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ENERGY, POVERTY,
AND DEVELOPMENT
Critical Concepts in Development Studies
Edited by
Benjamin K. Sovacool
Volume I
The Benefits of Energy Access
R Routledge
Taylor & Francis Croup
LONDON AND NEW YORK
C
CONTENTS
VOLUME I THE BENEFITS OF ENERGY ACCESS
Acknowledgements
Chronological table of reprinted articles and chapters
Introduction: energy, poverty, and development: a global review
xv
xix
1
BENJAMIN K. SOVACOOL, MATTHEW KRYMAN AND TAYLOR C. SMITH
1
Rural energy and development for two billion people:
meeting the challenge
127
WORLD BANK
2
Rural energy in developing countries
138
JOSfi GOLDEMBERG, AMULYA K. N. REDDY, KIRK R. SMITH
AND ROBERT H. WILLIAMS
3
Energy poverty: how to make modern energy access universal?
183
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY, UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMME AND UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
ORGANIZATION
4
Extracts from Poor People's Energy Outlook 2010
220
PRACTICAL ACTION
5
Economics of wood energy
271
FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION
6
What role will charcoal play in the coming decades?
Insights from up-to-date findings and reviews
ADRIAN GHILARDI, TUYENI MWAMPAMBA AND GAUTAM DUTT
v
281
CONTENTS
7 The specter of fuel-based lighting
286
EVAN MILLS
8 Designing a national electrification program for
universal access
291
D. OSTOJIC ET AL.
9 Electricity access: delivering results on the ground
316
D. OSTOJIC ET AL.
10 Impacts of electricity access to rural enterprises in Bolivia,
Tanzania and Vietnam
335
ANNEMARIJE L. KOOIJMAN-VAN DIJK AND JOY CLANCY
11 Rural electrification in the developing world: a summary
of lessons from successful programs
354
DOUGLAS BARNES AND GERALD FOLEY
12 A larger role for microgrids: are microgrids a viable
paradigm for electricity supply expansion?
368
GIRI VENKATARAMANAN AND CHRIS MARNAY
13 The challenge of making reliable carbon abatement
estimates: the case of diesel microgrids
376
CHRISTIAN E. CASILLAS AND DANIEL M. KAMMEN
14 Modern cooking solutions: the way forward
390
D. OSTOJIC ET Al..
15 Meeting the MDGs—the energy challenge
403
VIJAY MODI, SUSAN MCDADE, DOMINIQUE t-ALLEMENT
AND JAMAL SAGHIR
16 Energy and the MDGs
413
VIJAY MODI, SUSAN MCDADE, DOMINIQUE LALLEMENT
AND JAMAL SAGHIR
17 Fuel for life: household energy and health
434
WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
18 Introduction to gender and energy
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
VI
461
CONTENTS
19 Solar-powered drip irrigation enhances food security in
the Sudano-Sahel
500
JENNIFER BURNEY, LENNART WOLTERING, MARSHALL BURKE,
ROSAMOND NAYLOR AND DOV PASTERNAK
20 Making energy access meaningful
520
MORGAN BAZILIAN AND ROGER PIELKE, JR.
21 Energy poverty
529
LAKSHMAN GURUSWAMY
VOLUME II REGIONAL AND COUNTRY PROFILES
Acknowledgements
vii
22 Widening energy access in Africa: towards energy transition
1
YOUBA SOKONA, YACOB MULUGETTA AND HARUNA GUJBA
23 Improving access to energy in sub-Saharan Africa
17
GISELA PRASAD
24 Asia's energy challenge
27
MINSOO LEE, DONGHYUN PARK AND HARRY SAUNDERS
25 Off-grid rural electrification experiences from
South Asia: status and best practices
111
DEBAJIT PALIT AND AKANKSHA CHAUREY
26 Energy and poverty in the Pacific Island Countries:
challenges and the way forward
139
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
27 Contribution of energy services to the Millennium
Development Goals and to poverty alleviation in
Latin America and the Caribbean
186
UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA AND
THE CARIBBEAN AND UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
28 Extracts from 'Energy Poverty in the Arab World:
The Case of Yemen'
LAURA EL-KATIRI AND BASSAM FATTOUH
vii
200
CONTENTS
29 Toward sustainable energy development in Bangladesh
231
SK NOIM UDDIN AND ROS TAPLIN
30 Governing China's energy in the context of global
governance
255
BO KONG
31 Human capacity and institutional development towards
a sustainable energy future in Ethiopia
281
YACOB MULUGETTA
v 32 From norm taker to norm maker? Indian energy
governance in global context
299
NAVROZ K. DUBASH
33 Energy security in Indonesia
323
BUDY P. RESOSUDARMO, ARIANA ALISJAHBANA
AND DITYA AGUNG NURDIANTO
34 Extract from A Comprehensive Study and Analysis
on Energy Consumption Patterns in Kenya
341
KENYA INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS
35 Resource curse? Governmentality, oil and power in
the Niger Delta, Nigeria
361
MICHAEL WATTS
36 Energy security in the Philippines: challenges
and opportunities
390
KEVIN PUNZALAN
VOLUME III BARRIERS, CHALLENGES AND FAILURES
Acknowledgements
ix
37 Extract from 'Energy pathways for sustainable development'
1
KEYWAN RIAH1 ET AL.
