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Arabic
UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO(«
‫© ﻛﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ‪2007‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻧﴩ ﻫﺬه ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﳏﻔﻮﻇﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﲈ ﻋﺪﺍ ﺃﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻪ �ﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﴩ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ ،1968‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺃﻱ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻳﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﺴﺒﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫‪Commonwealth Copyright Administration‬‬
‫‪Attorney General’s Department‬‬
‫‪Robert Garran Offices‬‬
‫‪National Circuit‬‬
‫‪Barton ACT 2600‬‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺑﺈﺭﺳﺎﳍﺎ ﻋﱪ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭ�‬
‫‪www.ag.gov.au/cca‬‬
‫‪ISBN 978 1 921446 32 0‬‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﴩ ﰲ ﺗﴩﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪/‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ‪2007‬‬
‫�ﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﻫﺬه ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻹﻧﱰﻧﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫�ﻜﻦ ﻃﻠﺐ ﻧﺴﺦ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه ﺍﳌﻄﺒﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪www.immi.gov.au‬‬
‫ﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﳌﱰﺟﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻬﻲ ﻫﻮ ﺭﻣﺰ ﺇﻋﻼﻣﻲ ﻭﻃﲏ ﺃﻋﺪه ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻜﺘﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﴩﺍﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺘ�‪ .‬ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﲠﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻟﺪﳞﻢ ﺇﳌﺎﻡ ﳏﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻃﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﲡﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﳐﺎﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﴩﻃﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﳌﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻜﺘﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪.2006‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺭﻣﺰ ﺍﳌﱰﺟﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻬﻲ ً‬
‫«;‪ U¹u²‬‬
‫�‪W�ÒbI‬‬
‫‪WO�«d²Ý_« rÒOI�« U½UOÐ‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴَﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﻘﺪّ ﻣﻲ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﴩﻭﻃﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍ�ﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴَﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﳌﻘﺪﻣﻲ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﻗﺘﺔ‬
‫«�‪WO�«d²Ý_« ∆œU³*«Ë rÓOI‬‬
‫ﺣﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻭﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫«�‪t³FýË sÞu‬‬
‫ﺍﳌُﻨﺎﺥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺋﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻭﻃﻦ‬
‫ﺃﺛﺮ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﺘﱪﻭﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻃﻨﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪ�ﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ‬
‫«*‪ÂuO�« w�«d²Ý_« lL²−‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧ� ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻐﲑ ﻟﻸﴎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻄﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱰﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫«�‪UO�«d²Ý√ w� gOF‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﴍﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻀﲈﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺸﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺒﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱰﲨﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻬﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‬
‫ﺭﺧﺺ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫�‪UÎO�«d²Ý√ UÎMÞ«u� `³Bð nO‬‬
‫ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬
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‫�‪W�bÒ I‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﻸﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﺗﺄﺷﲑﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﻣﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺩﺍ�ﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﻗّﺘﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ّ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﳌﺤﺔ ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﳜﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﱰﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺠﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑﺓ‪ّ ،‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌ� ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ّ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﲆ ﺃﳖﻢ ﺳﻴﺤﱰﻣﻮﻥ َ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻄﻴﻌﻮﻥ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﺣﱰﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑ� ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﱰﺍﻡ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺘﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ َ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﲈ�‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺪ�ﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ �ﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑ�‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﻭﺍﳌﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﳖﺎ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﱰﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺤﺘﺎﺟ� ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳍﻢ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﳚﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻋﺎﺷﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﻀ ًﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺃﻗﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﻭﺻﻠﻮﺍ ﻣﺆﺧﺮ ًﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﻤ� ﺍﳉﺪﺩ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻹﳌﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻛﱪ ﻗﺪﺭ ﳑﻜﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻼﺩﻫﻢ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﺛﻬﺎ ﻭﻟﻐﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ َ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺠﺰﺃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﺑﺄﴎﻉ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻻ ّ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﲆ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻰ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﻮﺍ ﻣﺆﻫﻠ� ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﲆ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺤﻮﺍ ً‬
‫ﻣﺎ �ﻜﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻫ ًﻼ ﻭﺳﻬ ًﻼ ﺑﻚ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺳﺘﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺗﻨﻌﻢ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺍﻻﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺪ�ﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻗﺪ ﻭﻓﺪﺕ ً‬
‫ﺗﻮﺣﺪﻫﻢ َﻗﻴﻢ ﻭﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﱰﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﺘﲈﺳﻚ ﻳﻀﻢ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭ ّ‬
‫ﻛﲈ ﺃﻧﻚ ﺳﺘﻨﻀﻢ ﺇﱃ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ّ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ً‬
‫≈–« √—‪b¹e*« ·dFð Ê√ œ‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺮﻗﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ّ‬
‫ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﺇﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ )‪ (Living in Australia‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭ� ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ )‪ (Department of Immigration and Citizenship) (DIAC‬ﻭﻋﻨﻮﺍﻧﻪ‬
‫ّ‬
‫)‪.(www.immi.gov.au‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻛ� ﺗﻔﺼﻴ ًﻼ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
‫)‪ (Beginning a Life in Australia‬ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮﺓ ﺃﻳﻀ ًﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ‪ DIAC‬ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭ�‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻫﺬه ّ‬
‫ﻛﺘﻴﺐ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ّ .‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻼﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﳏﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ّ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭ�‪.‬‬
‫�ﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﻧﺴﺦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ‬
‫ّ‬
‫«(‪W�bÒ I� ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ �ﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻃﻠﺒﻚ �ﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﺸﺠﻌﻚ ﻋﲆ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺛﻘﺎﰲ‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﱄ )‪ (Australian Cultural Orientation Programme) (AUSCO‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻐﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻚ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ُ .‬ﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱪﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺂﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﴩﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪WO�«d²Ý_« rOÒ I�« U½UOÐ‬‬
‫)‪(Australian Values Statements‬‬
‫«�‪WLz«b�«Ë WÞËdA*« «dOýQ²�« U³KÞ w�bÒ I* WO�«d²Ý_« rOI‬‬
‫‪Ó U½UOÐ‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻲ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﴩﻭﻃﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺍ�ﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﻗّﺘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﺮﺃﻭﺍ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﳍﻢ‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌ� ﻋﲆ ّ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻄﻠﺒﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ ﻳﴩﺣﻬﺎ ﳍﻢ‪ُ .‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻋﲆ ﺩﺭﺍﻳﺔ �ﺎ ﻗﺪ ُﻳﻄ َﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺇﺫﺍ ّ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐ� ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ‪ 18‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺸﻤﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﲈﺭﺍﺕ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﲠﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﴩﻁ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﲆ ﲨﻴﻊ ّ‬
‫ﺃﻛ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﻗﻌﻮﺍ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫«�‪WO�«d²Ý_« rOI‬‬
‫‪Ó ÊUOÐ‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛ�‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ‪ً 18‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﻴﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﲏ ﻗﺪ ﻃﻠﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺃﺅ ّﻛﺪ ﺑﺄﻧﲏ ﻗﺮﺃﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ َ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﴩﺣﻬﺎ ﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﺭﻙ‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﺣﱰﺍﻡ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻭﻛﺮﺍﻣﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪ�ﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ّ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑ� ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺣﱰﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﻭﺗﻮﻓﲑ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺤﺘﺎﺟ� ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺑ� ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﴫﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺮﻗﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻳﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺘﻬﻢ ﺍﻹﺛﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﴏ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺗﻌ ّﻬﺪ ﺑﺎﺣﱰﺍﻡ َﻗﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﻫﺬه ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺘﻲ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﺈﻃﺎﻋﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﺑﺄﻧﲏ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺳﻌﻴﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻮﺍﻃ ًﻨﺎ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ ًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻮﻋﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺸﱰﻛﺔ ﻭﺭﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﺸﱰﻙ ّ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺣﺪ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﻣﻊ ﺍﺣﱰﺍﻡ ّ‬
‫• ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻗًﺎ ﻭﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﻃﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧ�‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪� ،‬ﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧ� ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﲇ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻬﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﺀ‬
‫• ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻓﻴﺖ ﺍﳌﺆﻫﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ � ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻮﺍﻃ ًﻨﺎ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭ�ﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻃﻠﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﺑﺄﻥ ّ‬
‫ﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺷﻌﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫«�‪WO�«d²Ý_« rOI‬‬
‫«(‪Ó U½UOÐ ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﴘ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ًﺯﺭﺍ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑـ ”ﻧﻌﻢ“ ﺃﻭ ”ﻻ“‬
‫ﺳﻴﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ّ‬
‫ﻭﻓﻴﲈ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ّ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﱰﻧﺖ‪ُ ،‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛ�‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﻓﻘﺮﺓ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻧﺼﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﻮﻟ� ﻳﺒﻠﻐﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ‪ً 18‬‬
‫ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ َ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﲏ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻤﻮﻟ� ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐ� ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ‪ 18‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛ� ﺑﺄﳖﻢ ﻗﺮﺃﻭﺍ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻗﻴﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﳖﻢ ﻃﻠﺒﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﴍﺣﻬﺎ ﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﳖﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﻮﻥ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﻋﻼه‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺪﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ َ‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬه ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺪﱄ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻮﻟﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫«�‪W²�R*« «dOýQ²�« U³KÞ w�bI* WO�«d²Ý_« rOI‬‬
‫‪Ó ÊUOÐ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﺎﳖﻢ ﻣﺸﻤﻮ ًﻻ ﰲ‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻲ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﺗﺄﺷﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮﺓ ﲠﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﴩﻁ ً‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﻗﻌﻮﺍ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ َ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ُﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ً‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻹﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﲈﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻌﻨﺎه ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻊ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ َ‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﻗﺮﺃﻭﺍ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﳚﻮﺯ ﳍﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺇﻥ ﺭﻏﺒﻮﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻀﻢ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﲈﺭﺍﺕ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ َ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻻﺳﺘﲈﺭﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺘﻲ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺳﺄﻃﻴﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺄﺣﱰﻡ َ‬
‫ﳌﻘﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﱰﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﴚﺀ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺘﻲ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺳﺄﻃﻴﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺄﺣﱰﻡ َ‬
‫ﳌﻘﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﱰﻧﺖ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻌﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﻳﺒﻠﻐﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ‪ 18‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛ�‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻘﺮﺓ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻧﺼﻬﺎ ﻛﲈ ﻳﲇ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺑﻠﻐﲏ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﻤﻮﻟ� ﲠﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺒﻠﻐﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ‪ 18‬ﺳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛ� ﺑﺄﳖﻢ ﺃﻳﻀ ًﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﻮﻥ ﻋﲆ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﴩﻁ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻨﻴﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺳﻴﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ّ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﳜﺘﺎﺭﻭﺍ ًﺯﺭﺍ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑـ ”ﻧﻌﻢ“ ﺃﻭ ”ﻻ“ ﻹﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ َ‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻮﻟ� )ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﻄﺒﻖ ﺫﻟﻚ(‪.‬‬
‫«�‪WO�«d²Ý_« rOI‬‬
‫«(‪Ó U½UOÐ ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫«�‪WO�«d²Ý_« ∆œU³*«Ë rOI‬‬
‫‪Ó‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﱰﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﺴﻜﻮﺍ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ َ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭه ﻭﺃﻣﻨﻪ‪ُ ،‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ِّ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﺍﳊﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺪ�ﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻳﲇ‪:‬‬
‫�ﺜﻞ ﻫﺬه َ‬
‫• ﺍﺣﱰﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑ� ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫• ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫• ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﲈ�‬
‫• ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫• ﺩﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺪ�ﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫• ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫• ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑ� ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ‬
‫• ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ‬
‫• ﺍﳌﻴﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬
‫• ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﱰﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺤﺘﺎﺟ�‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺣ� ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺪ�ﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﺭﺓ ﺗﺸﺎﺭﻛﻨﺎ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺇﱃ ٍ‬
‫ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻜﻴﻴﻔﻬﺎ �ﺎ ﻳﻼﺋﻢ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪ‪،‬‬
‫َ‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻏﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺜﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻼﻳ� ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺪﻭﺍ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻧﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ�‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﻪ �ﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﳖﺎ ﺗﻈﻞ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﻦ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺭﳚﻴﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺟﺰﺭ ﻣﻀﻴﻖ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺭﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ُﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺘﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺑ� ﺍﻷﻗﺪﻡ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎ�‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻜﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪ّ ،‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍ ﻋﲆ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺍ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑﺍ ً‬
‫ﻭﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﺙ ﺍﻷﻧﻜﻠﻮ ﻛﻠﺘﻲ ً‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺃﻧﺎﺳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﴩﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺛﻘﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺟﻠﺒﺖ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ً‬
‫ﻭﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪﻡ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﻢ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﳌﺸﱰﻛﺔ ﻫﺬه ﺇﱃ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻳﻌﺘﻨﻘﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﲥﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺣﱰﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﲑ ﺍﳊﺮ ﻭﺣﻖ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻻﺋﺤﺔ َ‬
‫ﳘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﲆ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪ�ﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫«�‪WO�«d²Ý_« ∆œU³*«Ë rOI‬‬
‫«(‪Ó ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﰲ ﺧﻠﻖ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺎﳍﺪﻑ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨ� ﺍﳉﺪﺩ ﻋﲆ ﻓﻬﻢ َ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴ�‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺘﲈﺳﻚ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ّ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌ� ﻋﲆ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ‪ ،‬ﺇﻃﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧ�‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺎﺕ‪ّ ،‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻭﺿﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﺨﺒﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺩ�ﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﲆ ﳎﺘﻤﻊ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• «(‪WOÝUÝ_« U¹d‬‬
‫ﳛﻖ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﻟﺘﻤ ّﺘﻊ ﺑﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ )ﺿﻤﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ(‪� ،‬ﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻘﺪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺩﺓ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﳜﺘﺎﺭﻭﳖﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻘّﻞ ﰲ ﺃﻧﺤﺎﺀ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫• «‪ÆW¹d(«Ë W�«dJ�«Ë —bI�« YOŠ s� œ«d�_« 5Ð …«ËU�*« «d²Š‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﺑﻜﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﱰﺍﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺃﺣﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻭﻥ ﻭﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ً‬
‫�ﻨﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻦ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫�ﻮﺟﺐ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﴫﻱ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ (Racial Discrimination Act 1975) 1975‬ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ (Sex Discrimination Act 1984) 1984‬ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪1992‬‬
‫)‪ (Disability Discrimination Act 1992‬ﻭﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪2004‬‬
‫)‪ .(Age Discrimination Act 2004‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ‬
‫)‪ (Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission‬ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﺎﻭﻯ �ﻮﺟﺐ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧ�‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻮﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﱰﻫﻴﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﺫﻻﻝ ﻛﻄﺮﻕ ﳊﻞ ﺍﻷﺯﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫�‪X½d²½ù« vKŽ U�uKF‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ‪www.hreoc.gov.au‬‬
‫• ‪WLKJ�« W¹dŠ‬‬
‫ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﳊﻖ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪﻭﻧﻪ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻟﻸﺫﻯ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﺍ ّﺩﻋﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻛﺎﺫﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﻴﻖ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻻ ّ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ ﻭﳏﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻸﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺣﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻋﲈﻝ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺤﻤﻼﺕ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧ�‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻟﻸﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﲢﻤﻲ ﺳﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﻃﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺫﻳﺐ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� �ﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺮﻳﺾ ﻋﲆ ﻛﺮﺍﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺘﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺛﻨﻴﺘﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺘﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫• ‪w½ULKF�« rJ(«Ë s¹b�« W¹dŠ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﲈ�‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻳﻦ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨ� ﻋﲆ ﻗﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺑﴫﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻳﻨﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫«�‪WO�«d²Ý_« ∆œU³*«Ë rOI‬‬
‫«(‪Ó ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍ ّﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻳﻦ ﳜﺘﺎﺭﻭﻧﻪ ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺃﻥ ﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺷﻌﺎﺋﺮه ﻻ ﲣﺎﻟﻒ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺃﺣﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍ ّﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺃﻱ ﺩﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﲏ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪.‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻧ� ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﺎﻧﻮ� ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﺳﻮﻯ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴ ّﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﻕ‬
‫ﻣﺜ ًﻼ‪ .‬ﻭ ُﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﲈﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ ﺑ� ﺯﻭﺟﺘ� )ﺃﻱ ﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ ﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ(‪،‬‬
‫ﳐﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ‪ UOFL'« v�≈ »U�²½ô« W¹dŠ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﺿﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﺠﺎﺝ ﺳﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﻻ‬
‫ﳛﻖ ﻟﻸﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ�‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫ُﻳ ِ‬
