1. No category

QM[PF \MBNPG OEBF \MBNP :\C[F
OKZCECG \GP[C \C[F KPTJ
QGR-QC NBGK CZF
\KNM\M ,\K[BZCC \IB OTV { FZG\F K[PGI NMC TKVGP \C[F NT KGGKXF
[RGTC ,ZCEPC [PGIC OKKPTV ;\GETGPF \[ZV [BZC ,BZYKGC \IB OTV ;FBKZCF
.OKZCEC[ \GZCKEF \Z[TC \IB OTVG ;\C[ QCZYCG ,\C[F OGKC OKXT [[GYPF
LG\PG ,OKPTV [[ \GP[ ZVSC FCG\M \C[F .\GP[ ZVSC TKVGP \C[ ZYKT ONGB
.\GRG[ \GMN[FG ,\GRG[ \GYPRF ,\GRG[ \GKGTP[P \GNGT FNB NM
\GP[ ZVSC \C[F KPTJ |B~
{ \G P [ Z V S C \Z M H R \C [ F
;(H"J) QPF \EKZK \TC QKS ZCEPC[ OKNKBC
;('M) \GZCKEF \Z[TC
;(CK D"M) OKJV[P \[ZV UGSC
;(HK=CK B"N) QM[PF KGGKX UGSC
;(BM E"N) NDTF BJI ZIBN \KZCF [GEKIC
.(D=B F"N) QM[PF \KK[T \K[BZCG
:FBCF FRGP\F \B FND\ ,\GP[ ZVSC[ \C[F KKGGKX QKC \KEGSK FBGG[F
('M) \GZCKEF \Z[T
T G E K \C [ F OG K
. ' FN \C [
FMBNP NM ZGSKB
!NGI \MBNP { L\MBNP
NBZ[KP [KB NM NT ZGSKB
G\GZPN OKRG\RF NM NTG
(H"J) QKS ZCEP { OKNKB
\C [ F OG K { N BZ [ K N \C [
T G E K ZC M
"GK\I\ [KB GC[" :FIGRP
K[K[F OGKP FRMF
FR [ P OI N
FKKVB { \KCF \GMBNP KZGSKB
.K[K[ OGKP NG[KCG
FBXGF/FBKXKG FJKYN KZGSKB
(D"S[\) IN CN[P
\C [ Z Y K T
FZJPF
OKZGSKB
OKKGGKXG
J G ZK V
OKZGSKBF
QM[PF \MBNPG OEBF \MBNP :\C[F
1
\K[BZC F[TP
ZCEPC QPFG OKZXP \BKXK
(JNIGP YGPKR ZG\C)
( FI D [ F Q C G P C )
[RGT ZMHR BN \BP QGKSKR BNB ,[RGT ZMHR BN
\C[C ODG QPC OD ,'F
(OKKPTV) QM[PF \MBNP OT
(D=B F"N ;HK=CK B"N)
NBZ[KN [EGY { \C[F
' FN [ E G Y G
Q G \C [ = \C [
FMBNP NM NT JNIGP ZGSKB
OKKP[ \MBNP NNGM
. ( Q M [ P F)
FZTCF ZGSKBN EIGKP YGSV
FPDGEM ,OGYP NMC \C[C
N Y [ FZ G S B FM BN P N
F\G [ T N
. F\K P [ R G T G \Z M [ R G T
\K[BZC F[TP
,ONGT \KZC :\GTP[PF
,NBZ[KN 'F QKC ONGT \GB
\B FIGEF) \JNIGP F[GEY
(QM[PF \PYF
B[\ KM UGS / OKJV[P UGS
(BM E"N ;CK D"M)
\G C [ \ : F[ T \G G X P
ZGYPF
Y G P K R FG
[RGT
\C [ Z Y K T
FN G M FE [ F \M BN P P F\K C [
("\` C[\ ZKXYCG [KZIC")
T Z H \ Z [ B" { " L K [ T P " )
( " FE [ C
OKZGSKB
OKKGGKXG
.[RGT ZMHR BN
\GZKIN \GECTP ,OKZXP \BKXK
(GJ ,J D"M \GP[N CN OK[)
LZ` PIG LZG[ IGRK QTPN"
" Z D FG L \P B Q C [ V R K G
[ RGT
ZGYPF
Y G P K R FG
FZJPF
\[ZV UGSC[ EGTC ,ZVSC[ \GZCKEF \Z[TC \C[N YGPKRF BKF ONGTF \BKZC
LG\N SRMR "LZ` PIG LZG[ IGRK QTPN" KGJKCF .OKZXP \BKXK BGF YGPKRF "OKJV[P"
yv&P^F&^a N@M^G yZ^` PIz#G yZ^fr^G ...F@MB@NP^ N@M Fs
& Tz\# B` N" :OKZCE ZVSC[ \C[F ZCKE
NT KGGKXFG YGPKRF ZGYP[ ,OD ZGZC .(DK 'F OKZCE) "yfP@j y\^P@Bz#G yc^^C#T I#eR@K Q#TP#^N
:QKDGZKSN TKVGP BGFG { OKZXP \BKXKG \K[BZC F[TP { NGVM BGF \C[F
;\K[BZC F[TPN { \GZCKEF \Z[TC ,OKZXP \BKXKN FZG[Y \C[F QPF \[ZVC
.JNIGP YGPKR ZG\C FTKVGP OKZXP \BKXK ,OKZCE ZVSC[ \GZCKEF \Z[TC NCB
8
1
QGR-QC NBGK CZF
;\K[BZC F[TPN QM[PF NT KGGKXF UGSCG OKZXP \BKXKN CG[ { OKJV[P UGSC
.\K[BZC F[TPN { "NFYKG" \NKI\CG OKZXP \BKXKN { "B[\ KM" UGSC
\ZESC QGZIBF) YNI\P K\NC ,KRG[BZ ZVSP BGF TC[ ZVSPF KM ZGMHN [K
,[[ .TC[ \B ZKEDP EIBG ,EIB NT TKCXP TC[[ LM ,(Z[T ETG EIBP[ OKZVSPF
KPK \[[ ,QMN .GRPP CGJ EGT YNI\P Z[T OKR[G ,CJKF YNI\P ,\BH \PGTN
{ KTKC[F OGK GNKBG ,FBKZCC[ OKEGDKRFG Z[GTF ,KGCKZF NM \B OKZB\P \K[BZC