38 Barriers to renewable energy penetration: a framework
for analysis
J. P. PAINULY
viii
17
CONTENTS
39 Calabashes for kilowatt-hours: rural energy and
market failure
35
MARK I. HOWELLS, SANDRA JONSSON, EMILIA KACK,
PHILIP LLOYD, KEVIN BENNETT, TONY LEIMAN AND
BEATRICE CONRADIE
40 Making the energy transition in rural East Africa:
is leapfrogging an alternative?
57
JAMES T. MURPHY
41 Barriers and impediments
79
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
42 Regulatory approaches to rural electrification and
renewable energy: case studies from six developing countries
106
ERIC MARTI NOT AND KIL1AN REICHE
43 Halting hydro: a review of the socio-technical barriers
to hydroelectric power plants in Nepal
124
BENJAMIN K. SOVACOOL, SAROJ DHAKAL, OLIVIA GIPPNER
AND MALAVIKA JAIN BAMBAWALE
44 Promoting rural energy technology: the case of gasifiers
in the Philippines
144
FRANCISCO P. BERNARDO AND GREGORIO U. KILAYKO
45 Cooking with gas: policy lessons from Rwanda's National
Domestic Biogas Program (NDBP)
158
MATTHEW LANDI, BENJAMIN K. SOVACOOL AND JAY EIDSNESS
46 Thailand's solar white elephants: an analysis of 15 yr of
solar battery charging programmes in northern Thailand
181
DONNA GREEN
47 The socio-technical barriers to Solar Home Systems (SHS)
in Papua New Guinea: "choosing pigs, prostitutes, and poker
chips over panels"
BENJAMIN K. SOVACOOL, ANTHONY L. D'AGOSTINO
AND MALAVIKA JAIN BAMBAWALE
ix
204
CONTENTS
48 From linear fuel switching to multiple cooking strategies:
a critique and alternative to the energy ladder model
229
OMAR R. MASERA, BARBARA D. SAATKAMP AND
DANIEL M. KAMMEN
49 Reassessing the "energy ladder": household energy
use in Maun, Botswana
257
GREG HIEMSTRA-VAN DER HORST AND ALICE J. HOVORKA
50 Connective power: solar electrification and
social change in Kenya
282
ARNE JACOBSON
51 Social perceptions about a technological innovation for
fuelwood cooking: case study in rural Mexico
309
KARIN TRONCOSO, ALICIA CASTILLO, OMAR MASERA
AND LETICIA MERINO
52 Cooking with gas
331
KIRK R. SMITH AND KARABI DUTTA
53 The energy-enterprise-gender nexus: lessons from
the Multifunctional Platform (MFP) in Mali
335
BENJAMIN K. SOVACOOL, SHANNON CLARKE, KATIE JOHNSON,
MEREDITH CRAFTON, JAY EIDSNESS AND DAVID ZOPPO
54 Extract from 'The urban household energy transition:
energy, poverty, and the environment in the developing world'
359
DOUGLAS F. BARNES, KERRY KRUTILLA AND WILLIAM HYDE
55 Improved stoves in developing countries: a critique
369
JAS GILL
56 Extract from 'Up in smoke: the influence of household
behavior on the long-run impact of improved cooking stoves'
386
REMA HANNA, ESTHER DUFLO AND MICHAEL GREENSTONE
57 Renewable energy strategies for rural Africa: is a PV-led
renewable energy strategy the right approach for providing
modern energy to the rural poor of sub-Saharan Africa?
