1. No category

Appendix – A: The morphological features tag set for Arabic text
The Morphological Features Tag Set captures long-established traditional morphological
features of Arabic, in a compact yet transparent notation. In our analysis, a tag consists of 22
characters; each position represents a feature and the letter at that location represents a value
or attribute of the morphological feature; the dash “-” represents a feature not relevant to a
given word. The first character shows the main Parts of Speech, from: noun, verb, particle,
punctuation, and others; these last two are an extension to the traditional three classes to
handle modern texts. The characters 2, 3, and 4 are used to represent subcategories;
traditional Arabic grammar recognizes 34 subclasses of noun (letter 2), 3 subclasses of verb
(letter 3), 21 subclasses of particle (letter 4). Others and punctuations are represented in
letters 5 and 6 respectively. The next letters represent traditional morphological features:
gender (7), number (8), person (9), inflectional morphology (10) case and mood (11), case
and mood marks (12), definiteness (13), voice (14), emphasized and non-emphasized (15),
transitivity (16), rational (17), declension and conjugation (18). Finally there are four
characters representing morphological information which is useful in Arabic text analysis,
although not all linguists would count these as traditional features: unaugmented and
augmented (19), number of root letters (20), verb root (21), types of nouns according to their
final letters (22). The Morphological Features Tag Set is not tied to a specific tagging
algorithm or theory, and other tag sets could be mapped onto this standard, to simplify and
promote comparisons between and reuse of Arabic taggers and tagged corpora.
The tag structure consists of 22 characters. Figure 1 shows a sample of tagged sentence from
the Qur’an and it shows the morphological categories and the attributes of a selected word in
more details.
Word
wa waaṣṣaynā
And We have
enjoined
al-’insāna
(on) man
Morphemes
‫ﻭ‬ wa
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴﻨ‬ ‫ﻭﺻ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
‫ﺎ ﹶﻥ‬‫ﺍﹾﻟﺈﹺﻧﺴ‬
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺻ‬
an
ḥusn
Kindness
‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻳ‬‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﹺﺑﻮ‬
‫ﻨﹰﺎ‬‫ﺴ‬
 ‫ﺣ‬
Have enjoined
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬
nā
We
‫ﺍ ﹾﻝ‬
al-
The
’insāna
man
bi
To
‫ﺎ ﹶﻥ‬‫ﺇﹺﻧﺴ‬
‫ﺏ‬
‫ﹺ‬
bi- wālidayhi
His parents
waṣṣay
Tag
And
‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭ‬
wālida
Parents
‫ﻱ‬

y
Both
‫ﻩ‬
hi
His
ḥusn
kindness
‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺴ‬
 ‫ﺣ‬
‫ﹰﺍ‬
an
p--c-----------------v-p---mpfs-s-amohvtt&r---r-xpfs-s----hn---r--d-----------------nq----ms-pafd---htbt-s
p--p-----------------nu----md-vgki---htot-s
r---r-xdts-s---------r---r-msts-k---------ng----ms-vafi---ndst-s
r---k------f----------
Figure 1: Sample of Tagged document of vowelized Qur’an Text using the Morphological
feature tag set
1
Case and Mood
Case and Mood marks
Definiteness
Voice
Emphasized and
non-emphasized
Transitivity
Rational
Declension and
Conjugation
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
23
Inflectional morphology
9
Types of nouns according
to their final letters
Person
7
22
Number
6
Verb root
Gender
5
21
Punctuation marks
4
Number of root letters
Part-of-Speech: Other
3
20
Part-of-Speech: Particle
2
n q - - - - m s - p a f d - - - h t
b t - s
Sound
-
Triliteral
Augmented by two letters
Primitive / Concrete noun
Rational
-
-
-
Defined
fatḥah
Accusative
Non-declinalbe
-
Singular
Masculine
-
-
-
-
Noun of genus
Noun
Attributes
Unaugmented and
Augmented
Part-of-Speech: Verb
1
‫ﺎ ﹶﻥ‬‫إِﻧﺴ‬
Main Part-of-Speech
Position
Part-of-Speech: Noun
Main
category
Figure 2: The morphological feature tag structure
Table A.1: Morphological features tag set categories
Position
Morphological Features Categories
1
Main Part-of-Speech
2
Part-of-Speech: Noun
t
(‫ﺔ )ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‬‫‘ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyya (al-‘ism)
3
Part-of-Speech: Verb
t
(‫ﺔ )ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬‫‘ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyya (al-fi’l)
4
Part-of-Speech: Particle
t
(‫ﺔ )ﺍﳊﺮﻑ‬‫‘ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyya (al-ḥarf)
5
Part-of-Speech: Other
t
(‫ﺔ )ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬‫‘ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyya (‘uẖrā)
6
Punctuation marks
7
Gender
8
Number
‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬al-‘adad
9
Person
‫ ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ‬al-’isnād
10
Inflectional morphology
‫ﺮﻑ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺼ‬aṣ-ṣarf
11
Case and Mood
12
Case and Mood marks
13
Definiteness
14
Voice
15
16
Emphasized
emphasized
Transitivity
17
Rational
18
Declension and Conjugation
19
Unaugmented and Augmented
20
Number of root letters
21
Verb root
22
Types of nouns according to
their final letters
t
‫ﺔ‬‫‘ ﺃﹶﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām ar-r‘īsiyya
t
(‫ﺔ )ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﻢ‬‫‘ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyya (‘alāmāt attarqīm)
‫ﺚ‬‫ﺆﻧ‬ ‫ ﺍ ﹸﳌ ﹶﺬﻛﱠﺮ ﻭﺍ ﹸﳌ‬al-muḏakkar wa al-mu’annaṯ
tu
tu
‫ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬al-ḥāla al-’i‘rābiyya lil-’ism ’aw al-fi‘l
‫‘ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬alāmāt al-’i‘rāb wa al-binā’
ti
ti
‫ﺓ‬‫ﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹺﺮﻓﹶﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ ﺍ ﹶﳌ‬al-ma‘rifa wa an-nakira
‫ﻮﻝ‬‫ﺠﻬ‬
 ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﲏ ﻟ‬‫ﻌﻠﹸﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺍ ﹶﳌﺒ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﲏ ﻟ‬‫ ﺍ ﹶﳌﺒ‬al-mabnī lil-ma‘lūm wa al-mabnī lil-mağhūl
and
non-
‫ﲑ ﺍﳌﹸﺆﻛﱠﺪ‬
 ‫ ﺍﳌﹸﺆﻛﱠﺪ ﻭﻏ‬al-mu’akkad wa ḡayir al-mu’akkad
‫ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ‬Al-lāzim wa al-muta‘adi
‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ‬al-‘āqil wa ḡayir al-‘āqil
‫ﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺘ‬at-taṣrīf
‫ﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﺰﻳﺪ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ ﺍ‬al-muğarrad wa al-mazīd
‫ﳉﺬﹾﺭ‬
‫ﻑ ﺍ ﹶ‬‫ﺣﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ ﺃ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ ‘adad ’aḥruf al-ğaḏr
tu
‫ﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬‫ ﺑ‬bunya al-fi‘l
‫’ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻢ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ‬aqsām al-’ismi tib‘an li-lafẓi ‘āẖirhi
2
A.1 Position 1; Main part-of-speech
Table A.2: Main part-of-speech category attributes and tags at position 1
Position
1
Feature Name
Main Part-of-Speech ‫ﺔ‬‫’ ﺃﹶﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām ar-r‘īsiyyat
Noun
’ism
‫ﺍﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺎﺏ‬‫ﻛﺘ‬ kitāb ‘book’
Tag
n
Verb
‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
fi‘l
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬katab ‘wrote’
v
Particle
‫ﺣﺮﻑ‬
ḥarf
‫ﻋﻠﹶﻰ‬ ‘alā ‘on’
p
Other
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬
’uẖrā
‫ﺒ ﹲﺔ‬‫ ﻛﺎﺗ‬kātiba
‘writer / Fem’
r
Punctuation
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﺮﻗﻴﻢ‬
‘alāmat
tarqīm
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ ﺃﹶﻧﺎ ﺫﹶﺍ‬:‫ ﻗﺎﻝﹶ‬qāla : ’anā ḏāhibun ‘he said: I
u
tun
am leaving’
A.2 Position 2; Part-of-Speech Subcategories of Noun
Table A.3: Part-of-Speech subcategories of noun attributes and their tags at position 2
Position
2
Feature Name
Part-of-Speech: Noun (‫ﺔ )ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‬‫’ ﺃﹶﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyyat (al-‘ism)
Gerund / Verbal
noun
Gerund/ verbal noun
with initial mῑm
Gerund of instance
Gerund of state
al-maṣdar
‫ﺏ‬‫ﺿﺮ‬
 ḍarb ‘hitting’
g
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﻴﻤﻲ‬
al-maṣdar al-mῑmῑ
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻮﻋ‬‫ ﻣ‬maw ‘id ‘date’
m
‫ﺓ‬‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﺮ‬
maṣdar al-marrah
‫ﺓ‬‫ﻧ ﹾﻈﺮ‬ naẓrah ‘one look’
o
maṣdar al-hay’a /
maṣdar al-naw’
‫ﺔ‬‫ ﹺﺟ ﹾﻠﺴ‬ğilsa ‘sitting position’
s
maṣdar al-tawkῑd
‫ﺖ ﺍﳋﺰﺍﻧ ﹶﺔ ﲢﻄﻴﻤﹰﺎ‬
 ‫ ﺣﻄﹼﻤ‬ḥaṭṭamtu al-ẖizānata
e
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬
/‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳍﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬
Gerund of emphasis
Tag
‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬
h
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ‬
h
taḥṭīm
an
‘
I completely destroyed
the wardrobe’
Gerund of profession
‫ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬
al-maṣdar al-ṣināῑ
‫ﺔ‬‫ ﻓﹸﺮﻭﺳﻴ‬furūsiyyah ‘Horsemanship’
i
al-ḍamῑr
‫ ﻫﻮ‬huwa ‘He’
p
‘ism al-‘šārah
‫ ﻫﺬﺍ‬hāḏā ‘This’
d
‘ism al-mawṣūl alẖāṣ
‫ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬al-laḏī ‘Who’
r
‘ism al-mawṣūl almuštarak
‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ man ‘Who’
c
‘ism al-‘istfhām
‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ man ‘Who?’
b
‘ism al-šarṭ
‫ ﺃﻳﻨﻤﺎ‬aynamā ‘where ever’
h
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬
Pronoun
Demonstrative
pronoun
Specific relative
pronoun
‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﲑ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺍﳋﺎﺹ‬
Non-specific relative
pronoun
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻝ‬
Interrogative
pronoun
Conditional noun
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻁ‬
Allusive noun
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻨﺎﻳﺔ‬
al-kināyah
‫ ﻛﺬﺍ‬kaḏā ‘as well as’
a
Adverb
‫ﺍﻟﻈﱠﺮﻑ‬
aẓ-ẓarf
‫ ﻳﻮﻡ‬yawm ‘day’
v
‫ ﺿﺎﺭﹺﺏ‬ḍārib ‘hitter’
u
‫ﺍﺡ‬‫ﺟﺮ‬ ğarraḥ ‘Surgeon’
w
Active participle
Intensive Active
participle
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬
‘ism al-fā’il
t
mubālaḡa ‘ism alfā’il
3
Passive participle
Adjective
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻬﺔ‬‫ﻔﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺒ‬‫ﺍﻟﺼ‬
‫ﻭﺏ‬‫ﻀﺮ‬
 ‫ﻣ‬ maḍrūb ‘Struck’
k
‫ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ‬ṭawīl ‘tall’
j
‫ﺐ‬‫ﻣ ﹾﻜﺘ‬ maktab ‘office’
l
‫ﻊ‬‫ﻣ ﹾﻄﻠ‬ maṭla‘ start time
t
‫ﺸﺎﺭ‬‫ﻣﻨ‬ minšār ‘Saw’
z
‘ism al-‘alam
‫ﺔ‬‫ﻃﻤ‬ ‫ ﻓﺎ‬fāṭima ‘Fatima’
n
‘ism al-mf’ūl
h
Noun of place
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻜﺎﻥ‬
aṣ-ṣifa almušabbahah
‘ism al-mkān
Noun of time
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬
‘ism zamᾱn
h
Instrumental noun
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ‬
Proper noun
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻢ‬
Generic noun
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﳉﻨﺲ‬
‘ism al-ğins
‫ﺼﺎﻥ‬‫ ﺣ‬hiṣān ‘Horse’
q
Numeral
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬
‘ism al-‘adad
‫ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ṯalāṯa ‘Three’
+
Verb-like noun
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬
‘ism al-fi’il
‫ ﻫﻴﻬﺎﺕ‬hayhāt Wishing
&
al-’asmā’ alẖamsah
‫ﺏ‬
 ‫‘ ﹶﺃ‬ab ‘Father’
f
’ism mansūb
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻋ ﹾﻠ‬ ‘ilmiyyun Scientific
*
‫ﺍﻷﲰﺎﺀ‬
Five nouns
‫ﺍﳋﻤﺴﺔ‬
Relative noun
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺏ‬
‘ism al-‘āla
h
h
un
Diminutive
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺗﺼﻐﲑ‬
’ism taṣḡīr
‫ﺓ‬‫ﻴﺮ‬‫ﺠ‬
 ‫ﺷ‬ šuğayra ‘Bush’
y
Form of
exaggeration
Collective noun
‫ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬
ṣῑḡat almubālaḡah
‘ism ğam’
‫ﺎﺭ‬‫ﺟﺒ‬ ğabbār ‘Tremendous’
x
‫ ﻗﻮﻡ‬qawm ‘Folk’
$
‘ism ğins ğam’ī
‫ ﺗﻔﺎﺡ‬tuffāḥ ‘Apple’
#
’ism tafḍῑl
‫’ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‬afḍal ‘Better’
@
‘ism manḥūt
‫ ﺑﺴﻤﻠﺔ‬basmalah ‘bismallah’
%
‘ism ṣawt
‫’ ﺁﻩ‬āh ‘Ah’
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﲨﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺟﻨﺲ‬
Plural generic noun
h
‫ﲨﻌﻲ‬
Elative noun
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺗﻔﻀﻴﻞ‬
Blend noun
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻮﺕ‬
Ideophonic
interjection
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺻﻮﺕ‬
!
