1. No category

‫‪ ----‬ﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻓﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺩ ‪ ،19‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ‪ ،2‬ﺹ ‪---- 2008 ،220 - 205‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪K40‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺭﺸﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬
‫ﻫﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﺤﺴﻥ‬
‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﺨﻠﻑ ﻤﺤﻴﻤﻴﺩ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬
‫)ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻼﻡ ‪ ، 2005/4/7‬ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﻟﻘﺒﻭل ‪(2008/3/10‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺨﺹ‬
‫ﺤﺩﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺸـﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﺸـﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻜـل ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ‪ ,‬ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻜﺎﺸﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻤﺎﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻭﺓ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺒﻠﻭﺭﺘﻪ ‪ 76 cm3‬ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ‪ 2.2 keV‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺨـﻁ ﺍﻟﻜـﺎﻤﻲ ‪ 1332 keV‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻌـﺙ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻊ ﻜﻭﺒﻠﺕ ‪.Co60‬‬
‫ﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ ‪ 41‬ﻤﻭﻗﻌﹰﺎ ﻤﻭﺯﻋـﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤـﺎﻓﻅـﺔ ﻨﻴﻨـﻭﻯ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘـﺭﺍﻭﺤـﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻟﻠﺴـﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫‪ Cs137‬ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ‪ (15.89 – 70.97) Bq/kg‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ‪ (1.1 – 3.73) Bq/kg‬ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒـﺎﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ (0.63 – 2.1) Bq/kg‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴـﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻓﻘـﺩ ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤـﺕ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺠـﻪ ﺒـﻴﻥ ‪ (323.86 – 1025.0) Bq/kg‬ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭ ‪ (210.51 – 599.134) Bq/kg‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ (200.25 – 480.1) Bq/kg‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺩﻯ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻊ ﺒﺤﻭﺙ ﺍﺠﺭﻴﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‪ ,‬ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻓـﺎﺕ ﻗـﺩ ﻴﻌـﺯﻯ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫‪205‬‬
‫ﺭﺸﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‬
Determination of the Specific Activity of Cs137 and K40 in
Environmental Nineveh Governorate
Rasheed M. Yousuf
Department of Physics
College of Science
Mosul University
Hana' I. Hassan
Ahmad Kh. Emhemed
Department of Physics
College of Education
Mosul University
ABSTRACT
The background radioactivity of environmental Nineveh governorate was
determined by measuring the radioactivity for each one of cesium Cs137 and potassium
K40 in soil, plant and milk using highly parity germanium (HPGe) detector with crystal
volume (76 cc) and energy resolution (2.2 keV) at the gamma line (1332 keV) of Co60
radioactive calibration source.
The measurements and sampling procedure cover (41) positions from different parts
of Nineveh governorate, the results shows that Cs137 specific activity range is:
(15.89 – 70.97) Bq/kg in soil, (1.1 – 3.73) Bq/kg in plant and (o.63 – 2.1) Bq/kg in milk.
While the K40 specific activity range is: (323.86 – 1025.0) Bq/kg in soil,
(210.51 – 599.134) Bq/kg in plant and (200.25 – 480.1) Bq/kg in milk.
It is noted that the results in this work shows good agreement with other literatures
and the activity levels are within the reasonable values denoted by authorized agency, as
well as the fluctuations in results may be due to the geological and geographical
differences.
‫ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤـﺔ‬
‫ـﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟـﺩﺓ‬‫ ﻓﺘﺸـﻤل ﺍﻷﺸـﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻨﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻭﻴ‬،‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺇﻤـﺎ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ‬
‫ ﻭﺴﻠﺴـﻠﺔ‬،K40 ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻭﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻲ ﻜﺎﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ‬،‫ﻋﻥ ﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﺽ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‬
‫ ﺃﻭ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺸﺌﺔ ﻋﻥ‬،Ac235 ‫ ﻭﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺘﻴﻨﻴﻭﻡ‬،Th232 ‫ ﻭﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭ ﻴﻭﻡ‬،U238 ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻱ ﻭﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠـﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴـﺔ ﻓﻘـﺩ ﺘﺅﻟـﻑ ﻤﺼـﺩﺭﺍ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬
.(1999 ،‫ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﻬﺎﻥ ﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ )ﺍﻟﻭﻨﺩﺍﻭﻱ‬
‫ ﻟﻺﺸﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌـﺭﺽ‬،‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‬،‫ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ‬،‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ ﺃﻭ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﺴﺘﻨﺸﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻘﻠﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺭﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
‫ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻏﻴـﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭﺓ ﻻﺴـﺘﻼﻡ‬.‫ﺒﻭﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ ﺇﺫ ﻴﺅﺩﻱ ﺘﺴـﺎﻗﻁ ﺒﻌـﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﺌﺭ‬،‫ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻓﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬
‫ ﻜﻤـﺎ ﺘﻨﺘﻘـل‬،‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺨﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪.....K40‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻨﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻤﺘﺯﺍﺯ )‪(Adsorption‬ﻋـﻥ ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻴﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ )ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻴﻡ‪.(2001 ،‬‬
‫ﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ‪ K40‬ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴﺴﻬﻡ ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻷﻜﺒـﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﺸﺨﺎﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩ ﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﺘﻔﺠﻴﺭ ﻨﻭﻭﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺎﺩﺙ ﻨﻭﻭﻱ ﺘﺘﺤﺭﺭ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﺸﺭ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻱ ﻭﺘﺭﺴﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻭﻕ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺘﺩﻋﻰ ﺒـ "ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻗﻁﺎﺕ"‪ .‬ﺃﻫﻡ ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺞ ﺍﻻﻨﺸﻁﺎﺭ ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ﻨﻅﻴـﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺭﻭﻨﺸﻴﻭﻡ ‪ ،Sr90‬ﻭﻋﻤﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻲ ‪ 28.8‬ﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ ،Cs137‬ﻭﻋﻤﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻔﻲ ‪ 30‬ﺴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻤﺘﻠـﻙ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭﺍ ﻨﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻁﻭﻴﻠﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴـﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﺴﺘﺭﻭﻨﺸﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Sr90‬ﻴﻤﺎﺜل ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻅﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ‬