.EIBF NB ,GZGYP NB KGCKZF NM \B ZKHIP { \C[
\NTC FPXT BKF OKZXP \BKXK IGMP \TCGRM \C[F \[KV\[ ,UKSGFN EGT [K
JZVC O\CGJ \IJCFNG NBZ[K NT 'F \ID[FN YFCGP KGJKC :FNGVM \GTP[P
\GMH \NCDFG ,EGCT[P [VGI ,\GZKI LG\P FIGRP KZED \TKCYG ,(QPF \[ZVC)
FPGE QG[NCG ,OKJV[P \[ZVC "ZDFG L\PB QC [VRKG ...IGRK QTPN") NNMC EGCT[F
.(OKZCE ZVSC[ \GZCKEF \Z[TC
:QGKSKRFG SRF D[GPC QPF \[ZVC \C[F FMGZM ,FZG\C J[VF \RKICP
OfK Z#Cc^ eJ^Y@N^G O@TF@ B@X@K^G ,O]KP@t
@ F# QP] OI&&N O&M@N ZKJ]P^P# K]R^RF] ,Fr
&` P NB& 'F ZP&B` i#G"
,GBK]C@K Zr
& Bz \B+ eRK]MF+^G Kt
]t
] F# Ofi#a F@KF@^G .B` N OB] K\]Z@f\^a x+N+KFz em&n#RBz Q#TP#^N ,fPfK^a
.(F=E H"J \GP[) "OfK OfK eJ^Y^N]K Zr
& Bz N#T F&Rr
^ P] F@KF@^G
H"J) ZYGC ET GRPP ZK\GFN ZGSKBN OD ,QPF \EKZK OXTN OD QBM SIKK\P QGKSKRF
NM .\C[C JGYNN \BXN BN[ KGGKXNG K[K[F OGKC FR[P OIN \JKYNN ODG ,(M=JK
Y` I fN Os
@ Or
@ " :FZP KPC NBZ[K \B FSRP 'F .OKKEEF \GRGKSKRC OKMGZM FNB
Or
@ ^G J@or
^ P]e
+ BZ@^Y]i#G" :OKEKVZC 'F \B OKSRP NBZ[KG 2;(FM G"J \GP[) "eF@n]R Or
OB] eR+aZ^]Y^a 'F r+KFz ,Z` PB+N 'F \B& O@\` n#R N#T^G NB+Z@s
^]K K+R^a CKZ] N#T ,F@CKZ]P^e F@nP# OfYl@F#
.(H H"K \GP[) "Q]KB@
KVM { FEXC \GEEGP\FF ZM[G ,\GEEGP\FG QICP N[ KVGB [K QBM 'F \GGXPN
:FZPC QGKSKRFG JV[PF ,YGIF OGKSC ZPBR[
GK\@f^XP]^N v@^R#HBzF#^G Fs
& Tzv# GK@RK+T^a Zr
@@iF#^G yKF&` N<B 'F NfY^N TP#r
^ v] #TfPr
@ OB] ZP&B` i#G
yB&^V` Z 'F K]RBz K]j ,yK&N@T OKs
] B@ B` N O]KZ#^XP]^C Kv]P^s
# Zr
& Bz F@NIzl#F# N@j ,GKq@IA N@j v@Z^P#r
@ ^G
.(GM G"J \GP[)
:QGKSKRM QPF ZMHGP OKZCE ZVSC OD
,y&CT]Z^#i#G y^m#T^K#G .B` N OB] G\@f^XP] Z` Pr
^ \]Fz ,y^C@C^N]a Zr
& Bz \B& \#TE#@N ,y^\` n#R^N y\^` m#T Q#TP#^N
OI&&kF# N#T B` N K]j yTzE]fF Q#TP#^N ,yK\&` CBz QeTE^@K B` N^G v@T^E#@K B` N Zr
& Bz Ql@F# \B& y^N]MBz#i#G
.(HJ QMG ,D=C 'I OKZCE) OE@B@F@ F&KI^]K 'F K]V B@XfP N@j N#T K]j ,OE@B@F@ F&KI^]K fc#C^N
.O[ K"[Z FBZ ,FZPC ZCM \C[ \#GXP NT TGEKF [ZEPF QBMP KNGB
9
2
QM[PF \MBNPG OEBF \MBNP :\C[F
FTEG\FG FID[FF \GNB[ NT \GEEGP\FFP YNIM QBM \GTKVGP \C[F \GGXP
QMB ,[RGTG ZM[N GB ,FID[FN ,QGKSKRN Z[Y KNC ,\C[F NT JNIGPF KGGKXF .\K\EF
.QM[PF F[TPC QMP ZIBNG \GZCKEF \Z[TC :ECNC \GPGYP KR[C TKVGP
,(H"J \GP[) \KCF \GMBNP GZSBR QPF \[ZVC \C[F N[ QG[BZF QCGPC
OKNTGV QFC OKNKDZ[ ,FE[F \GMBNP GZSBR OKJV[P \[ZV N[ KR[F QCGPCG
3
.F[T NNMP BCF ZGSKBG ,F[T \GGXP ZYKTC GRKRVN [K OKRCGPF KR[C .OFKDGSN
\GZCKEF \Z[T EGSKC EPGTF BGFG ,OKJV[P UGSC TKVGPF BGF KR[F QCGPF
QPF[ KRVP ,FE[F \GMBNPN BNG \KCN \GZG[Y QPF \[ZVC \C[F \GGXP .OKZCEC
BNB WGIF QP GC QKBG ,(P F"Y OKNF\ ,"OKP[ OIN") FE[ \BGC\P LVKFF BGF
FRMFN \GZG[Y \GMBNPF ZB[ .\G[ZN \G[ZP FBXGF GRKKFE ,FNCGFG FJKYN
4
.NG[KCNG FKKVBN
EGCTN OKNKDZ O[ ,FE[C QZYKT OKJV[P UGSC \C[F \fGXP ,\BH \PGTN
\GBGG[F K\[P OD FNGT[ KVMG { ZDFG L\PB QC ,LZGPIG LZG[ ,\GPFCG OKNTGV
: Y Z V F G \G BC
;(K D"M \GP[) y&XZ^B# \B& TZ#^Hv] OK]Rr
@ rr
+ ^G
.(CK D"M) yKs
& TzP# Fs
& Tzv# OKP]@K \r
&r
+
:QMG
.(O[) yKs
& TzP# Fs
& Tzv# OKP]@K \r
&r
+
:\PGTN
.(HJ D"M) FE&u
B y^o^SB@^a ,F@Rt
@F
# QP
] yKs
&T
zP
# \&
@ F# \B+X^a U]SB@F@ DI#^G...
