APPENDIX 2 STUDENTS' DIAGRAMS of MAGNETIC MATERIALS CONTENTS: page Cycle I Elicitation Individual and Group Diagrams, Day 1..................... 176 Cycle II Elicitation Individual and Group Diagrams, Day 6.................... 186 Group Diagrams Beginning and Ending Activity II-D1, Day 6 ............... 196 Group Diagrams beginning and ending Activity II-D3, Day 8................. 199 Group Candidate Models for Cycle II, Day 8.................................... 201 175 176 Cycle I Elicitation Individual and Group Diagrams, Day 1 Notes: Only students' diagrams of the refrigerator and magnet are shown. Diagrams of static electricity have been omitted. Students' initial written ideas are included. Students were asked to talk within their groups and write down more ideas, those are not included here. The group pictures were drawn on whiteboards. Group 1 Marge Writing on I-E sheet Similarities: stick together; can pull apart and reattach Differences: static wears off; static does not occur when wet; magnetic is with firm metal objects, static can be flexible, i.e. hair and comb. Donna Similarities: Energy forces that are attracted to each other, causing them to stick; the energy is charged(?) Differences: In magnetism, opposite forces of energy attract (similarity) ; with static electricity, energy is created, and the friction of the energy causes the articles to stick. Anne (not in this group yet) Group Diagram (Presented by Marge) piece of metal would. Positive charges would stick to negative charges that are on the door, and negative charges would stick to the positive charges on the door. . ." Written: Similarities: Both cause articles to stick together. Both can pull apart and Spoken: reattach. Energy forces create the "The magnet has two different charges on attraction, the energy is charged it, a positive charge and a negative charge. Differences: Static electricity wears off, The refrigerator is metal. We figure there static requires heat, magnets do not, static are positive and negative charges all articles to be dry, static requires within the refrigerator door so that spoons requires friction don't stick to it but a magnetized charged Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 177 Group 2 Janet Writing on I-E sheet Similarities: things are attracted to each other; things may be hard to pull apart; opposites attract, similar repel Differences: more of an electric charge with static; more perceptible, heat seems to be involved in static electricity; magnetism involves poles Magnetism: Gravity, tides Abby Similarities: pull together; hard effects to prevent (in given situations) Differences: you can feel static sparks; different feeling Max Similarities: Objects attract in both; both pull together Differences: In Static you can feel the elect. as you pull clothes apart. Static electricity is caused by electrical heat Group Diagram (Presented by Janet) Spoken: " we have a positive and negative and they're attracting each other and that's why the magnet's sticking to the refrigerator." Written: Similarities: two things attracted to each other, the attraction can be so strong that it's difficult to pull them apart. Differences: Definite electrical charge with static that you don't notice with magnetism, you need dry heat for static electricity, magnetism involves more pushing and pulling forces. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 178 Group 3 Kris Writing on I-E sheet Similarities: attraction between objects Differences: magnetic force seems to be a one-way attraction, IE magnets are pulled toward metal objects; static seems to be a mutual attraction between objects of similar composition; composition of objects 2) positive and negative forces working against/for each other Lupita Similarities: sticking of articles Differences: metal vs. cloth; magnetism vs. some sort of static force instances: balloon with hair on wall; key chain magnet to draw hair Allison The refrigerator is creating a pull from itself to the magnet. As the magnet gets closer, the harder the pull the refrigerator to the magnet. Group Diagram Similarities: both cause articles to stick together; attraction between objects Differences: clothing- equal pull between articles of clothing, magnet is being pulled by refrigerator. (Presented by Kris) Spoken: "this [refrigerator] could probably be a negative, a positive being attracted to a negative." Written: Similarities: attraction between objects, result of electric charges. Differences: composition of articles, magnetism - one way attraction, static electricity - mutual attraction. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 179 Group 4 Carl Writing on I-E sheet metal, hard, cold Julie Magnetism: Polar attraction; hard material Stacy No data Group Diagram (presented by Carl) have more positives like at one end that like makes it more of a positive charge, and then it can . . . attach to the metal refrigerator. The refrigerator has positive and negative charges all just scattered all around it doesn't matter like any piece of metal. . . .when you rub a magnet up against a little piece of metal or whatever it makes all the positive on one end and all the negative at another end." Spoken: Written: "How the magnet works is that . . one Similarity: Positive and negative charges. part of the magnet has more positive charges at one end and all the negative Differences: Static involves heat, soft, charges are more at another end. When it friction. Magnetism involves, cold or hot, attracts, when it touches, you have to hard, non friction Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 180 Group 5 Anne Diane (in this group for one day) Similarities: strong forces pulling objects together; causes a sticking sensation; both involve the use of electrical appliances Differences: One is magnetic and the other is heat generated; one deals with metal and the other deals with cloth; magnet-solid (metal) static- clothing, hair, carpet. Writing on I-E sheet Similarities: [??] attract to each other; both somehow involve charges in order to attract to each other Differences: Magnetism involves solid objects, static involves clothing, latex balloons, wall; magnetism is automatic while static effect needs external forces; static effect involves heat while magnetism effect doesn't. Kim My group and I believe that it is a positive and negative charge that attracts both the static electric & magnetic effect. Sandy Similarities: Both attract objects to each other; makes them stick together Differences: requires a magnet for magnetic effect; magnetism uses solid objects Group Diagram (Presented by Diane) Spoken: "..the refrigerator has the positive ions and there's the magnetic pulls [inaudible] pulling the magnet in. " Written: Similarities: both attract objects to each other, both make objects stick together, both involve "charges." Differences: magnetic effect requires a magnet and metal but no friction, static electricity requires friction and heat, when you pull apart socks or clothing you can hear the static electricity, but not with magnets. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 181 Group 6 Maureen Writing on I-E sheet Similarities: Both cause objects to stick together; both operate on the basis that opposites attract Differences: Magnetism operates with polar effects; static operates with electric charges, magnetism effects metallic elements; static various effects, non metallic elements Kay Jeanette Similarities: magnetism: both contain magnetic material Differences: static doesn't have to contain the same material Group Diagram (Presented by Maureen) Spoken: "The magnet sticks due to a polar attraction. Unlike poles attract, North and South, like poles repel." Written: Similarities: Both cause objects to stick together, opposites attract and similars repel Differences: Magnetism affects metallic elements, static affects various different materials, Static operates with electric charges, magnetism is polar. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 182 Group 7 Bob ( Bob did not turn in his I-E document.) (This is from Bob's learning commentary:) "I understood that opposites attract. I also thought that there were positive and negative sides. So ...... I assumed that one must be positive and the other must be negative. The magnet, being the active "sticker" was assigned the positive role." Debbie Writing on I-E sheet Magnetic: letters and numbers Similarities: They both stick at one point. Differences: Static doesn't necessarily stick together. It's more of a cause and effect. Static will lose its "sticking' effect. Cindy The refrigerator has certain properties. Example metal. If the magnet has metal properties also then they would attract and magnetize; magnet locks for cabinet drawers; colorforms. Similarities: attaching two properties; opposites attract Differences: static is affected by weather, static can happen by rubbing two things together; magnets only stick to iron Group Diagram (Presented by Bob) " magnet has a positive charge and the refrigerator has a negative charge. And then opposites attract and causes the positive to attract to the negative and the magnet will stick." Similarities: both have a positive and negative charge, causing them to stick together. Opposites attract, a positive will not attract to a positive. Sticking qualities. Differences: magnets need ferrous metals. Static electricity is short lived, magnets will last for a long time. Static electricity needs friction and heat is involved. Static electricity produces a sort of energy that can be measured when you discharge it. Static loses its charges when it is touched. Static electricity doesn't work underwater, but magnets do. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 183 Group 8 Maria Writing on I-E sheet Similarities: Objects are attracted to each other and stick together. Differences: magnets stick/ are attracted regardless of temperature or humidity; in static, conditions must be a very dry environment with very low humidity and heat is included; Sparks are sometimes ignited whereas with magnets this doesn't happen; in static, humans, cloth, and other articles are involved. Candace Magnetism: 2 negatives make a positive Juana Similarities: both magnet & clothes have an electrical charge strong enough to cling to their respective objects; dryer and fridge have metal maybe having something to do with the clinging. Differences: a magnet is strong enough to hold paper in between it. Clothes are weaker; a magnet will always stick to a fridge, clothes cannot stick back together; clothing sticking can be controlled (using fabric softener) a magnet will always stick. Similarities: They both have two objects coming in for attraction Differences: magnetic has to do with ____; static has to do with two natural objects. Group Diagram (presented by Candace) Two negatives make a positive, and a positive means that your magnet stays, and doesn't go anywhere. . . . a positive and a negative make negative and negatives don't stick." Written: Similarities: Both are strong enough to attract. Both involve metal appliances. Differences: A magnet has a stronger force than Spoken: ". . . the refrigerator clothes. A magnet will always stick to a gives off negative charge and the refrigerator but you can't restick socks together. magnet gives off negative Fabric softener controls static but a magnet is charge. always going to stick. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 184 Group 9 Eina Writing on I-E sheet Magnetism: steel metal moves; [magnet is a] body that attracts iron Similarities: stick together both bodies Differences: Megan [Picture is illegible] Magnetism: magnet is a body that attracts iron Similarities: force of the two objects sticking Differences: static has electricity. Magnet is a body of iron. Static does not move whereas a magnet does Susan (was not in class this day) Group Diagram (Presented by Eina) Spoken: "I don't know if the metal is positive or it's negative. I know it has something to do with positive and negative because that's how they attract." Written: Similarities: both stick together, and both are bodies. Differences: static has electricity and static involves dry atmosphere and charges of electricity. Magnet involves a heavier push or pull, Magnet is a body that attracts iron. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 185 Group 10 Joan Writing on I-E sheet Similarities: pull together; hard effects to prevent (in given situations) Differences: you can feel static sparks; different feeling Mia Magnetic waves form when opposite charges come in contact. Similarities: magnetic waves; traveling of magnetic waves Differences: friction in clothing sticking together Liz Similarities: magnetism; both are metals or fibers Differences: Static effect has electrical current; temperature; magnetism happens easier, static only under certain [??] Group Diagram ( Presented by Joan) Written: Similarities: both of them bond, traveling of some type of magnetic or electric waves or properties, same type of material attracts one and the other, static electricity attracted fiber to fiber. Spoken: Magnetism is metal to metal. ". . . .magnetism has different charges. Differences: static electricity has an Like stick together [to account for?] magnetic waves coming together, the one electrical current to travel in between is going to be positive and one of them is them, temperature is involved with static electricity. Friction in clothing causes going to be a negative charge which them to stick together [but friction is not makes them stick together. If the magnets are same charges then they're not needed for magnets] going to stick together." Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 186 Cycle II Elicitation Individual and Group Diagrams, Day 6 Group 1 Unrubbed nail Rubbed nail Marge (Text from Marge's document is below) As you rub the nail in one direction with one end of the magnet, the forces attracted to that end of the magnet are moved along the nail and concentrated in the end of the nail. The nail then has the power to attract and repel like a magnet. Donna Two sides of a magnetic object behave differently. The process of rubbing with a magnet to the nail magnetizes the nail. The process drags to one end, the opposite pole (particles? charges?) of the nail - of that of the magnet. For example, if you take the south end of a magnet and rub a nail - the north "particles" of the nail will be dragged to the end of the nail. My reasoning why this process works is based on experimental data and observation that opposite ends attract. Anne Rubbing a nail with a magnet, magnetizes the nail causing it to attract an unrubbed nail in all directions, and either attract or repel another rubbed nail, depending on what end you bring the original rubbed nail to. Text on board Group Diagram & more text 1) After rubbing a nail, the rubbed nail will attract both sides of an unrubbed nail. 2) After rubbing two nails in the same direction with the same end of the magnet, like-ends will repel and unlike-ends will attract. 