‫)‪ (1‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻴﻤﺎﺜل ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺫﺍﻥ ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻴﺎﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ )‪ (2‬ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻭﻱ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺃﻜﺒﺭ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ )‪.(Mollah et al., 1996‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺘﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻺﻨﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﻁﺭﺍﺌﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬
‫ﺘﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ ,‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ ،(1‬ﻤﻥ ﻜﺎﺸﻑ ﻨﻭﻭﻱ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺠﺭﻤﺎﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻭﺓ‬
‫)‪ (HPGe‬ﺤﺠﻡ ﺒﻠﻭﺭﺘﻪ )‪ (96‬ﺴﻡ‪ ،3‬ﻭﻟﻪ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺼل ﻁﺎﻗﻲ ﻗﺩﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (2.2keV‬ﻋﻨﺩ ﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ )‪(1332 keV‬‬
‫ﻷﺸﻌﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﻲ ﻨﻅﻴـﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺒﻠـﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸـﻊ )‪ ،(60Co‬ﻭﻴﻌﻤـل ﺒﻔﻭﻟﺘﻴـﺔ ﺘﺸـﻐﻴل‬
‫)‪ (+3000V‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻤل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻁﺌﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﻭﺠﺏ ﺘﺒﺭﻴﺩ ﺒﻠﻭﺭﺘـﻪ‬
‫ﺠﻴﺩﺍ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺌل‪ .‬ﺘﺤﻀﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﻜﺘﻠﺔ )‪ (0.5 kg‬ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻭﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺘـﺩﻋﻰ‬
‫)‪ (Marinelli Baker‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺜﺒﺕ ﺤﻭل ﺒﻠﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺸﻑ ﻭﺘﺤﺎﻁ ﺒﺩﺭﻉ ﺭﺼﺎﺼﻲ ﺴﻤﻜﻪ )‪ .(10 cm‬ﻴﺘﺼـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺸﻑ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺨﻡ ﺍﻷﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻲ ﻟﻺﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻴﺔ ﺜـﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻀـﺨﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴـﻲ ﺜـﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻷﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻴﺸﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻠل ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻁﻴﻑ ﺍﺸﻌﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻤـﺕ‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺸﻑ ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺸﻑ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺩﺭ)ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﺩﻱ‪.(2004 ،‬‬
‫‪Sample‬‬
‫‪Pb shield‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ :1‬ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻟﻤﻨﻅﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻜﺎﺸﻑ ﺍﻟﺠﺭﻤﺎﻨﻴﻭﻡ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻭﺓ ‪.HPGe‬‬
‫ﺭﺸﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺭﻤﻭﺯﻫﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ) ‪.( 1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ‪: 1‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻭ ﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻗﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺨﻭﺭﺴﻴﺒﺎﺩ‬
‫‪R31‬‬
‫‪31.‬‬
‫ﺒﺎﺩﻭﺵ‬
‫‪R32‬‬
‫‪ 32.‬ﺍﻟﺭﺸﻴﺩﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺸﺭﻴﺨﺎﻥ‬
‫‪R33‬‬
‫‪33.‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﻠﺴل‬
‫ﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺴﺩ‬
‫ﺘﺴﻠﺴل‬
‫ﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺴﻠﺴل‬
‫ﻤﻭﻗﻊ‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺴﻠﺴل‬
‫‪R21‬‬
‫‪ 21.‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫‪R11‬‬
‫‪ 11.‬ﺒﻌﻭﻴﺯﺓ‬
‫‪R1‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬
‫‪R22‬‬
‫‪ 22.‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪R12‬‬
‫‪ 12.‬ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺴﻴﻑ‬
‫‪R2‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫‪R23‬‬
‫‪ 23.‬ﺒﺭﻁﻠﺔ‬
‫‪R13‬‬
‫‪ 13.‬ﻋﻭﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬
‫‪R3‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬
‫ﺘل ﻜﻭﺠﻙ‬
‫‪R34‬‬
‫‪ 34.‬ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫‪R24‬‬
‫‪ 24.‬ﺴﻨﺠﺎﺭ‬
‫‪R14‬‬
‫‪ 14.‬ﺍﻟﺯﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫‪R4‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺤﻴﺔ‬
‫‪R35‬‬
‫‪ 35.‬ﺍﻟﺸﻼﻻﺕ‬
‫‪R25‬‬
‫‪ 25.‬ﺭﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫‪R15‬‬
‫‪ 15.‬ﻴﺎﺭﻤﺠﺔ‬
‫‪R5‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬
‫‪R36‬‬
‫‪ 36.‬ﺒﻌﺸﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫‪R26‬‬
‫‪ 26.‬ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺵ‬
‫‪R16‬‬
‫‪ 16.‬ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺭﻭﺩ‬
‫‪R6‬‬
‫‪6.‬‬
‫‪R27‬‬
‫‪ 27.‬ﺍﻟﺭﻤﻀﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪R17‬‬
‫‪ 17.‬ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪R7‬‬
‫‪7.‬‬
‫‪R18‬‬
‫‪ 18.‬ﻗﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺩ‬
‫‪R8‬‬
‫‪8.‬‬
‫‪ 19.‬ﻓﻠﻔﻴل‬
‫‪R9‬‬
‫‪9.‬‬
‫‪ 20‬ﺍﻟﻘﺒﺔ‬
‫‪R10‬‬
‫‪10.‬‬
‫ﺠﺴﺭ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺩﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺘﻠﻌﻔﺭ‬
‫‪R37‬‬
‫‪37.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‬
‫ﻤﻨﺸﺄﺓ‬
‫ﺠﺎﺒﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻥ‬
‫ﺴﻔﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺤﻤﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺩﻱ‬
‫‪R38‬‬
‫‪ 38.‬ﺩﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻲ‬
‫‪R28‬‬
‫‪28.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻴﺞ‬
‫‪R39‬‬
‫‪ 39.‬ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺭﺓ‬
‫‪R29‬‬
‫‪ 29.‬ﺒﺎﻋﺫﺭﺓ‬
‫‪R19‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫‪R41‬‬
‫‪ 40.‬ﺸﻴﺭﺴﻜﺔ‬
‫‪R30‬‬
‫‪ 30.‬ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺎﺝ‬
‫‪R20‬‬
‫ﺘﻠﻜﻴﻑ‬
‫‪R42‬‬
‫‪41.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴل‬
‫ﺠﻤﻌﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻜﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ )‪ .(IAEA‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﺨﺫﺕ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻘـل‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﻋﺸﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻘل ﻋﻥ ‪ 10 m2‬ﻭﻷﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﺭﻜﺎﻥ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻭﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻕ ﻴﺘـﺭﺍﻭﺡ‬
‫ﺒﻴﻥ ‪ ،(0-15)cm‬ﺜﻡ ﺨﻠﻁﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻭﺠﻔﻔﺕ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹰﺎ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺸﻤﺱ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ ﺘﺼل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺭﺒﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻴﺎﻡ‪،‬‬