:B[\=KMC FNKCYPF F[ZVF NB GH F[ZV \BGG[FP FNGT OD LM
Q&a r+V@m]K^G yZ&` PIz#G yZ^fr I#eR@K Q#TP#^N \` ar
^ v] KT]K]Ct
^ F# Ofi#Ce yKs
& TzP# Fs
& Tzv# OKP]@K \r
&r
+
;(CK D"M) Z+bF#^G y\^P@Bz
.(BM E"N) \` ar
^ v] ZK]Xq@#Ce rKZ]I@&a \` ar
^ v] KT]K]Ct
^ F# Ofi#Ce E` CTzv# OKP]@K \r
&r
+
OE G Y { \K C C \f C r
^ :F[T \#GXPM QG\C[ \#GXP N[ OKKGGKX KR[ OR[K[ ,QBMP
FZG\F \NNGM KRKS ZF EPTPC[ \GZCKEC .GKZIB { FE[C \GC[
^ G ,KRKS ZF EPTPN
\C[
& N KGGKXFG ,NG[KCG FKKVB NNGM [BZP \C[N QKMFN KGGKXF { GKRCGP KR[C \C[N KGGKXF
NB..." BKXGFN ,F[T \GGXP OF { FNB \GGXP NNMP OKTCGRF OKZGSKBF NMG GPGYPC [KB
QKKT) G[RGTCG G\BKZYC GYNIRG ,GBN BGF[ ,(JM H"J \GP[) "KTKC[F OGKC GP` YPP [KB BX+K
.("QKE \KC \\KP \ZFHBN Q\KR[ GBN" F"E \GVSG\CG ,C"T HK QKCGZKT
QP FRGY BKF[ QGHPF \B :\KRZXK GB \KBNYI FRRKB[ FIV[PN \C[F \#GXP ZYKT OD FH
.FKKVBCG NG[KCC NGVM NMGB N[ QCGPC FR[P OIN \C[N FRKMPG ,F\KCF FNKCGP BKF ,WGIF
10
3
4
QGR-QC NBGK CZF
BN" N[ JNIGP ZGSKB LG\C QNGM \B FSKRMPG ,FRICF NM KNC "FMBNP NM"
. " F[ T \
OEB \KCC .OEBF KKI \B OKVKYPF OKKZYKTF OKCIZPF KR[ OF FE[FG \KCF
OGYP NMCG NTVPC QCGPMG ,FE[C .G\IV[P KRC OT FNCP ODG ,Q[KG NMGB ,IR
D[GP N[ FCIZFM OKKRZEGPF KGNKCF KCIZP \B FBZR OB .ECGT OEB ,FEGCT
NM" ,OEBF \MBNP NM ZEDC ,EIK FE[F \GMBNPG \KCF \GMBNP GZB[KK ,'\KC'F
:KZXPF ZVKJGV \KZCC USGK NT ZPBR LMG ."L\MBNP
,fN r&K Zr
M^
a
&B
z N@
'F \#jZ^]a KF]^K#G ... fN r&K Zr
j N#
T^G ,f\K+C^a f\` B EK]Y^VF] HB@P+ KF]^K#G
&B
z N@
.(F J"N \K[BZC) FE&u
Ce \]K#
a#
a
@#
QP BXGK BNN ,OEBF K[TP NM NT NNGM ZGSKB LMKVN BGF \C[C "FMBNP NM" ZGSKB
5
.NNMF
"FEGCT \MBNP" QKC FZG\F FRKICP# EXKM QKCFN NMGR FNB \GZEDF LG\P
{ (HJ C"K \GP[) "[VR NMN NMB+K Z[B" QKCG ,(D"M BZYKG) OKETGPC FZGSBF
\MBNP BKF 'FEGCT \MBNP' .FZ\GF[ { OKPMI QG[NC "[VR NMGB \MBNP"
,FH \PGTN 6.OKECTG OKNTGV FC OKIKM[G ,ECT \EGCT QKTM ,OKECGT GC[ ,FE[F
F\KC[F[ QGGKMP .\KCC NNM LZEC \K[TRF NMGBF \MBNP BKF [VR NMGB \MBNP
GCKKI\R BN[ KZF 7,OKETGPC BNG \C[C YZ BZYP N[ GJG[V KVN FZPBR QP@F QP
.FKKVBFG NG[KCF \\KC[C BNG ,\G[ZN \G[ZP FBXGFPG JGYKNP F\KC[C OKETGPC
KV NT ,FMNFF \RCFC \GCZ \GNB[ FRZ\VK\G ,CGJ OGK \MBNP \GJ[VC QCG\ LM
8
.J [ V F
ZVS K[RB) KR[ \KC \G\KM GRKCF LMG ,\C[C ZGSB NMF \PBC ,BZYP N[ GJG[V KV NT
N"HI YZ .(OFKRKPN OKYGEXF OD FBZRMG OKRGZPG[F ,QBZPGYP EIKF \ET K[RB ,OKNCGKF
DMY \C[ KNCC) OKNM NGJNJP NIF ,OKRG[ OKZ\KF FZG\F QP EGPNN GTEK O\PMI \NGEDC
\C[ KPN[GZK ,B"T JK \C[ KNCC ,FV=DV BPGK KNCC) FPINPCG ,[VR IGYKVC FNMG ,(C"T
.(C"T=B"T E ,I"F B"V
\MBNP"N G[GZKVCG ,(J=I 'M \GP[) \C[C "FMBNP NM" ZGSKBN G[GZKVC Q"CPZ [ZKV LM
,O"CPZF NT 'FR[P EKDP' NTC GEKPN\ OD [ZKV LMG ,(H D"M BZYKG) \GETGPF \[ZVC "FEGCT
.D UKTS ,8 FZTFC QNFN FBZG ,CGJ OGK \GMNFP 'B YZVC