‫ﻠﺤﻖ ﺍﻷﺫﻯ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﴬﺭ ﺑﺄﻳﺔ ﳑﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﲨﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﴩﻁ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﲈﻋﺔ ﲢﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬه ﺍﳌﻨﻈﲈﺕ ﻭﺍﳉﲈﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﲈﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﲈﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ‪Êu½UI�« rJŠË WO½U*d³�« WOÞ«dI1b�« rŽœ‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪ�ﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎ�‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨ� ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻭﰲ �ﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺳﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ�‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺨﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧ� ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﺾ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧ�‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺇﻃﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧ� ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﳌِﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳊﲈﻳﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ�‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﲏ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﺜﲎ ﺃﻭ ”ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ“ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﺒﻮﺃ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺄﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﴍﻃﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ً‬
‫ً‬
‫• «*�‪Êu½UI�« qþ w� …«ËU‬‬
‫ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻭﻥ ﰲ ﻇﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ‬
‫ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺮﻗﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺛﻨﻴﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻠﺪه ﺍﻷﺻﲇ؛ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺳ ّﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻨﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﲇ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺇﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ؛ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﺗﻮﺧﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻘّﻲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻠﻘﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﻨﺎه ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻭﺧﱪﺗﻪ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﲏ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺭﻓﺾ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﳏﻞ ﲡﺎﺭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻨﺪﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﻓﻖ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻋﺮﻗﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻳﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻨﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺿﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﲇ‪.‬‬
‫• «*�‪…√d*«Ë qłd�« 5Ð …«ËU‬‬
‫«�‪WO�«d²Ý_« ∆œU³*«Ë rOI‬‬
‫«(‪Ó ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺑﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻦ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﺷﻐﻞ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ‪…«ËU�*« ÕË—Ë ’dH�« R�UJð‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑـ ”ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ“‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﳛﻘﻘﻪ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺮﺩ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ً‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﻫﺒﻪ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻭﺟﻬﺪه ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻻﺩﺗﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﺑﺎﺓ‪.‬‬
‫�ﺘﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﱰﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺸﺎﲠﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ �ﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻣﻼ ًﻛﺎ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﳍﺪﻑ ﻫﻮ ﺿﲈﻥ ﺃ ّﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ �ﻴﻴﺰ ﻃﺒﻘﻲ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪.‬‬
‫• «*‪Âö��« v�≈ qO‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﻓﺨﻮﺭﻭﻥ �ﺠﺘﻤﻌﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺎ�‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﻳﺆﻣﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﺴﺎ� ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪ�ﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﳖﻢ ﻳﺮﻓﻀﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺤﺘﺎﺟ�‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬه َ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺴﻮﺩ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻭﲢﺴ� ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﻳﺴﻬﻤﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﳌﺤﲇ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﲥﻢ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ُﻳﻈﻬﺮﻭﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻋﺘﻨﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺳﻌﻴﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ً‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ً‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﻗﻮﻱ ﳌﺒﺪﺃ ”ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺒﺔ“ )‪ ،(mateship‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﲏ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻃﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ً‬
‫ﴍﻳﻜﺎ ﺃﻭ ﴍﻳﻜﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺧ ًﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺧ ًﺘﺎ‬
‫ﺯﻭﺟﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻬﻮﻥ ﺷﺪﺍﺋﺪ‪ .‬ﻭ“ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ“ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ً‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ً‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻋﻨﻚ �ﺎﻣ ًﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﻗﻮﻱ ﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﺑﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺑ ًﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ”ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺣﺐ“ ً‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺷﺨﺼ ًﺎ ً‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻼه ﻋﲆ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﰲ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻨﴩ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ َ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻭﺩﻣﺞ ﻣﻼﻳ� ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺇﺛﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺘﻬﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﲥﻢ ﰲ‬
‫ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻗﻮﺓ ﲡﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ً‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺷﻌﺒﻬﺎ‪ -‬ﻻ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻟﺪﻯ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨ� ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺄﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ – ﺃﻱ ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻬﺎ َ‬
‫ﻳﻀﺎﻫﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫«�‪WO�«d²Ý_« ∆œU³*«Ë rOI‬‬
‫«(‪Ó ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫√‪WF¹dÝ W; – UO�«d²Ý‬‬
‫«'‪UO�«dG‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﻞ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ�‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺟﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﻣﺄﻫﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﻭﺳﺎﺩﺱ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺑﻠﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ�‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﳖﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛ� ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺟﻔﺎﻓًﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ‪ 6‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺍﺿﻴﻬﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺻﺎﳊ ًﺎ ﻟﻠﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﱪ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻔﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ �ﺘﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺷﺎﺳﻌﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﻔﺎﺟﺄ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺭ �ﺪﻯ َ‬
‫ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ َ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 4‬ﺁﻻﻑ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﱰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﴩﻕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺏ ﻭ‪ 3700‬ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﱰ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﲈﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻴﺪ�‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺑﲑﺙ ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﲬﺲ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ )ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﻻﺳﻜﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ ﺿﻌﻒ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﳖﺎ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ً‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳍﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ 32‬ﺿﻌﻒ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫«�‪VFA‬‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﻣﴣ ﻋﲆ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ�‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺭﳚﻴﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺟﺰﺭ ﻣﻀﻴﻖ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺭﺯ‪ 40 ،‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺭ�ﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ‪ 60‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺤﺪﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﺗﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ ‪ 200‬ﺑﻠﺪ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻄﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭ�‬
‫ﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1788‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1945‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻣﻼﻳ� ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊ�‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ ‪ 6.5‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 675‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻻﺟﺊ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﻭﺍ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﳞﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ‪ 21‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ‪ 43‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ّﺇﻣﺎ ﻭﻟﺪﻭﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﺃﻭ ﻭﻟﺪ ﺃﺣﺪ َ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎ ﰲ ﺳﻼﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺛﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ً‬
‫«�‪W�d²A*« rOI‬‬
‫‪Ó‬‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﻗﺪ ﺃﺗﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻧﺠﺤﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﲎ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻹﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻳﺾ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺃﻛ� ﻏ ً‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺷﻌﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﰲ ﻓﺤﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇ�ﺎ ﺃﻳﻀ ًﺎ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ّ�ﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻟﻴﺲ ّ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎ ﻛﺠﲑﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ً‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﺒﺎ ﰲ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ َ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻤﻰ ﺑﺄﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺣﺪﻫﻢ ً‬
‫ﲨﻴﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﻀﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﲥﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ً‬
‫«(‪WF¹dÝ W; – UO�«d²Ý√ ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫ﻭﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻧ� ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺎﲥﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﲥﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ُ ،‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗَﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ َ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﱰﻛﺔ‪ّ ،‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫√�‪WKI²�� W‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺃﻣﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻔﺘﺤﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻗﻮﻱ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﲥﺎ ﺍﻟﺪ�ﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﻮﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﰲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺠﻞ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﲥﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺰﺯ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒ ّﻨﺎﺀﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻣﻮﺭ ّ‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﴪﻋﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺇﺳﱰﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﺑﻐﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﻣﺼﺎﳊﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﻕ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫«�‪Íu� œUB²‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﴘ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻭﻋﴫﻱ‬
‫ﻟﺪﻯ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻴﻘ� ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﳞﻴﺊ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ّ‬
‫ﺟﺬﺍﺑﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺜﲈﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﺎﱄ ﺇﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﺭﺋﻴﴘ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺄﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﳏﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ �ﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﲠﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻮﺓ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‪ُ .‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻬﻢ )ﺍﻟﺒﻮﺭﺻﺔ( ﺛﺎﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ�‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻗﻴﺲ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺭﺃﺳﲈﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ�‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﳍﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎ� ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ 400‬ﻣﻠﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﻻﺭ – ﺃﻱ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 1‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﱪ ﴍﻳﻚ ﲡﺎﺭﻱ ﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺼ�‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫�‪X½d²½ù« vKŽ U�uKF‬‬
‫• ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ‪www.abs.gov.au‬‬
‫• ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ‪www.australia.gov.au‬‬
‫• ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ‪www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au‬‬
‫• ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ‪www.dfat.gov.au/geo/australia‬‬
‫«(‪WF¹dÝ W; – UO�«d²Ý√ ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪ÂU�—√Ë ozUIŠ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻨﱪﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﲇ ﻟﻠﱪ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﴘ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﲇ �ﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﳉﺰﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ 7.74‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﱰ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ‬
‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﱰﺍ‬
‫‪35 877‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻣﱰﺍ‬
‫‪59 736‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻸﺭﺍﴈ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ‬
‫‪ 6‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ 21‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ ‪ 22‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺛﻮﻥ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ‬
‫‪ 15‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻻﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‬
‫ﴍﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺼ�‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﲨﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬
‫‪ 10.28‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ‪-‬‬
‫ﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﺍﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﴩﻗﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﻏﺮﻳﻨﺘﺶ ‪10+‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻲ )ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻱ ‪(1+‬‬
‫)‪(A$‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﻏﺮﻳﻨﺘﺶ ‪9.5+‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﺮ�‪ :‬ﺗﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﻏﺮﻳﻨﺘﺶ ‪8+‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻔﻲ ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﻴﻮ ﺳﺎﻭﺙ ﻭﻳﻠﺰ ﻭﺳﺎﻭﺙ‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﺰﻣﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﻓﻴﻜﺘﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﻭﺳﱰﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ًﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺗﴩﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ /‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪/‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‪.‬‬
‫«_‪WO�Ozd�« œUOŽ‬‬
‫«(‪WF¹dÝ W; – UO�«d²Ý√ ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ – ﻳﻮﻡ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫‪ 26‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�‪ /‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺢ‬
‫ﺑ� ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﻭﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪ /‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﺍﻙ‬
‫‪ 25‬ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪ /‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮﻯ‬
‫‪ 11‬ﺗﴩﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�‪ /‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﻼﺩ‬
‫‪ 25‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ /‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ‬
‫«�‪WOMÞu�« “u�d‬‬
‫«‪UO�«d²Ý√ rÝ‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﲏ ”ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ“‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺪﻯ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻗﺮﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﳎﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻤﻬﺎ ‪ .Terra Australis Incognita‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳ ُﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳊﻤﻼﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺐ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺷﻬﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ‪ Matthew Flinders‬ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1814‬ﺑﻨﴩ ﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺿﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﲡﺮﺑﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺑﺤﺎﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ‬
‫)‪ (A Voyage to Terra Australis‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺒﲏ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1842‬ﻭﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ Lachlan Macquarie‬ﻻﺣﻘًﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮه ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻭﴅ ّ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺎ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ً‬
‫«� ‪wMÞu�« w�«d²Ý_« rÓKFÓ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌ َﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎ� ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﻌ َﻠﻢ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺯﺭﻗﺎﺀ ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ َ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌ َﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻣﻠﺒﻮﺭﻥ ﻳﻮﻡ ‪ 3‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪ /‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪َ .1901‬‬
‫ُﺭ ِﻓﻊ َ‬
‫ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﴪﻯ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭ ًﺍ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻴﻄﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎ� ﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ�ﺜﻞ ﻧﺠﻮﻡ ﻛﻮﻛﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﻛﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﳉﻨﻮ� ﺍﳋﻤﺲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﳉﻨﻮ� ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1908‬ﺍﺳ ُﺘﻌﻴﺾ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺖ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ �ﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺖ ﺑﻨﺠﻤﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﺒﻊ ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎ �ﺜﻞ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺘ�‪.‬‬
‫ٍ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎﲥﺎ َﻋ َﻠﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪.‬‬
‫‪UO�«d²Ý√ Y�uML� Ÿ—œ‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﻠﻚ ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺲ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪� 1912‬ﻨﺢ ﺩﺭﻉ ﻛﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ُﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻭﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﻉ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺖ ﻛﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻼﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﱄ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﻏﺼﺎﻥ ﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺒﻴﺔ )ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎ�‬
‫ﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ( ﻭﺣﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻐﺮ ﻭﻃﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﻴﻮ‪.‬‬
‫«_�‪WOMÞu�« Ê«u‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﴬ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﳘﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪ /‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪.1984‬‬
‫«�‪wðU³M�« —UFA‬‬
‫«(‪wMÞu�« .dJ�« d−‬‬
‫ُﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1993‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﻖ )ﺍﻷﻭﺑﺎﻝ( ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫«(‪WF¹dÝ W; – UO�«d²Ý√ ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺎﺷﻴﺎ ﺑﻴﻜﻨﺎﻧﺜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎ� ﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺁﺏ‪ /‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ‪.1988‬‬
‫ﺷﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ َّ‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫«�‪w½«uO(« —UFA‬‬
‫ﺃﺑﺪﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺎ ً‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﻐﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍ� ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ � ُﻳﻌﻠﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ً‬
‫«�‪wMÞu�« bOF‬‬
‫ﲢﺘﻔﻞ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﰲ ‪ 26‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�‪ /‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺼﺎﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﺰﻭﻝ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ‬
‫‪ Arthur Phillip‬ﰲ ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﺳﻴﺪ� ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1788‬‬
‫«�‪wMÞu�« bOAM‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﻢ ‪ Peter Dodds McCormick‬ﻧﺸﻴﺪ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻠﺔ )‪ (Advance Australia Fair‬ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1878‬ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻦ‬
‫ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺎ ﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪ /‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ‪.1984‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺳﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﴈ‪ُ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﻋﻨﻪ ً‬
‫ﻧﺸﻴﺪﺍ ً‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻛﻠﲈﺗﻪ ﻓﻬﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Beneath our radiant Southern Cross‬‬
‫;‪We’ll toil with hearts and hands‬‬
‫‪To make this Commonwealth of ours‬‬
‫;‪Renowned of all the lands‬‬
‫‪For those who’ve come across the seas‬‬
‫;‪We’ve boundless plains to share‬‬
‫‪With courage let us all combine‬‬
‫‪To Advance Australia Fair.‬‬
‫‪In joyful strains then let us sing,‬‬
‫‪Advance Australia Fair.‬‬
‫‪Australians all let us rejoice,‬‬
‫;‪For we are young and free‬‬
‫;‪We’ve golden soil and wealth for toil‬‬
‫;‪Our home is girt by sea‬‬
‫‪Our land abounds in nature’s gifts‬‬
‫;‪Of beauty rich and rare‬‬
‫‪In history’s page, let every stage‬‬
‫‪Advance Australia Fair.‬‬
‫‪In joyful strains then let us sing,‬‬
‫‪Advance Australia Fair.‬‬
‫‪WO�«d²Ý_« WLÝË_«Ë d¹bI²�« «œUNý‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1975‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺤﺪﺍﺙ ﻭﺳﺎﻡ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ )‪ (Order of Australia‬ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ّ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﻃﻦ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻭﺳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (Australian Bravery Decorations‬ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺪﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ّ‬
‫)‪.(National Medal‬‬
‫ﻭﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺄﻳﺔ ﺗﺰﻛﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺳﻴﺎﳼ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻱ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺢ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻦ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﱄ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻜﺮ�ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻮﱃ ﳎﻠﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫«(‪WF¹dÝ W; – UO�«d²Ý√ ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪12‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻋﲆ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻠﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺜﻞ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺸﺠﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺪﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺴﻨﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺠﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ �ﻨﺢ ﺃﻭﺳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺗﻜﺮ�ًﺎ ﻷﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﻘﻘﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﻭﻗًﺎ ﻭﻳﺒﺬﻟﻮﻥ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺷﻜﺮﺍ ﳍﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻔﺎﺀ ﲠﻢ ً‬
‫�‪X½d²½ù« vKŽ U�uKF‬‬
‫• ﺃﻭﺳﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ‪www.itsanhonour.gov.au‬‬
‫• ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍﺀ ‪www.dpmc.gov.au‬‬
13
WF¹dÝ W; – UO�«d²Ý√ ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO(«
‫«�‪t³FýË sÞu‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﻼﺩ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﻀﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ً‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ”ﺍﳌﻘﻠﺐ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ“ )‪ً ،(outback‬‬
‫ُﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ُﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ً‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ�‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‬
‫َّ‬
‫ﺇ ّﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ ‪ 75‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻫﻢ ‪ 21‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﳊﴬﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻻﺳﻴﲈ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺻﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺳﻬﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﴩﻗﻲ ﺍﳋﺼﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﺍﳉﻨﻮ� ﺍﻟﴩﻗﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺒ ًﺎ ﻣﺎ ُﻳ َ‬