‫ﺜﻡ ﺍﺯﻴﻠﺕ ﺍﻷﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﺌﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻁﺤﻨﺕ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺜﻡ ﻨﺨﻠﺕ ﺒﻤﻨﺨل ﻗﻁﺭ ﻓﺘﺤﺎﺘﻪ )‪.(2mm‬‬
‫ﺍﺨﺫﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﻗﻁﻌﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻲ ‪ 20mm‬ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺎﺌﺵ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺸـﻴﺔ )ﻤﻜـﻭﺍﺭ‪(2002 ،‬‬
‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﻴﻠﺕ ﺍﻻﺠﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻘﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﻁﺤﻨﺕ ﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﻨﻌﻤﺕ ﻭﻨﺨﻠـﺕ‪ .‬ﻜـﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﺨـﺫﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺨﺫﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪.....K40‬‬
‫ﺍﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺴﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻜل ﻋﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﺘﻠﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (0.5 kg‬ﻓﻲ ﻜﻴﺱ ﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻤﻊ ﺘﺎﺸﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻤﺭﻨﻴﻠﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻭﻋﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺴﺘﻴﻙ ﻴﺤﺘﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻩ ﺘﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻠـﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺸـﻑ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺤﻴﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ )‪ ،(Eiscmbut, 1977‬ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺸـﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﺸـﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﺩﺓ )‪ (10000 sec‬ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﻟﻤﺩﺓ )‪ (18000 sec‬ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴـﻴﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺜـﻡ ﺘﺤﺴـﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻁﻴﻑ ﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﺎ ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺘﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻁﺭﺡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪I × ε ×W‬‬
‫)‪------------------------ (1‬‬
‫ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪As‬‬
‫‪ = N‬ﺼﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻑ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = I‬ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﺸﻌﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = ε‬ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺸﻑ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﺸﻌﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = W‬ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ = t‬ﺯﻤﻥ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻑ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (2‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﺸﻌﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﺎ )‪ (Iγ‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺸﻑ )‪ (ε γ‬ﻋﻨـﺩ ﻜـل‬
‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻜﺎﻤﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :2‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪εγ‬‬
‫)‪(%‬‬
‫‪0.9‬‬
‫‪0.23‬‬
‫‪Iγ‬‬
‫)‪(%‬‬
‫‪84.6‬‬
‫‪17.9‬‬
‫‪Eγ‬‬
‫)‪(keV‬‬
‫‪661.6‬‬
‫‪1460‬‬
‫‪T 1/2‬‬
‫)‪(y‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫‪1.3x 109‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻴﺭ‬
‫‪137‬‬
‫‪Cs‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪K‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻓﻲ )ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ(‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﺨﺫﺕ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤﺕ ‪ (0-15) cm‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺸﺎﺭ ﻟﻪ ﻋـﺩﺩ ﻤـﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺤﺠﺯ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘـﺭﺏ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘـﻭﻯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ)‪ .(Vanden, 2001 ; La Brceque et al., 2001‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (3‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺸﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :3‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻤﻨﺘﺨﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫⎞‪⎛ N‬‬
‫⎜‬
‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜ N ⎟ As‬‬
‫⎝‬
‫⎠‬
‫)‪(Bq/kg‬‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫‪± N‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫⎞‪⎛ N‬‬
‫⎜‬
‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜ N ⎟ As‬‬
‫⎝‬
‫⎠‬
‫)‪(Bq/kg‬‬
‫‪± N‬‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫‪0.91‬‬
‫‪31.91‬‬
‫‪34.86‬‬
‫‪22. R22 1215‬‬
‫‪1.04‬‬
‫‪41.50‬‬
‫‪39.75‬‬
‫‪1580‬‬
‫‪R1‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬
‫‪0.79‬‬
‫‪24.17‬‬
‫‪30.33‬‬
‫‪1.03‬‬
‫‪40.71‬‬
‫‪39.37‬‬
‫‪23. R23 920‬‬
‫‪24. R24 1550‬‬
‫‪0.73‬‬
‫‪20.49‬‬
‫‪27.93‬‬
‫‪780‬‬
‫‪R2‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫‪0.91‬‬
‫‪31.84‬‬
‫‪34.81‬‬
‫‪1212‬‬
‫‪R3‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬
‫‪0.86‬‬
‫‪28.11‬‬
‫‪32.71‬‬
‫‪1.03‬‬
‫‪40.45‬‬
‫‪39.24‬‬
‫‪25. R25 1070‬‬
‫‪26. R26 1540‬‬
‫‪0.96‬‬
‫‪35.19‬‬
‫‪36.61‬‬
‫‪1340‬‬
‫‪R4‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬
‫‪0.88‬‬
‫‪29.26‬‬
‫‪33.37‬‬
‫‪1114‬‬
‫‪R5‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬
‫‪1.15‬‬
‫‪50.43‬‬
‫‪43.82‬‬
‫‪1.11‬‬
‫‪47.28‬‬
‫‪42.42‬‬
‫‪27. R27 1920‬‬
‫‪28. R28 1800‬‬
‫‪0.83‬‬
‫‪26.14‬‬
‫‪31.54‬‬
‫‪995‬‬
‫‪R6‬‬
‫‪6.‬‬
‫‪0.87‬‬
‫‪29.03‬‬
‫‪33.24‬‬
‫‪1105‬‬
‫‪R7‬‬
‫‪7.‬‬
‫‪0.89‬‬
‫‪30.21‬‬
‫‪33.91‬‬
‫‪1.02‬‬
‫‪39.66‬‬
‫‪38.86‬‬
‫‪29. R29 1150‬‬
‫‪30. R30 1510‬‬
‫‪0.65‬‬
‫‪15.89‬‬
‫‪24.59‬‬
‫‪605‬‬
‫‪R8‬‬
‫‪8.‬‬
‫‪0.83‬‬
‫‪26.34‬‬
‫‪31.67‬‬
‫‪1003‬‬
‫‪R9‬‬
‫‪9.‬‬
‫‪1.09‬‬
‫‪44.97‬‬
‫‪41.38‬‬
‫‪0.98‬‬
‫‪36.77‬‬
‫‪37.42‬‬
‫‪31. R31 1712‬‬
‫‪32. R32 1400‬‬
‫‪0.87‬‬
‫‪28.63‬‬
‫‪33.01‬‬
‫‪1.20‬‬
‫‪56.21‬‬
‫‪46.29‬‬
‫‪10. R10 1090‬‬
‫‪11. R11 2140‬‬
‫‪0.80‬‬
‫‪24.29‬‬
‫‪30.41‬‬
‫‪1.02‬‬
‫‪39.40‬‬
‫‪38.73‬‬
‫‪33. R33 925‬‬
‫‪34. R34 1500‬‬
‫‪1.30‬‬
‫‪66.72‬‬
‫‪50.39‬‬
‫‪1.36‬‬
‫‪70.97‬‬
‫‪51.99‬‬
‫‪12. R12 2540‬‬
‫‪13. R13 2702‬‬
‫‪0.68‬‬
‫‪17.47‬‬
‫‪25.79‬‬
‫‪665‬‬
‫‪0.82‬‬
‫‪25.40‬‬
‫‪31.42‬‬
‫‪987‬‬
‫‪35. R35‬‬
‫‪36. R36‬‬
‫‪1.08‬‬
‫‪44.65‬‬
‫‪41.23‬‬
‫‪1.03‬‬
‫‪40.71‬‬
‫‪39.37‬‬
‫‪14. R14 1700‬‬
‫‪15. R15 1550‬‬
‫‪1.04‬‬
‫‪41.24‬‬
‫‪39.62‬‬
‫‪0.82‬‬
‫‪25.61‬‬
‫‪31.22‬‬
‫‪37. R37 1570‬‬
‫‪38. R38 975‬‬
‫‪0.95‬‬
‫‪34.65‬‬
‫‪36.32‬‬
‫‪0.83‬‬
‫‪26.39‬‬
‫‪31.7‬‬
‫‪16. R16 1319‬‬
‫‪17. R17 1005‬‬
‫‪0.96‬‬
‫‪35.47‬‬
‫‪36.74‬‬
‫‪0.76‬‬
‫‪22.33‬‬
‫‪29.15‬‬
‫‪39. R39 1350‬‬
‫‪40. R40 850‬‬
‫‪0.73‬‬
‫‪20.49‬‬
‫‪27.93‬‬
‫‪0.94‬‬
‫‪34.15‬‬
‫‪36.05‬‬
‫‪18. R18 780‬‬
‫‪19. R19 1300‬‬
‫‪1.20‬‬
‫‪55.16‬‬
‫‪45.22‬‬
‫‪41. R41 2100‬‬
‫‪1.16‬‬
‫‪51.22‬‬
‫‪44.16‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪0.68‬‬
‫‪17.86‬‬
‫‪26.08‬‬
‫‪R20 1950‬‬
‫‪21. R21 680‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻋﻠـﻰ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ‪ 70.97Bq/kg‬ﺴـﺠﻠﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ‪) R13‬ﺒﺭﻁﻠﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻗل ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ‪ 15.89 Bq/kg‬ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗـﻊ ‪) R8‬ﻗﺭﻴـﺔ ﻗﺒـﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒـﺩ(‪ .‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻌـﺩل ﺍﻟﻘـﻴﻡ ﻟﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗـﻊ ‪ .35.35 Bq/kg‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺘﻌـﺎﺩل ‪ 3.5‬ﻤـﺭﺓ ﺍﻜﺒـﺭ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴـﺔ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘـ‬