EZK QPF[ ,C"T C FXKCN OKRG[BZ ZB[G \GVSG\G K"[ZCG ,GM H"J \GP[N B\NKMPC FBZ NCB
,OKISV KCZT YZV U"KZC ZMHR ,CGJ OGKC OD FR[P OIN NT TGXCN IGGZF DFRPF .OKETGPC OD
.\C[C YZ FR[P OIN ZMHR ,C"T HKY \C[ BZPDC NCB .H"F E"V \GMZC \GMNF O"CPZCG
\RCFCG CGJ OGK \MBNP N[ \GKDGSF EGPKNC \GECM \GNB[ \GJ[VC \GZ\VR FH ZCSFC
:\GMNFF
EIBG QPC EIB ,\C[C FBXGF \MBNP EGPKNN OK[ZGVP OKYGSV KR[ G[ZER TGEP .B
."GEK \B \KCF NTC J[V" F"E ,C"T C \C[ \GVSG\ QKKTG .(H=E G"N \GP[) QM[PC
11
5
6
7
8
QM[PF \MBNPG OEBF \MBNP :\C[F
,QG[BZF :NGVM QCGP \GP[ ZVSC [K FBKZCF IMP \TCGRF \C[F \[KV\N OD
KGGKXC ,KR[FG ,("L\MBNP") NGI \MBNP NM NT JNIGP ZGSKB BGF ,\GZCKEF \Z[TC
FBXGF ?[VR NMGB \MBNP OT EIK ,LZGXN BN[G LZGXN ,CGJ OGKC FBXGF FZ\GF TGEP .C
BXK NB" :[ZEF KV NT ODG ,(JM=HM H"J) J[VF KV NT OD ,QPF \[ZVC \[ZVC FCG\M
GBN F"E ,O[ \GVSG\CG ,C"T HK QKCGZKT FBZ ,"BKXGK NB { KTKC[F OGKC GPGYPP [KB
GKNM OT \C[C BXK NB[ BZYE FKJ[V TP[P KMFG" :QKE \KC \\KP \ZFHBN Q\KR[
OKEPGN FC[ ,B"T CK FXKC \KKDGSC QKKT NCB ."NGIC OK[GT[ LZEM QPF \B JGYNN
FCG\M QPF \[ZVN USGR[ KRVP \BHG ,CGJ OGKC FBXGF QKB[ (CM=BM H"K) GFKPZKP
{ (QNFN QKKT) OKZPGIF ZPGNM { FMBNPF \BCFC ,QM[PF \MBNPC OD FZG\C FBXGF
[K FBCFG FBXGF KM \GNDN KEM ,BKCRF KZCEC LZGX [K LMKVN .(H=E G"N \GP[) QM[PN
\[ZVC BGF ,BZYP N[ GJG[V KV NT CGJ OGKC Z\KFF EGSK ,OGYP NMP .\C[F OGKC YZ
.QPF
KEK NT \G[TRF FEGCT \GMBNPG ,FE[C[ FEGCT \GMBNP CGJ OGKC GZ\GF BN TGEP .D
\GMNF) O"CPZF NT 'FR[P EKDP'F [ZKV LMG .[VR NMGBN \GRGGMP QF[M OD ,OKNTGV
\G[TN ECTF LZE[ FP NM NNGM FEGCT \MBNP[ ZPGB KRBG" :(F"F B"V CGJ OGK
KVN ,Q\G[TN OKZIB OKZMG[ BNB QPXTN F\GB QK[GT OEB KRC CGZ QKBG GKRGEBN
NCB ,GRKRGEBN GNB \GMBNP QK[GT GRKKFG OKECT GRKKF KM ZGMHN GNB \GMBNPC GRZFHGF[
OGKC~ GRZFHGF BN ,GPXTN ,G\KCC EIB NM F\G[TN OEB KRC CGZ LZE[ FMBNP NM
OEB[ FMBNP NM BNG .F\GB QK[GT OKRGEBF UB BNB ,OKECT \MBNP FRKB[ KVN ,|!CGJ
FZKXYFG ,FZKZCF :QGDM ,OKZIB KEK NT F\G[TN LZE ,FCZF OKPKN FRPP F[GT
OKPKN OFP QKMP OEB QKB NG[KCFG FJKI[FG F[KNFG FKKVB ,NCB .FEYZFFG FRKIJFG
BZYKGN) Q"CPZ ."QGKT LKZX QKKETG ,KN FBZR LM .QPXTN Q\GB QK[GT OEB KRC CGZG ,FCZF
(\KC) QPF \[ZV QKC[ NECFN GSIKK\F BN OK[ZVPF KR[ LB ,FPGE LZEC [ZKV (H D"M
'FR[P OIN' FBZ .QKKET QGKT-LKZXF \B OD ZG\VN NGMK FHG ,(FE[) OKJV[P \[ZV QKCN
.YZK \[KN\ QKKRTC F[Y\F[ ,O[ O"CPZ NT
FCG\M FRMF[ ZGZC ?(C"T=B"T C FXKC) CGJ OGKC FRMF \KKDGSC LM NM GYNIR FP NT .E
NCB ,ETGPN OD \[ZGE (E 'V ,TSKGE 'SP) B\NKMPF .ETGPC BNG \C[C J[VF KV NT
OKPKN FRMF[ BNB .("K[K[F OGKC FKFG" F"E ,C"T C FXKC \GVSG\) QF \GYGNI \G[ZE
BKF QM[ ,"FEGCT \MBNP" \C[IR ,\KCC OD ,('FR[P EKDP'F QP GREPN[ KVM) OKCZ
CGJ OGKN \C[P FZCTGF[ BKF FRMF BYGGE ,QMN .OKNTGV \EGCTC NNM LZEC \K[TR