‫ﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺃﳖﺎ ﺑﻠﺪ ”ﻓﺘﻲ“‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﻨ� ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺁﺧﺬﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺷﺄﳖﺎ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺷﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻭﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎ�‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺴﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐ� ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ‪ً 65‬‬
‫‪ 13.1‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2005‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 25.7‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.2050‬‬
‫‪5²FÞUI*«Ë U¹ôu�« V�Š UO�«d²Ý√ ÊUJÝ l¹“uð‬‬
‫«�‪W¹ôu‬‬
‫‪ÊUJ��« œbŽ‬‬
‫®‪©ÊuOK*UÐ‬‬
‫«�‪WL�UF‬‬
‫‪ÊUJ��« œbŽ‬‬
‫®‪©ÊuOK*UÐ‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﻮ ﺳﺎﻭﺙ ﻭﻳﻠﺰ‬
‫‪6.55‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺪ�‬
‫‪4.12‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻜﺘﻮﺭﻳﺎ‬
‫‪4.93‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺒﻮﺭﻥ‬
‫‪3.59‬‬
‫ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻻﻧﺪ‬
‫‪3.90‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺯﺑﻦ‬
‫‪1.76‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﱰﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫‪1.96‬‬
‫ﺑﲑﺙ‬
‫‪1.45‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫‪1.51‬‬
‫ﺃﺩﻻﻳﺪ‬
‫‪1.11‬‬
‫ﺗﺰﻣﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫‪0.48‬‬
‫ﻫﻮﺑﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫‪0.20‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪0.32‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﱪﺍ‬
‫‪0.32‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﲈﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪0.19‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ‬
‫‪0.11‬‬
‫)ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ :‬ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ(‬
‫«*‪ŒUMÔ‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺷﺪ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ� ﺟﻔﺎﻓًﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﺟﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫«(‪t³FýË sÞu�« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪14‬‬
‫ﺇ ّﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌُﻨﺎﺥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺷﲈﻝ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﺗﺘﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻟﻨﺪ ﻭﺷﲈﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺳﱰﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﲈﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﻄﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�‪ /‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻘﻴﻊ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍ ﻓﺘﻘﻊ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻘﻊ ﺃﻛ� ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺮﻭﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﺰﻣﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﳉﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻫﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﴍﻕ ﺍﻟﱪ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﺷﺪ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ً‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮ� ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺼﻮﻝ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺑﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﲈﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻤﺘﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻒ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ /‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺷﺒﺎﻁ‪ /‬ﻓﱪﺍﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳋﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺏ‪ /‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺑﻴﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪ /‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺗﴩﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�‪ /‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﱰﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺑ� ‪ 10‬ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﻭ‪20‬‬
‫ﻳﺸﻬﺪ �ﻮﺯ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﺃﺑﺮﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ّ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺳﻠﺴﻴﻮﺱ )ﺑ� ‪ 50‬ﻭ‪ 68‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻓﺮﳖﺎﻳﺖ( ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻮﺍﱄ ﺃﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻌﴩﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺩ�‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ )ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﲈﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﳖﺎﻳﺖ( ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﲈﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻬﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﻘﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﳊﺪﻭﺙ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﻴﺔ‪ً ،‬‬
‫ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻒ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺘﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳉﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻫﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ )‪ 32‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻓﺮﳖﺎﻳﺖ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺴﺎﻗﻂ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﻮﺝ ﻟﻌﺪﺓ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ ‪ 1500‬ﻣﱰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺷﻬﺮﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�‪ /‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻭﺷﺒﺎﻁ‪ /‬ﻓﱪﺍﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻷﺷﺪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳉﻨﻮ� ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﲈ ُﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺗﴩﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�‪/‬‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ /‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ﺍﻷﺷﺪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﲆ ‪30‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺌﻮﻳﺔ )ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﲈﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻓﺮﳖﺎﻳﺖ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﲈ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ 40‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫)‪ 104‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻓﺮﳖﺎﻳﺖ( ﰲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺳﱰﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺑﺮﺩ )ﻋﴩﻳﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ﺳﺒﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ �ﺎﻧﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﳖﺎﻳﺖ(‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﰲ ﺗﺰﻣﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫�‪X½d²½ù« vKŽ U�uKF‬‬
‫• ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻷﺭﺻﺎﺩ ﺍﳉﻮﻳﺔ ‪www.bom.gov.au‬‬
‫«�‪W¾O³‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺗﻀﺎﺭﻳﺴﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺤﻦ ﻣﻠﺘﺰﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺤﲈﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﻔﻆ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﻛﺒﲑ ً‬
‫ﺑﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻛ�ﺓ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﲥﺎ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﲆ ‪ 10‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺃﺭﺍﴈ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ )ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 77‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ( ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﳏﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ‪65‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻨﺰه ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻱ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺟﺰ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺎ� ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻗﺒﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﺎﺣﻞ ﺷﲈﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﻜﺘﺎﺭ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﳏﻤﻴﺔ ‪� ،‬ﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ّ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻟﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﻋﲆ ﻗﺎ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ‪� ،‬ﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺰ ﺍﳌﺮﺟﺎ� ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﺰﻣﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﴩ ً‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻃﺒﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻟﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺘﻨﺰه ﻛﺎﻛﺎﺩﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻭﻟﻮﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺘﻨﺰه ﻛﺎﺗﺎ ﺗﻮﻳﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﲈﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺟﺰﺭ ﻟﻮﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻭ‪ ،‬ﻭﳏﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﴩﻗﻲ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪www.environment.gov.au‬‬
‫«(‪t³FýË sÞu�« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫�‪X½d²½ù« vKŽ U�uKF‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫«_‪qz«Ë_« ÊuO�«d²Ý‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺭﳚﻴﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺟﺰﺭ ﻣﻀﻴﻖ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺭﺯ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺵ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻗﺎﻣﻮﺍ ﻋﲆ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﳌﺪﺓ ‪ 40‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺳﻨﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺭ�ﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ‪ 60‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 750‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ� ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨ� ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴ� ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ّ ،1788‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻸﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ� ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﲥﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﻭﺍﺣﱰﺍﻡ ﻟﻸﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﻓﲏ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ُﻳﻌﺘﱪ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻗﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ�‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺘﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻐﺎﲥﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻧﺖ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﺷﻮﺍ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ّ .‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ� ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺤﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 700‬ﻟﻐﺔ ﻭﳍﺠﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻄﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭ�‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ ﺑ� ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ� ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ�‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ُﻳ َﱰﻛﻮﻥ ﻭﺷﺄﳖﻢ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﱄ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ ﺑ� ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴ� ﻭﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ� ﺇﱃ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ�‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻧ� ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﴩ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﴩﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﳑﺎﺭﺳﺎﲥﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺨﻔﺾ ﻋﺪﺩﻫﻢ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺿﺎ ً‬
‫ﻭﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺳﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﴈ‪ � ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ �ﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ� ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺌﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ � ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜ ًﻼ‪ � ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ�‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ� ﺇ ّﻻ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1965‬‬
‫ﺻﻮﺕ ﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ ‪ 90‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎﺀ ﻭﻃﲏ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺳﻦ‬
‫ﺇ ّﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ّ ،1967‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ� ﻭﺟﻌﻠﻬﻢ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺣﺼﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎﺀ ﺗﻜﻠﻴ ًﻼ ﳊﻤﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻳﺎ ﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﰲ‬
‫ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ� ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ�‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﻋ ُﺘﱪﺕ ﺍﳊﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺳﻊ ً‬
‫ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪﺍ ً‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﲣﺎﺫ ﺗﺪﺍﺑﲑ ﻣﺒﺎﴍﺓ ﻟﺘﺤﺴ� ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ�‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ� ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺑـ ‪ 483‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪ 2.3‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺛﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ�‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺀ ﺣﻴﻮﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺭﳚﻴﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺟﺰﺭ ﻣﻀﻴﻖ ِ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺭﺯ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪� ،‬ﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩ�ﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﴩﻑ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻭﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﲥﺪﻑ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ� ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐ ّﻠﺐ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺰﺍﻝ ﺳﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬه ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺬﻝ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﻟﺘﺤﺴ� ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﻓﺮﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ‪.‬‬
‫«(‪t³FýË sÞu�« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
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‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻠﺘﺰﻣﺔ ﺑﻀﲈﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ� ﻋﲆ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﻭ� ّﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺪﳞﻢ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﲠﺎ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ �ﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺘﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 16‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﻠﻚ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ� ﺃﻭ ﲢﺖ‬
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‫ﺍﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺎ ﻭ ً‬
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‫ﺳﻴﻄﺮﲥﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ٍ‬
‫ﺃﺭﺍﺽ ﺗﻘﻊ �ﻌﻈﻤﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻧﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫�‪X½d²½ù« vKŽ U�uKF‬‬
‫• ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ� ‪www.facsia.gov.au‬‬
‫• ﺍﳌﻌﻬﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺭﳚﻴﻨﻴ� ﻭﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺟﺰﺭ ﻣﻀﻴﻖ ﺗﻮ ِﺭﺯ ‪www.aiatsis.gov.au‬‬
‫«_‪qz«Ë_« ÊuOÐË—Ë‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﴩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻜﺸﻔﻮﻥ ﺍﳍﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺗﻐﺎﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﺳﺒﺎﻥ ﻳﺬﻛﺮﻭﻥ ﰲ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻳﺮﻫﻢ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﲥﻢ ﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﲇ ﳌﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ُﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﰲ ﺣﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ‪) Terra Australis Incognita‬ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺠﻬﻮﻟﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1770‬ﻗﺎﻡ ﺭﺟﻞ ﺇﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﺳﻤﻪ ‪ ،James Cook‬ﻋﲆ ﻣ� ﺳﻔﻴﻨﺘﻪ ‪ ،HM Barque Endeavour‬ﺑﺎﻹﺑﺤﺎﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﴩﻗﻲ ﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻋﻠﻦ ﺿﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎ�‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺮﺭﺕ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻻﺣﻘًﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﻛﻤﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺮﻣ�‬
‫ﺍﳌﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ‪ 11‬ﺳﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺳﻴﺪ� ﰲ ‪ 26‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�‪/‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪ .1788‬ﻭﺃﺣﴬ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻄﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭ� ﺑﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺃﺳﻄﻮﻝ ّ‬
‫ﻘﺪﺭ ﺑـ ‪ 1500‬ﺷﺨﺺ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ‪750‬‬
‫ﳏﻜﻮﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺨﺼﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﺩه ﻧﻘﻴﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ‪ ،Arthur Phillip‬ﻣﺎ ُﻳ ّ‬
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‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ‪ Phillip‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﻟـ ”ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺓ ﻧﻴﻮ ﺳﺎﻭﺙ ﻭﻳﻠﺰ“‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ُﻳ َﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﱪ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊ�‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻄﺎﻥ �ﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﴏﺍﻉ ﻟـﻤﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﳉﻮﻉ ﻭﺍﳌﺠﺎﻋﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﲢﺴﻨﺖ ﰲ‬
‫ﳖﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺑﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺳﻔﻦ ﺍﻹﻣﺪﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻏﺎﺩﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ‪ Phillip‬ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1792‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺳ ُﺘﻌﻴﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻓﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺋﻞ ٍ‬
‫�ﺒﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻹﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ّ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒﻜﺮ ﻟﺒﻠﺪﺓ ﺳﻴﺪ� ﻳﺘﺨﺬ ﺷﻜ ًﻼ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﻳﻌﺞ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺗﺰﻭﺭه ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻼﺩ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻏﻀﻮﻥ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺳﻴﺪ� ً‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ‪ 5‬ﺁﻻﻑ ﺷﺨﺺ ﰲ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ 1800‬ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻄﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﲡﺎه ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺎﺗﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑ� ‪ 1810‬ﻭ‪ ،1821‬ﺗﻮﱃ ‪ ،Lachlan Macquarie‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺒﻜﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺼﺐ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻓﱰﺓ ﺣﻜﻤﻪ �ﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻮﳖﺎ ﻣﻜﺎ ًﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﺔ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﲆ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺣﺮﺓ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﲈﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺑ�‬
‫ﺍﳌﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻄﺎﻥ‪ � ،‬ﻳﻜﻦ ُﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻦ ﺧﻂ ﺳﺎﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﻟﻎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺭﺍﺽ ﺻﺎﳊﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺭﻋﻲ ﺍﻷﻏﻨﺎﻡ ﻭﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﲈﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺬﺏ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫«(‪t³FýË sÞu�« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1820‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺓ ‪ 30‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﳏﻜﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭ‪ 4500‬ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻃﻦ ﺣﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﲡﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﻋﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﱰﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺣﺎﺯﻭﺍ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻻﺣﱰﺍﻡ ﰲ ﳖﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻑ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﲠﺎ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﱰﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1788‬ﺇﱃ ﺣ� ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1868‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻢ‬
‫ﺟﻠﺒﻬﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 160‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺭﺟﻞ ﻭﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻏﺮﺑﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺤ ًﺜﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻜﺸﻔ� ﺑﺤﻤﻼﺕ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﻭﺧﻄﺮﺓ ﺷﲈ ًﻻ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺑﺎ ﻋﲆ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﲇ ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ً‬
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‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻋﱪ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺒﺎﻝ ُﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻫﺎﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﺻﻌﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻛ�ﻫﺎ ﻭﺣﺸﺔ‪� ،‬ﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺳﻬﻞ ”ﻧﻮﻻﺭﺑﻮﺭ“ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺣﻞ ﻭﻭﺳﻂ ﻭﺷﲈﻝ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺎﲥﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﲑ ﻋﲆ ُﺧﻄﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻜﺸﻔﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﴩﻭﺍ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺃﺭﺽ ‪) Van Diemens‬ﺗﺰﻣﺎﻧﻴﺎ( ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺓ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1825‬ﻭﺗﻢ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﺎ ُﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻟﻨﺪ ﻭﻓﻴﻜﺘﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻭﺳﺎﻭﺙ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻭﺳﱰﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺩﻯ �ﻮ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﻻﻳﺘﻲ ﻧﻴﻮ ﺳﺎﻭﺙ ﻭﻳﻠﺰ ﻭﻓﻴﻜﺘﻮﺭﻳﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1851‬ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨ�‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣ� ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ �ﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ‪ 430‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1851‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 1.7‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1871‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣ�‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﺘ� ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﺎ ﻭﺇﻳﻄﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ ﻭﻫﻨﻐﺎﺭﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﻭﻓﺪ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ‬
‫ﺍﳉﺪﺩ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴ�‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ً‬
‫‪ 40‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺻﻴﲏ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﺤ ًﺜﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ‪ّ ،‬‬
‫ﻭﺷﻜﻠﻮﺍ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺍﳌﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﺩ ًﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴ�‪.‬‬
‫�‪sÞË b�u‬‬
‫ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺗﺄﺳﺴﺖ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺓ ﻧﻴﻮ ﺳﺎﻭﺙ ﻭﻳﻠﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﲢﺘﻞ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﴩﻗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺮﻣﺘﻪ ً‬
‫ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﳍﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﺔ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ‪ُ ،1852‬ﻣﻨﺤﺖ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺍ�‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ �ﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﺃﺩﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺑ� ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺷﻌﻮﺭ ﻭﻃﲏ ﺁﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻚ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﴩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﲏ ﻭﺍﻻﺯﺩﻫﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ّ‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﻠﺒﻮﺭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺗﻠﻐﺮﺍﻑ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎ�‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺄﺳﺴﺖ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺪ� ﻭﻣﻠﺒﻮﺭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ﺗﻢ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺭﺍﺋﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻤ�‬
‫ﲢﻮﻝ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻭﻃﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1870‬ﻏﺎﺩﺭ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴ�‬
‫ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻜ ّﻼ َ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴ� ﰲ ّ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ �ﺔ ﺣﺪﺛَ� َ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻗ ّﻠﻞ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ ”ﺟﱪﻭﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ“ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ‬
‫ﻫﺬه ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ً 80‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1880‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻗﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻟﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ ﻣﻠﻴﻮ�‬
‫ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫«(‪t³FýË sÞu�« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪18‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺧﺎﺀ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﴐﺑﻪ ﺍﳉﻔﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺴﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻟﻪ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﴩﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻴﻮ ﺳﺎﻭﺙ ﻭﻳﻠﺰ ‪ Edmund Barton‬ﻭﻏﲑه‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ّﺃﻛﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺣﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻢ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻛﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�‪ /‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﻭﺑ� ﻋﺎﻣﻲ ‪ 1898‬ﻭ‪ّ ،1900‬‬
‫‪ 1901‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺖ ﲢﺖ ﻟﻮﺍﺀ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ� ﻭﻗﺖ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ‪ 3.8‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪ ،Edmund Barton‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺮﺃﺱ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﰲ ﻧﻴﻮ ﺳﺎﻭﺙ ﻭﻳﻠﺰ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ‪ 9‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ‬