A.3 Position 3; Part-of-Speech Subcategories of Verb
Table A.4: Part-of-Speech subcategory of verb attributes and their tags at position 3
Position
3
Feature Name
Part-of-Speech: Verb (‫ﺔ )ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬‫’ ﺃﹶﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyyat (al-fi’l)
Perfect verb
Imperfect verb
Imperative verb
Tag
fi’l māḍin
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬kataba ‘He wrote’
p
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬
fi’l muḍāri’
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ ﹾﻜ‬ yaktubu ‘He is writing’
c
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬
fi’l al-‘amr
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫’ ﺍ ﹾﻛ‬uktub ‘write’
i
‫ﺽ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺎ ﹴ‬
A.4 Position 4; Part-of-Speech Subcategories of Particles
Table A.5: Part-of-speech subcategories of particles attributes and their tags at position 4
Position
4
Feature Name
Tag
Part-of-Speech: Particles (‫ﺔ )ﺍﳊﺮﻭﻑ‬‫’ ﺃﹶﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyyat (al-ḥarf)
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺰﻡ‬
ḥarf ğazim
‫ﻢ‬ ‫ ﹶﻟ‬lam ‘No’
j
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺼﺐ‬
ḥarf naṣib
‫ﻲ‬ ‫ ﹶﻛ‬kay ‘So that’
o
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ‬
ḥarf ğarr
‫’ ﺇﱃ‬ilā ‘To’
p
Annulling particle
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺎﺳﺦ‬
ḥarf nāsiẖ
‫ ﻣﺎ‬mā ‘No’
a
Conjunction
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﻋﻄﻒ‬
ḥarf ’aṭif
‫ ﻭ‬wa ‘And’
c
ḥarf naṣib
far‘ῑ
ḥarf nidā’
‫ ﺣﱴ‬ḥattā ‘till’
u
‫ ﻳﺎ‬yā ‘Oh’
v
Jussive-governing particle
Subjunctive-governing particle
Preposition
Partially
subjunctivegoverning particle
Vocative particle
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﺪﺍﺀ‬
4
Exceptive particle
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬
ḥarf ’stiṯnā’
‫’ ﺇ ﱠﻻ‬illā ‘Except’
x
Interrogative particle
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬
ḥarf ’stifhām
‫ ﻫﻞ‬hal ‘Is?’
i
Particle of futurity
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‬
ḥarf ’stiqbāl
‫ ﺳﻮﻑ‬sawfa ‘will’
f
Causative particle
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻞ‬
ḥarf ta‘lῑl
‫ ﻛﻲ‬kay ‘To’
s
Negative particle
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﻧﻔﻲ‬
ḥarf nafῑ
‫ﻢ‬ ‫ ﹶﻟ‬lam ‘No’
n
Jurative particle
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﻗﺴﻢ‬
ḥarf qasam
‫ﺏ‬
‫ ﹺ‬bi ‘sware’
q
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ‬
ḥarf ğawāb
‫ ﻧﻌﻢ‬na‘am ‘Yes’
w
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺷﺮﻁ ﺟﺎﺯﻡ‬
‫’ ﺇ ﹾﻥ‬in ‘If’
k
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﲢﻀﻴﺾ‬
ḥarf šart
ğāzim
ḥarf taḥḍῑḍ
‫ ﻫﻠﱠﺎ‬hallā ‘would’
m
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻱ‬
ḥarf maṣdarῑ
‫’ ﺃ ﹾﻥ‬an ‘To’
g
Yes/No response particle
Jussive-governing conditional
particle
Particle of incitement
Gerund-equivalent particle
h
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻪ‬
ḥarf tanbῑ
‫’ ﺃﻻ‬alā ‘careful’
t
Emphatic particle
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ‬
ḥarf tawkῑd
‫’ ﺇ ﱠﻥ‬inna ‘emphasis’
z
Explanatory particle
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻔﺴﲑ‬
ḥarf tafsῑr
‫’ ﺃﻱ‬ay ‘i.e’
d
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﺸﺒﻴﻪ‬
h
ḥarf tašbῑ
‫ ﻛﺄ ﱠﻥ‬ka’anna ‘similar’
l
ḥarf ḡayr ‘āmil
‫ﺪ‬ ‫ ﹶﻗ‬qad ‘already or
perhaps’
b
Particle of attention
Particle of comparison
Non-governing particles
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬
4.5 Position 5; Part-of-Speech Subcategories of Others
Table A.6: Part-of-speech subcategories of residuals attributes and their tags at position 5
Position
5
Feature Name
Part-of-Speech: Other (‫ﻯ‬‫ﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﺔ )ﹸﺃ‬‫’ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyyat (’uẖrā)
Prefix
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
Suffix
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
Suffixed pronoun
tā' marbūṭa
h
Relative yā'
tanwῑn
‫ﺿﻤﲑ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻮﻳﻦ‬
ziyādah
fῑ
’awal
alkalimah
ziyādah
fῑ
’āẖir
alkalimah
ḍamīr mutaṣil
tā’ marbūṭa
h
h
Tag
‫’ ﺍﺳﺘﻜﺘﺒﲏ‬istaktabanī ‘he
employed me as a writer’
p
‫’ ﺃﹶﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‬aṣdiqā’ ‘Friends’
s
‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﺘﺎ‬‫ ﻛ‬kitabahu ‘his book’
r
‫ﺔ‬‫ﺗﺒ‬‫ ﻛﺎ‬kātiba
t
tun
‘she-writer’
‫ﺮﹺﺑﻲ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‘arabiyy ‘Arabian’
y
tanwῑn
‫ﺏ‬
 ‫ﺘﺎ‬‫ ﻛ‬kitāb ‘a book’
k
yā’ an-nisba
un
tā' of femininization
‫ﺗﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻧﻴﺚ‬
tā’ al-ta’nῑṯ
‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﺒ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬katabat ‘she wrote’