‫ـﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴـ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺸـ‬
‫ـﻊ‬
‫ـﺎﻡ ‪ .(Al-mozouri, 2000) 1986‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗـ‬
‫ـل ﻋـ‬
‫ـﺩﺭﺓ ‪ 10 Bq/kg‬ﻗﺒـ‬
‫)‪(R1, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R20, R24, R26, R27, R28, R31, R32, R34, R37, R41,‬‬
‫ﺘﺒﺩﻭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ .Cs137‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻀـﻤﻥ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪.....K40‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﺍﻻﻤﻁـﺎﺭ ﻭﻜـﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺤﻘـﻭل ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺘﻘﻊ ﻤﻌﻅﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠـﺯﺀ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺸـﺭﻗﻲ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅـﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻤـﺎ ﺍﻻﺠـﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻭﺴـﻁﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻨﻭﺒﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﺩﻭ ﺍﻗل ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻗل ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻋـﺎ ﻭﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺘﺴـﺎﻗﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﻁـﺭ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﻗـل‪،‬‬
‫ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨـﺎﻁﻕ ) ‪،(R2, R5, R6, R8, R17, R18, R21, R23, R25, R35, R36, R38, R40‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (2‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﺠﺎﺀ ﺒـﻪ ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺤﺜﻭﻥ ﻭﻴﺘﻀـﺢ ﺍﻥ ﻤﻌـﺩل ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻗﺭﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪(Mollah et al., 1996; Nurul et al., 1990; ،‬‬
‫‪Rosen, 1991; Hamid et al., 2002; Forsberg et al., 2000; Nasim, 2003 ).‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﻴﺰﻳﻮم‪Cs-137‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮى‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮاق‬
‫ﺑﺎآﺴﺘﺎن‬
‫ﺗﺎﻳﻮان‬
‫اﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬
‫دﻟﺘﺎ اﻟﻨﻴﻞ‬
‫آﻮرﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪Bq/Kg‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪35‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫‪25‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫‪10‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ :2‬ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪.Cs137‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺨﺫﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺠﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻬﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺱ ‪ ،‬ﺘﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻑ ﻭﺘﻌﻴـﻴﻥ‬
‫ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ ،Cs137‬ﻭﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺴـﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪.Cs137‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (4‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺴﺠﻠﺕ ﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ‪) R40‬ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ( ‪ 3.73Bq/kg‬ﻭﺍﻗل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ 1.1Bq/kg‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ‪) R8‬ﻗﺭﻴﺔ ﻗﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺩ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ .2.16 Bq.kg-1‬ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 16‬ﻤﺭﺓ ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺸﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :4‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻤﻨﺘﺨﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫⎞‪⎛ N‬‬
‫⎜‬
‫⎟‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ ﺕ ‪⎜ N ⎟ As‬‬
‫⎝‬
‫⎠‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫⎞‪⎛ N‬‬
‫⎜‬
‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜ N ⎟ As‬‬
‫⎝‬
‫⎠‬
‫)‪(Bq/kg‬‬
‫‪0.21‬‬
‫‪1.79‬‬
‫‪8.24‬‬
‫‪0.17‬‬
‫‪1.18‬‬
‫‪6.70‬‬
‫‪45‬‬
‫‪0.25‬‬
‫‪2.31‬‬
‫‪9.38‬‬
‫‪88‬‬
‫‪R24‬‬
‫‪0.23‬‬
‫‪2.07‬‬
‫‪8.89‬‬
‫‪79‬‬
‫‪R25‬‬
‫‪0.22 25.‬‬
‫‪0.27‬‬
‫‪2.94‬‬
‫‪11.2‬‬
‫‪0.29‬‬
‫‪3.28‬‬
‫‪10.6‬‬
‫‪R26 112‬‬
‫‪R27 125‬‬
‫‪0.20 26.‬‬
‫‪1.55‬‬
‫‪0.24 27.‬‬
‫‪2.13‬‬
‫‪9.00‬‬
‫‪0.22‬‬
‫‪1.97‬‬
‫‪8.66‬‬
‫‪75‬‬
‫‪R28‬‬
‫‪0.22 28.‬‬
‫‪1.89‬‬
‫‪8.48‬‬
‫‪72‬‬
‫‪0.21‬‬
‫‪1.73‬‬
‫‪8.12‬‬
‫‪66‬‬
‫‪R29‬‬
‫‪0.17 29.‬‬
‫‪1.10‬‬
‫‪6.48‬‬
‫‪42‬‬
‫‪R8‬‬
‫‪0.23‬‬
‫‪2.05‬‬
‫‪8.83‬‬
‫‪78‬‬
‫‪R30‬‬
‫‪0.21 30.‬‬
‫‪1.80‬‬
‫‪8.30‬‬
‫‪69‬‬
‫‪R9‬‬
‫‪9.‬‬
‫‪0.24‬‬
‫‪2.28‬‬
‫‪9.33‬‬
‫‪87‬‬
‫‪R31‬‬
‫‪0.23 31.‬‬
‫‪2.10‬‬
‫‪8.94‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫‪R10‬‬
‫‪10.‬‬
‫‪0.20‬‬
‫‪1.68‬‬
‫‪8.00‬‬
‫‪64‬‬
‫‪R32‬‬
‫‪0.26 32.‬‬
‫‪2.60‬‬
‫‪9.95‬‬
‫‪99‬‬
‫‪R11‬‬
‫‪11.‬‬
‫‪0.23‬‬
‫‪2.12‬‬
‫‪9.00‬‬
‫‪81‬‬
‫‪R33‬‬
‫‪0.27 33.‬‬
‫‪2.86‬‬
‫‪10.4‬‬
‫‪109‬‬
‫‪R12‬‬
‫‪12.‬‬
‫‪0.17‬‬
‫‪1.10‬‬
‫‪6.48‬‬
‫‪42‬‬
‫‪R34‬‬
‫‪0.26 34.‬‬
‫‪2.78‬‬
‫‪10.3‬‬
‫‪106‬‬
‫‪R13‬‬
‫‪13.‬‬
‫‪0.24‬‬
‫‪2.31‬‬
‫‪9.38‬‬
‫‪88‬‬
‫‪R35‬‬
‫‪0.27 35.‬‬
‫‪2.89‬‬
‫‪10.5‬‬
‫‪110‬‬
‫‪R14‬‬
‫‪14.‬‬
‫‪0.28‬‬
‫‪3.07‬‬
‫‪10.8‬‬
‫‪0.26‬‬
‫‪2.75‬‬
‫‪10.3‬‬
‫‪R36 117‬‬
‫‪R37 105‬‬
‫‪0.29 36.‬‬
‫‪3.41‬‬
‫‪11.4‬‬
‫‪130‬‬
‫‪R15‬‬
‫‪15.‬‬
‫‪0.20 37.‬‬
‫‪1.58‬‬
‫‪7.74‬‬
‫‪60‬‬
‫‪R16‬‬
‫‪16.‬‬
‫‪0.18‬‬
‫‪1.36‬‬
‫‪7.21‬‬
‫‪52‬‬
‫‪R38‬‬
‫‪0.23 38.‬‬
‫‪2.10‬‬
‫‪8.94‬‬
‫‪80‬‬
‫‪R17‬‬
‫‪17.‬‬
‫‪0.18‬‬
‫‪1.23‬‬
‫‪6.85‬‬
‫‪47‬‬
‫‪R39‬‬
‫‪0.23 39.‬‬
‫‪2.05‬‬
‫‪8.83‬‬
‫‪78‬‬
‫‪R18‬‬
‫‪18.‬‬
‫‪0.30‬‬
‫‪3.73‬‬
‫‪11.9‬‬
‫‪0.31‬‬
‫‪3.55‬‬
‫‪11.6‬‬
‫‪R40 142‬‬
‫‪R41 135‬‬
‫‪0.19 40.‬‬
‫‪1.52‬‬
‫‪7.61‬‬
‫‪58‬‬
‫‪R19‬‬
‫‪19.‬‬
‫‪0.24 41.‬‬
‫‪2.21‬‬
‫‪9.16‬‬
‫‪84‬‬
‫‪R20‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪R21‬‬
‫‪21.‬‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫‪± N‬‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫‪± N‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ ﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫‪68‬‬
‫‪R22‬‬
‫‪0.26 22.‬‬
‫‪2.52‬‬
‫‪9.79‬‬
‫‪96‬‬
‫‪R1‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬
‫‪R23‬‬
‫‪0.19 23.‬‬
‫‪1.49‬‬
‫‪7.55‬‬
‫‪57‬‬
‫‪R2‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫‪0.24 24.‬‬
‫‪2.26‬‬
‫‪9.27‬‬
‫‪86‬‬
‫‪R3‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬
‫‪1.99‬‬
‫‪8.72‬‬
‫‪76‬‬
‫‪R4‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬
‫‪7.68‬‬
‫‪59‬‬
‫‪R5‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬
‫‪81‬‬
‫‪R6‬‬
‫‪6.‬‬
‫‪R7‬‬
‫‪7.‬‬
‫‪8.‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫‪0.23‬‬
‫)‪(Bq/kg‬‬
‫‪2.02‬‬
‫‪8.77‬‬
‫‪77‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ‪:‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻟﺒﺎﻥ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺤﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺘـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴـﻁﺤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺸﺎﺌﺵ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻐﺫﻯ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺘﻠـﻭﺙ ﺍﻷﻟﺒـﺎﻥ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺜﺒﺕ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺤﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻴـﻭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﻨﻘـل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ )ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل‪ .(1994 ،‬ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (5‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪.....K40‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ ﺍﻨﻪ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻥ ﻨﺴﺒﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒـﺎﺕ ﺇﺫ‬