‫‪ ،1901‬ﺗﻢ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺑﺮﳌﺎﻥ ﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺒﲎ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﺽ ﰲ ﻣﻠﺒﻮﺭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﲈﺳﻚ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺪﳞﻢ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺭﺍﺩ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻮ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﻼ ًﺩﺍ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﱰﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪ�ﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﱰﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﴪﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻋﻄﺖ ﺍﳌﺮﺃﺓ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻭﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﻨﺤﺖ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺳﺎﻭﺙ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻫﺬه ﺍﳊﻘﻮﻕ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1895‬ﻭﺣﺎﺯﺕ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﲆ ﺣﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻭﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺑﺮﳌﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1902‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻞ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﻓﱰﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﺅﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑ� ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1901‬ﻭﺍﻧﺪﻻﻉ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1914‬ﲢﻘﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﰲ �ﻮ‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﰲ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ‪،‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻭ�ﺠﺮﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺧﺘﲑﺕ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻳﺎﺱ‪ -‬ﻛﻨﱪﺍ ﻛﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ّ .1908‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1911‬ﻭﻓﺎﺯ ﺑـﺎﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺑ� ‪137‬‬
‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﺪﺱ ‪ Walter Burley Griffin‬ﻣﻦ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﻏﻮ‪ .‬ﻭ�ﺖ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺎ ﰲ ‪ 12‬ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1913‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻛﻨﱪﺍ ً‬
‫ﻭﺑﺪﺃ ﰲ ﻛﻨﱪﺍ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪ 28‬ﺁﺏ‪ /‬ﺃﻏﺴﻄﺲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1923‬ﺗﺸﻴﻴﺪ ﻣﺒﲎ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻪ ﻛﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻟﻠﱪﳌﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻳﻘﻊ ﻣﺒﺎﴍﺓ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻋ ِﻘﺪﺕ ﺃﻭﱃ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻛﻨﱪﺍ‪� ،‬ﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪ 9‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪/‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﻗﱰﺣﻪ ‪ Griffin‬ﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍ�ﺔ‪ُ .‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ‪.1927‬‬
‫√‪»d(« dŁ‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﴎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺑ� ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﻞ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻼﳍﺎ ﻛﻮﻃﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﻋﲆ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺑﻐﺰﻭ ﺑﻠﺠﻴﻜﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1914‬ﺍﲢﺪﺕ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺩﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺃﺛﺮ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1914‬ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 4.5‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺭ�ﺎ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺑﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻼﻳ�‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ‪ 417‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﺭﺟﻞ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﺗﻄﻮﻋﻮﺍ ﻟﻠﻘﺘﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ ‪ 330‬ﺃﻟﻔًﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1918‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 60‬ﺃﻟﻔًﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻟﻘﻮﺍ ﺣﺘﻔﻬﻢ ﻭﺃﺻﻴﺐ ﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ 152‬ﺃﻟﻔًﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺛﺮﺍ‪ :‬ﺇﺭﺙ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺰﻡ ﻭﺭﻭﺡ ”ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺒﺔ“‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ً‬
‫ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪ 25‬ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪ /‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﳛﻴﻲ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺫﻛﺮﻯ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ّ�ﻴﺰﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺖ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺸﻞ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺿﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ 1915‬ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﺶ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻴﻮﺯﻳﻠﻨﺪﻱ – ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﺍﻙ‪ -‬ﻭﺟﻨﻮﺩ ﺁﺧﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺒﻮﱄ ﺑﱰﻛﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﳛﻴﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﺍﻙ ﺫﻛﺮﻯ ﺟﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﺍﻙ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇ�ﺎ ﳛﺘﻔﻞ ﺑﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺗﻠﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊ�‪.‬‬
‫«(‪t³FýË sÞu�« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫ﻧﺰﻝ ﺟﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﺍﻙ )ﻣﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﻨﺪﻳﺔ( ﻋﲆ ﺷﻮﺍﻃﺊ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺒﻮﱄ ﲠﺪﻑ ﺇﳊﺎﻕ ﺍﳍﺰ�ﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺗﺮﺍﻙ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﻖ ﻣﻌﱪ‬
‫ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺩﻧﻴﻞ ﻭﻗﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻄﻨﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳋﻂ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﲇ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﺮ ﻭﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻧﺤﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﺑﺪﺍه‬
‫ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﺗﺮﺍﻙ ﺃﻭﻗﻒ ﺯﺣﻒ ﺟﻨﻮﺩ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺴﺤﺒﻮﺍ ﰲ ‪ 20‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ /‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1915‬ﻫﺬه ﺍﳊﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ �ﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺪﺭ ﺑـ ‪ 8700‬ﺃﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﻗُﺘﻠﻮﺍ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺠﺮﺍﺡ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻣﺮﺍﺽ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺃ ّﺩﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻣﴫﻉ ﻣﺎ ّ‬
‫‪19‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬
‫ّ�ﻴﺰﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﱰﺓ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑ� ﺍﳊﺮﺑ� ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺘ� )‪ (1939 – 1919‬ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﻨﲈ ﺍﳖﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺩﻯ ﺍﻻﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﳊﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺢ )ﻭﻫﻲ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ( ﻭﺳﺤﺐ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﻭﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ‬
‫ﺃﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﺯﻣﺔ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﻄﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻻﻓﺘﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪1933‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺑﺔ ﺛﻠﺚ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻃﻠ� ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻧﺤﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ”ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺘﻨﻬﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﻭﺏ“‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﻟﻌﺖ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺗﻌﺎﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﻮﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ ‪ً 20‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﳎﺪ ًﺩﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ�‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1939‬ﺃﻋﻠﻨﺖ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﻋﲆ ﺃﳌﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻏﺰﻭ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﻟﺒﻮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﺁﻧﺬﺍﻙ‪ ،Robert Menzies ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺮﺏ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﰲ ﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﻧﴫ ﺍﳊﻠﻔﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﳌﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﺉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﺪﻭﺍ ﺣﻴﺎﲥﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ 40‬ﺃﻟﻔًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ُﺃﺻﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺤﺎﻳﺎ ً‬
‫ﺑﺠﺮﻭﺡ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺯ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺃﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳉﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺗﻠﻮﺍ ﰲ ﻫﺬه ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﻭﻇﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﲆ ﻗﻴﺪ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺷﻌﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ – ﻛﲈ ﺃﺩﺭﻛﻮﺍ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﴫﺍﻉ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻋﺘﺒﺔ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺳﻨﻐﺎﻓﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴ� ﺑﻘﺼﻒ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻭﻡ ﻭﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻦ ﻭﺗﺎﻭﻧﺰﻓﻴﻞ ﺷﲈﻝ‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺠﻮﻡ ﻏﻮﺍﺻﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻴﻨﺎﺀ ﺳﻴﺪ�‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺸﻮﺏ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻭ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺩﺭﺏ ﻛﻮﻛﻮﺩﺍ ﰲ ﻣﺎ ُﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻵﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺑﺎﺑﻮﺍ ﻏﻴﻨﻴﺎ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﲡﺴﻴﺪﺍ ﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﻋﺰﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗُﺘﻞ ﻣﺎ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻪ ‪625‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺜﻠﲈ ﺣﺪﺙ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺒﻮﱄ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﺀﺕ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﻛﻮﻛﻮﺩﺍ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﺻﻴﺐ ‪ 1055‬ﻏﲑﻫﻢ ﺑﺠﺮﺍﺡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﰲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﺮﻋﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺪﻱ ﻟﻘﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻭ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻧﺰﻟﺖ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﲈﱄ ﻟﺒﺎﺑﻮﺍ ﺑﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻼﺀ ﻋﲆ ﺑﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﺯ�‪.‬‬
‫�‪X½d²½ù« vKŽ U�uKF‬‬
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‫«‪dOOG²�«Ë —U¼œ“ô‬‬
‫ﻭﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺌ� ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﻣﺒﺎﴍﺓً‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺸﻬﺪ ﻧﻘﺼ ًﺎ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﲈﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﺮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ‬
‫ﻭ�ﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﰲ ﲬﺴﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﳌﺎﴈ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﲈﻟﺔ ﺷﺒﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴ ًﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ً‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺃﻛ� ً‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎ ﺣﺎ ًﺩﺍ ﻣﻦ ‪ 40‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺩ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1947‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ ‪ 70‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ً‬
‫«(‪t³FýË sÞu�« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 7.4‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1945‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 10.4‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻧﺴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1960‬ﻭﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎ� ﻳﺘﻐﲑ‬
‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﻠﻔﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴ�‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﲈ ّﺗﻐﲑﺕ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺣﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﳏﻞ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻛﴩﻳﻚ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻀﲈﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻲ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪،1956‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑ� ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ّ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺫﺍﲥﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻠﺒﻮﺭﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻤﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊ� ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ُﺗﻌﻘَﺪ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ( ﻟﻔﱰﺍﺕ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻜﻢ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﲢﺎﻟﻒ ﻳﻀﻢ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻷﺣﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ )ﺍﳊﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ً‬
‫ﻋﲆ ‪ 40‬ﺳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ﺣﻜﻤﻬﺎ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﲈﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﻟﻔﱰﺍﺕ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﻬﺎ ‪ 20‬ﺳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺨﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻴ�‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺇﺻﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﻌﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋ ُﺘﱪ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ�‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻓﺮﺹ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻋﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ�‪.‬‬
‫�‪X½d²½ù« vKŽ U�uKF‬‬
‫• ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ‪www.nla.gov.au‬‬
‫• ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﱰﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ‪www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au‬‬
‫«_‪rNMÞË UO�«d²Ý√ ÊËd³²F¹ s¹c�« ’U�ý‬‬
‫ﻫﺎﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻭﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1788‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﺩﺍ�ًﺎ ً‬
‫ﻋﻨﴫﺍ ً‬
‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﱰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﻓﺖ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﴩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 50‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺕ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﻌﻜﺎﺱ ﻟﻠﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ�‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻳﺮﻟﻨﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ّ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ ﺗﺮﺍﺛﻬﻢ ﺍﻷﻧﻜﻠﻮ ﻛﻠﺘﻲ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺰﺡ ﻣﻼﻳ� ﺍﻟﺒﴩ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻃﺎﳖﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺣﺎﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﲈﻝ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺑﺄﻥ �ﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﴐﻭﺭﻱ ﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺇﱃ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﻓﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﺠﺮﺓ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1945‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺑﺄﺳﲈﺀ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊ� ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﲡﺎه ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳍﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺇﱃ ﻗﺪﻭﻡ ﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻣﻼﻳ� ﻭﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1945‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﻋﺎﺯﻣ� ﻋﲆ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻷﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﻟﻌﺎﺋﻼﲥﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻋﲆ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻕ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻗﴡ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﳍﻢ‪.‬‬
‫«(‪t³FýË sÞu�« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1947‬ﺣﺪﺛﺖ ﻃﻔﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻭﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﻛﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﺃﺗﻮﺍ �ﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺳﻔﺮﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍ ّﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ”ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ“ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّﻗﻴﺪﺕ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﲢﺎﺩ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1901‬ﻭﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ� ً‬
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‫ﺑﻠﺪﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ �ﴩﻭﻉ ﺍﳉﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻌﲆ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ ‪ 100‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ً 30‬‬
‫)‪ ،(Snowy Mountains Scheme‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﴩﻭﻉ ﺿﺨﻢ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻣﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺒﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻫﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻨﻮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﺍﳌﴩﻭﻉ ‪ 25‬ﺳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1949‬ﺇﱃ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪.1974‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ ﻭﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺗﺪﺭﳚﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻐﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﺿﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻋﲆ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴ�‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻻ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺍﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻹﺛﲏ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﻭﻻ ﺟﻨﺴﻪ ﻭﻻ ﻋﺮﻗﻪ ﻭﻻ ﺩﻳﻨﻪ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﺗﺄﺷﲑﺓ‪.‬‬
‫�‪X½d²½ù« vKŽ U�uKF‬‬
‫• ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ‪www.immi.gov.au‬‬
‫«�‪rJ(«Ë WOÞ«dI1b‬‬
‫�ﺜﻴﻠﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺑﺮﳌﺎ� ﳛﻖ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﻸﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﻻﺀ ﺑﺮﺃﳞﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗ ّﺘﺒﻊ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ً‬
‫ﺩ�ﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺎ ً‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻭﻳﺸﺠﻊ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﲏ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺇﱃ ﲨﻌﻴﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬
‫ﻳﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺪ�ﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ �ﺜﻞ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺸﱰﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﳌ ّﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﲈﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫«�‪w�«d²Ý_« —u²Ýb‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺳﺲ ﻛﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ )‪ (Commonwealth of Australia‬ﻛﻮﻃﻦ ّﺍﲢﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺩﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﺣﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﰲ‬
‫ﺇﻃﺎﺭﺍ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻝ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�‪ /‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ‪ .1901‬ﻳﺆﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ً‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ �ﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒ� ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎﺀ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻭﻃﲏ ﳚﺮﻯ ﻃﺒﻘًﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﲆ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺟﺔ‪� ،‬ﻌﲎ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒ� ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒ� ﰲ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ )ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﻞ ﺳﺖ(‪.‬‬
‫«‪w�«d²Ý_« œU%ô‬‬
‫ﺍﲢﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻢ ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ( ﻭﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻀ ًﻼ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺆﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ً‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺃﺳﺲ ﺑﺮﳌﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺘ� ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻌﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﺍ� ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻼﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻴﺔ )ﻛﺎﳌﺘﻨﺰﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﲈﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺦ(‪.‬‬
‫«(‪t³FýË sÞu�« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪22‬‬
‫ُﻳﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺑﺮﳌﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ ﺳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﺑﺸﺄﳖﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺑ� ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻭﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺘﺎﻥ ﺳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺘ� ﻻ �ﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺳﻦ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﻏﲑ ﻣﻨﺴﺠﻤﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻐﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺘ� ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﴩﻃﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻃﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻀﻢ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻋﲆ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻓﺮﻭﻉ‪ :‬ﺗﴩﻳﻌﻲ )ﺃﻭ ﺑﺮﳌﺎ�( ﻭﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻀﺎ�‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﻭﺳﺘﻤﻨﺴﱰ )‪ ،(Westminster‬ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﱃ ”ﻗﴫ ﻭﺳﺘﻤﻨﺴﱰ“‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺮ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻴﺴﺎ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎ�‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ّ‬
‫ﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﳑﻴﺰﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻟﻠﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ً‬
‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎ� ﻫﺬﺍ ﻋﲆ ّ‬
‫ﻭﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﴍﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ”ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ“‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎ� ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﳛﺪﻫﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻭﻻﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ �ﻂ ﻭﺳﺘﻤﻨﺴﱰ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺳﻠﻄﺘﻬﺎ ّ‬
‫«(‪UO�«d²Ý√ w� rJ‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺑﺮﳌﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧ� ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﳎﻠﺴ� ﺃﻭ ”ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻦ“ ﳘﺎ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ )‪(House of Representatives‬‬
‫ﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺠﻠﺴ� ﻣﺒﺎﴍﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﰲ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ‬
‫ﻭﻳ َ‬
‫ﻭﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ )‪ُ .(Senate‬‬
‫ﳌﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﻫﻲ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﳌﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺳﺖ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ )ﲡﺮﻯ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ(‪.‬‬
‫�ﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ً‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺖ ‪ 12‬ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﲈ ﺗﻨﺘﺨﺐ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﲈﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﻣﻦ ‪ً 76‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻋﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﲆ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ‪150‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ً‬
‫ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﺮﺏ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻒ �ﻜﻦ ﲢﻘﻴﻘﻪ ً‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ’‪.(‘electorate‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻋﻀﻮﺍ ﰲ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ‪� ،‬ﺜﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ 80‬ﺃﻟﻒ ﻧﺎﺧﺐ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ّ‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﺰﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺑﺄﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ُ)ﻳﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ”ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ“(‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍﺀ )‪ (Prime Minister‬ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺰﻋﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎ� ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﳊﺰﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺋﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﴍﺓ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﳎﻠﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﳊﺰﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ �ﻠﻚ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻯ ﰲ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ‪.‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﳌﺠﻠﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺘﴩﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﱰﺣﺔ � ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ�‪ .‬ﻭ�ﻜﻦ ﻷﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺠﻠﺴ� ﺍﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺑﻄﺮﺡ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﺇ ّﻻ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﴩﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺒﺪﺃﻫﺎ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ‪.‬‬