QKB[ ,FBZRM BKF G\TE ,FCZ KVN YSGV O"CPZ[ KV NT UB .(C"T C FXKC) FCZ \TEN
CGJ OGKC GZKPIF OKPMI[ FXYGP KRKEP BNB ,FZG\F QP ZGPD QKE CGJ OGKC FRMF
FNI QPF \[ZV QKB[ GRC\M[ FP KVN FVK \ZCSGP G\TEG ,(M"F=H"KF B"V J"GK \GMNF)
UGSC ,OKPGB\=WKCGRKCZ K"XZF C\M[ "FRMF SZJRGY"C QKKTG .J[VF KVN ,CGJ OGK NT
.('G YZV) N"XH YGY F"KBZF N[ "FZGZC FMNF" FXKC \MSP
NKBGFG ,FNKDZ \KC \MBNP BKF[ FRMF [KG ,FEGCT \MBNP BKF[ FRMF \PBC [K[ QBMP
FPP BNG) \KCC [K[ FPP \BHM \GZ[VBN QRGM\FN OKNKDZ \KC NMCG OKIZGB BGCN OKKG[TG
FEGP FCZ OD QM NT ,(C"T IN QKCGZKTC QMG ,B"T IPG ,C"T GP OKISV \KKDGSC QKKT ;ENGR[
LMKVNG FNKDZ \KC \MBNP BKF OKIZGBN FRMF QM[ ,CGJ OGKC FZG\F QP FZGSB FRMF NM BN[
,"K[K[F OGKC FKFG" F"E ,C"T C FXKCN \GVSG\ QKKTG) QKNK[C\ CGZKT KEK NT FZK\FN Z[VB
QPF \[ZVP QKNK[C\ KCGZKTN LPSF .("FYGN GRKB ZPB FCZ" F"E ,C"T GP OKISVN \GVSG\G
.N"PMBG ,QPC \C[N CGJ OGK FGG[P[ KPN [ZER (C"T GJ FXKC)
12
QGR-QC NBGK CZF
\MBNPM) OKKP[ \MBNP NNGM ,BKF[ FMBNP NM NT JNIGP ZGSKB BGF ,QM[PF
H"V \C[) FR[PF .\C[ \GMBNPC OKZCSFF \GNKVM \B QKCFN [K QBMP .(QM[PF
OEBF KMZX \B \G\Z[P[ \GMBNPM ,KTCJF QZES KV NT \GMBNPF \B FRGP (C"P
NM OGKS ,[BF ,\KCF ,C\MF ,ZVSF \RMF ,EDCF \RMF ,NMGBF \RMF { ("L\MBNP")
BNB ,QM[PF \MBNP OT ZCE FN QKB FKVGBCG dZESC GH FPK[Z .FBXGFG ,FMBNP
DT) BZPDFG (C"K=B"K OKYZV ,\C[) FR[PF FH \PGTN .FNKDZF NGIF \MBNP OT
QM[PF \MBNP KV NT \GMBNPF \B \GZKCSP (B"T JX=C"T GX ;C"T FT=B"T
N[ NGVMF ZGSKBF \B [ZGEF FMNFF [ZEPP TCGR FH NGVM ZCSF .FKRKKVBPG
,QCGPM ,[K .(OKKP[ \MBNP) QM[PCG ("L\MBNP") \GZCKEF \Z[TC \C[ \GMBNP
KMZXN G[TR[ \GMBNPF QKCN OEBF KMZXN G[TR[ \GMBNPF QKC OKCZ OKNECF
.OK[GZE OFKR[G ,OKKP[
\JNIGPF F\[GEY \B TCGY ,\C[C OKKP[ \MBNP OD ZSGBF ,KR[F QCGPF YZ
,QM NT ."\PGK \GP FKNNIP"G ,FMBNP NM FKRVP FIGEF ,QG\C[=\C[M ,\C[F N[
N[ Z[YFC YZ ,QM NT Z\K .QM[PF \GK[ZVC YZ TKVGP \C[ NGNKI NT [RGTF
FRKB OGYPF [EYP N[ G\KKRC .QPHF [EYPM \C[F \ZEDGP ,OGYPF [EYP ,QM[PF
\ZEDGP \C[C FMBNP ,BNKPP .GRPP FGCDG ,GN OEY[ QPHF [EYPC TGDVN FNGMK
\BZ\FC GB [RGTC ZCGEP GC[ OGYP NMC ,QM NT .F\KP G[RGT[ ,[EGY NGNKIM
\C[C FMBNPF NT BC [RGTF QKB KM ,QM[PF IMP YZ BGCN NGMK FH ,[RGT
NT ZCEN Z[VB [EYPC YZ .[EGYF NGNKI ,QPHF [EYP NGNKI NT BNB ,FPXTN[M
9
.ZGPI FM [RGT CKKIP [EGY NGNKI N[ F[TP YZG ,NGNKI
?QK#RP
] \IB ZSI \GMBNP \GCB OKTCZB |C~
K[ZEPC ,("NGED NNM" ,H"V \C[) FR[PC ,\C[ \GMBNPC \GYSGTF \GKDGSF NMP
KPN[GZK ;FT=DT \C[ KNCC) OKEGPN\F KR[CG ,(NFYKG ,B[\=KM :\G\NKMP) FMNFF
{ "\IB ZSI OKTCZB" N[ ZVSPF KM ZGZKCC FNGT ,(D"T=C"T J ,C"F H"V \C[
OD GKF \GMBNP \GCB GKVN[ ,"D"F" F"E ,B"T C BPY BCC \GVSG\C KR[F ZCSFF FBZ
{ FMZEM F[TK\ \C[C FMBNP[ F[KZEF ,E"RTN ,QBMP ;\GCG[I \GMBNP GKF ODG ,QM[PC
GNMK BN LB ,(OKKPTV) OGYPF [EYP \B CKZIFN GNMK OKKGD KEK .N"PMBG .EGTG C"T ET \C[