f
nūn of protection
‫ﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﻳﺔ‬
nūn
alwiqāyah
nūn al-tawkῑd
‫ـﻨﹺـﻲ‬
َ ‫ﺳﺄﹶﻟ‬ sa’alanī ‘he asked me’
n
‫ـﻦ‬‫ﻀ ﹺﺮﺑ‬
 ‫ﻳ‬ yaḍribanna ‘They are
hitting’
‫ﺴﹶﺄ ﹸﻝ‬
 ‫ـ‬‫ ﻳ‬yas’alu ‘He is asking’
z
a
‫ ﺍﻟـﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬al-kitāb ‘The book’
d
‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺒـﻮﻥ‬al-kātibūn ‘The writers
(MAS)’
m
‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺒـﺎﺕ‬al-kātibāt ‘The writers
(FEM)’
l
‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺗﺒـﺎﻥ‬al-kātibān ‘The two
writers’
‫’ ﺍﻛﺘﺐ‬uktub ‘Write’
u
Emphatic Nūn
Imperfect prefix
Definite article
‫ﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻛﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻀﺎﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
Masculine sound plural
letters
‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺬﻛﺮ‬
Feminine sound plural
letters
‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﲨﻊ ﺍﳌﺆﻧﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﱂ‬
Dual letters
‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﺜﲎ‬
Imperative prefix
‫ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ‬
ḥarf
muḍāra’ah
’adāt ta‘rῑf
ḥurūf ğam‘
al-muḏakkar
as-sālim
ḥurūf ğam‘
al-mu’nnaṯ
as-sālim
ḥurūf
almuṯannā
ḥurūf al-’amr
i
5
A.6 Position 6; Part-of-Speech Subcategories of Punctuation Marks
Table A.7: Part-of-speech subcategories of punctuation marks attributes and their tags at
position 6
Position
6
Feature Name
Punctuation marks (‫’ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﻴﺔ )ﻋﻼﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻗﻴﻢ‬aqsām al-kalām al-far’iyyat (‘alāmāt attarqīm)
Full stop
nuqṭah
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ‬
(.)
h
Comma
fāṣila
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ‬
(،)
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺘﺎﻥ‬
Colon
nuqṭatān
h
h
Tag
s
c
(:)
n
(‫)؛‬
l
Semi colon
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻃﺔ‬
fāṣila manqūṭa
Parentheses
‫ﻗﻮﺳﺎﻥ‬
qawsān
(())
p
Square brackets
‫ﻗﻮﺳﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﺻﺮﺗﺎﻥ‬
qawsān ḥāṣiratān
([])
b
("")
t
Quotation mark
tu
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ‬
‘alāma ‘iqtibās
h
‫ﺷﺮﻃﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﺮﺿﺔ‬
Dash
Question mark
Exclamation mark
Continuation mark
d
(‫)؟‬
q
tu
(!)
e
(...)
i
(=)
f
‘alāma ’istifhām
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﺠﺐ‬
‘alāma ta’ağğub
tu
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺣﺬﻑ‬
Ellipsis mark
(-)
tu
šarṭa mu‘tariḍa
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ‬
h
‘alāma ḥaḏf
tu
‫ﺎﺑﻌﻴﺔ‬‫ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘ‬
‘alāma at-tabi‘yya
h
A.7 Position 7; Morphological Feature of Gender
Table A.8: Morphological feature of gender attributes and their tags
Position
7
Feature Name
Morphological gender ‫ﺚ‬‫ﺆﻧ‬ ‫ ﺍ ﹸﳌ ﹶﺬﻛﱠﺮ ﻭﺍ ﹸﳌ‬al-muḏakkar wa al-mu’annaṯ
Masculine
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ‬
Feminine
‫ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬
Common gender
‫ﻣﺬﻛﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺆﻧﺚ‬
Tag
muḏakkar
‫ ﺭﺟﻞ‬rağul ‘man’
m
mu’annaṯ
‫’ﺍﻣﺮﺃﺓ‬imra’a Woman
f
muḏakkar ’aw
mu’annaṯ
‫ ﻣﻠﺢ‬milḥ ‘Salt’
x
h
‫ ﺭﻭﺡ‬rūḥ ‘Soul’
6
A.8 Position 8; Morphological Feature of Number
Table A.9: Morphological feature of number category attributes and their tags at position 8
Position
8
Feature Name
Number ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‬al-‘adad
Singular
‫ﻣﻔﺮﺩ‬
mufrad
Dual
‫ﻣﺜﲎ‬
Tag
muṯannā
‫ ﻗﻠﻢ‬qalam ‘A pen’ ‫ ﻓﻠﹼﺎﺡ‬fallāḥ ‘Farmer’ ‫ ﻣﻨﺎﺭﺓ‬manārah
‘A minaret’
(‫ ﻗﻠﻤﲔ‬،‫ ﻗﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬:‫( )ﻗﻠﻢ‬qalam: qalamān, qalamayn) ‘(A
d
ğami‘ sālim
pen: two pens)’ (‫ ﻣﻨﺎﺭﺗﲔ‬،‫ ﻣﻨﺎﺭﺗﺎﻥ‬:‫( )ﻣﻨﺎﺭﺓ‬manāra :
manāratān, manāratayn)(A minaret: two minarets)
(‫ ﻓﻠﹼﺎﺣﲔ‬،‫ ﻓﻠﹼﺎﺣﻮﻥ‬:‫( )ﻓﻠﹼﺎﺡ‬fallāḥ: fallāḥūn, fallāḥīn) (A
p
farmer: Farmers)’ (‫ ﻣﻨﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬:‫( )ﻣﻨﺎﺭﺓ‬manāra : manārāt)
(A minaret: minarets)
(‫ ﺃﻗﻼﻡ‬:‫( )ﻗﻠﻢ‬qalam: ’aqlām) ‘(A pen: pens)’
b
(‫ ﺃﺣﺮﻑ‬:‫( )ﺣﺮﻑ‬ḥarf: ’aḥruf) (A letter: letters)
m
(‫ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ‬:‫( )ﺣﺮﻑ‬ḥarf: ḥurūf) (A letter: letters)
j
(‫ ﻣﺴﺎﺟﺪ‬:‫( )ﻣﺴﺠﺪ‬masğid: masāğid) (A mosque:
mosques)
(‫ﻴﻮﺗﺎﺕ‬‫ ﺑ‬،‫ﻴﻮﺕ‬‫ ﺑ‬:‫( )ﺑﻴﺖ‬bayt: buyūt, buyūtāt) ‘(A home:
homes)
‫ﺱ‬
 ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺐ ﺍﻟﺪ‬
 ‫ﻟ‬‫ﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﱠﺎ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬katab aṭ-ṭālibu ad-darasa ‘the
u
s
h
‫ﲨﻊ ﺳﺎﱂ‬
Sound plural
h
Broken
plural
Plural
of
paucity
Plural
of
multitude