‫«‪ UÐU�²½ô‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﺎﺩ ًﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻋﻘﺎﺏ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﻗﴡ ﻣﺪﺓ ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﺟﺘﲈﻉ ﻳﻌﻘﺪه ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ �ﻜﻦ ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍﺀ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﳖﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﱰﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻫﺬه‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻓﺘﺘﺎﺡ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺑﺮﳌﺎﻥ ﰲ ‪ 9‬ﺃﻳﺎﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﻳﻮ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1901‬ﺗﻢ ﺇﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ ‪40‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎ ﳌﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺴﺠﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﻃ ًﻨﺎ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ ًﺎ ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪ ﺑﻠﻎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ‪17‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﻪ ﻣﻘﻴﺪ ًﺍ ﻋﲆ ﻗﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒ�‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺃﻥ ّ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛ�‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﻠﻮﻏﻪ ﺳﻦ ‪� .18‬ﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﺍﺳﺘﲈﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻣﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (Australian Electoral Commission - AEC‬ﻭﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ‪ AEC‬ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭ�‪.‬‬
‫«(‪t³FýË sÞu�« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫«�‪X¹uB²�«Ë qO−�²‬‬
‫‪23‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌ� ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻛﻨﺎﺧﺐ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺛﻼﺙ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻐﺎﺩﺭﺗﻪ‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻞ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨ� ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﻟﻺﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ‪ّ ،‬‬
‫� ﻳﻈﻞ ﻣﺴﺠ ًﻼ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ّ‬
‫�ﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻈﻞ ﺍﺳﻤﻪ ﻣﺴﺠ ًﻼ ﻋﲆ ﻗﻮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒ� ﳌﺪﺓ ﺃﻗﺼﺎﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺖ ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺭﻏﺐ ﰲ �ﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳊﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻪ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﺇﱃ ‪ AEC‬ﻟﻠﺘﻤﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﻨﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺇﻟﺰﺍﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨ� ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﳌﺆﻫﻠ�‪ .‬ﻭﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻏﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ً‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻧﺴﺐ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ�‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ ‪ 90‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒ� ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﳑﺜﻠ� ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ّ .‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺤﲇ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳊ�‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ �ﻜﻨﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻐﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻓﱰﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﺍﳌﺒﻜﺮ ﻗﺪ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﳜﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻷﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ّ ،‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺷﺢ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ ‪ 50‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺷﺤ� ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻬﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ � ﳛﺼﻞ ﺃﻱ ّ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺷﺤ� ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻃﺒﻘًﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻋﲆ ّ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ّ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺷﺢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ُ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺪﺩه ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺐ ﻋﲆ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺍﻻﻗﱰﺍﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﲠﺬﺍ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺼﻞ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺷﺤ� ﻋﲆ ﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ ‪ 50‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺸﻴﻮﺥ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺼﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺷﺢ ﻋﲆ ﺣﺼﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ُﺗ‬
‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻠﻴﺔ ً‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻟﺪﳞﻢ ُﻣ ُﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺘﺴﺐ ﺃﻛ� ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻷﺣﺰﺍﺏ ً‬
‫ﻭﻓﻠﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺸﱰﻛﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ٍ‬
‫ﻷﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻟﻸﺣﺰﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺎﲥﺎ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺷﺤﻴﻬﺎ ﰲ ﲪﻼﲥﻢ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﲇ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﱰﺷﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﱪﳌﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺷﺤﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﻃﻨ� ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻗﺪ ﺍﲣﺬﻭﺍ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﳛﻤﻠﻮﳖﺎ‪.‬‬
‫«(‪5²FÞUI*«Ë U¹ôu�« w� rJ‬‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﳌﺎﳖﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﺮﳌﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻛﻮﻳﻨﺰﻟﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﳎﻠﺴ�‪.‬‬
‫«(‪t³FýË sÞu�« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
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‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ”ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ“ – ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﴩﻳﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ُﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠ� ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﲠﻢ ﻟﱪﳌﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ً‬
‫)‪ ،(Legislative Assembly) (MLA‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﳉﻤﻌﻴﺔ )‪ (House of Assembly) (MHA‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺠﻠﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﴩﻳﻌﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﲆ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ )‪.(Premier‬‬
‫)‪ُ .(Legislative Council) (MLC‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﲈﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﲈ ﺑﺮﳌﺎﻥ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻠﺲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﲨﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﲆ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺃﻭﻝ )‪.(Chief Minister‬‬
‫ﺗﴩﻳﻌﻴﺔ )‪ُ .(Legislative Assembly‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺘ� ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﻭﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﺣﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫«(‪wK;« rJ‬‬
‫ُﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻢ ﺍﳌﺤﲇ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﻢ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ )‪ (city council‬ﺃﻭ ﳎﻠﺲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ )‪.(shire council‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻫﺬه ﺍﳌﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﻟﺘﻮﱄ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﳑﺜﻠﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﺠﻠﺲ‪ُ ،‬ﻓﻴﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﳎﺎﻟﺲ ﳏﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﳎﺎﻟﺲ ﺑﻠﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﺠﻠﺲ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺪﺓ‬
‫)‪ (mayor‬ﺃﻭ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ )‪.(shire president‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﲨﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﲈﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻓﺮﺯ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﴈ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻓﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﲈﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫�‪W¹—u²Ýœ WOJK‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻃﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﳛﺘﻔﻆ ﺑﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﻴﺰﺍﺑﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌ� ﺍﳌﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ )‪ (Governor-General‬ﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﳑﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﻳﺴﺪﳞﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻑ ﺃ ّﻻ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺄﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺇ ّﻻ ﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﻛﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺑﺘﻌﻴ� ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍﺀ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﻳﺴﺪﳞﺎ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺟﺮﻯ ُ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﺭﺍﺀ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ً‬
‫«�‪w�«—bOH�« w½u½UI�« ÂUEM‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮ� ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﻣﺮﺁﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎ� ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧ� ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺓ ﺑﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻫﺬه ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ُﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ )‪ (High Court of Australia‬ﳏﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﺍﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻀﻄﻠﻊ ﲠﺎ ﺍﳌﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﲢﻜﻢ ﻫﺬه ﺍﳌﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﻊ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‪.‬‬
‫�‪X½d²½ù« vKŽ U�uKF‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ‪www.aph.gov.au‬‬
‫• ﻣﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ‪www.aec.gov.au‬‬
‫«(‪t³FýË sÞu�« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫• ﺍﳌﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪www.hcourt.gov.au‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫«*‪ÂuO�« w�«d²Ý_« lL²−‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﲈﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ �ﻴﺰ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﰲ ﻟﺸﻌﺒﻪ ﻭﻣﺪﻯ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﲢﺎﺩه ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻡ ﳖﺎ� ﻭﺃﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺄﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺗﻪ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﲠﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺛﺮﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺃﻣﻼﻙ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻨﺠﺢ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻪ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﻌﻼﻗﺎﺗﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﻌﲏ ً‬
‫ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻤﻦ ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧ� ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﳛﻖ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺎﲥﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﲥﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺪﻯ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ﺭﺍﺳﺦ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﺃ ّﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺇﺟﺤﺎﻑ ﺑﺤﻖ ٍ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻻﺩﺗﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﺛﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﰲ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻟﻐﺘﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻨﺴﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪه ﺍﻟﺪﻳﲏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺸﱰﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺩ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺎﲥﻢ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺭﺧﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ُ ،‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗّﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﻋﲆ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﺎﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ َ‬
‫ّ‬
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‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻮﻫﺮ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.4‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﺟﻊ َ‬
‫«�‪WOŽUL²łô« bO�UI²�«Ë 5½«uI‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧ� ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻴﺔ ﲢﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﴫﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﺪﻧﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ُﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺎﺋﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﺿﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﳏﺎﻛﻤﺘﻬﻢ‬
‫ً‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻧ� ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻭﺇﻻ ﻓﺈﳖﻢ ّ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﻭﺍﳌﲈﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻭﺇﻥ � ﺗﻜﻦ ﻫﺬه ﻣﻠﺰﻣﺔ ﻗﺎﻧﻮ ًﻧﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺍﻋﻮﺍ ً‬
‫ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧ� ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺑﺮﳌﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﻭﺑﺮﳌﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺘ�‪ .‬ﻭ ُﺗﻨﺎﻁ ﺑﺎﻟﴩﻃﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺇﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ُﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﳖﻢ ﺧﺎﻟﻔﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧ� ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻛﻢ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﰲ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﺎﲥﻢ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﺮﺯﺕ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻏﲑ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﺒﻪ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺇﱃ ﳐﻔﺮ ﺍﻟﴩﻃﺔ ﺍﳌﺤﲇ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﻯ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻗﻮﺓ ﴍﻃﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﴩﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ )‪ ،(Australian Federal Police‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﺨﺪﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﴩﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻜﺒﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻠﻚ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻜﺒﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎ ًﻛﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻮﺍﻧ� ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪� ،‬ﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﺭ‬
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‫ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻜﺒﺔ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﲈﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﴍﻃﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﲠﺎ ﺗﺘﻮﱃ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻚ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﻮﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺘﻮﱃ ﺍﻟﴩﻃﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺪﺭﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻷﻣﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﴩﻃﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﻻﺀ ﺑﺸﻬﺎﺩﺍﲥﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻛﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﳖﻢ ﻻ ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎ� ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺬﻧﺒﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺬﻧﺐ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﺮﺍﺋﻢ‪ .‬ﺑﻞ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﺭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﳌﻌﲏ ً‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﺑ� ﺍﻟﴩﻃﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ �ﻜﻨﻚ ﺇﺑﻼﻍ ﺍﻟﴩﻃﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﻭﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺠﻮﺑﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻬﺬﺑﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﴩﻃﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﲆ ﻫﺪﻭﺋﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻦ ً‬
‫«(‪ÂuO�« w�«d²Ý_« lL²−*« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪26‬‬
‫«;‪Êu½UI�«Ë r�U‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﱃ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻛﻢ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﺮﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺣﺪﺙ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻙ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﳚﺐ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺜﺒﺖ ﺫﻧﺒﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻜﺎﺏ ﺟﺮ�ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻗﺎﴈ ﺍﳌﺤﻜﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﲈﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ ﺑﺎﳊﻜﻢ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﳏ ّﻠﻔ� ّ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨ� ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﴈ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ُ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳌﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﺮﻳ ًﺌﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺇﺩﺍﻧﺘﻪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﳎﺎﻝ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﻟﻠﺸﻚ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﺘﻬﻤ� ﺍﳊﻖ ﰲ ﺃﻥ �ﺜﻠﻬﻢ ﳏﺎﻣﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﲢﻤﻞ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﳏﺎﻡ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻠﻬﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﳎﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮﻥ ّ‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺗﺄﺷﲑﺍﺕ ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺒﻌﺎﺕ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﻧﺔ ﺟﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺘﻬﻢ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫«'‪rz«d‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﻢ ﺍﳋﻄﲑﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺪﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﻨﴘ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﺍﳉﻨﴘ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺿﺪ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻄﻮ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﺢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﴪﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺧﻄﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﳐﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺷﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ )ﻭﻫﻲ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺑ� ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﰲ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﲈﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﲈﳽ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧ� ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎ�ﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﻮﺍﻧ� ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ‬
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‫ﺗﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ّ‬
‫ﲢﺮﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻪ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺘ� ﻣﺜ ًﻼ ّ‬
‫«�‪w�eM*« nMF‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﺍ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺮﺍ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮ� ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ُ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ً‬
‫ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ُ ،‬ﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﲡﺎه ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺁﺧﺮ ً‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻋﻨﻔًﺎ ﻣﻨﺰ ًﻟﻴﺎ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻭﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ُﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻒ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﱄ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﲇ‪ُ .‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺇﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺫﻯ ﺑﺪ� ﺃﻭ ﺟﻨﴘ ﺃﻭ ﺫﻫﲏ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﺰﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺟﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﻀﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ‪.‬‬
‫«*� ‪‰u×J�« »dýË 5šb²�«Ë «—bÒ‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﺷﺪ‬
‫�ﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮ ّﻧﻴ‬
‫ﺔ‪/‬ﺍﳌﺤﺮﻣﺔ‪ /‬ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﴩﻭﻋﺔ ﺻﺎﺭﻣﺔ ً‬
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‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﻦ ﺗﺜﺒﺖ ﺇﺩﺍﻧﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﺨﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﻌﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺗﺪﺧ� ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻎ ﻭﴍﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻴﺴﺎ ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴ�‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻌﺎﻃﻴﻬﲈ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ُ�ﻨﻊ ﺗﺪﺧ� ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻎ ﰲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ‪� ،‬ﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧ�‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﳌﻄﺎﻋﻢ ﻭﺍﳌﻼﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﳑﻨﻮﻉ ً‬
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‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﳐﺎﻟﻔًﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺘ�‪ ،‬ﻓﻀ ًﻼ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳑﻨﻮﻉ ً‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺘ�‪ُ .‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺋﻊ ﺑﺒﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﻎ ﻷﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺳﻦ ‪ً 18‬‬
‫�‪X½d²½ù« vKŽ U�uKF‬‬
‫• ‪www.alcohol.gov.au‬‬
‫«(‪ÂuO�« w�«d²Ý_« lL²−*« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﳐﺎﻟﻔًﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ُ .‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ّ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﴍﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮ� ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ّ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ ﺑﴩﺏ‬
‫ﺑﺒﻴﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺳﻦ ‪ً 18‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻧﻪ ﳐﺎﻟﻔًﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻗﻴﺎﻡ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺳﻦ ‪ً 18‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﺇ ّﻻ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺧﺼﻮﴆ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﻣﺜ ًﻼ‪ .‬ﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﲈ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺄﺛﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺟﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪27‬‬
‫�‪dO��« 5½«u‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﻤ�‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﱃ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺘ� ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ّ ،‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﺠﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻧ� ﺍﻟﺴﲑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻛﻬﺎ �ﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻏﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‬
‫ﺭﺧﺼﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﳏﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ ّ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺭﺧﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﻋﲆ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﺴﺎﻓﺮ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺣﺰﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﻘﻌﺪ )ﺃﻭ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺭﺑﻂ‬
‫ﺭﺿﻴﻌﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑﺍ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻛﺐ ﻃﻔ ًﻼ ً‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺭﺧﺺ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.42‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﲆ‬
‫ﺗﺘﺸﺪﺩ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﺍﻟﺴﲑ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﴪﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻌﺪ ﴍﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮ� ً‬
‫ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻘّﺎﻝ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺑﻴﺪﻙ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫«*‪ U½«uO×K� WO½U�½ù« WK�UF‬‬
‫ُﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﳐﺎﻟﻔًﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺈﺳﺎﺀﺓ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺇﳘﺎﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ُ ،‬ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮﺍ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺈﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﳏﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﻣﺘﺸﺪﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻟﻴﻔﺔ ﺃﻡ ُﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟ ّ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﱪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ّ‬
‫ﻓﻴﲈ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻘﻨﺼﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ُ�ﻨﻊ ﻗﺘﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﻣﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺎﺩ ًﺓ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﳏﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﲈ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻅ‬
‫ﻃﲑﺍ ﺧﻠﻒ ﻣﻨﺎﺯﳍﻢ )ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺤﺪﺍﺋﻘﻬﻢ ﺍﳋﻠﻔﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﺒﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻄﺔ ﺃﻭ ً‬
‫ﺑﺎﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﻳﺮﺑﻮﻥ ً‬
‫«*�‪Èdš_« W×KÝ_«Ë ‚œUM³�«Ë UÝb‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻣﺮ ﳐﺎﻟﻒ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﲆ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻳﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ ﺍﻣﺘﻼﻙ ﺑﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﲪﻞ ﺃﺳﻠﺤﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻛ� ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﺤﺔ‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺪﺱ ﻟﻠﺼﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﺣﻴﺎﺯﺓ ﻣﺴﺪﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻨﺪﻗﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺭﺧﺼﺔ ﺃﻣﺮ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﳐﺎﻟﻒ ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ً‬
‫�‪Èdš√ 5½«u‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ �ﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺠﻴﺞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ �ﻨﻊ ﺭﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﲈﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ً‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﰲ ّ‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﻄﺒﻖ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻻ ُﺗ َّ‬
‫«�‪WOŽUL²łô« bO�UI²‬‬