YZ \C[F EDR \GZKHD .[GCKM ZC BGF[ ,OGYP^C BXPR GRKB Z[BC { \C[F { QPHF [EYPN
OKEGFK { GRN[ GRKEKC QPHF [EYP CZIR ,GRRGSB NEGDN ,ONGB .NBZ[KC F\ZKP[ \B GYHKI
ZGKXG [EGY KZVS \TKZY .NGNKI \C[C FTKDVC OKBGZ ORKB \C[ KZPG[ ORKB[G \C[ KZPG[
KZVS \VKZ[ .TGHTH OKZZGTP OFG ,NGNKI K[TPM OKC[IR \SRM K\C \GZKY NT FXBR \GCG\M
OD .KRZEGPF YNPT N[ FEP[FF TSP N[ G\K[BZ ,'INGECF NKN' \B \NPSP \SRM K\CG FZG\
\KK[T GNKBG .\GXNVG FEZI GZZGTK ,QFKNT FXBR \GCG\MG OKKEGFK QKPNT K\CC \GCXP \ZKC[
,\C[ NGNKI NT ZCEN Z[VB KB ,QMN .BN G\G ,FZGPI \K\E FZKCTM \[V\R \C[C \GMBNP
.[RGT NT BNG
13
9
QM[PF \MBNPG OEBF \MBNP :\C[F
SRMKFN \GTGEKF \GMBNPF \B OKXNBP OKCZ OKZYPC ."NHZC ZVSP" BGF { J"N
FBXGFC GPM) EIB O[ \I\ \GCB FPM OKNNGM ,OKSKRMPG OKBKXGP ,J"N N[ E#SC
\GPGE \GMBNP FPM OKNNGM ,(C"T GX \C[ BZPDG FR[P { FYKZHG FJ[GF ,FSRMFG
,ZZGC GPM) \GPGE \GMBNP FPM OKEKZVPG ,(IEGY ,\\SP ,FRGC GPM) EIB DD \I\
QKKRPN QGC[I N[ GVGSC \GMBNPF \B BKCFN BKF FPDPF KM ZGZC .(EYZPG FZGH
.FP KFKG J"N
10
[GN[ "NGED NNM"C GYST[ [KYN QC QGTP[ 'ZG QRIGK KCZ \G[TN GNKEDF
GBXP[ FP ;FMBNP \GCB J"NP \IB NMN \GENG\ J"N GBKXGFG ,KXIG OKR[
\IBC LPS GN GBXP BN[ FPG ,GMPS { \GMBNPF \IB NT LGPSN Z[VB[
."[KJVC FMP" NT GMPS { \GMBNPF
.GKEKPN\G BCKYT KCZ N[ O\R[P KV NT NHZC ZVSP BGF "\IB ZSI OKTCZB"
'Z QM[ ,GH FZKVSC \GCK[I NM FBZRF NMM F\KF BN ZHTKNB KCZ \JK[C ,O\PGTN
\GZGSB \GMBNP YZ GNXB GKF BNKPP ;CB OGYPC FENG\ NT CKKIP FKF ZHTKNB
KCZ \JK[[ ,QM\KK 11.KF[NM \KZVSP FPK[ZN Z[Y OG[ BNC ,\GCZ \GZ[T ,\C[C
N[ GMZEC \MNGF GR\R[P LM QKCG LM QKC {12 FPGEYF FMNFF \B \VY[P ZHTKNB
.FMNFF \GEGSKC OKZVSPG \GZEDF ,OKZGTK[ TCY OKCZ \GPGYPC Z[B ,BCKYT KCZ
\GKDGSF ?\C[F \GMBNP QKKRPN NHZC ZVSPM J"N ZVSPF ZICR \BH NMC TGEP
.\G[YGPG \GZHGP QYNIC ,\GPGPT \GCG[\ \GR\GR FH QKKRTC
"G\MBNP" ,"FMBNP" EDRM :ZKCSP[ BKRGYN KSGK 'ZC QGTP[ 'ZC I\VR
QGMR GRKB FH QKKRP[ ,BYT BE LB ,\VNBP FCG[\ GH FZGBMN 13.FZG\C[ "\MBNP"G
,"FMBNP"[ (B"C[ZG Q"CPZ ,Q"CBZ GK\GCYTCG) NBRRI GRKCZ F[YF ZCM .NNM
GMZE KV NT WZK\ I"Z !39 BNG 61 QKRPN OKNGT FZG\F NMC[ "\MBNP"G "G\MBNP"
\GZMHF \IBG OKZ[T ZKSIF LMG ,\GKGBZ QRKB[ [KG \GRPKFN \GKGBZF \GCK\ [K[
BN I"Z OD[ FNDK GNNF \GCK\F ZVSP \B CJKF YEGCF ,ZCE N[ G\KPBN .\GZK\K
NT 'CGJ=OGK \GVSG\'F N[ GRC QKKXP[ KVM ,[PIG OK[[ BGF QGMRF QRKKRP KMG ,YEX
14
.FKXREZGYRGYF KV
'Z O[C FRI ZC ZC FCZ KZCE \B QKCFN GH FK[GY ZGBN QM\KK EXKM ,LM GB LM
GZVS[ Z[VB OGNM 15."OeB@RP^e FZG\ ZVS GBKCF[ ET O[P GHH BN" :BZPDC QRIGK
.D"TZ=C"TS J ,C"F H"V \C[ KPN[GZKC FKDGSC
.B"T C BPY BCC KNCC 'ZG ,K"P D"V \G\KZM FR[P
OKN[GZK ,FMNFF \GENG\C FPGYPG SGRYZGF QC ZHTKNB KCZ N[ G\R[P ,\NKD E"K FBZ
.7 'PT ,I"M[\
.C"T JP \C[ KNCC
.C"P H"V \C[ \R[PN G[GZKVC
.13 'TF ,NKTN
14
10
11
12
13