‫ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ‪) R12‬ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ( ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ‪) R40‬ﺍﻟﺴـﻼﻤﻴﺔ( ﺇﺫ ﺒﻠﻐـﺕ‬
‫‪ 2.1 Bq/kg‬ﻭﺍﻗل ﻗﻴﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ‪) R2‬ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺴـﻴﻑ( ‪ ،0.63 Bq/kg‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻤﻌـﺩل ﺍﻟﻘـﻴﻡ ﻟﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨـﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ،1.22 Bq/kg‬ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻗـل ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 2‬ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ‪) :‬ﻋﺒـﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴـﻭل‪ 0.49 Bq/kg (1994 ،‬ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺼـﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜـﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫)ﺸﻨﺒﺭ‪ (1999 ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ‪. 0.14 Bq/kg‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺴـﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ـﻊ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗــ‬
‫ـﺎ ﻓــ‬
‫ـﺏ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤــ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴــ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒــ‬
‫ـﺒﻴﺎ ﻓــ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻨﺴــ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌــ‬
‫ـﻙ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴــ‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻟــ‬
‫)‪ ،(R1, R11, R12, R13, R14, R15, R20, R27, R41‬ﻭﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬
‫ـﻊ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗـ‬
‫ـﺎ ﻓـ‬
‫ـﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻓـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀـ‬
‫ـﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻴﻘﺎﺒﻠﻬـ‬
‫ـﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒـ‬
‫ـﺭﻯ ﻤـ‬
‫ـﻊ ﺃﺨـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﻤﻭﺍﻗـ‬
‫ﻓـ‬
‫)‪ (R1, R2, R7, R9, R23, R28, R38‬ﻭﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ )‪ ،(R16, R18, R21, R35, R36, R40‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻟﻭﺤﻅ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﻨﺴﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﺫ ﺘﻌﻤل ﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ﻤﺼﻴﺩﺓ ﻟﻠـﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ﺴﻨﺎﺒل ﺍﻟﺤﻨﻁﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻌﻴﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺯﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺼل ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻻﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺠـﺫﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺩﺨل ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻨﺴﺠﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺼﻁﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻗﻁﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻗﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻤﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﺨﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻕ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺒﺭﻭﺘـﻭﺒﻼﺯﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﻭﻋﻤﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﻨﻭﻋﻬﺎ )ﺸﺭﺒﺎﺵ ﻭﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ‪.(1996 ،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻓﻲ )ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ(‪:‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫـﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼـﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺸـﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﻀـﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻠﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴـﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫ـﺎﺌﺭ ﺜـ‬
‫ـﻲ ﻨﻅـ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌـ‬
‫ـﻑ )‪(1.3x109 y‬‬
‫ـﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺼـ‬
‫ـﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـ‬
‫ـﻼﺙ )‪ ،(K39, K40, K41‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴـ‬
‫ﻴﺒﻌﺙ ﺃﺸـﻌﺔ ﻜﺎﻤـﺎ ﻭﺠﺴـﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﺘـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﻓﺭﺘـﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌـﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴـﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻠـﻲ ‪0.01178%‬‬
‫)‪ .(Rosen, 1991; Hamad, 1999; Phil Ruther ford, 2002‬ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻭﻻ ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﺴﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺘﻴﻥ ‪ U238‬ﻭ‪ ،Th232‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻪ ﺘﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻥ ﻜﻭﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﻪ ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎ ﺒﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺴـﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ‬
‫‪ Cs137‬ﻭﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﻪ ﻤﻌﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﺤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺼﻭﻻ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺸﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :5‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻤﻨﺘﺨﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫⎞‪⎛ N‬‬
‫⎜‬
‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜ N ⎟ As‬‬
‫⎝‬
‫⎠‬
‫)‪(Bq/kg‬‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫‪± N‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫⎞‪⎛ N‬‬
‫⎜‬
‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜ N ⎟ As‬‬
‫⎝‬
‫⎠‬
‫)‪(Bq/kg‬‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫‪± N‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫‪0.16‬‬
‫‪0.92‬‬
‫‪5.92‬‬
‫‪22. R22 35‬‬
‫‪0.14‬‬
‫‪0.79‬‬
‫‪5.48‬‬
‫‪30‬‬
‫‪R1‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬
‫‪0.14‬‬
‫‪0.76‬‬
‫‪5.38‬‬
‫‪0.19‬‬
‫‪1.42‬‬
‫‪7.35‬‬
‫‪23. R23 29‬‬
‫‪24. R24 54‬‬
‫‪0.13‬‬
‫‪0.63‬‬
‫‪4.89‬‬
‫‪24‬‬
‫‪R2‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫‪0.17‬‬
‫‪1.18‬‬
‫‪6.71‬‬
‫‪45‬‬
‫‪R3‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬
‫‪0.16‬‬
‫‪1.02‬‬
‫‪6.24‬‬
‫‪0.22‬‬
‫‪1.92‬‬
‫‪8.54‬‬
‫‪25. R25 39‬‬
‫‪26. R26 73‬‬
‫‪0.16‬‬
‫‪1.02‬‬
‫‪6.24‬‬
‫‪39‬‬
‫‪R4‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬
‫‪0.15‬‬
‫‪0.87‬‬
‫‪5.74‬‬
‫‪33‬‬
‫‪R5‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬
‫‪0.21‬‬
‫‪1.71‬‬
‫‪8.06‬‬
‫‪0.17‬‬
‫‪1.10‬‬
‫‪6.48‬‬
‫‪27. R27 65‬‬
‫‪28. R28 42‬‬
‫‪0.19‬‬
‫‪1.36‬‬
‫‪7.21‬‬
‫‪52‬‬
‫‪R6‬‬
‫‪6.‬‬
‫‪0.17‬‬
‫‪1.10‬‬
‫‪6.48‬‬
‫‪42‬‬
‫‪R7‬‬
‫‪7.‬‬
‫‪0.13‬‬
‫‪0.73‬‬
‫‪5.29‬‬
‫‪0.14‬‬
‫‪0.84‬‬
‫‪5.66‬‬
‫‪29. R29 28‬‬
‫‪30. R30 32‬‬
‫‪0.15‬‬
‫‪0.92‬‬
‫‪5.92‬‬
‫‪35‬‬
‫‪R8‬‬
‫‪8.‬‬
‫‪0.16‬‬
‫‪1.00‬‬
‫‪6.16‬‬
‫‪38‬‬
‫‪R9‬‬
‫‪9.‬‬
‫‪0.17‬‬
‫‪1.18‬‬
‫‪6.71‬‬
‫‪0.16‬‬
‫‪1.02‬‬
‫‪6.24‬‬
‫‪31. R31 45‬‬
‫‪32. R32 39‬‬
‫‪0.17‬‬
‫‪1.15‬‬
‫‪6.63‬‬
‫‪0.21‬‬
‫‪1.71‬‬
‫‪8.06‬‬
‫‪10. R10 44‬‬
‫‪11. R11 65‬‬
‫‪0.16‬‬
‫‪1.05‬‬
‫‪6.32‬‬
‫‪0.14‬‬
‫‪0.76‬‬
‫‪5.38‬‬
‫‪33. R33 40‬‬