Ultimate
plural
Plural
plural
of
Undefined
‫ﲨﻊ ﺗﻜﺴﲑ‬
‫ﲨﻊ ﻗﻠﺔ‬
‫ﲨﻊ ﻛﺜﺮﺓ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻰ ﺍﳉﻤﻮﻉ‬
ğami‘
taksῑr
ğami‘ qillah
ğami‘
kaṯrah
munthā alğumū‘
‫ﲨﻊ ﺍﳉﻤﻊ‬
ğami‘ alğami‘
‫ﻑ‬‫ﻌﺮ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻏﲑ‬
ḡayr
mu‘arraf
l
x
student wrote the lesson’; ‫ﺱ‬
 ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﻥ ﺍﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻟﺒ‬‫ﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﱠﺎ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬katab aṭṭāliban ad-darsa ‘the two students wrote the
lesson’; ‫ﺱ‬
 ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺏ ﺍﻟﺪ‬
 ‫ﺐ ﺍﻟﻄﱠﻼ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬kataba aṭ-ṭulābu ad-darsa
‘the students wrote the lesson’
A.9 Position 9; Morphological Feature of Person
Table A.10: Morphological feature of person category attributes and their tags at position 9
Position
9
Feature Name
Person ‫ ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﺩ‬al-’isnād
First Person
Second Person
Third Person
‫ﺘ ﹶﻜﻠﱢﻢ‬‫ﺍ ﹸﳌ‬
‫ﺍﳌﹸﺨﺎﻃﹶﺐ‬
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺎﺋ‬‫ﺍﻟﻐ‬
Tag
al-mutakallim
‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﺒ‬‫ ﹶﻛﺘ‬katabtu‘I wrote’
f
al-muẖāṭab
‫ﻤﺎ‬‫ﺒﺘ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬katabtumā ‘You wrote’
s
al-ḡā’ib
‫ﱭ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬katabna‘They Wrote’
t
A.10 Position 10; Morphological Feature of Inflectional Morphology
Table A.11: The morphological feature category of morphology attributes and their tags at
position 10
Position
10
Feature Name
Inflectional morphology ‫ﺮﻑ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺼ‬aṣ-ṣarf
Declined (noun)
Conjugated (verb)
Triptote / fully
declined
Non-declinable
‫ﻌﺮﺏ‬‫ﻣ‬
mu‘rab
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﻐﻴ‬‫ ﻳ‬yaḡību ‘Miss’
d
‫ ﻣﻨﺼﺮﻑ‬- ‫ﻌﺮﺏ‬‫ﻣ‬
mu‘rab - munṣarif
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ ﻏﺎﺋ‬ḡā’ib ‘Absent’
v
‫ﻌﺮﺏ – ﳑﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻣ‬
mu‘rab - mamnū’
mina aṣ-ṣarf
‫ﺜﻤﺎ ﹸﻥ‬‫‘ ﻋ‬uṯmānu ‘Othman’
p
mabnῑ
‫ﻻ ِﺀ‬‫ ﻫﺆ‬hā’ulā’i ‘Those’ ‫ﻌ ﹶﻞ‬ ‫ﹶﻓ‬
s
‫ﺍﻟﺼﺮﻑ‬
Invariable (v, n)
Tag
‫ﻣﺒﲏ‬
fa‘ala ‘Did’
‘Wish’
‫ﺖ‬
 ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ ﹶﻟ‬layta
7
A.11 Position 11; Morphological Feature Category of Case and Mood
Table A.12: The morphological feature of case and mood category attributes and their tags at
position 11
Position
11
Feature Name
Case and Mood ‫ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬al-ḥālatu al-’i‘rābiyyatu lil-’ism ’aw al-fi‘l
‫ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻉ‬
marfū‘
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ ﹾﻜ‬ yaktubu ‘He
is writing’
‫ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺏ‬
manṣūb
--------
‫ﳎﺮﻭﺭ‬
mağrūr
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ ﹾﻜ‬ ‫ ﻟﻦ‬lan
yaktuba ‘He will
not write’
-------
Jussive (v)
‫ﳎﺰﻭﻡ‬
mağzūm
Nominative (n)
Indicative (v)
Accusative (n)
Subjunctive (v)
Genitive (n)
-------
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻳ ﹾﻜ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ ﹶﻟ‬lam yaktub
He did not write’
‫ﺏ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎ‬
alkitābu ‘The
Book’
‫ﺏ‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎ‬
alkitāba ‘The
Book’
‫ﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎ ﹺ‬
alkitābi ‘The
Book’
-----
Tag
n
a
g
j
A.12 Position 12; The Morphological Feature of Case and Mood Marks
Table A.13: The morphological feature category of case and mood marks attributes and tags
at position 12
Position
12
Feature Name
Case and mood markers ‫‘ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﺮﺍﺏ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬alāmāt al-’i‘rāb wa al-binā’
ḍammah
‫ ﺍﻟﻀﻢ‬/ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺔ‬
al-ḍammah /
al-ḍamm
fatḥah
‫ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺢ‬/ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ‬
al-fatḥah /
al-fatḥ
kasrah
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺴﺮﺓ‬
al-kasrah /
al-kasr
sukūn (Silence)
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻮﻥ‬
as-sukūn
wāw
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻭ‬
al-wāw
alif
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻒ‬
al-alif
yā’
‫ﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ‬
al-yā’
Inflectional nūn
‫ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ‬
ṯubūt an-nūn
Deletion of nūn
‫ﺣﺬﻑ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻥ‬
ḥaḏf an-nūn
Deletion of vowel
letter
‫ﺣﺬﻑ ﺣﺮﻑ‬
ḥaḏf ḥarf al‘illah
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﱠﺔ‬
‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳ‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ ﻗ‬qadima al-wazīru ‘The minister
arrived’ ‫ﻡ ﺃﲪﺪ‬ ‫ﺼﻮ‬‫ ﻳ‬yaṣūmu aḥmad ‘Ahmad
fasts’
‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﱀ ﺍﻟﻮﺯﻳ‬
‫ﻡ ﺻﺎ ﹲ‬ ‫’ ﺃﻛﺮ‬akrama ṣāliḥun al-wazīra
‘Salih honored the minister’ ‫ﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ ﱡﺬ ﱢﻝ‬ ‫ﺼﹺﺒ‬‫ﻦ ﻧ‬ ‫ﻟ‬
lan naṣbira ‘alā aḏ-ḏulli ‘We are not
standing the humiliation’
‫ﺽ‬
 ‫ﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺭ‬
 ‫ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻭﺍ‬ẖalaqa allahu assamāwāti wa al-’arḍa ‘God created the
skys and the earth’
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺪﻳﻨ‬ ‫ﻢ ﺃﹸﺳﺎﻓ‬ ‫ ﹶﻟ‬lam ’usāfir ’ilā al-madīnati
‘I did not travel to the city’
‫ﻙ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﻘﻮ ﹶﻥ‬ ‫’ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎ َﺀ‬iḏā ğā’aka al-munāfiqūn ‘If
the Hypocrites come to thee’
‫ﻥ‬ ‫’ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻳﻘﺎ‬iltaqā al-farīqān ‘The two
teams have met’
‫ﻚ‬
 ‫ﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺧﻴ‬
 ‫ﺒ‬‫ ﺫﻫ‬ḏahbtu ’ilā ’aẖīka ‘I went to
your brother’
‫ﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺕ‬ ‫ ﺍﳌﺮﺷﺤﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﻘﺪﻣﺎ‬al-muraššḥāni
yataqddamāni al-’intiẖābāt ‘ Both
candidates are ahead of elections’
‫ﺼﱪﻭﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟ ﱡﺬ ﱢﻝ‬‫ﻦ ﻳ‬ ‫ ﺍﳌﺴﻠﻤﻮﻥ ﻟ‬al-muslimūn lan
yaṣbirū ‘’alā aḏ-ḏulli ‘Muslims will not
stand to the humiliation’
‫ﷲ‬
َ ‫ﱀ ﺇﻻ ﺍ‬
‫ﺶ ﺻﺎ ﹲ‬
 ‫ﻢ ﳜ‬ ‫ ﹶﻟ‬lam yaẖša ṣāliḥ ’illā allaha
‘Salih does not afraid except of God’
Tag
d
f
k
s
w
a
y
n
o
v
8
A.13 Position 13; The Morphological Feature of Definiteness
Table A.14: The morphological feature of definiteness category attributes and their tags at
position 13
Position
13
Feature Name
Tag
Definiteness ‫ﺓ‬‫ﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻌ ﹺﺮﻓﹶﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ ﺍ ﹶﳌ‬al-ma‘rifati wa an-nakirati
Definiteness
Indefiniteness
ma‘rifah
‫ﻌ ﹺﺮﻓﹶﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺓ‬‫ﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻧ‬
nakira
h
‫ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬al-kitāb ‘The book’
d
‫ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬kitāb ‘A book’
i
A.14 Position 14; The Morphological Feature of Voice
Table A.15: The morphological feature of voice category attributes and their tags at
position 14
Position
14
Feature Name
Voice ‫ﻮﻝ‬‫ﺠﻬ‬
 ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﲏ ﻟ‬‫ﻌﻠﹸﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺍ ﹶﳌﺒ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻠ‬‫ﲏ ﻟ‬‫ ﺍ ﹶﳌﺒ‬al-mabnī lil-ma‘lūm wa al-mabnī lil-mağhūl
Tag
Active voice
‫ﻌﻠﹸﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﹺﻲ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
mabnῑ lil-ma‘lūm
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬kataba ‘He wrote’
a
Passive voice
‫ﻮﻝ‬‫ﺠﻬ‬
 ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﹺﻲ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
mabnῑ lil-mağhūl
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹸﻛ‬kutiba ‘it was written’
p
A.15 Position 15; The Morphological Feature of Emphasized and Non-emphasized
Table A.16: The morphological feature of emphasis category attributes and their tags at
position 15
Position
15
Feature Name
Emphasized and non-emphasized ‫ﲑ ﺍﳌﹸﺆﻛﱠﺪ‬
 ‫ ﺍﳌﹸﺆﻛﱠﺪ ﻭﻏ‬al-mu’akkad wa ḡayir al-mu’akkad
Emphatic verb
Non-emphatic verb
‫ﺆﻛﱠﺪ‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣ‬
‫ﺆﻛﱠﺪ‬‫ﺮ ﻣ‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﹶﻏﻴ‬
fi‘l mu’akkad
fi‘l ḡayr mu’akkad
‫ﺒﻦ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ ﻷﻛ‬la’aktubanna ‘I will
write’
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫’ ﺃ ﹾﻛ‬aktubu ‘I am writing’
Tag
n
m
A.16 Position 16; The Morphological Feature of Transitivity
Table A.17: The morphological feature of transitivity category attributes and their tags at
position 17
Position
16
Feature Name
Transitivity ‫ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺘﻌﺪﻱ‬al-lāzim wa al-muta‘adi
Intransitive
‫ﻻﺯﹺﻡ‬
lāzim
Singly
transitive
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻌﻮﻝ ﻭﺍﺣ‬ ‫ﻔ‬‫ ﺇﱃ ﻣ‬‫ﻌﺪ‬‫ﻣﺘ‬
muta‘addῑ ’ilā
maf‘ūlin wāḥid
Doubly
transitive
‫ﻮﻟﹶﲔ‬‫ﻣ ﹾﻔﻌ‬ ‫ ﺇﱃ‬‫ﻌﺪ‬‫ﻣﺘ‬
muta’addῑ ’ilā
maf‘ūlayn
Triply
transitive
‫ﻴﻞ‬‫ﻔﺎﻋ‬‫ ﺇﱃ ﺛﹶﻼﺛﹶﺔ ﻣ‬‫ﻌﺪ‬‫ﻣﺘ‬
muta‘addῑ ’ilā
ṯalāṯati mafā‘ῑl
‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻟ‬ ‫ ﻧﺎ‬nāma al-waladu ‘The boy
slept’
‫ﺏ‬
 ‫ﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺟ ﹸﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻓ‬fataḥa ar-rağulu albāba ‘The man opened the door’