14
15
QGR-QC NBGK CZF
YNI YZ GYEC[ ,QM\KKF ?T[\G OK[GN[ BNG [PIG OK[[ QF[ GNKD BNG \GCK\F \B
?FH YNI YZ TGEPG GYEC YNI FHKB ,QM OBG ,FZG\C OKKGSP
ZCSF NM LB ,(L[PFC FBZ) GH FNB[N GR\KR Z\GKC OKRKKRTP OKZCSF FPM
BGF QMKFP ,FH ZVSP N[ GIGM ZGYP FP :\GNB[F \B YHIP YZ ,QKKRTPG FVK ,USGR
?GN GPKB\K[ LM \GMBNPF \B \GRPN Q\KR OKMZE GNKBCG ,GZKCSFN Q\KR EXKM ,BC
"fv^MB#NP^ \fsTz#N F\@^K#aF# B` C@i#G" :OKYGSV KR[C \JCN\P O[ FKDGSF { EGTG
,ZPGNM=) F@MB@Nl^F#^G" :YGSVCG ;'GKMZX' GB ,'FMBNP' G[GZKV OB ,(BK J"N \K[BZC)
"Z\+fF^G ,d\@` B \fsTz#N F@MB@Nl^F# N@M^N O@iE# F\@^KF@ (FMBNPF KZPGI ,GVSBR[ OKZPGIF
"FMBNP" KKGJKC N[ CZ ZVSP [K[ ,ZGZC BGNF :\G[YFN OKCKKIG .(H G"N \GP[)
Z\GK OKKGBZ KBEG OF NCB ,\GRG[ \GCKSP GNNF J"NF LG\C OKZVSR ORKB[ FZG\C
!N"RF OKYGSVF KR[P
HPZR J"N ZVSPF FKVN ,BZPDF FNTP[ FTXFF GHG ,QBM [K USGR K[GY EGTG
"FNB" ;F[GN[ { OKZCEF ,OKKR[ { OKZCE :"OKZCEF FNB" :BKZJPKDC
EPTP I\VC[ "OKZCEF FNB" NT OD OBF .39 KZF ,F[GN[ EGTG ;36 { BKZJPKDC
NT T[\G OK[GN[ OF[ ZPBKK ,(B 'B) OKZCE ZVS \IK\VCG ,(G J"K \GP[) KRKS ZF
!?FPGE BKZJPKD LPS
16
,QGIJKCF \B \GZTZTP FNBM \G[ZE .BKZJPKDN OEY ZVSPF[ ,ZGZKCC FBZR
.'NHZC ZVSP'M T[\G OK[GN[ ZVSPF BC QK#RP \TEN NNMC Z[VB[
:(F"N \GP[) NFYKG \[ZV \NKI\
'F F@e]
X Z[
Cc^F
kB
&B
z OKZ]@
# F&
+
OF&+NBz ZP&B` i#G NB+Z@s
^]K K+R^a \E#Tz N@j \B& Fr
&` P NF+^Y#i#G (B)
.O@
\` B \` sTz#
N
N@j 'F#N Qf\@ar
# \#ar
# rE&` Y O&M@N F&KF^]K KT]K]Ct
^ F# Ofi#Ce F@MB@NP^ Fs
& @Tv+ OKP]@K \r
&r
+ (C)
.\P@eK F@MB@NP^ fC Fs
&` TF@
.\@at
# F# OfK^a O&MK\+` Cr
^` P N` M^a rB+ eZTz#C\^ B` N (D)
.Z` PB+
N 'F F@e]
X Zr
Cc@F
N NB+Z@s
&B
z Z@
# F&H Z` PB+
^]K K+R^a \E#Tz N@j NB& Fr
&` P ZP&B` i#G (E)
.\r
&` I^Re U&S&M@G CF@@H 'F \P#eZv^ \B+ F@B&K]C^K fa]N CKE]^R N` j 'F#N FP@eZv^ O&Mv^B]P+ eI^Y (F)
|...~
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X Zr
j \B
&B
z N@
+ esTz#K^G eB` C@K O&M@a C+N O#MIz N@M^G (K)
\NKI\C ,GH FK[ZVC \JZGVPF FPK[ZC[ \GEGCTF \B K\ZVS \GEIB OKR[ KRVN
K\BXPG ,(DP=DN 'P) KEGYV \[ZV UGSC[ FNKCYPF \BG ,(M=B F"N) NFYKG \[ZV
FMBNP \GCB J"N N"HI GRP QEDRM[ ,QM[PC[ \GEGCT J"NN [ZGVPG ZGZC ZGYP
OKC[IP[ QKZSKYE QRCZ QMG ,QKZGVKXE BRKRI 'Z O[C ,O[ \C[ KPN[GZKP OD FNGT LM
,30=N ,1=B) \"KI=B"F N[ \KNKNDF FKKDFF K"VT 'FNB' :Z\GK EGT FYGIZ BKZJPKD
ZKCSP QKZGVKXE BRKRI 'Z N[ LZEC .\"KIM B"F [GZENP GTRPR BN OKPMI[ OKZPGBG ,(8=F
.C"T HX \C[ KNCCC KCZ \[ZE \B K"[Z
15
16
QM[PF \MBNPG OEBF \MBNP :\C[F
B\NKMPC OKBCGP OF[ KVM ,KCZ KZCE \RGGM OD ZGZKCC KN \KBZR GH
17
. \C [ C
:NFYKG
18
OFN ZPB[ \GMBNPF \GCB T[\G OK[N[ BKCFN :ZPGB KCZ ,'GDG OKZCEF FNB
.FV NT F[P
\I\ C\MC[ FZG\C \GSRMR QM[PC[ \GEGCT T[\G OK[GN[[ ,BGF OKZCEF [GZKV
Z [ B N M \B G[TKG GB` CK OMC CN OMI NMG ...'F F G X Z [ B Z C E F FH" :\Z\GMF