‫‪34. R34 29‬‬
‫‪0.23‬‬
‫‪2.10‬‬
‫‪8.94‬‬
‫‪0.20‬‬
‫‪1.59‬‬
‫‪7.81‬‬
‫‪12. R12 80‬‬
‫‪13. R13 61‬‬
‫‪0.18‬‬
‫‪1.31‬‬
‫‪7.07‬‬
‫‪0.21‬‬
‫‪1.76‬‬
‫‪8.18‬‬
‫‪35. R35 50‬‬
‫‪36. R36 67‬‬
‫‪0.22‬‬
‫‪1.89‬‬
‫‪8.48‬‬
‫‪0.21‬‬
‫‪1.81‬‬
‫‪8.31‬‬
‫‪14. R14 72‬‬
‫‪15. R15 69‬‬
‫‪0.20‬‬
‫‪1.63‬‬
‫‪7.87‬‬
‫‪0.14‬‬
‫‪0.79‬‬
‫‪5.48‬‬
‫‪37. R37 62‬‬
‫‪38. R38 30‬‬
‫‪0.15‬‬
‫‪0.84‬‬
‫‪5.65‬‬
‫‪0.18‬‬
‫‪1.31‬‬
‫‪7.07‬‬
‫‪16. R16 32‬‬
‫‪17. R17 50‬‬
‫‪0.13‬‬
‫‪0.73‬‬
‫‪5.29‬‬
‫‪0.23‬‬
‫‪2.10‬‬
‫‪8.94‬‬
‫‪39. R39 28‬‬
‫‪40. R40 80‬‬
‫‪0.17‬‬
‫‪1.10‬‬
‫‪6.48‬‬
‫‪0.15‬‬
‫‪0.89‬‬
‫‪5.83‬‬
‫‪18. R18 42‬‬
‫‪19. R19 34‬‬
‫‪0.23‬‬
‫‪2.07‬‬
‫‪8.89‬‬
‫‪41. R41 79‬‬
‫‪0.18‬‬
‫‪1.29‬‬
‫‪7.00‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪0.18‬‬
‫‪1.37‬‬
‫‪7.21‬‬
‫‪R20 49‬‬
‫‪21. R21 52‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻬﻴﺌﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻴﻨـﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ ﻤﻭﻗـﻊ ﺍﻟـﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻌﺎﻴﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠل ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﻘﺎﺒـل ﺍﻟـﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﻁﺎﻗـﺔ ﻤﻘـﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ ،1460 keV‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﺠﺩﺍ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺘﻤﻴﻴﺯ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺘﻡ ﺤﺴـﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺴـﺎﺤﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪.....K40‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺜﻡ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ )‪ ( Iγ=0.179 %‬ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺍﺩ‬
‫) ‪ ،( ε = 0.23 %‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل )‪ (6‬ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :6‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻤﻨﺘﺨﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫⎞‪⎛ N‬‬
‫⎜‬
‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜ N ⎟ As‬‬
‫⎝‬
‫⎠‬
‫)‪(Bq/kg‬‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫‪± N‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫⎞‪⎛ N‬‬
‫⎜‬
‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜ N ⎟ As‬‬
‫⎝‬
‫⎠‬
‫)‪(Bq/kg‬‬
‫‪± N‬‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫‪13.0‬‬
‫‪628.8‬‬
‫‪48.3‬‬
‫‪22. R22 2330‬‬
‫‪13.0‬‬
‫‪627.5‬‬
‫‪48.2‬‬
‫‪2325‬‬
‫‪R1‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬
‫‪9.99‬‬
‫‪369.7‬‬
‫‪37.0‬‬
‫‪23. R23 1370‬‬
‫‪14.5‬‬
‫‪779.9‬‬
‫‪53.8‬‬
‫‪2890‬‬
‫‪R2‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫‪14.2‬‬
‫‪744.8‬‬
‫‪52.5‬‬
‫‪24. R24 2760‬‬
‫‪13.4‬‬
‫‪659.3‬‬
‫‪49.4‬‬
‫‪2443‬‬
‫‪R3‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬
‫‪12.0‬‬
‫‪534.3‬‬
‫‪44.5‬‬
‫‪25. R25 1980‬‬
‫‪12.7‬‬
‫‪600.2‬‬
‫‪47.2‬‬
‫‪2224‬‬
‫‪R4‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬
‫‪14.6‬‬
‫‪793.4‬‬
‫‪54.2‬‬
‫‪26. R26 2940‬‬
‫‪14.3‬‬
‫‪763.2‬‬
‫‪53.2‬‬
‫‪2828‬‬
‫‪R5‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬
‫‪15.7‬‬
‫‪909.5‬‬
‫‪58.0‬‬
‫‪27. R27 3370‬‬
‫‪10.2‬‬
‫‪383.0‬‬
‫‪37.7‬‬
‫‪1419‬‬
‫‪R6‬‬
‫‪6.‬‬
‫‪16.1‬‬
‫‪955.3‬‬
‫‪59.5‬‬
‫‪28. R28 3540‬‬
‫‪14.8‬‬
‫‪809.1‬‬
‫‪54.8‬‬
‫‪2998‬‬
‫‪R7‬‬
‫‪7.‬‬
‫‪11.3‬‬
‫‪469.8‬‬
‫‪41.7‬‬
‫‪29. R29 1741‬‬
‫‪12.7‬‬
‫‪594.8‬‬
‫‪46.9‬‬
‫‪2204‬‬
‫‪R8‬‬
‫‪8.‬‬
‫‪14.2‬‬
‫‪742.1‬‬
‫‪52.4‬‬
‫‪30. R30 2750‬‬
‫‪12.2‬‬
‫‪554.3‬‬
‫‪45.3‬‬
‫‪2054‬‬
‫‪R9‬‬
‫‪9.‬‬
‫‪15.2‬‬
‫‪855.5‬‬
‫‪56.3‬‬
‫‪31. R31 3170‬‬
‫‪9.95‬‬
‫‪366.7‬‬
‫‪36.9‬‬
‫‪10. R10 1359‬‬
‫‪10.6‬‬
‫‪415.6‬‬
‫‪39.2‬‬
‫‪32. R32 1540‬‬
‫‪15.6‬‬
‫‪898.7‬‬
‫‪57.7‬‬
‫‪11. R11 3330‬‬
‫‪12.4‬‬
‫‪573.5‬‬
‫‪46.1‬‬
‫‪33. R33 2125‬‬
‫‪16.2‬‬
‫‪971.5‬‬
‫‪60.0‬‬
‫‪12. R12 3600‬‬
‫‪15.4‬‬
‫‪877.1‬‬
‫‪57.0‬‬
‫‪34. R34 3250‬‬
‫‪13.0‬‬
‫‪624.2‬‬
‫‪48.1‬‬
‫‪13. R13 2313‬‬
‫‪10.3‬‬
‫‪395.3‬‬
‫‪38.3‬‬
‫‪35. R35 1465‬‬
‫‪16.6‬‬
‫‪1025.5‬‬
‫‪61.6‬‬
‫‪14. R14 3800‬‬
‫‪12.0‬‬
‫‪536.2‬‬
‫‪44.6‬‬
‫‪36. R36 1987‬‬
‫‪16.0‬‬
‫‪944.5‬‬
‫‪59.2‬‬
‫‪15. R15 3500‬‬
‫‪16.5‬‬
‫‪1014.7‬‬
‫‪61.3‬‬
‫‪37. R37 3760‬‬
‫‪12.7‬‬
‫‪601.6‬‬
‫‪47.2‬‬
‫‪16. R16 2229‬‬
‫‪11.3‬‬
‫‪472.2‬‬
‫‪41.8‬‬
‫‪38. R38 1750‬‬
‫‪11.7‬‬
‫‪507.3‬‬
‫‪43.4‬‬
‫‪17. R17 1880‬‬
‫‪13.6‬‬
‫‪689.8‬‬
‫‪50.6‬‬
‫‪39. R39 2556‬‬
‫‪10.2‬‬
‫‪388.6‬‬
‫‪37.9‬‬
‫‪18. R18 1440‬‬
‫‪10.2‬‬
‫‪379.1‬‬
‫‪37.5‬‬
‫‪40. R40 1405‬‬
‫‪14.3‬‬
‫‪755.6‬‬
‫‪52.9‬‬
‫‪19. R19 2800‬‬
‫‪16.5‬‬
‫‪1009.3‬‬
‫‪61.2‬‬
‫‪41. R41 3740‬‬
‫‪15.5‬‬
‫‪890.6‬‬
‫‪57.4‬‬
‫‪R20 3300‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫‪9.35‬‬
‫‪323.8‬‬
‫‪34.6‬‬
‫‪21. R21 1200‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﺭﺘﻔﻌﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗـﻊ‬
‫)‪.(R2, R5, R7, R11, R12, R14, R15, R19, R20, R24, R26, R27, R28, R31, R34, R37, R41‬‬
‫ﺭﺸﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻭﺴﺠﻠﺕ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ 1025Bq/kg‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ‪) R14‬ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﺴﻨﺠﺎﺭ( ﻭﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﻴﻨﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ )‪.(Aljubouri and Aldabbagh, 1980‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ )‪ (R6, R18, R21, R23, R29, R35, R40‬ﻓﻘﺩ ﺴﺠﻠﺕ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻗل ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻗـل‬
‫ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ 323.86 Bq/kg‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ‪) R21‬ﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل(‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﻌﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺼـﻴل‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻴﻌﺯﻯ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺠﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻥ ﻤﻌﺩل ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻫﻭ ‪ 672.5 Bq/kg‬ﻭﺒﺎﻹﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻜﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﺸـﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‪ .‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﺫﻜﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﺴﺠﻠﺕ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﺓ ‪) 475 Bq/kg‬ﺤﺒﻭﺒﻲ‪.(1986 ،‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻜﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺇﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﻭل‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻜل )‪ (3‬ﻴﻤﺜل ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘـﻴﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺍﻥ ﺍﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴـﺔ ﺍﻹﺸـﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻴﻌـﺯﻯ ﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺠﻴﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‪.‬‬
‫;‪(Michel et al., 1981; Mollah et al., 1996; Nurul et al., 1990; Rosen, 1991‬‬
‫)‪Forsberg, 2000; Hamid et al., 2002; Nasim, 2003‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮم ‪k-40‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﺮاق اﻟﻤﻌﺪل ﺑﺎآﺴﺘﺎن‬
‫ﻧﻴﻨﻮى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻮﻳﺪ‬
‫آﻮرﻳﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺮ‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪Bq /kg‬‬
‫‪900‬‬
‫‪800‬‬
‫‪700‬‬
‫‪600‬‬
‫‪500‬‬
‫‪400‬‬
‫‪300‬‬
‫‪200‬‬
‫‪100‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫اﻟﺒﺮازﻳﻞ ﺑﻨﻐﻼدش اﻟﺠﺰاﺋﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ‪ :3‬ﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪. K40‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ‪ K40‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺒﻴﻥ )‪ (20%-60%‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﺸـﺄ ﺍﻟﺼـﺨﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻭﻨـﺔ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗـﺩ ﺃﺸـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤـﺙ‬