‫«(‪ÂuO�« w�«d²Ý_« lL²−*« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪28‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﲠﺎ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺳﻮﺍﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ً‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧ ًﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﳌ ّﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺳﺎﻭﺭﻙ ﺷﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻄﻠﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻮﺭﺓ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﲑﺍﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻼﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﻣﺜ ًﻼ �ﻴﻠﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜ ّﻠﻒ ﰲ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﲥﻢ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻓﻬﻢ ﻭﺯﻣﻼﺋﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﻳﻐﻠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ�‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﺮﺑﻄﻬﻢ ﺻﺪﺍﻗﺎﺕ �ﻨﺎﺩﺍﺓ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﲈﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜ ّﻠﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﺴﺪﻱ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﺎﻓﺢ ﻳﺪه ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲎ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﺒﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻘﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ً‬
‫ﺑﻴﺪﻙ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﲎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺮﻓﻮﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ً‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﻻ ّ‬
‫«�‪WÐcÒ N*« U�dB²‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﴍﺍﺀ ﺳﻠﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
‫”ﺭﺟﺎﺀ“ )‪(please‬‬
‫ﻭ“ﺷﻜﺮﺍ“ )‪ (thank you‬ﺗﻌﺒﲑﺍﻥ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺍﻥ ً‬
‫ً‬
‫ً‬
‫ً‬
‫”ﺭﺟﺎﺀ“ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ‬
‫ﺃﻭ‬
‫“‬
‫ﺭﺟﺎﺀ‬
‫”ﻧﻌﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺩﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻌﺘﱪ‬
‫ﻳ‬
‫‪،‬‬
‫ﻼ‬
‫ﻣﺜ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻛﻔﻨﺠﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺌ‬
‫ﺷﻴ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻛﻨﺖ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻤ‬
‫ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻢ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺄﻟﻚ‬
‫ً‬
‫ً‬
‫ً‬
‫ُ‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﺷﻜﺮﺍ“ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻻ ﺗﺮﻳﺪه‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻠﻘّﻰ ﺷﻴ ًﺌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺩﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻜﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ”ﺷﻜﺮ ًﺍ“‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻳﺪه‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ”ﻻ‪ً ،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ”ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﻠﻚ“ )‪ (excuse me‬ﻻﺳﱰﻋﺎﺀ ﺍﻧﺘﺒﺎه ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭ“ﻋﻔﻮﺍ“ )‪ (sorry‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻻﻣﺲ ﺃﺣﺪﻫﻢ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬
‫ً‬
‫”ﻋﺬﺭﺍ“ )‪ “(pardon me‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﲡﺸﺄﻭﺍ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ‪.‬‬
‫”ﻋﻔﻮﺍ“ ﺃﻭ ً‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻗﺼﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ً‬
‫ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﻳﻘﻔﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺻﻒ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺎﺑﻮﺭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺘﻈﺮﻭﻥ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﳌﺤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻮﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﳛ�‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﲈ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﻄﻠﺒﻮﻥ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ً‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎ ﻳﺮﻳﺪﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﺣﱰﺍﻡ ﻟﻶﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺃﻛ� ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻋﺪﺍﻟﺔ � ﳛﺼﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻫﻢ ﻟ� ُﻳﺴﺄﻟﻮﺍ ّ‬
‫ﺳﺘﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﻋﺪﻙ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﺪ �ﻮﺍﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻫﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﺃﺩﺭﻛﺖ ﺑﺄﻧﻚ‬
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‫ﻟﺘﺄﺧﺮﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ � ﲢﴬ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻤﺎ ّ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺧﺒﺎﺭه ﺑﺎﻷﻣﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻬﻨﻴ� ﻛﺎﻷﻃﺒﺎﺀ ﻣﺜ ًﻼ‪ ،‬ﻷﳖﻢ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﻮﻓﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﻚ ً‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﻋﺪ ﺍﳌﺤﺪﺩ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﲣﱪﻫﻢ ﻣﺴﺒﻘًﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﻳﻨﻈﻔﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﻮﻓﻬﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻔﺦ ﰲ ﳏﺮﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻭﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺮﺻﻴﻒ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﻖ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ”ﻳﺮﲪﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ“ )‪ (bless you‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﻄﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺬه ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻱ ﻗﺼﺪ ﺩﻳﲏ‪.‬‬
‫«�‪WOB�A�« W�UEM‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﻋﻚ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﳊﲈﻳﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﻭﻋﺎﺋﻠﺘﻚ ﻭﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺮﺽ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﻳﻌﺘﻨﻮﻥ ﺑﺄﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﺑﺎﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻏﺴﻞ ﺃﻳﺪﳞﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ ﲢﻀﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺻﺤﺘﻬﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺻﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻄﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻴﺎه‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺴﻚ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ �ﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﺨﻄﺮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻛﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﳌﻨﻊ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺛﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻣﻼﻗﻂ ﻣﺴﻚ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻠﻌﻘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻮﻛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻼﻋﻖ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‪.‬‬
‫«*‪fÐö‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﲑ ﺍﻟﻄﻘﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ�‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﳖﺎ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ّ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺮﺗﺪﳞﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺗﻌﻜﺲ ّ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺸﺄﻥ ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺗﺪﻱ ﻣﻼﺑﺲ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ – ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻴﲈ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﳌﻼﺑﺲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺍ ﻗﻠﻴ ًﻼ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻗﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻃﺊ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﺎﺭﺓ‪� ،‬ﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺮﺗﺪﻭﺍ ﻣﻼﺑﺲ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﻭ ً‬
‫ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ً‬
‫ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ ﻭﻫﻢ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻃﺊ ﺃﻭ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻘﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﲏ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺮﺗﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ ﻟﻠﺬﻫﺎﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻃﺊ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺫﻭﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﻃﺊ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺮﲠﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ‬
‫«(‪ÂuO�« w�«d²Ý_« lL²−*« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ ﲣﻀﻊ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﴢ– ﺇﺫ ﻳﺮﺗﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﻼﺑﺲ ﺍﳌﺮﳛﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻼ�ﺔ‬
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‫ﺛﻴﺎﺑﺎ ﺃﻧﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻧﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺣﺬﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻼ�ﺔ ﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻘﺲ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺩﻱ ﻭﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﲈ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﺒﺲ ً‬
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‫ﺍﳌﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻟـ ”ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﺓ“ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﻼﺑﺲ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺻﻐﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﻃﺊ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ً‬
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‫ﺳﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻼﺑﺲ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﻤﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺎﲥﻢ‪.‬‬
‫«�‪ «uŽb‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻠﻘﻴﺖ ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺪﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﳊﻔﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﺭﺑﻜﻴﻮ ﺃﻭ ﺣﻔﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺮﺱ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻷﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺠﻴﺐ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺇﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺣﻴﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﳌﺔ ﻫﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﺪ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭ�‪ .‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻭﺟﺒﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺍﺀ‬
‫)‪ ،(lunch‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀ )‪ .(dinner‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﻳﺸﲑﻭﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺑﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪ ،tea‬ﻭﻫﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻨﻮﻥ ﻭﺟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺍﳊﺮﰲ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ‪ .cuppa‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ُﺩﻋﻴﺖ ﻟـ ‪ ،tea‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ‬
‫ﳎﺮﺩ ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﻟـ ‪ tea‬ﺗﻌﲏ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺟﺒﺔ ﻋﺸﺎﺀ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﻋﺪﻫﺎ ﰲ‬
‫ﺟﻴﺪﺓ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻀﻴﻔﻚ ﻳﻌﲏ ﻭﺟﺒﺔ ﻋﺸﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ّ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺀ )‪ 1800‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ‪ً 6‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﻟﻮﺟﺒﺔ ﻃﻌﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩ ً‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ ﲣﱪ ﻣﻀﻴﻔﻚ �ﺎ ﻻ �ﻜﻨﻚ ﺃﻛﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ُﺗﺴﺄﻝ ّ‬
‫�ﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﺇﻧﻚ ﻧﺒﺎ� ﻭﻻ ﺗﺄﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻢ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﻚ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺃﻭ ﳞﻮﺩﻱ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺄﻛﻞ ﳊﻢ ﺍﳋﻨﺰﻳﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ُﻳﺘﻮﻗّﻊ‬
‫ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻝ ً‬
‫ﻣﻨﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﴩﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻻ ﺗﺮﻏﺐ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻭﺇﻥ ﴍﺑﻪ ﻣﻀﻴﻔﻮﻙ‪.‬‬
‫«�‪…dÝú� dOÒ G²*« —Ëb‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺄ ّﻟﻒ ﺍﻷﴎﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺏ ﻭﺃﻡ ﻭﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺇ ّﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﴎ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻭﺃﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﴎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺭﺑﻴﺐ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺑﻴﺒﺔ )ﺃﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺯﻭﺍﺝ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ )ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﻣﻌﱰﻑ ﲠﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮ ًﻧﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻠﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺯﻭﺍﺝ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ً‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﴎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻜﺴﺐ ﻗﻮﺕ‬
‫ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻷﴎ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ً‬
‫ﺍﻷﴎﺓ ﺑﻴﻨﲈ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻷﺏ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﻭﻳﻌﺘﲏ ﺑﺎﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻻ �ﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﺇ ّﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﺎﻥ ﻋﲆ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺰﻭﺍﺝ ﻫﻲ ‪ 18‬ﻋﺎﻣ ًﺎ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺤﺎﻛﻢ‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻋﲆ ﺯﳚﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺳﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪ 16‬ﺃﻭ ‪ 17‬ﻋﺎﻣ ًﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺸﺨﺺ ﺃﻛ�‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺯﻭﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺯﻭﺝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪.‬‬
‫¼‪øwł–u/ w�«d²Ý√ „UM¼ q‬‬
‫«(‪ÂuO�« w�«d²Ý_« lL²−*« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫”�ﻮﺫﺟﻴﺎ“ �ﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﳍﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ �ﻜﻦ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭه‬
‫ً‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺧﺼﺎﻝ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻘﻮﻟﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺒﻠﺔ ﻭﻳﻨﺎﻗﺾ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ً‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜ ًﻼ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﳛﺒﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻭﻗﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺪﳞﻢ ﺷﻚ ﻛﺒﲑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ – ﻭﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﳖﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻳﺘﻘﻴﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻭﻳ ّﺘﺒﻌﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻳﲑ ﺍﳌﻌﺮﻭﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺭﻳﻔﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ – ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬﻢ ﻳﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻥ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﻌﻴﺸﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻨﻔﺘﺤﻮﻥ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻠﻔﻮﻥ ﻭﻳﺪﻭﺭﻭﻥ ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺻﺎ ﻋﺎﺩﻟﺔ )‪�) (fair go‬ﻜﻦ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻃﻼﻉ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫• ﻳﺆﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ �ﺒﺪﺃ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ً‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ )”‪ .(“Australian English‬ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪.32‬‬
‫• ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﺪﻋﻤﻮﻥ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﲠﻢ )ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀﻫﻢ( ﻭﺍﳌﺤﺮﻭﻣ� ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺒﻮﺗ�‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳌﻜﺒﻮﺕ ﻫﻮ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ُﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ‬
‫ﺃﻣﻞ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺭﺑﺢ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺍﺓ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﳛﺒﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﻛﻤﺘﻔﺮﺟ� ﺃﻭ ﻛﻼﻋﺒ�‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﺄﺛّﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺑﺈﺭﺛﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎ� ﺃﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺑ� ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ً‬
‫ﺍﻵﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ �ﻼﻳ� ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻭﻓﺪﻭﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﺿﻌﻬﻢ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﳍﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻵﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺃﺣﻴﺎ ًﻧﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺃﳖﻢ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﻮﻥ ﳛﺎﻭﻟﻮﻥ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ُ ،‬ﻳﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﲆ ﺃﳖﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﻵﺳﻴﺎ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ ﻭﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﺁﺳﻴﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻠﻬﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺷﻌﻮﺏ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻻ �ﻜﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﻮﻟﺒﺔ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﳾﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻕ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﻄﺒﺎﻕ ﻭﻣﺪﺍه ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻔﺎﻥ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ�‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺒﺔ )ﺍﻟﺼﺪﺍﻗﺔ( ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻳﺸﱰﻙ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﻘﺪﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻠﺘﺼﻘﺔ ً‬
‫ﺣﻜﺮﺍ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ�‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻧﺤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ�‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﳞﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﺎﻋﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻃﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﻼﺹ ﲡﺎه ﺍﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ً‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﺎ ﳚﻌﻞ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺭ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺻﻤﻴﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﳖﺎ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺨﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﴍﺳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺧﺎﺿﻪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﻮ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻓﻤﻔﻬﻮﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺑﺮﺯﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ً‬
‫ﻛﻔﺎﺣﺎ ً‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻖ ﻫﺬﺍﻥ ﺍﳌﻔﻬﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺿﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻳﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﻛﻔﺎﺣ ًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺍﺗﻜﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﲆ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻭﺳﺎﻋﺪﻭﺍ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻀﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳊﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﻭﺍﳉﻔﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺰﺯﺕ ﻣﻴﺰﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﺃﻛ� ﻭﺃﻛ� ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺧﱪﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﺣﻴﺎ ًﻧﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﱪﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻣﻌﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﺍﻙ ﰲ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺒﻮﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻌﺸﺖ ﻭﺗﻌﺎﻇﻤﺖ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﻣﻼﻳ�‬
‫ﻫﺎﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺗﺎﻥ ﻭﻏﲑﳘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻﺯﻣﺖ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﻷﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﻟﺖ ّ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨ� ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻭﻓﺪﻭﺍ ﻻﺣﻘًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﺘ� ﻭﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﻭﺃﻓﺮﻳﻘﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﴩﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻂ‪.‬‬
‫«(‪ÂuO�« w�«d²Ý_« lL²−*« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫ﻭﺭ�ﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺐ ‪ ،Henry Lawson‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ُﻭ ِﻟﺪ ﰲ ﺣﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ ﰲ ‪ Grenfell‬ﺑﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﻧﻴﻮ ﺳﺎﻭﺙ ﻭﻳﻠﺰ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،1867‬ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺻﻒ‬
‫ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳊﻘﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ�‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻛﺘﺐ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻭﺷﻐﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺒﺔ ﻭﻛﺮﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻣﺰﻳﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻐﲎ ﻟﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺘ�‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﺎﻋﺪﻭﺍ ﻋﲆ ﺗﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺿﺎﻑ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻭﻓﺪﻭﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻔﱰﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﲑﺓ ً‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﺦ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺳﻬﺎﻣﺎﲥﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻏﻨﺖ ﻛﻞ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ً‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫«�‪WOKLF�« W³×B�« – ŸuÒ D²‬‬
‫ُﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍﺩﻫﻢ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻋﲈﻝ ﺍﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﺟﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﺄﻛ� ﻣﻦ ﺳﺘﺔ ﻣﻼﻳ� ﺃﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺳﻦ ‪18‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻮﻋﻮﻥ ﻧﺸﻄﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻭﻥ ﰲ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ �ﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﻧﻌﺎﺵ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﻔﺎﻅ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﱪﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﲨﻊ ّ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺍﺭﺉ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﻋﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻃﺒﻘًﺎ ﻷﺣﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻄﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻓﺎﺩ ‪ 47‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺃﺩﻭﺍ ﺃﻋﲈ ًﻻ ﺗﻄﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻗﻴﺎﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﺃﳖﻢ ﻳﺮﻳﺪﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟـ ‪ 43‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻋﻄﻮه ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻋﲈﻝ ﺗﺮﳛﻬﻢ ً‬
‫�‪X½d²½ù« vKŽ U�uKF‬‬
‫• ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ‪www.volunteeringaustralia.org‬‬
‫«�‪WO�«d²Ý_« W¹eOKJ½ù« WGK‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﲈﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺗﺖ ﺗﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﲠﺎ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﻴﻮﻉ‬
‫ﻏﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﺃﻭ ً‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻜﺎ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ً‬
‫ﻛﺜﲑﺍ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﳍﺬه ﺍﻟﻜﻠﲈﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻟﻜﻠﲈﺕ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ً‬
‫ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻭﻥ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺃﺗﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺷﲈﻝ ﺇﻧﻜﻠﱰﺍ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺒ ّﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻛﻜﻠﲈﺕ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﳜﺘﴫﻭﻥ ﻛﻠﲈﲥﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﻣﺜ ًﻼ ‪ footy‬ﺑﺪ ًﻻ ﻣﻦ ‪) football‬ﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ(‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ telly‬ﺑﺪ ًﻻ ﻣﻦ ‪) television‬ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ(‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ barbie‬ﺑﺪ ًﻻ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺑﻜﻴﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻟﻜﻠﲈﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻧ ًﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺭ‪� ،‬ﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺭﺑﺎﻙ ﺃﺣﻴﺎ ًﻧﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺄﻛﺪﺍ ﳑﺎ ﺗﻌﻨﻴﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﺑﺄﺱ ﺇﻥ ﻃﻠﺒﺖ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﺋﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﴩﺣﻬﺎ ﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ � ﺗﻜﻦ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻓﻴﲈ ﻳﲇ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺴﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺣ� ﻵﺧﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺭﺗﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :Arvo‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ‪) afternoon‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺮ( – ’‪ ‘drop by this arvo‬ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ّ‬
‫«(‪ÂuO�« w�«d²Ý_« lL²−*« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
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‫‪ :©uOJЗUЮ Barbecue، BBQ ،Barbie‬ﻭﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻃﺒﺦ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳊﻢ ُﻳﺸﻮﻯ ﻋﲆ‬
‫ﺷﻮﺍﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻔﻴﺢ ﺳﺎﺧﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﳌﻀﻴﻒ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﺒﺰ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﺿﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻄﺒﺦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺑﻜﻴﻮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﺑﺎﺭﺑﻜﻴﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺄﻝ ﻣﻀﻴﻔﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﺮﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺇﺣﻀﺎﺭ ﺃﻱ ﳾﺀ ﻣﻌﻪ‪ Snag .‬ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻧﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ُﺗ َ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ﳊﻢ ﺍﳋﻨﺰﻳﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﺟﺎﺝ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳋﴬﺍﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ�ﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ً‬
‫‪ :Barrack for‬ﺩﻋﻢ ﺃﻭ ﻫ ّﻠﻞ ﻟـ )ﻓﺮﻳﻖ ﺭﻳﺎﴈ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺓ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ :Bloke‬ﺭﺟﻞ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻃﻠﺒﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﺣﻴﺎ ًﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ ُﻳﻘﺎﻝ ﻟﻚ ’‪) ‘see that bloke over there‬ﺍﺳﺄﻝ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ :Bring a plate‬ﺇﺫﺍ ُﺩﻋﻴﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻔﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ُ‬