‫ﺍ‬‫’ ﺃﻋﻄﺎﻩ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﺭ‬a‘ṭāhu dīnāran ‘He gave
him a dinar’
‫ﺎ‬‫ﱪ ﺻﺤﻴﺤ‬ ‫ﻪ ﺍﳋ‬ ‫ﺗ‬‫’ ﺃﻧﺒﺄ‬anb’tuhu al-ẖabara
ṣaḥīḥan ‘I announced him the
correct news’
Tag
i
o
b
t
9
A.17 Position 17; The Morphological Feature of Rational
Table A.18: Morphological feature category of humanness attributes and their tags at
position 17
Position
17
Feature Name
Tag
Humanness ‫ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﻭﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ‬al-‘āqil wa ḡayir al-‘āqil
‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋﺎﻗ‬
Rational
‫ﻞ‬‫ﺎﻗ‬‫ﺮ ﻋ‬‫ﹶﻏﻴ‬
Irrational
‘āqil
‫ﺮﹶﺃ‬ ‫ ﹶﻗ‬qara’a ‘read’
h
ḡayr ‘āqil
‫ﺢ‬
 ‫ﺒ‬‫ﻧ‬ nabaḥa ‘bark’
n
A.18 Position 18; The Morphological Feature of Declention and Conjugation
Table A.19: The morphological feature of variability category attributes and their tags at
position 18
Position
18
Feature Name
Declention and Conjugation ‫ﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬‫ ﺍﻟﺘ‬at-taṣrīf
‫ﻑ‬‫ﺼﺮ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻏﲑ ﻣ‬
Non-Inflected (n, v)
Primitive/
noun
Primitive
noun
Concrete
-‫ﺪ‬‫ﻑ – ﺟﺎﻣ‬‫ﺼﺮ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﺫﺍﺕ‬
/
Abstract
-‫ﺪ‬‫ﻑ – ﺟﺎﻣ‬‫ﺼﺮ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻌﲎ‬
Tag
ḡayr mutaṣarrif
‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ huwa ‘him’
n
mutaṣarrif – ğāmid
– ’ism ḏāt
‫ﺠﺮ ﹲﺓ‬‫ ﺷ‬šağarah ‘A tree’
t
mutaṣarrif – ğāmid
– ’ism ma‘nā
‫ ﺫﹶﻛﺎ ٌﺀ‬ḏakā’un
‘Intelligence’
a
fi‘l ğāmid- mulāzim
lil-maḍῑ
‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ na ‘ima ‘be happy’
p
fi‘l ğāmid- mulāzim
lil-muḍāri‘
‫ﻂ‬
‫ﻳﻬﹺﻴ ﹸ‬ yahῑṭu ‘scream’
c
fi‘l ğāmid- mulāzim
lil-’amr
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﻫ‬ hab ‘suppose’
i
d
m
Non-conjugated
restricted to the perfect
‫ ﻣﻼﺯﻡ‬-‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﺎﻣ‬
Non-conjugated
restricted
to
the
imperfect
Non-conjugated
restricted
to
the
imperative
Inflected – Derived
noun
‫ ﻣﻼﺯﻡ‬-‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﺎﻣ‬
‫ﺘﻖ‬‫ﺸ‬
 ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ ﺍﺳﻢ‬- ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺼﺮ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣ‬
mutaṣarrif –’ism
muštaqq
Conjugated –
conjugated verb
‫ﻑ – ﻓﻌﻞ ﺗﺎﻡ‬‫ﺼﺮ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣ‬
mutaṣarrif – fi‘l
tām at-taṣarīf
‫ﺏ‬
 ‫ ﻛﺘﺎ‬kitābun ‘a book’ ‫ﻣﻜﺘﺒ ﹲﺔ‬
maktabatun ‘a library’
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ ﻳﻜﺘ‬yaktubu ‘he is
writing’
mutaṣarrif –fi‘l
nāqiṣ at-taṣarīf
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ ﻛﺎ‬kāda ‘close; near or
almost’
fully
Conjugated – partially
conjugated verb
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ‬
‫ ﻣﻼﺯﻡ‬-‫ﺪ‬‫ﻓﻌﻞ ﺟﺎﻣ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻣﺮ‬
‫ﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘ‬
‫ﻑ – ﻓﻌﻞ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬‫ﺼﺮ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬‫ﺍﻟﺘ‬
v
A.19 Position 19; The Morphological Feature of Unaugmented and Augmented
Table A.20: The morphological feature of augmented and unaugmented category
attributes and their tags at position 19
Position
19
Feature Name
Unaugmented and Augmented ‫ﺩ ﻭﺍ ﹶﳌﺰﹺﻳﺪ‬‫ﺠﺮ‬
 ‫ ﺍ ﹸﳌ‬al-muğarrad wa al-mazīd
Tag
‫ﺩ‬‫ﺠﺮ‬
 ‫ﻣ‬
al-muğarrad
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ ﹶﻛ‬kataba ‘wrote’
Augmented by one letter
‫ﺮﻑ‬‫ﺪ ﹺﺑﺤ‬‫ﺰﻳ‬‫ﻣ‬
mazῑd bi ḥarf
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺗ‬‫ ﻛﹶﺎ‬kātaba ‘wrote’
a
Augmented by two letters
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺮ ﹶﻓﻴ‬‫ﺪ ﹺﺑﺤ‬‫ﺰﻳ‬‫ﻣ‬
mazῑd bi
ḥarfayn
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﺘ‬‫’ ﺍ ﹾﻛ‬iktataba
‘Subscribed’
‫ﺐ‬
 ‫ﺘ‬‫ﺘ ﹾﻜ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫’ ﺍ‬istaktaba
‘registered’
‫’ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ‬istiqbāl
‘Reception’
b
Unaugmented
Augmented by three letters
‫ﺔ ﺃﺣﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺪ ﹺﺑﺜﹶﻼﹶﺛ‬‫ﺰﻳ‬‫ﻣ‬
mazῑd bi ṯalāṯat
ḥurūf
Augmented by four letters
‫ﺪ ﺑﺄﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺣﺮﻑ‬‫ﺰﻳ‬‫ﻣ‬
mazῑd bi
‘arba’ati ‘aḥruf
s
t
q
10
A.20 Position 20; The Morphological Features of Number of Root Letters
Table A.21: The morphological feature of number of root letters category attributes and
their tags at position 20
Position
20
Feature Name
Number of Root letters ‫ﳉﺬﹾﺭ‬
‫ﻑ ﺍ ﹶ‬‫ﺣﺮ‬ ‫ﺩ ﺃ‬‫ﻋﺪ‬ adad ’aḥruf al-ğaḏr
Tag
Triliteral
‫ﻲ‬‫ﺛﹸﻼﺛ‬
ṯulāṯῑ
‫ ﻙ ﺕ ﺏ‬k t b ‘wrote’
t
Quadriliteral
‫ﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﻋ‬‫ﺭ‬
rubā‘ῑ
‫ ﺩ ﺡ ﺭ ﺝ‬d ḥ r ğ ‘rolled’
q
‫ﻲ‬‫ﻤﺎﺳ‬‫ﺧ‬
ẖumāsῑ
‫ ﺯ ﺏ ﺭ ﺝ ﺩ‬z b r ğ d ‘chrysolite’
f
Quinqueliteral
A.21 Position 21; The Morphological Feature of Verb root