‫)‪ (Phil Rutherford, 2002‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻴﺘـﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒـﺔ ﺒـﻴﻥ ‪،(0.3-4) ppm‬‬
‫)ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‪.(1994 ،‬‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪.....K40‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺫﻜﺭﻨﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﺨﺫﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺨﻭﺫﺓ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﻁﻴﻔﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻤﻲ ﺒﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ ،Cs137‬ﻭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ ،K40‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠـﺩﻭل )‪(7‬‬
‫ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :7‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻤﻨﺘﺨﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫⎞‪⎛ N‬‬
‫⎜‬
‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜ N ⎟ As‬‬
‫⎝‬
‫⎠‬
‫)‪(Bq/kg‬‬
‫‪9.54‬‬
‫‪337.3‬‬
‫‪35.4‬‬
‫‪236.1‬‬
‫‪29.6‬‬
‫‪11.3‬‬
‫‪474.9‬‬
‫‪41.9‬‬
‫‪8.99‬‬
‫‪300.1‬‬
‫‪33.3‬‬
‫‪11.4‬‬
‫‪479.3‬‬
‫‪42.2‬‬
‫‪11.9‬‬
‫‪526.2‬‬
‫‪44.2‬‬
‫‪25. R25 1112‬‬
‫‪26. R26 1776‬‬
‫‪27. R27 1950‬‬
‫‪12.4‬‬
‫‪571.0‬‬
‫‪46.0‬‬
‫‪9.58‬‬
‫‪340.0‬‬
‫‪35.5‬‬
‫‪10.6‬‬
‫‪418.3‬‬
‫‪39.4‬‬
‫‪28. R28 2116‬‬
‫‪29. R29 1260‬‬
‫‪30. R30 1550‬‬
‫‪10.9‬‬
‫‪438.5‬‬
‫‪40.3‬‬
‫‪8.58‬‬
‫‪273.1‬‬
‫‪31.8‬‬
‫‪8.70‬‬
‫‪280.6‬‬
‫‪37.3‬‬
‫‪31. R31 1625‬‬
‫‪32. R32 1012‬‬
‫‪33. R33 1040‬‬
‫‪11.4‬‬
‫‪480.3‬‬
‫‪42.2‬‬
‫‪8.64‬‬
‫‪276.9‬‬
‫‪32.0‬‬
‫‪8.63‬‬
‫‪275.8‬‬
‫‪31.9‬‬
‫‪34. R34 1780‬‬
‫‪35. R35 1026‬‬
‫‪36. R36 1022‬‬
‫‪12.0‬‬
‫‪537.6‬‬
‫‪44.6‬‬
‫‪8.44‬‬
‫‪263.9‬‬
‫‪31.3‬‬
‫‪10.6‬‬
‫‪419.9‬‬
‫‪39.5‬‬
‫‪37. R37 1992‬‬
‫‪38. R38 978‬‬
‫‪39. R39 1556‬‬
‫‪8.43‬‬
‫‪263.1‬‬
‫‪31.2‬‬
‫‪12.7‬‬
‫‪596.9‬‬
‫‪47.0‬‬
‫‪40. R40 975‬‬
‫‪41. R41 2212‬‬
‫‪7.98‬‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫‪± N‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫‪22. R22 1250‬‬
‫‪23. R23 875‬‬
‫‪24. R24 1760‬‬
‫⎞‪⎛ N‬‬
‫⎜‬
‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜ N ⎟ As‬‬
‫⎝‬
‫⎠‬
‫)‪(Bq/kg‬‬
‫‪± N‬‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫‪9.12‬‬
‫‪307.9‬‬
‫‪33.8‬‬
‫‪1141‬‬
‫‪R1‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬
‫‪11.9‬‬
‫‪524.9‬‬
‫‪44.1‬‬
‫‪1945‬‬
‫‪R2‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫‪10.7‬‬
‫‪428.3‬‬
‫‪39.8‬‬
‫‪1587‬‬
‫‪R3‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬
‫‪12.4‬‬
‫‪566.2‬‬
‫‪45.8‬‬
‫‪2098‬‬
‫‪R4‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬
‫‪11.3‬‬
‫‪476.3‬‬
‫‪42.0‬‬
‫‪1765‬‬
‫‪R5‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬
‫‪8.7‬‬
‫‪282.2‬‬
‫‪32.3‬‬
‫‪1046‬‬
‫‪R6‬‬
‫‪6.‬‬
‫‪10.3‬‬
‫‪389.7‬‬
‫‪38.0‬‬
‫‪1444‬‬
‫‪R7‬‬
‫‪7.‬‬
‫‪9.53‬‬
‫‪336.2‬‬
‫‪35.3‬‬
‫‪1246‬‬
‫‪R8‬‬
‫‪8.‬‬
‫‪10.5‬‬
‫‪405.1‬‬
‫‪38.7‬‬
‫‪1501‬‬
‫‪R9‬‬
‫‪9.‬‬
‫‪8.29‬‬
‫‪255.1‬‬
‫‪30.7‬‬
‫‪11.4‬‬
‫‪479.5‬‬
‫‪42.2‬‬
‫‪12.1‬‬
‫‪542.7‬‬
‫‪44.8‬‬
‫‪10. R10 945‬‬
‫‪11. R11 1777‬‬
‫‪12. R12 2011‬‬
‫‪9.39‬‬
‫‪327.0‬‬
‫‪34.8‬‬
‫‪12.7‬‬
‫‪599.1‬‬
‫‪47.1‬‬
‫‪11.8‬‬
‫‪512.7‬‬
‫‪43.6‬‬
‫‪13. R13 1212‬‬
‫‪14. R14 2220‬‬
‫‪15. R15 1900‬‬
‫‪9.73‬‬
‫‪350.8‬‬
‫‪36.1‬‬
‫‪10.1‬‬
‫‪375.1‬‬
‫‪37.3‬‬
‫‪7.87‬‬
‫‪229.3‬‬
‫‪29.2‬‬
‫‪16. R16 1300‬‬
‫‪17. R17 1390‬‬
‫‪18. R18 850‬‬
‫‪9.47‬‬
‫‪332.4‬‬
‫‪35.1‬‬
‫‪10.6‬‬
‫‪415.6‬‬
‫‪39.2‬‬
‫‪7.54‬‬
‫‪210.5‬‬
‫‪27.9‬‬
‫‪19. R19 1232‬‬
‫‪20 R20 1540‬‬
‫‪21. R21 780‬‬
‫ﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ 599.134 Bq/kg‬ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗـﻊ ‪R14‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ )‪) (R21‬ﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل( ﻭﺍﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻘـﻴﻡ ﻟﺠﻤﻴـﻊ‬
‫‪210.51Bq/kg‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻗل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺴﻨﺠﺎﺭ(‬
‫)ﻗﻀﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪.400.3 Bq/kg‬‬
‫ﺭﺸﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﺨﺫ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺄﺨﻭﺫ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺘﻡ ﻓﺤﺼـﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺜﺒﻴـﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻟﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺭﻗـﻡ )‪ (8‬ﻴﻭﻀـﺢ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ‪ :8‬ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ ﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻤﻨﺘﺨﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻨﻴﻨﻭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫⎞‪⎛ N‬‬
‫⎜‬
‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜ N ⎟ As‬‬
‫⎝‬
‫⎠‬
‫)‪(Bq/kg‬‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫‪± N‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫‪9.08‬‬
‫‪305.2‬‬
‫‪33.6‬‬
‫‪7.62‬‬
‫‪215.0‬‬
‫‪28.2‬‬
‫‪10.4‬‬
‫‪400.2‬‬
‫‪38.5‬‬
‫‪22. R22 1131‬‬
‫‪23. R23 797‬‬
‫‪24. R24 1483‬‬
‫‪8.22‬‬
‫‪250.1‬‬
‫‪30.4‬‬
‫‪10.5‬‬
‫‪412.1‬‬
‫‪39.1‬‬
‫‪11.1‬‬
‫‪450.1‬‬
‫‪40.8‬‬
‫‪25. R25 927‬‬
‫‪26. R26 1527‬‬
‫‪27. R27 1668‬‬
‫‪11.3‬‬
‫‪475.2‬‬
‫‪41.9‬‬
‫‪9.09‬‬
‫‪306.0‬‬
‫‪33.7‬‬
‫‪10.1‬‬
‫‪381.0‬‬
‫‪37.6‬‬
‫‪28. R28 1761‬‬
‫‪29. R29 1134‬‬
‫‪30. R30 1412‬‬
‫‪10.1‬‬
‫‪374.8‬‬
‫‪37.3‬‬
‫‪7.42‬‬
‫‪203.7‬‬
‫‪27.5‬‬
‫‪7.58‬‬
‫‪212.6‬‬
‫‪28.1‬‬
‫‪31. R31 1389‬‬
‫‪32. R32 755‬‬
‫‪33. R33 788‬‬
‫‪10.5‬‬
‫‪407.5‬‬
‫‪38.9‬‬
‫‪9.18‬‬
‫‪312.2‬‬
‫‪34.0‬‬
‫‪7.51‬‬
‫‪209.1‬‬
‫‪27.8‬‬
‫‪34. R34 1510‬‬
‫‪35. R35 1157‬‬
‫‪36. R36 775‬‬
‫‪11.4‬‬
‫‪480.1‬‬
‫‪42.2‬‬
‫‪9.86‬‬
‫‪359.7‬‬
‫‪36.5‬‬
‫‪10.4‬‬
‫‪400.2‬‬
‫‪38.5‬‬
‫‪37. R37 1779‬‬
‫‪38. R38 1333‬‬
‫‪39. R39 1483‬‬
‫‪8.69‬‬
‫‪280.1‬‬
‫‪32.2‬‬
‫‪11.0‬‬
‫‪450.1‬‬
‫‪40.8‬‬
‫‪40. R40 1038‬‬
‫‪41. R41 1668‬‬
‫⎞‪⎛ N‬‬
‫⎜‬
‫⎟‬
‫‪⎜ N ⎟ As‬‬
‫⎝‬
‫⎠‬
‫)‪(Bq/kg‬‬
‫‪± N‬‬
‫‪As‬‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫ﺭﻤﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺕ‬
‫‪8.19‬‬
‫‪248.5‬‬
‫‪30.3‬‬
‫‪921‬‬
‫‪R1‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬
‫‪10.5‬‬
‫‪412.3‬‬
‫‪39.1‬‬
‫‪1528‬‬
‫‪R2‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬
‫‪9.74‬‬
‫‪351.6‬‬
‫‪36.1‬‬
‫‪1303‬‬
‫‪R3‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬
‫‪10.4‬‬
‫‪401.5‬‬
‫‪38.6‬‬
‫‪1488‬‬
‫‪R4‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬
‫‪11.2‬‬
‫‪465.2‬‬
‫‪41.5‬‬
‫‪1724‬‬
‫‪R5‬‬
‫‪5.‬‬
‫‪8.21‬‬
‫‪249.9‬‬
‫‪30.4‬‬
‫‪926‬‬
‫‪R6‬‬
‫‪6.‬‬
‫‪9.78‬‬
‫‪354.3‬‬
‫‪36.2‬‬
‫‪1313‬‬
‫‪R7‬‬
‫‪7.‬‬
‫‪9.12‬‬
‫‪307.9‬‬
‫‪33.8‬‬
‫‪1141‬‬
‫‪R8‬‬
‫‪8.‬‬
‫‪9.06‬‬
‫‪304.4‬‬
‫‪33.6‬‬
‫‪1128‬‬
‫‪R9‬‬
‫‪9.‬‬
‫‪10.4‬‬
‫‪399.4‬‬
‫‪38.5‬‬
‫‪10.9‬‬
‫‪437.7‬‬
‫‪40.3‬‬
‫‪11.3‬‬
‫‪471.4‬‬
‫‪41.8‬‬
‫‪10. R10 1480‬‬
‫‪11. R11 1622‬‬
‫‪12. R12 1747‬‬
‫‪9.06‬‬
‫‪304.4‬‬
‫‪33.6‬‬
‫‪10.6‬‬
‫‪419.9‬‬
‫‪39.4‬‬
‫‪9.18‬‬
‫‪312.2‬‬
‫‪34.0‬‬
‫‪13. R13 1128‬‬
‫‪14. R14 1556‬‬
‫‪15. R15 1157‬‬
‫‪8.69‬‬
‫‪280.1‬‬
‫‪32.2‬‬
‫‪8.38‬‬
‫‪260.1‬‬
‫‪31.0‬‬
‫‪7.39‬‬
‫‪202.1‬‬
‫‪27.4‬‬
‫‪16. R16 1038‬‬
‫‪17. R17 964‬‬
‫‪18. R18 749‬‬
‫‪8.61‬‬
‫‪275.0‬‬
‫‪31.9‬‬
‫‪10.1‬‬
‫‪380.5‬‬
‫‪37.6‬‬
‫‪7.35‬‬
‫‪200.2‬‬
‫‪27.2‬‬
‫‪19. R19 1019‬‬
‫‪20 R20 1410‬‬
‫‪21. R21 742‬‬
‫ﺘﻭﻀﺢ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺭﺍﻭﺤﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ 480.1 Bq/kg‬ﻓـﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗـﻊ‬