‫ﻭﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻚ ”ﺇﺣﻀﺎﺭ ﻃﺒﻖ“‪ ،‬ﻓﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﲢﴬ ﻣﻌﻚ ﻃﺒﻘًﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻌﺎﻡ ﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﻀﻴﻔﻚ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﻋﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﺜ ًﻼ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ � ﺗﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺄﻛﺪﺍ ّﳑﺎ �ﻜﻨﻚ ﺇﺣﻀﺎﺭه‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺳﺘﻔﴪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺩﻋﺎﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ً‬
‫‪ :BYO‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻠﻘّﻴﺖ ﺩﻋﻮﺓ ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ”‪ “BYO‬ﻓﻤﻌﲎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﲢﴬ ﻣﴩﻭﺑﺎﺗﻚ ﻣﻌﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻻ ﺗﴩﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺤﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻋﺼﲑﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺮﻃﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻴﺎه ﻏﺎﺯﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻋﻢ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ ‪ .BYO‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻧﺒﻴﺬﻙ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻋﻢ‪،‬‬
‫ﲢﴬ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ُﻳﺴﺘﻮﰱ ﻣﻨﻚ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻟﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎ� ﻭﺗﻘﺪ�ﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺆﻭﺱ ﻭﻏﺴﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ )”‪.(“corkage‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ﺑﺰﻳﺎﺭ� ﺑﻌﺪ ﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻟﴩﺏ ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ :Cuppa‬ﻓﻨﺠﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﻱ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻬﻮﺓ‪ ‘Drop by this arvo for a cuppa’ .‬ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻬﻮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :©—UÒHŠ® Digger‬ﺟﻨﺪﻱ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :Go for your life‬ﻧﻌﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﻌﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻳﺪه‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﺒﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺣﺎﻟﻚ؟‬
‫‪ً :G’day‬‬
‫‪ :Fair go‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﻌﲏ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺎ ﳛﻘﻘﻪ ﺍﳌﺮﺀ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ �ﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺍﻫﺒﻪ ﻭﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﻭﺟﻬﺪه ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﴐﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻆ ﺃﻭ ﳏﺴﻮﺑﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :Fortnight‬ﻫﺬه ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺇﱃ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺃﺳﺒﻮﻋ�‪.‬‬
‫‪ :No worries‬ﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺄﻓﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻧﺰﻋﺎﺝ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :Ocker‬ﺃﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﺟﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺻﻠﻒ‪ ،‬ﺷﻮﻓﻴﲏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻠﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ‪ :‬ﺷﺨﺺ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ُﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ �ﻮﺫﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻭﺡ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺣﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﴍﺍﺑﺎ ﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻒ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳊﺎﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻛﻞ‬
‫‪ :Shout‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﱰﻱ ً‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑـ ’‪ ‘shout a round‬ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺸﱰﻱ ﴍﺍﺑﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﻛﻞ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺑﺪﻭﺭه ﺑﴩﺍﺀ ’‪.‘round‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﻮﻋﻚ‪.‬‬
‫‪ :To be crook‬ﻣﺮﻳﺾ ﺃﻭ ّ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ‪.Macquarie Dictionary Book of Slang‬‬
‫«‪W�UF�« öDF�«Ë ôUH²Šô‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺮﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﻭﳛﺼﻞ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﲈﻝ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ً 12‬‬
‫ﺇﺟﺎﺯﺍﲥﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻄﻼﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻭﺗﻘﻊ ﰲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺘ�‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻝ ﲠﺎ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻦ ﻛﻠﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺣﺘﻔﺎﻻﺕ ّ‬
‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺧﺼﻴﺼ ًﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻄﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ُﳛﺘﻔﻞ‬
‫ﲠﺎ ﰲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺳﻮﺍﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫«(‪ÂuO�« w�«d²Ý_« lL²−*« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫ﳛﺘﻔﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻳﺎﻡ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﳍﺎ ﻣﻌﲎ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺃﻭ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪33‬‬
‫ﻭﳛﺘﻔﻞ ﲠﲈ ﻛﻌﻄﻠﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺃﻧﺤﺎﺀ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻴﺪ‬
‫«*‪ œöO‬ﻭ«�‪ ،`BH‬ﻭﳘﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ ﺍﳌﺴﻴﺤﻲ‪ُ ،‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﻼﺩ ﰲ ‪ 25‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ /‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻋﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺼﺢ ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‪ /‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻭﺍﺋﻞ ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪ /‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪œöO*« w½UŁ Âu¹‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﻡ ﺛﺎ� ﺍﳌﻴﻼﺩ ﻫﻮ ‪ 26‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ /‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻋﻄﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﲡﺮﻯ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻔﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻼﻛﻤﺔ )ﺃﻭ ‪ ،(boxing‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ُﺗ َّ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﱪ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺛﺎ� ﺍﳌﻴﻼﺩ ً‬
‫ﻘﺪﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺎ ﰲ ﻋﻠﺐ )ﺃﻭ ‪ُ .(boxes‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﻼﺩ‪.‬‬
‫—√” «��‪ ،…b¹b'« WM‬ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�‪ /‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻋﻄﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸﻴﻊ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻹﺟﺎﺯﺍﲥﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﱰﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ /‬ﺩﻳﺴﻤﱪ ﺇﱃ ﳖﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�‪ /‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪∫Èdš_« W�UN�« WOMÞu�« a¹—«u²�« s�Ë‬‬
‫‪UO�«d²Ý√ bOŽ‬‬
‫ﻋﻴﺪ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻞ ﰲ ‪ 26‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�‪ /‬ﻳﻨﺎﻳﺮ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻴﻲ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﺸﻌﺐ ﺫﻛﺮﻯ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻃﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﺣﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﺩ ﻟﻼﺷﱰﺍﻙ ﰲ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺑﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1788‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻋﻄﻠﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ّ‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪„«e½_« Âu¹‬‬
‫ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻧﺰﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﻞ ﰲ ‪ 25‬ﻧﻴﺴﺎﻥ‪ /‬ﺃﺑﺮﻳﻞ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺰﻝ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺟﻨﻮﺩ ﺟﻴﺶ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻧﻴﻮﺯﻟﻨﺪﺍ )ﺃﻧﺰﺍﻙ( ﻋﲆ ﺷﻮﺍﻃﺊ ﻏﺎﻟﻴﺒﻮﱄ‬
‫ﻭﳜﺼﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻹﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺫﻛﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺗﻠﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻓﻘﺪﻭﺍ‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1915‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ُ .‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺎﲥﻢ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻋﻄﻠﺔ ﻭﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﲡﺮﻯ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻔﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﻣﺮﺍﺳﻢ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﻛﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﻮﺭ ﻭﻋﺮﻭﺽ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪WJK*« œöO� bOŽ‬‬
‫ﳚﺮﻱ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺍﳌﻠﻜﺔ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺛﻨ� ﺍﻟﺜﺎ� ﻣﻦ ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻋﻄﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺘ�‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ُﳛﺘﻔﻞ ﺑﻪ ﰲ ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪ /‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﴩﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ /‬ﺃﻛﺘﻮﺑﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪WO�«d²Ý_« WO�M'« Âu¹‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﺮﺱ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﰲ ‪ 17‬ﺃﻳﻠﻮﻝ‪ /‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﱪ ‪ 2001،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫َّ‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ‪ 1948‬ﺇﱃ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1973‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﳉﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﻟﻠﺘﻔﻜﺮ �ﻌﲎ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﳘﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲡﻤﻌﻨﺎ‪ .‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻋﻄﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻻﺣﺘﻔﺎﻝ َ‬
‫‪Ê—u³K� ”Q� Âu¹‬‬
‫«(‪ÂuO�« w�«d²Ý_« lL²−*« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪34‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﻊ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻛﺄﺱ ﻣﻠﺒﻮﺭﻥ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺎﺀ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﴩﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺜﺎ�‪ /‬ﻧﻮﻓﻤﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﺄﺱ ﻣﻠﺒﻮﺭﻥ ﻫﻮ ﺳﺒﺎﻕ ﻋﺎﳌﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺨﻴﻮﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﻕ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻋﻄﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻠﺒﻮﺭﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻳﻘﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﺍﺣﺘﻔﺎﻻﺕ �ﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻮﺍﺣﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺍﺀ ً‬
‫ﻛﺄﺱ ﻣﻠﺒﻮﺭﻥ‪.‬‬
‫«�‪ÊuMH�«Ë tO�d²�«Ë W{U¹d‬‬
‫ﳛﺐ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑﻭﻥ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺣﻘﻘﻮﺍ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﻤﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺃﺛﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2004‬ﺣﻘﻘﺖ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﲨﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺪﺍﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺣﺼﺪﲥﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺼ�‬
‫ﻭﺭﻭﺳﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻛﺄﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ� ﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2006‬ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺇﱃ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟـ ‪ 16‬ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﻣﺆﺧﺮﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻛ� ﻣﻦ ‪ 11‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ّﺑ� ﺍﺳﺘﻄﻼﻉ ﻭﻃﲏ ﺃﺟﺮﻱ ً‬
‫ﻋﺎﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛ� ﻳﺸﺎﺭﻛﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻷﻗﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ ﰲ ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺑﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﱰﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺃﻋﲈﺭﻫﻢ ‪ً 15‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ 70‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﴩﺓ ﺍﻷﻛ� ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﳌﴚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻗﺺ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﻠﻴﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﻛﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺮﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﴬﺏ )ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺲ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻮﻟﻒ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻛﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﴚ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺣﺮﺍﺝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﻈﻰ ﺑﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻜﺖ ﻭﺍﳍﻮ�‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰ ّﻟﺞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻟﻌﺎﺏ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﲢﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﻲ ﻭﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻛﲈ ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﻭﳛﺒﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﺎﻫﺪﻭﺍ ً‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)‪ ،(Australian Rules Football‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﺮﺩ ﲠﺎ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺃﺻﻮﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺪ�ﺔ ﻭﻛﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﻡ‬
‫ّ‬
‫�ﺎﻣﺎ ﳌﲈﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻟﻠﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﳚﺐ ّ‬
‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ً‬
‫• ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻃﺊ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺗﺴﺒﺢ ﺇ ّﻻ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﳛﺮﺳﻬﺎ ﻋﲈﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺎﺫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺝ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺒﺢ ﺩﺍ�ًﺎ ﺑ� ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻡ‪ّ ،‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻋﲈﻝ ﺍﻹﻧﻘﺎﺫ‬
‫ﻻ ﳛﺮﺳﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﺍﻃﺊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﻌﺰﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫• ﲡ ّﻨﺐ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻴﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﲈﻙ �ﻔﺮﺩﻙ‪،‬‬
‫ً‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺒﺲ ّﻗﺒﻌﺔ ﻭﻧﻈﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺷﻤﺲ ﻭﻣﻼﺑﺲ ﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ )ﻗﻤﻴﺺ ﻣﺜ ًﻼ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺑﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻈ ّﻠﻞ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺸﻤﺴﺔ ﻟﺘﺠ ّﻨﺐ ﺣﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻭﴎﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﻠﺪ‪.‬‬
‫• ّ‬
‫ﺗﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻻ ُﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺈﺷﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺭ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺑﻜﻴﻮ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ُﻳﻌﻠﻦ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻹﺷﻌﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﲑﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫�‪…UO(UÐ iÐU½ wM‬‬
‫�‪Ò bNA‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻧﺎﺑﻀﺔ ﺑﺎﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻌﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ� ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻔﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻐﲏ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬
‫«(‪ÂuO�« w�«d²Ý_« lL²−*« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩﻋﻢ ﻗﻮﻱ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﺍﺋﻴﺔ �ﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻦ ﻭﺍﳌﴪﺡ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﻈﻰ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻃﺒﻘًﺎ ﻷﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻦ ‪ 13‬ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻱ ‪ 88‬ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺇﲨﺎﱄ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﳛﴬﻭﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻓﻨﻴﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻋﺮﺿﺎ ً‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﺃﺩ� ﻗﻮﻱ ﺑﺪﺃ ﺑﴪﺩ ﻗﺼﺺ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴ� ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺺ ﺍﳌﺤﻜﻴﺔ ﺷﻔﻮﻳ ًﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺤﻜﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻛﲈ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻭﺻﻠﻮﺍ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﴩ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻓﺎﺯ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺑﺠﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﻟﻶﺩﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍ� ‪ Patrick White‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ .1973‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﲑ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺋﻴ�‬
‫ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺎﲥﻢ ﺑﻨﻜﻬﺔ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ‪ ،Peter Carey‬ﻭ ‪،Bryce Courtenay‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﴩﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ّ‬
‫ﻭ ‪ ،Colleen McCullough‬ﻭ ‪ ،Morris West‬ﻭ ‪.Tim Winton‬‬
‫�‪X½d²½ù« vKŽ U�uKF‬‬
‫• ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻨﻮﻥ ‪www.dcita.gov.au‬‬
‫• ﳎﻠﺲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ‪www.ozco.gov.au‬‬
‫• ﻣﻔﻮﺿﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ‪www.ausport.gov.au‬‬
‫√�×‪WOLKF�« «—UJ²Ðô«Ë «“U$ù« »U‬‬
‫ﻟﻸﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺳﺠﻞ ﺣﺎﻓﻞ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻ ًﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻀﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﳊﺠﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺮﻓﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ�‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﻣﺎﺭﻧﻎ‬
‫ﻭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺻﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳌﺒﺘﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ�‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻭﺟﺪﻭﺍ ً‬
‫)ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺼﺎ ﺭﻣﻲ ﳍﺎ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻣﻲ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ُﺗﺮﻣﻰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ( ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻭﻣﺮﺍ )ﻭﻫﻲ ﳑﺴﻚ ﻟﺮﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺡ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺣﺪﺙ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﺼﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻟﻴﻤﺮ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﲈﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﻤﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺛﺔ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ �ﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﳏﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ�‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻔﱰﺓ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺪﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﺧﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻐﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﻨﻔﺠﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺠﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ‪ ،Relenza‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺩﻭﺍﺀ ﳌﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻔﻠﻮﻧﺰﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺴﺢ �ﻜﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻘﺎﺣﺎ ﻟﴪﻃﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻘﻊ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﴪﻃﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﴪﻋﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﻣﻨﺢ ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺟﻮﺍﺋﺰ ﻧﻮﺑﻞ ﻹﻧﺠﺎﺯﺍﲥﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺁﺧﺮﻫﻢ ‪Professor Barry Marshall‬‬
‫ﻗﺮﻭﺣﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪،1996‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ Dr Robin Warren‬ﺍﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻠﻘﻴﺎ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2005‬ﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﲈ ﺑﻜﺘﲑﻳﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ً‬
‫ﺗﻠﻘّﻰ ‪ Professor Peter Doherty‬ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ًﺍ ﻷﻋﲈﻟﻪ ﰲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺼ�‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭ�ﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻋﻴﺪ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﻟﻘﺐ ”ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﱄ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﻡ“ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ�‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ�‬
‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻟﻴ� ﻷﻋﻮﺍﻡ ‪ 2005‬ﻭ‪ 2006‬ﻭ‪ 2007‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﲈﺀ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2005‬ﻧﺎﻟﺖ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰﺓ ‪ Dr Fiona Wood‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻃﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺭﺵ ﺃﺣﺪﺛﺖ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺎﺣﺎ ﻟﴪﻃﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﺭ ً‬
‫ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺑ ًﺎ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻝ ﺟﻠﻮﺩ ﺿﺤﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺋﻖ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2006‬ﻧﺎﻝ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰﺓ ‪ Professor Ian Frazer‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ّ‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ ،2007‬ﺗﻠﻘّﻰ ﺍﳉﺎﺋﺰﺓ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻋﻠﲈﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﻫﻮ ‪.Professor Tim Flannery‬‬
‫«(‪ÂuO�« w�«d²Ý_« lL²−*« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪36‬‬
‫ﻭ‪ Dr Wood‬ﻭ‪ Professor Frazer‬ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﻜﻠﱰﺍ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺯﻣﻴﻞ ‪ Professor Frazer‬ﰲ ﺍﺑﺘﻜﺎﺭه ﻓﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻭﻓﺎﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ،Dr Jian Zhou‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﺻﻴﲏ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﻃ ًﻨﺎ‬
‫ً‬
‫�‪X½d²½ù« vKŽ U�uKF‬‬
‫• ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ‪www.dest.gov.au‬‬
‫• ﺩﻋﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ‪www.innovation.gov.au‬‬
‫• ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ ‪www.csiro.au‬‬
‫«�‪UO�«d²Ý√ w� gOF‬‬
‫«�‪qLF�« ◊ËdýË qLF‬‬
‫�ﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﲈﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﴪﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﲠﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻓﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﳉﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﲆ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﲆ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﲆ ﺍﳌﺆﻫﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻐﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻼﺩﻫﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺘﻔﴪﻭﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﺔ ﴍﻭﻁ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺮﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ُﻳﺸﱰﻁ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﻟﺪﻯ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻫﻠ� ﻟﻼﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﳍﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻬﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﺟﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻘﺎﺿﺎه ﺍﻟﻌﲈﻝ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﴍﻭﻁ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﲢﺪﻳﺪﻫﺎ �ﻮﺟﺐ ﻣﺎ ﻳﲇ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﲢﻜﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫• ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻴﺔ )ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺔ ﲨﺎﻋﻴﺔ(‬
‫• ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻴﺎﺕ �ﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻦ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﳊﲈﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﲈﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﳌﺠﺤﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻋﲆ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻴﻞ ﺍﳉﻨﴘ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ ﻗﻮﺍﻧ� ﺗﻜﺎﻓﺆ ﻓﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺿﲈﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ﻋﲆ ﺟﺪﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﻭﺧﱪﺗﻪ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ �ﻴﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬
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‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏ )ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏ( ﺇﱃ ﻧﻘﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﲈﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ�ﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻟﻼﻋﱰﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﻫﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ )‪ (NOOSR‬ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺗﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻣﻬﻨﺔ ﺗﻠﻘّﻴﺖ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺒﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﻤﺎ ﺩﺍ�ًﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻛﻨﺖ ً‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﳏﺪﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺺ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻬﻦ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ‪www.jobsearch.gov.au‬‬
‫• ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ ‪www.workplace.gov.au‬‬
‫• ﻫﺠﺮﺓ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪www.skilledmigrant.gov.au‬‬
‫• ﺍﻻﻋﱰﺍﻑ ﺑﺎﳌﺆﻫﻼﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﻓﻴﺔ ‪www.workplace.gov.au/tra‬‬
‫«�‪Vz«dC‬‬
‫ﻣﻌ� ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳋﺎﺿﻊ ﻟﻠﴬﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺗﺐ‬
‫ُﻳﻔﺮﺽ ﻋﲆ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺩﻓﻊ ﴐﺍﺋﺐ ﻋﲆ ﺩﺧﻠﻬﻢ ﻣﺘﻰ ﺯﺍﺩ ﻋﲆ ﺣﺪ ّ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻜﺘﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺩﻉ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻚ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﲈﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﴐﻳﺒﺔ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ُ .‬ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﲆ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻟﴬﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ ﴐﻳﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻊ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ )‪.(Goods and Services Tax) (GST‬‬
‫«(‪UO�«d²Ý√ w� gOF�« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫• ‪AEI-NOOSR‬‬
‫‪www.aei.dest.gov.au‬‬
‫‪37‬‬