3) The rubbing process drags the attracted force to one end of the nail. The other 4) This model indicates that magnetism has end is left with the opposite force. a directional pull. Also, for magnetic objects similar ends repel and opposite ends attract. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 187 Group 2 Unrubbed nail Rubbed nail Janet Unrubbed: Everything is jumbled so there is no magnetic effect. Rubbed: all particles, or whatever, are pulled in the same direction once the nail is magnetized. I think rubbing the nail with a magnet makes the nail become a magnet, for awhile anyway. The rubbed nail acted like a magnet. Abby (Did not draw a diagram before class.) (Max initially had a diagram with wavy lines inside the nail but he erased them and drew Janet's compass needles.) The nail becomes a magnet once it is rubbed, and depending on what side of the magnet that is used (N or S) to rub the nail, dictates what end of the nail will produce the stronger magnetic force. Max Text on board Group Diagram Reason: Before rubbing the particles in the nail are in disarray. After the nail is rubbed by a magnet the particles in the nail all pull in the same direction. Evidence: Rubbed nails attracted and repelled rubbed nails. Rubbed nails pointed consistently in same direction. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 188 Group 3 Unrubbed nail Rubbed nail Kris The process of rubbing the nail with the magnet causes the nail to become a magnetized object. Allison When rubbing the magnet with the nail, either positive or negative charges are transferred to from the magnet into the nail. This creates the nail having one end as positive and the other as negative. When we used the north pole of the magnet to rub the nail with, we began by rubbing from the end of the nail that we wanted to point north and rubbed in only that one direction. This experiment showed that maybe since opposite ends attract, that the north pole magnet is negative & creates a positive charge into the nail, or vice- versa! Lupita As seen in previous experiments of rubbed and unrubbed nails, we have observed that rubbing has an effect on the nails behavior. This suggests that the process of rubbing a nail with a magnet magnetizes the nail and produces magnetic effects. It's also the component of the nail, which is a ferromagnetic material which is affected by magnets. These rubbed nails will now cause an attraction or repulsion with other rubbed and unrubbed nails. Text on board Group Diagram Rubbing a nail with a magnet causes it to have North and South poles. The poles are determined by which end of the magnet was used to rub and the direction the nail was rubbed. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 189 Group 4 Unrubbed nail Rubbed nail Carl All the positive and negative polar ends pointing a particular way. Just like all the positive and negative polar ends point in a magnet. One of my biggest evidences was in the way we had to rub the nail, only in one direction. and that after we did it, it acted like a magnet. Also in the way a nail pointed as it went around a magnet. Julie Before it is rubbed all the + & - molecules are scattered through out the nail. when we rub the nil with the negative side for example we are pulling all the positive ions to one end, therefore leaving the neg at the other. Stacy (did not hand this in) Text on board Group Diagram An unrubbed nail has its positive/negative molecules scattered at random. When rubbed, the negatives are pulled towards one end and the positives toward the other . . . depending on which end you rub with. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 190 Group 5 Unrubbed nail Rubbed nail Diane After a nail is rubbed with a magnet, the nail takes on the characteristics of the nail. A magnet has a north pole end and a south pole end, the nail will have a north pole end and a south pole end after being rubbed with a magnet. The magnet causes the north and south poles to separate from one other and concentrate on to opposite sides of the nail. Sandy When rubbing the nail with a magnet the poles opposite are pulled to either the head or point depending on the direction of the rubbing. Kyoko It magnetizes the nail. The nail takes on the characteristics of a magnet depending on which direction you rubbed the nail. Kim It allows the nail to act as a magnet & therefore will have a directional pull to the north or south. Text on board Group Diagram Similar poles repel, opposite poles attract. The poles opposite of the magnet are pulled to the direction of the rubbing. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 191 Group 6 Unrubbed nail Rubbed nail Maureen The process or rubbing the nail with the magnet causes the nail to become magnetized. The evidence from cycle I is that in every experiment in which we used a rubbed nail and an unrubbed nail, only the rubbed nail produced an effect independent of the magnet. Kay I think a rubbed nail becomes magnetized. Somehow there is a transfer or the composition of the rubbed nail changes. Yet the direction the nail is rubbed in matters. It must be rubbed in one direction, because of polarity. Jeanette I think that after the nail has been rubbed it has become magnetized and will show an effect. Because it showed no effect when unrubbed, after rubbing it is magnetized and will now show effect. The nails act like a compass in which they have a north/south pull because of magnetism. Text on board Group Diagram Reasoning: Rubbing the nail with a magnet causes it to become "magnetized." We know this because in every experiment in which we used a rubbed nail and an unrubbed nail, only the rubbed nail produced an effect independent of the magnet. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 192 Group 7 Unrubbed nail Rubbed nail Bob There is obviously a transfer of some of the magnetic charge from the magnet to the nail. But I'm not sure if, by making a nail a magnet, it takes away some magnetism from the magnet. Is it possible that, if you rub enough nails with a magnet, the magnet would lose its magnetic qualities? My assumption is no. So, therefore, the magnet must call forth some force to be added to the nail. Cindy Rubbing the nail with magnet creates a north and south pull which is also found in the magnet. The nail is different when rubbed because the ions are separated to create the north/south pull. Debbie The process of rubbing a magnet to the nail allows the nail to become magnetized. Text on board Two Group Diagrams 1. No charges. (Iron filings do not stick to each other.) 2. Reasoning: transfer of charges from magnet to nail. First point North magnet touches becomes north of the nail 1. We can not see inside a nail 2. Has mixed properties that are separated when a magnet is used. 3. A magnet separates the charges to create a north and south pull. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 193 Group 8 Unrubbed nail Rubbed nail Maria It has now become magnetized and polarized by the influence of the magnet with which it was rubbed. Candace It makes the magnetism polarized by the magnet that is was rubbed by Pos. on one pole, negs on the other. [How did you decide?] The non rubbed nail had 0 effect on any object. But once it was rubbed, it attracted other metals to it. Juana When the nail is being rubbed with the magnet it's giving off some sort of energy to the nail from the magnet. It's also giving off heat at the same time. Text on board Group Diagram The nail has now been polarized by having the - and + charges split up. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 194 Group 9 Unrubbed nail Rubbed nail Susan The friction between the iron nail and the magnet causes an electron transfer. Thus, charged electrons move from the magnet to the nail. After the nail was rubbed it gained a charge which attracted the neutral/unrubbed nail. It then repelled & attracted a rubbed/charged nail depending on which side was pointed toward which pole. Megan Atoms line up in one direction. Opposite ends will attract and the same ends will repel. Produces a magnetic effect it is now magnetized. Has poles set into it. Eina Rubbing the nail with the north side of the magnet will cause the flat end of the nail to move towards the north. If rubbing the nail with the south side of the magnet will cause the flat end moves toward the south. It is important to know which side of the magnet we are using during an experiment. Text on board Group Diagram When you have an unrubbed nail, it contains positive and negative charges, making it a neutral object. When you rub a nail, the positive charges will go to one end of the nail while the negative charges will go to the opposite end. An unrubbed nail will attract to both ends of a rubbed nail. After the object has become magnetized, the charges will align with the earth's poles. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 195 Group 10 Unrubbed nail Rubbed nail Joan [key to picture- x is possible magnetized materials, *multiplying of material occurred] I believe the rubbing of the magnet on the nail stimulates the magnetism material in the nail and causes it to react like a magnet to other magnetized materials (multiplying) Mia It changes the polarity of the magnet Before we rubbed the magnet the head end was pointing north, after we rubbed it, the direction it points changes depending on the end of another magnet that we rubbed it with. Liz It magnetizes the atoms /ions in nail to the part of the nail which the direction of rub. Text on board Group Diagram When the North Pole of Magnet was rubbed from head to tip the head pointed North. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 196 Group Diagrams Beginning and Ending Activity II-D1, Day 6 Group Beginning II-D1 Ending II-D1 1 2 (Same diagram repeated) 3 Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 197 Group Beginning II-D1 Ending II-D1 4 Note: This group probably intended that the bottom diagram be a rubbed nail. 5 6 (No new model diagram drawn) Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 198 Group Beginning II-D1 Ending II-D1 7 8 9 10 Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 199 Group Group Diagrams beginning Activity II-D3, Day 8 Beginning Diagram Ending Diagram 1 No changes drawn 2 Each end of the arrow represents different poles to the particle. 3 No diagram at the end 4 No change drawn 5 "We did not change our model. We think that the nail is filled with iron particles that when rubbed with the magnet move, similar to the iron fillings in test tube, to become polar with all the north poles faced in one direction." Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 200 6 No change drawn 7 No change drawn 8 9 No change drawn 10 Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 201 Group Candidate Model Diagrams for Cycle II, Day 8 Group Candidate Diagram Description 1 Here, the units of force do not have directionality. The north and south ends point in all directions. Here, more but not all of the units of force have the same directionality. Here, all the units of force are pointed in the same direction. 2 The unmagnetized object has iron particles that are randomly distributed through out the object and are not oriented in any particular direction. The partially magnetized nail has particles that are trying to align in the same direction, but have not completely succeeded. The fully magnetized object (nail) has iron particles that are fully aligned. 3 Our picture shows how particles within the nail, with north and south poles, are randomly distributed with no specific orientation in an unmagnetized nail. When the nail becomes partially magnetized, some of the particles will take on a north - south orientation, while some will remain unoriented. A fully magnetized nail will have all the particles with a north - south orientation. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 202 4 The first picture shows that the particles are scattered with the north and south ends in no particular alignment. In a partially magnetized nail, the particles are heading towards alignment but are not entirely aligned. In a fully magnetized nail each particle is aligned so that all the souths are facing one end and all the norths are facing the other 5 The nail is similar to the test tube in that it contains very small iron particles scattered throughout it. As in this example, when rubbed with the south end of the magnet, the north end of the iron particles are attracted and lifted towards the direction of the magnet. When fully magnetized, all the like poles of the iron particles will face in the same direction. In this example the nail has become a north point nail. 6 Each N and S represents an element that is inside the nail. At this stage the elements are scattered throughout the nail. Since the nail is partially magnetized, most of the elements are oriented in the same direction. When the nail is fully magnetized, all of the elements are oriented in the same direction. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 203 7 An unmagnetized magnetic object has north and south poles all scrambled up, in different directions. A partially magnetized magnetic object has some poles aligned in the same orientation, but has others which are still a little mixed up. A fully magnetized magnetic object has all the poles inside the object aligned in the same direction. 8 The unmagnetized nail has it's forces all scrambled going in random directions in random order. As the magnet distantly is passing by, it partially lines up the poles causing the nail to attain some magnetic force. In order for the nail to be magnetized enough to make an affect, the poles need to be completely lined up facing their corresponding directions. 9 Each particle has a + and - charged side. In the unmagnetized nail, the particles. are freely scattered In the partially magnetized nail, some particles align to the north and south poles, while others stay free floating. In the magnetized nail, the particles directly align to the north and south poles. o = particle - = negative charge + = positive charge Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials 204 10 This is a representation of a model whose charges scattered within each particle. There are north and south poles inside. This model represents the process of some of the poles being charged and moving in the opposite direction of the pole of the magnet. (some of the particles will have more magnetic strength.) This is a model of the fully magnetized nail (with the north end of the magnet rubbing from head to tip) causing the north poles of the nail pointing toward the head. Appendix 2 Student diagrams of magnetic materials