STEPHEN KAREKEZI AND WAENI KITHYOMA
x
393
CONTENTS
58 What moves and works: broadening the consideration
of energy poverty
BENJAMIN K. SOVACOOL, CHRISTOPHER COOPER,
MORGAN BAZILIAN, KATIE JOHNSON, DAVID ZOPPO,
SHANNON CLARKE, JAY EIDSNESS. MEREDITH CRAFTON,
THIYAGARAJAN VELUMAIL AND H1LAL A. RAZA
VOLUME IV SOLUTIONS AND SUCCESSES
Acknowledgements
59 World Bank/GEF solar home system projects:
experiences and lessons learned, 1993-2000
E. MARTINOT, A. CABRAAL AND S. MATHUR
60 Innovative business models for the scale-up of energy
access efforts for the poorest
HISHAM ZERRIFFI
61 Expanding renewable energy access with pro-poor
public private partnerships in the developing world
BENJAMIN K. SOVACOOL
62 Bringing small-scale finance to the poor for modern energy
services: what is the role of government? Experiences from
Burkina Faso, Kenya, Nepal and Tanzania
ELLEN MORRIS AND GATHU KIRUBI
63 Extract from Using Microfinance to Expand Access to
Energy Services: Summary of Findings
ELLEN MORRIS, JACOB WINIECK1, SONALI CHOWDHARY
AND KRISTEN CORTIGLIA
64 Energy-microfinance intervention for below poverty line
households in India
P. SHARATH CHANDRA RAO, JEFFREY B. MILLER,
YOUNG DOO WANG AND JOHN B. BYRNE
65 An international survey of the energy service
company (ESCO) industry
EDWARD VINE
xi
CONTENTS
66 The value of cooperatives in rural electrification
183
ANNABEL YADOO AND HEATHER CRUICKSHANK
67 Effective solutions for rural electrification in developing
countries: lessons from successful programs
199
DOUGLAS F. BARNES
68 Access and affordability of electricity in developing countries
209
HARALD WINKLER, ANDRfi FELIPE SIMOES, EMILIO LfeBRE LA ROVERE,
MOZAHARUL ALAM, ATIQ RAHMAN AND STANFORD MWAKASONDA
69 Rural electrification of the Brazilian Amazon - achievements
and lessons
239
MARIA F. G6MEZ AND SEMIDA SILVEIRA
70 Distributed rural electrification in China
260
HISHAM ZERRIFFI
71 A learning-based approach to understanding success in rural
electrification: insights from micro hydro projects in Bolivia
285
WOUTER DRINKWAARD, ARJAN KIRKELS AND HENNY ROMIJN
72 Expanding rural access to renewable energy: lessons
from Sri Lanka's Energy Services Delivery Project (ESDP)
300
BENJAMIN K. SOVACOOL
73 One hundred million improved cookstoves in China:
how was it done?
332
KIRK R. SMITH, GU SHUHUA, HUANG KUN AND QIU DAXIONG
74 Adoption and sustained use of improved cookstoves
363
ILSE RUIZ-MERCADO, OMAR MASERA, HILDA ZAMORA
AND KIRK R. SMITH
75 Providing cleaner energy access in Indonesia through
the megaproject of kerosene conversion to LPG
386
HANUNG BUDYA AND MUHAMMAD YASIR AROFAT
76 The quiet (energy) revolution: analysing the dissemination of
photovoltaic power systems in Kenya
RICHARD H. ACKER AND DANIEL M. KAMMEN
xii
413
CONTENTS
77 IFC's lessons of experience
474
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION AND
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY
78 Extract from 'Policies for energy access'
490
DANIEL H. BOUILLE ET AL.
79 Overcoming obstacles against effective solar lighting
interventions in South Asia
553
SAM WONG
80 Deploying off-grid technology to eradicate energy poverty
578
BENJAMIN K. SOVACOOL
81 Design principles for renewable energy programs in
developing countries
584
BENJAMIN K. SOVACOOL
Index
595
xiii