutions
environment can lead to a reduction in the fear and
3.1 Introduction of a Crime Prevention Solution
incidence of crime, and an improvement in the
quality of life.[41]
In this study, the social issues that should be solved
Also, physical design for crime prevention has the
first were selected and their solutions were deduced,
capacity to promote informal or natural surveillance
considering the types of social issues analyzed in the
opportunities for residents and their agents and
preceding studies and according to the OECD-
surveillance is part of capable guardianship.[42]
reported (2014) priorities of South Koreans as to
If offenders perceive that they can be observed,
quality of life. To do so, a crime prevention solution
they may be less likely to offend, given the
for improving the housing environment, which was
increased potential for prevention, apprehension and
presented as a social issue in preceding studies, and
prosecution.
for which the South Korean government showed
Thus, considering the previous research, I
great concern, was developed and proposed. That is,
suggested mechanical surveillance strategies (e.g.
in this study, a security camera system that uses the
street lighting and CCTV) for crime prevention in
Internet of Things (IoT) was developed to improve
the paper.
the housing environment by preventing crimes.
Therefore, a solution for social issues is proposed
2.9 Safer School
For safer schools CCTV cameras, perimeter
fences, metal detectors and alarm systems need to be
in place. An alarm system can have GPS coordinates,
so that when it goes off the control center can easily
after using the research approach shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: City crime prevention solutions
Figure 2: Conceptual model for crime prevention system using IOT
3.2 Use of the Internet of the Things
In other words, in the IoT, people, processes, data,
and things are interconnected by an intelligent
The term ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT) was first
network, and therefore, the society becomes a place
introduced by an MIT RFID (Radio Frequency
where new values and revolutions can be created. In
Identification) specialist, Kevin Ashitton, who said
addition,
in 1999 that “The IoT will be constructed because
technology
RFID and other sensors are mounted on things in
sophisticated. As such, the IoT technology is likely
daily life”. [45] That is, the IoT can be defined as a
to bring about successful outcomes in the public
system
communication
sector. (For example, information from CCTVs,
modules are mounted on things to enable real-time
GPS, etc. helps improve crime prevention effects
data exchange and communication via the Internet.
and criminal arrests).
wherein
sensors
and
technology
costs
and
developments
make
reduce
technologies
Such connection of things through the Internet and
other appliances can have greatly expanded ranges
in real time in (1) collecting (sensing) information,
4. The Crime Prevention Security Camera
System Used with the IoT Technology
(2) transferring the collected information (data), (3)
storing the information (data), and (4) converging
In this study, to prevent crimes in deteriorated areas,
the information and generating new data. Therefore,
a crime prevention security system integrated with
the IoT environment can be defined as a society that
the IoT, which differs from the existing manual
is interconnected via the Internet or mobile networks.
camera systems, was developed. The current crime
prevention cameras are being used to monitor crimes
and quickly arrest the criminals. However, because
the existing cameras cannot monitor incidents that
through the analysis in the preceding studies and
occur far from the camera’s fixed position, such
using a meta-research technique. In addition, the
cameras are increasingly failing to detect crimes.
social issue solutions implemented in South Korea
Therefore, in this paper, a system was developed
were investigated based on the OECD’s analysis
with the following function: (1) when it detects a
data (2014). From the results of this study, a new-
pedestrian’s movement in alleyway, it automatically
concept security camera that uses the latest IoT
turns on LED lamps using its sensors installed on
technology to prevent crimes in deteriorated areas
the fences, etc. of buildings and houses in
was proposed. The system can detect pedestrian
deteriorated areas, and (2) its camera follows the
movements, unlike the existing security cameras,
pedestrian’s moves (camera moving steadily a track
because its camera follows the pedestrian’s moves.
on the fences). As such, the system can lighten dark
Thus, it is likely to actively prevent crime. The
areas and advise pedestrians that they are being
system can also be used to actively monitor crime
actively monitored, to prevent crime. Moreover, the
scenes. However, to increase the practicability of the
system can quickly recognize (tracking shot by
results of this study in the future, this system must
cameras) the field situation and transmit related
be used in deteriorated areas to investigate its
information to related agencies to solve problems.
performance and the problems that can occur after it
is introduced.
6. Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the GRRC program of
Gyeonggi province.[GRRC]
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