‫‪) R37‬ﻗﻀﺎﺀ ﺘﻠﻌﻔﺭ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻗل ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ‪ 200.25 Bq/kg‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻊ ‪) R21‬ﺴﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺯﻴﻭﻡ ‪ Cs137‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪.....K40‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ‪ .337.25 Bq/kg‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻀﺢ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤـﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺒـﺎﺕ ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴـﺏ ﻴﺒـﺩﻭ ﻭﺍﻀـﺤﺎ ﺠـﺩﺍ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﺫ ﻴﻤﺜــل ﻋﻨﺼــﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴــﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K‬ﺍﺤــﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼــﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴــﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴــﻴﺔ ﻓــﻲ ﺘﺭﻜﻴــﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴــﺏ‬
‫)ﺍﻟﺯﻫﻴﺭﻱ‪1994 ،‬؛ ﺸﺭﺒﺎﺵ ﻭﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ‪.(1996 ،‬‬
‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﺍﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ ﺘﺒﺩﻭ ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺴﻭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒـل ﺍﻟﺒـﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ‬
‫)ﺸﻨﺒﺭ‪ (1999 ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ ‪ 320 Bq.kg-1‬ﻭ )ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻀﻲ‪ ،260 Bq.kg-1 (1994 ،‬ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﺭ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻴﻘﺎﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻏﻠﺏ ﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ )‪ (R2, R5, R12, R14, R15, R27, R28, R37, R41‬ﻭﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ ‪ K40‬ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒـﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻤـﻥ ﻜﻤﻴـﺔ ﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺭﻴﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻫﻡ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ‪ K40‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻗل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 40%‬ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﺏ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺃﻗل ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ 50%‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻭﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﺀ ﺇﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﺤﺴﻥ‪ .2004 ،‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅـﺔ ﻨﻴﻨـﻭﻯ ﺒﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺘﻲ ‪ HPGe‬ﻭ ‪ .CR-39‬ﺃﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭﺍﻩ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻴﻡ‪ ،‬ﻤﺅﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺭﺸﺩﻱ‪ .2001 ،‬ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻴﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻨﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻤﺠﻠﺩ ‪ ،12‬ﻋﺩﺩ ‪.1‬‬
‫ـﺔ‬
‫ـﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋــ‬
‫ـﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻤــ‬
‫ـﺔ ﺇﻨﺴــ‬
‫ـﻭﻥ‪ .1994 ،‬ﺘﻐﺫﻴــ‬
‫ـﺩ ﺫﻨــ‬
‫ـﺩ ﺍﷲ ﻤﺤﻤــ‬
‫ـﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒــ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻫﻴــ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ‪ ،‬ﻗﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼل‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻀﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﺤﻤﺩ‪ .1994 ،‬ﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺼﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻀﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﺤﻤﺩ‪ .1994 ،‬ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻤﻲ ﻟﻼﻤـﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺼﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﻨﺩﺍﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺤﺴﻴﻥ‪ .1999 ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻻﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻟﻼﻏﺫﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻨﺸﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻤﺠﻠﺩ ‪ ،13‬ﻋﺩﺩ‪.1‬‬
‫ﺤﺒﻭﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻀل‪ .1986 ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻻﺸﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻕ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﻱ‪ .‬ﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﺎﺠﺴﺘﻴﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺨﻀﺭ‪ ،‬ﺴﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﺤﻤﺩ‪ .2003 ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺭﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺏ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺤﺎﻤﺽ ﺍﻻﻭﻜﺴـﺎﻟﻴﻙ‪ .‬ﻤﺠﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻓﺩﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﻤﻘﺒﻭل ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﺭﺒﺎﺵ‪ ،‬ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ ﻭﺍﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ‪ .1996 ،‬ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ ﺍﻻﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻏﺫﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺯﺭﺍﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺼﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﻨﺒﺭ‪ ،‬ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺍﺤﻤﺩ‪ .1999 ،‬ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻨﻅﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻭﺘﺎﺴﻴﻭﻡ –‪ 40‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻠﻴﺏ ﺍﻻﺒﻘﺎﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻤﺎل ﻏﺭﺏ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﺎ‪ .‬ﻤﺠﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺴﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺸﻴﺩ ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ ﻴﻭﺴﻑ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ‬
– ‫ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺭﺓ‬.‫ ﺴﺒل ﺘﺴﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻟﻼﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ‬.1994 ،‫ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻭل ﺍﺤﻤﺩ‬
.‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ – ﻤﺼﺭ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬.‫ ﺍﻻﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬.1994 ،‫ ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ﻁﺎﻫﺭ‬،‫ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﺡ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻻﺸﺘﺭﺍﻙ ﻤﻊ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺫﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺒﻴﺌﺘﺔ‬.2002 ،‫ ﻤﻘﺩﺍﻡ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬،‫ ﺍﺤﻤﺩ ﺠﺩﻋﺎﻥ‬،‫ﻤﻜﻭﺍﺭ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﺴـﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﺴـﻠﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻭﺭﺍﻨﻴـﻭﻡ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻤﻨﺘﺨﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬
.‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻀﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻻﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ‬
Aljubori Zeki, A., and Aldabbagh Salim, M., 1980. Sinjarite, a new mineral form Iraq,
Mineralogical magazine, V(43) pp.643-645.
AL-Mozouri, N.S., 2000. Enviromental Radiological Pollution and its Sources in
Ninevah Governorate. Thesis, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad.
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