Table A.22: The morphological feature of verb internal structure category attributes and
their tags at position 21
Position
21
Feature Name
Verb root ‫ﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‬‫ ﺑ‬bunyatu al-fi‘l
Tag
Intact verb
‫ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬
saḥīḥ
a
Doubled verb
‫ﻣﻀﻌﻒ‬
muḍa’’af
b
mahmūz al-fā’
c
mahmūz al-fā’ muḍa’’af
d
mahmūz al-fā’ wa mahmūz al-lām
e
‫ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ‬
mahmūz al-‘ayn
f
Finally-hamzated verb
‫ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ‬
mahmūz al-lām
g
wāw-initial verb
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ‬
miṯāl wāwī
h
miṯāl wāwī muḍa’’af
i
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ‬
miṯāl wāwī mahmūz al-‘ayn
j
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ‬
miṯāl wāwī mahmūz al-lām
k
Initially-hamzated verb
Initially-hamzated
and
doubled verb
Initially and finally hamzated
verb
Medially-hamzated verb
wāw-initial and doubled verb
wāw- initial and mediallyhamzated verb
wāw-initial and finallyhamzated verb
yā'-initial verb
yā'-initial and doubled verb
yā'- initial and mediallyhamzated verb
Hollow with wāw
Hollow with wāw and
initially-hamzated verb
Hollow with wāw and finallyhamzated verb
Hollow with yā'
Hollow with yā' and initiallyhamzated verb
Hollow with yā' and finallyhamzated verb
Defective with wāw verb
Defective with wāw and
initially-hamzated verb
Defective with wāw and
medially-hamzated verb
‫ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻒ‬‫ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻣﻀﻌ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ ﻣﻀﻌﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺎﺋﻲ‬
miṯāl yā’ī
l
miṯāl yā’ī muḍa’’af
m
miṯāl yā’ī mahmūz al-‘ayn
n
’ağwaf wāwī
o
‫ﺃﺟﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ‬
’ağwaf wāwī mahmūz al-fā’
p
‫ﺃﺟﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ‬
’ağwaf wāwī mahmūz al-lām
q
’ağwaf yā’ī
r
‫ﺃﺟﻮﻑ ﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ‬
’ağwaf yā’ī mahmūz al-fā’
s
‫ﺃﺟﻮﻑ ﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻼﻡ‬
’ağwaf yā’ī mahmūz al-lām
t
nāqiṣ wāwī
u
‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ‬
nāqiṣ wāwī mahmūz al-fā’
v
‫ﻧﺎﻓﺺ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ‬
nāqiṣ wāwī mahmūz al-‘ayn
w
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻀﻌﻒ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻮﻑ ﻳﺎﺋﻲ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻭﺍﻭﻱ‬
11
‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻳﺎﺋﻲ‬
Defective with yā' verb
Defective with yā' and
initially-hamzated verb
Defective with yā' and
medially-hamzated verb
Adjacent doubly-weak verb
nāqiṣ yā’ī
x
‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ‬
nāqiṣ yā’ī mahmūz al-fā’
y
‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ﻳﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ‬
nāqiṣ yā’ī mahmūz al-‘ayn
z
lafῑf maqrūn
*
lafῑf maqrūn mahmūz al-fā’
$
lafῑf mafrūq
&
lafῑf mafrūq mahmūz al-‘ayn
@
‫ﻟﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ‬
Adjacent doubly-weak and
initially-hamzated verb
Separated doubly-weak verb
‫ﻟﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻘﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺀ‬
Separated doubly-weak and
medially-hamzated verb
‫ﻟﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﻣﻬﻤﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﲔ‬
‫ﻟﻔﻴﻒ ﻣﻔﺮﻭﻕ‬
A.22 Position 22; The Morphological Feature of Types of nouns according to their final
letters
Table A.23: The morphological feature of noun finals category attributes and their tags at
position 22
Position
22
Feature Name
Types of nouns according to their final letters ‫’ ﺃﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺳﻢ ﺗﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﻆ ﺁﺧﺮﻩ‬aqsām al-’ismi tib‘an
Tag
li-lafẓi ‘āẖirhi
Sound noun
Semi sound noun
Noun
with
shortened ending
Noun
with
extended ending
Noun with curtailed
ending
Noun with deleted
ending
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻤﺪﻭﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﺍﳌﻨﻘﻮﺹ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ﳏﺬﻭﻑ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬
al-’ism ṣahῑh
al-‘āir
al-’ism šibh
aṣ-ṣaḥῑḥ
al-’ism almaqṣūr
al-’ism almamdūd
al-‘ism almanqūṣ
al-‘ism maḥḏūf
al-‘āẖir
‫ ﺟﺒﻞ‬ğabal ‘mountain’ ‫ﺮ‬ nahr
s
‘river’ ‫ ﺩﺭﻫﻢ‬dirham ‘Dirham
(currency)’
‫ﺩﻟﹾﻮ‬ dalw ‘bucket’‫ﻮ‬ bahw ‘hall’
i
‫ﻯ‬‫ﺸﺮ‬
 ‫ﺑ‬ bušrā ‘glad tidings’
t
‫ﺎﺀ‬‫ﺳﻤ‬ samā’ ‘sky’
e
‫ﻲ‬‫ ﺍﻟﻘﹶﺎﺿ‬al-qāḍῑ ‘the judge’
c
‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ yad ‘hand’, ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺳﻨ‬ sanah ‘year’,
d
and ‫ﺔ‬‫ ﹸﻟﻐ‬luḡa language’.
h
12