‫ﲢﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻓﲑ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻧﻌﺎﺵ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﲎ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﴬﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ ﴐﺍﺋﺐ )ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﺳﺎ ’‪ (‘stamp duties‬ﻋﲆ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺘﺎﻥ ً‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻟﺘﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﻭﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﴩﻃﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭ ُﺗ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﴬﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ �ﻮﺯ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻟﻴﻮ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﰲ ‪ 30‬ﺣﺰﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ /‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﻮ‪ .‬ﻭ�ﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪ ،‬ﻋﲆ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺇﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﴐﻳﺒﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﳛﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺣﺼﻠﻮﺍ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﴬﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺩﻓﻌﻮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻗﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﴬﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﴍﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﺭﺍﺗﺐ ﻭﺩﻓﻌﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﴬﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‬
‫)‪.(Australian Taxation Office) (ATO‬‬
‫«‪ÍbŽUI²�« —UšœÒ ô‬‬
‫ﺍﻻ ّﺩﺧﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍ ّﺩﺧﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﲈﻝ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﳞﻢ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻳﻜﻔﻴﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﺶ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﻋﲆ‬
‫ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣ� ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﺷﱰﺍﻙ ﰲ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺻﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺍﻻ ّﺩﺧﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻔﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺭﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﺷﱰﺍﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﺸﱰ ًﻛﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ُﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﺷﱰﺍﻙ ﺿﲈﻧﺔ ﺍﻻ ّﺩﺧﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻴﻬﻢ ﺇﱃ ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍ ّﺩﺧﺎﺭ ﺗﻘﺎﻋﺪﻱ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻋﻦ‬
‫َ‬
‫َ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ)‪.(Employer Superannuation Guarantee‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻ ّﺩﺧﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﴬﻳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﻟﴬﺍﺋﺐ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻒ‪:‬‬
‫‪132 861‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭ�‪www.ato.gov.au :‬‬
‫«‪ÊUJÝù‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻋﺎﺩ ًﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺗﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻔﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺘﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﰲ ﺳﻴﺪ� ﻭﺑﲑﺙ ﻭﻣﻠﺒﻮﺭﻥ ﻭﻛﻨﱪﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻘﻘًﺎ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ( ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ً‬
‫ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺯﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻘﻖ )ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ً‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺧﺺ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ ً‬
‫ﻭﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺌﺠﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﴍﺍﺀ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻘﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﻛﻴﻞ ﻋﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ ّ‬
‫ﴍﺍﺅﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺌﺠﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﴍﺓ ﺑ� ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓ�‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﻜﻤﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﺸﲑ ﳏﺎ ٍﻡ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫«(‪UO�«d²Ý√ w� gOF�« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪38‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌ َﻠﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺇﳚﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺇﻟﻜﱰﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻋﻦ‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻭﻛﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪ ًﻣﺎ‪ُ .‬ﻳﻌﺎﺩ ﺗﺄﻣ�‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺍﳌ ّﺘﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺌﺠﺎﺭ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺗﺄﻣ� ﺇﳚﺎﺭ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭه ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺇﳚﺎﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﳚﺎﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻹﳚﺎﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺄﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺮﻛﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺧﺼﻢ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺗﻠﺰﻡ ﻹﺻﻼﺣﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻔﻪ‪.‬‬
‫«�‪wŽUL²łô« ÊULC‬‬
‫‪ Centrelink‬ﻫﻲ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻘﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﺬﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻮﻗ�‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜ� ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﻳﻦ‪ّ ،‬‬
‫ﻟﻶﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻠﻜﺜﲑﻳﻦ ﻏﲑﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﺆﻫ ًﻼ ﳍﺎ ﻋﲆ ﻇﺮﻭﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻟﻺﻋﺎﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺃﺟﺮ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ‪ Centrelink‬ﺑﻮﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺑﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎ ﻟﻠﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻬﻮﻥ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ �ﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪﻫﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﲆ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ً‬
‫ﺩﻋﻤﺎ ً‬
‫ﻇﺮﻭﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ُﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻮﻥ ﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪ Centrelink‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺇﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻋﻮﺍ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻭ ﲢﺴ� ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﲥﻢ �‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻨﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺘﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ �ﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺄﺷﲑﺍﺕ ﳉﻮﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺄﺷﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ Centrelink‬ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﳎﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﳚﺐ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﻤ� ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻘﻴﻤﻮﺍ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﺪﺓ ﺳﻨﺘ�‬
‫�ﻮﺟﺐ ﺗﺄﺷﲑﺓ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﺍ�ﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺤﻮﺍ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ‪ .Centrelink‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻟﺪﳞﻢ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﳌﻄﻠﻮﺏ ﻭﻟﻈﺮﻭﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﻹﻋﺎﻟﺔ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﻮﻟﻴﻬﻢ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻔﱰﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﱰﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ ً‬
‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭﺩﻓﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮﺓ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋﻼﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑـ ‪ Centrelink‬ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﴎﻉ ﻣﺎ �ﻜﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻭﺻﻮﳍﻢ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻤﻜﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﻌﺜﻮﺭ ﻋﲆ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺜ ًﻼ‪.‬‬
‫‪∫‰UBðô« qO�UHð‬‬
‫‪Centrelink‬‬
‫‪13 2850‬‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﺍﻹﻧﱰﻧﺖ‬
‫‪www.centrelink.gov.au‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺘﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫‪13 6150‬‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﺍﻹﻧﱰﻧﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪www.familyassist.gov.au‬‬
‫ﻟﻐﺎﺕ ﻏﲑ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬
‫‪13 1202‬‬
‫«(‪UO�«d²Ý√ w� gOF�« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪39‬‬
‫‪WÐU³D�«Ë ¡UHA²Ýô« nO�UJð‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﻧﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻋﱪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ”ﻣﺪﻳﻜﲑ‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ“ )‪ .(Medicare Australia‬ﻛﲈ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺃﻏﻠﺐ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ �ﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻹﻋﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺪﻻﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪ .(Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme) (PBS‬ﻋﲆ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ ﺣﺪﻳ ًﺜﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺴﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺘﻬﻢ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﻜﲑ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻣﺪﻳﻜﲑ ﻣﻊ ﺟﻮﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺳﻔﺮﻫﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺳﻔﺮﻫﻢ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺗﺄﺷﲑﺍﲥﻢ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﺍﻓﺮ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﺪﻳﻜﲑ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭ� )ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺃﺩﻧﺎه( ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﱰﲨﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺣﺎﻣﲇ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺆﻫﻠ� ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻟﺪﻯ ﻣﺪﻳﻜﲑ‪ ،‬ﻏﲑ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺷﲑﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻮﺍ ﺑﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﺗﺄﺷﲑﺍﺕ ﺩﺍ�ﺔ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻮﻓﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﴬﻭﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪∫‰UBðô« qO�UHð‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻒ‪:‬‬
‫‪13 2011‬‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﺍﻹﻧﱰﻧﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪www.medicareaustralia.gov.au‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻣ� ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻐﻄﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻳﻜﲑ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ ﰲ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ً‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻨﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﴫﻳﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﺮﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺳﻌﺎﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻣ� ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪ ﺇﻟﻜﱰﻭ�‪:‬‬
‫‪[email protected]‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺇﻟﻜﱰﻭ�‪:‬‬
‫‪www.health.gov.au/internet/wcms/publishing.nsf/Content/private-1‬‬
‫‪W¹eOKJ½ù« WGK�« ”Ë—œ‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻌ ّﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻭﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ �ﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻓﺪ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻨﺠﺎﺡ‬
‫ﰲ ﳎﺘﻤﻌﻪ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﲢﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﲈﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﻐﺘﻚ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻮﻯ ”ﺍﻟﻌﻤﲇ“‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺆﻫ ًﻼ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﳎﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ �ﻮﺟﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺷﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫)‪.(Adult Migrant English Programme) (AMEP‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﻯ ﻭﺻﻮﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺼﻞ ﺑﺨﻂ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻫﻠﻴﺘﻚ ﻭﻋﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ‪ AMEP‬ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﺀ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﻣﺆﻫ ًﻼ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺴﺠﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﻨﺤﻚ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍ�ﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺻﻮﻟﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ‪.‬‬
‫«(‪UO�«d²Ý√ w� gOF�« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪∫‰UBðô« qO�UHð‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻒ‪:‬‬
‫‪131 881‬‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﺍﻹﻧﱰﻧﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪www.immi.gov.au/amep‬‬
‫‪WO�«d²Ý_« W�uJ(« UN�bIð W¹eOKJ½ù« WGK�« rOKF²� Èdš√ Z�«dÐ‬‬
‫ﲨﻴﻌﺎ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻮﱃ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﲥﺎ ً‬
‫)‪ .(Department of Education, Science and Training‬ﻫﺬه ﺍﻟﱪﺍﻣﺞ ﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﳌﻜﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ)‪ ،(Workplace English Language and Literacy programme) ) (WELL‬ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳊﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫)‪ ،(Language, Literacy and Numeracy Programme) (LLNP‬ﻭﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻛﻠﻐﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺍﻓﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﺩ ‪(English‬‬
‫)‪ as a second language – New Arrivals) (ESL-NA‬ﻟﻸﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﰲ ﺳﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫��‪WOD)«Ë WONHA�« WLłd²�« w� …bŽU‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﱰﲨﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻬﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﱰﲨﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻔﻬﻴﺔ )‪(Translating and Interpreting Service National‬‬
‫)‪ (TIS National‬ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺮﻗﻢ ‪) 131 450‬ﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﳌﺔ ﳏﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ(‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ‪ TIS National‬ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺷﻔﻬﻴﺔ ‪24‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺳﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﺮﲨﺎﺕ ﳐﺘﴫﺓ ﳎﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺛﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﻤﻘﻴﻤ� ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨ�‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﳌﺆﻫﻠ�‪.‬‬
‫�‪X½d²½ù« vKŽ U�uKF‬‬
‫• ‪www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/help-with-english/learn-english/client/translation_help.htm‬‬
‫«�‪rOKF²‬‬
‫�ﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻠﺘﺤﻖ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ًﺎ ﺑﺎﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﻣﺴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺳﻦ ‪ ،15‬ﺇ ّﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻷﻋﲈﺭ ﻗﺪ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﴚﺀ ﺑ� ﻭﻻﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﳌﺠﺎ� ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ )ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻌ� ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﳛﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺗﺄﺷﲑﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺆﻗﺘﺔ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ(‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻠﺘﺤﻖ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ �ﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺪﻳﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﺋﺲ ﻭﺍﳌﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇ ّﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻋﲆ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺩﻓﻊ ﺭﺳﻮﻡ ﳍﺬه ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﴍﺍﺋﺢ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ﻭﻋﲆ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﲥﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮﱃ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ‪ /‬ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ�ﻜﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ‪/‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﳌﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫«(‪UO�«d²Ý√ w� gOF�« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻧﻮﻋﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﳌﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﰲ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻬﲏ )‪ ،(VET‬ﻭﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬه ﻋﲆ ﴍﻭﻁ ﺗﺄﺷﲑﺓ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ‪.‬‬
‫‪41‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺗﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ) ُﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﳌﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺑﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﻮﺯ ﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﰲ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ )‪ (Higher Education Contributory Scheme) (HECS‬ﺃﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻗﺮﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱄ‬
‫)‪ ،(Higher Education Loan Programme) (HELP‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﻄﻼﺏ ﺍﳌﺆﻫﻠ� ﺍﳌﺴﺠﻠ� ﰲ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﺪﻋﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬
‫ﺟﺰﺀﺍ ﻣﻨﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ‪ .‬ﻳﻐﻄﻲ ﻗﺮﺽ ‪ HECS - HELP‬ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻣﺴﺎﳘﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺃﻭ ً‬
‫�‪∫X½d²½ù« vKŽ WO�U{≈ U�uKF‬‬
‫• ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺐ ‪www.dest.gov.au‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺎﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﺎﻣﻌﺔ ‪www.goingtouni.gov.au‬‬
‫—‪…œUOI�« hš‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻌﺘ� ﺑﺈﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺧﺺ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﺩ ًﺓ ﺍﳋﻀﻮﻉ ﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻓﺤﺺ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻤﲇ ﻭﻓﺤﺺ ﺑﴫ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻱ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺭﺧﺼﺔ ﺳﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﳊﺎﻣﲇ ﺗﺄﺷﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺍ�ﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺷﻬﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﲇ ﻭﺻﻮﳍﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﴩﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﳞﻢ‬
‫ُ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻌ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﳞﻢ ﺭﺧﺼﺔ‬
‫ﺭﺧﺼﺔ ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﻣﻊ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺔ(‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫﺬه ﺍﻟﻔﱰﺓ‪ّ ،‬‬
‫ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫√—�‪W�U¼ ‰UBð« ÂU‬‬
‫• ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺭﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲥﺪﺩ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ )ﺇﻃﻔﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﴍﻃﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺳﻌﺎﻑ( – ﻫﺎﺗﻒ‪000 :‬‬
‫• ﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﱰﲨﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻔﻬﻴﺔ )‪ – (TIS National‬ﻫﺎﺗﻒ‪131 450 :‬‬
‫• ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ – ﻫﺎﺗﻒ ‪131 881‬‬
‫• ﺑﻮﺍﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭ� ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ‪www.australia.gov.au‬‬
‫• ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭ� ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑـ ”ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ“ – ‪www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/index.htm‬‬
‫ﻛﺘﻴﺒﺎﺕ ”ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﺶ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ“ –‬
‫• ّ‬
‫‪www.immi.gov.au/living-in-australia/settle-in-australia/beginning-life/index.htm‬‬
‫«(‪UO�«d²Ý√ w� gOF�« ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫‪42‬‬
‫�‪UOÎ �«d²Ý√ UMÎ Þ«u� `³Bð nO‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﺠﻊ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺍﳌﻬﺎﺟﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻘﻮﺓ ﻋﲆ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻓﻮﺍ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻫﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻻﺀﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺰﺍﻣﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴ� ﺑﺄﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺷﻌﺒﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺭﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ُﻳﻈ ِﻬﺮﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻙ ﻷﻥ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻮﺍﻃ ًﻨﺎ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺍﳍﺠﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﲣﺎﺫ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﻃ ًﻨﺎ ﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻣﻊ ﺃﻥ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﻘﻴﻤﻮﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺩﺍ�ﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻌﻮﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺫﺍﲥﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﺎه‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻮ ّ‬
‫�ﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪ�ﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﱰﺷﻴﺢ ﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺻﺐ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﻓﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ �ﺜﻞ ﺻﻤﻴﻢ ﺃﻣﺘﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫«�‪WO�M'« «“UO²‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨ� ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺑﺎﻻﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫• ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﱰﺷﻴﺢ ﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﱪﳌﺎﻥ‬
‫• ﻃﻠﺐ ﺟﻮﺍﺯ ﺳﻔﺮ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﱄ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ‬
‫• ﺗﺴﺠﻴﻞ ﺃﻭﻻﺩﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﻟﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ ﻛﻤﻮﺍﻃﻨ� ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫• ﻃﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻤﺜﻠ� ﺍﻟﺪﺑﻠﻮﻣﺎﺳﻴ� ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻙ ﰲ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻇﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻗﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳋﺪﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫«*�‪ UO�ËR‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﻳﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻨﻮﻟﺚ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﻻﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﺠﺎﻟﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ*‬
‫• ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻫﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻒ ﺇﺫﺍ ُﺩﻋﻴﺖ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫*ﺗﺸﲑ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ ”ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﺘﺎﺀﺍﺕ“ ﺇﱃ ﻋﺮﺽ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﱰﺡ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺧﺒ� ﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺳﺘﻮﺭ‪.‬‬
‫«(‪UOÎ �«d²Ý√ UÎMÞ«u� `³Bð nO� ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
‫• ﺍﻟﺪﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻦ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﻋﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺟﺔ )ﻭﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﴩﻭﻁ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻃﻨ� ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺑﺎﳌﻮﻟﺪ(‪.‬‬
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‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﻤ� ﺍﻟﺪﺍ��‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻻﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻌﺪﺍ ًﺩﺍ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﲆ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺮﺷﺤ� ﻗﺮﺍﺀﺓ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ”ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻮﺍﻃ ًﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ“ )‪ ،(Becoming an Australian citizen‬ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻬﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭ� ّ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺒ� ﺃﺩﻧﺎه‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻰ ﺍﺟﺘﺎﺯﻭﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻭ�ﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻓﻘﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻃﻠﺒﺎﲥﻢ ﻻﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ‪ُ ،‬ﻳﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻬﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﰲ ﺍﺣﺘﻔﺎﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ﳌﻨﺢ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﺎﻋﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ*‪،‬‬
‫”ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﻥ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺃﺗﻌ ّﻬﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺷﻌﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺅﻣﻦ �ﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﲥﺎ ﺍﻟﺪ�ﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺣﱰﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﺎ ﻭﺣﺮﻳﺎﲥﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺄﺗﻘﻴﺪ ﺑﻘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻟﺘﺰﻡ ﲠﺎ‪“.‬‬
‫*‪‘From this time forward, under God,‬‬
‫‪I pledge my loyalty to Australia and its people‬‬
‫‪Whose democratic beliefs I share,‬‬
‫‪Whose rights and liberties I respect, and‬‬
‫‪Whose laws I will uphold and obey’.‬‬
‫‪*People may choose whether or not to use the words‬‬
‫‪‘under God’.‬‬
‫*ﻟﻠﻨﺎﺱ ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ”ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ“ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺎﻓﻈﻮﺍ ﻋﲆ ﺗﻘﺎﻟﻴﺪﻫﻢ ﻭﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﺍﲥﻢ‪ ،‬ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺑﻚ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻨﺎه ّ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻬﺪﻙ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻊ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴ� ﺍﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﻃﻦ ﻗﻮﻱ ّ‬
‫ﻭﻣﺘﻨﺎﻏﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺇﻏﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺎ ﺑﺜﻘﺎﻓﺘﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪.‬‬
‫�ﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺼﻮﻟﻚ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﱰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﱰﻭ� ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻨﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫�‪∫X½d²½ù« vKŽ WO�U{≈ U�uKF‬‬
‫• ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ‪ www.citizenship.gov.au‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳍﺎﺗﻒ ﺭﻗﻢ ‪.131 880‬‬
‫«(‪UOÎ �«d²Ý√ UÎMÞ«u� `³Bð nO� ¸ UO�«d²Ý√ w� …UO‬‬
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