\ZIB FPK[Z \HPGZP C\MC[ \BHF FPK[ZF EDRM LB .(K=E OKYGSV) "' F F G X
YGSV) "O\B \[TN ' F F G X Z [ B O K Z C E F F N B" :\Z\GMF \I\ ,FV NTC[
YGSV) "\PGK FMBNP GC F[TF NM" ZPBR QFKNT[ \C[ \GMBNPN \SIKK\P GHG ,(B
.( C
GHG ,QM[PC \GEGCT T[\G OK[GN[ \C FPK[Z NBZ[KN F[P OFN FZGF[ O[M
NT \BH .\C[C \GZGSBF \GMBNP T[\G OK[GN[ ,FV NTC OFN ZPB LM ,FC\MR
{ B YGSVC[ "OKZCEF FNB" QKCN ,K=E OKYGSVC[ "ZCEF FH" QKC FNCYFF EGSK
KZF[) QGGMP FH KGJKC FP^N ZGZC BNG "OKZCEF FNB"N FZG\C JGZKV QKB BGNF
GBNC \GBZN [K ,LMKVN .(\C[C FZGSB[ FEGCTF \MBNP YZ O[ \ZMHR [GZKVC
FPDGE YZ BN ,(D F"N) "\C[F OGKC ,OMK\` C[` P NMC [B GZTC\ BN" O[
@ [ ZG V P F
19
GH ,"OKZCEF FNB" \PK[ZN OGKS GB FIK\V BNB ,EIGKP QKE BYGGE GBN ODG
:KNCCF \GKDGSC OKBCGP[ (Q\R KCZG) KCZ KZCE \B OD QKCFN [K LM .FV NT FZPBR[
KVN ?ZPGN EGPN\ FP ,\C[F OKC OMK\GC[GP NMC [B GZTC\ BN :ZPGB Q\R KCZ
F[T\ OKPK \[[ ,'GDG OKZCEF FNB ...NBZ[K KRC \ET NM \B F[P NFYKG" ZPBR[
F[PN GZPBR[ \GMBNP J"N GNB { OKZCEF FNB ,OKZCEF OKZCE ,"...FMBNP
20
.KRKSC
F[PN GZPBR[ \GMBNP J"N GNB { OKZCEF FNB ,OKZCEF OKZCE :ZPGB KCZ
21
.KRKSCE
:QMG
FNB ,OKZCEF OKZCE" IGSKRFG ,BKZJPKD FZMHR BN KCZ KZCEC KM \GBGZF GRKRKT
GPM KCZ \B QKCFN Z\GK ZC\SP .BKZJPKDF KV NT [ZV\FN IZMGP GRKB "...OKZCEF
OK[N[ |EPNN ,\GCZN ZPGNM~ BKCFN ,'GDG OKZCEF FNB" :B\NKMPC G\TE \BCGP[
:(\GPN[FC) KNCCF N[ IGSKRCG ."FV NT F[P OFN ZPB[ \GMBNPF \GCB T[\G
.BPI ZC BRKRI 'Z KZCE ,C"T JP \C[ KNCC
.345 'PT QKCZ=WKCZGF 'EFP ,B 'V B\C[E B\MSP ,NBTP[K KCZE B\NKMP
.B\NKMPC N[PN [ZER BGF[ KVM
.B"T T \C[ KNCC
.C"T HX O[
16
17
18
19
20
21
QGR-QC NBGK CZF
GZPBR[ \GMBNP J"N GNB ,OKZCEF FNB |BNB ,QBM ZPBR BN~ ,OKZCEF OKZCE"
."KRKSC F[PN
22
EGPKNF ZYKTN USGR[ ,OMIG\P HPZ YZ BGF BKZJPKDF NT KGRC[ [GZKVF
QGKT 23.QKZSKYE QRCZ O[CG QKZGVKXE BRKRI 'Z O[C ,C"F H"V \C[ KPN[GZKC GZGYPG
GKZCE GNBG .LM EPN BN BRKRI QC KSGK 'Z[ FBZP ,O[ KPN[GZKF \KKDGSC YKKGEP
:(O[)
KGGKXC ,L[PFC CG\M ORPB[ KVM~ QBM CK\M QKB "ZCEF FH" :BRKRI QC KSGK 'Z ZPB
\GCBN QBMP { OKZCEF ,OKZCE ,Z@CE@ ,"OKZCEF FNB" :BNB |E F"N { QM[PF
.\GENG\NG
"ZCEF FH" \PK[ZC \GEGCT J"N QKC FNCYF [K[ O[M[ ,BGF GKZCE [GZKV
N[ EGPKNF KV NT \C[F \MBNPC \GCB J"N QEDRM [K[ O[MG ,QM[PF KGGKXC[
FNB" QKCN EKIK QG[NC "ZCEF FH" QKC FNKECF FZG\F[ FHP EGT YKKEN [K LM ,KCZ
\GCBN" ZGYPF GFHG ;\GCZ \GVSGR \GMBNP EGT [K \C[C KM ,OKCZ QG[NC "OKZCEF
."\GENG\NG
(*) \KCMGMC) FZG\C \GKGRP QF[ KVM QM[PF \GEGCT N[ \GPK[ZF K\[ QNFN
O\PGTNG ,\ZIBC OKZSI Z[BG \IBF FPK[ZC OKKGXPF OKJKZVF \[GN[ OKRPGSP
:(FKKR[F FPK[ZC T[\G OK[GN[ ZVSPF \B OKPKN[P[ OKJKZVF \[GN[
(BP=DN J"N 'P[) KEGYV \[ZVC
(JK=BK F"N \GP[) NFYKG \[ZVC
Fr
&` P NB& Q@jr
^ l]F# \B& eBK]C@i#G
NF&` BF@ \B&
* GK@N+j N@j \B&^G
GK@SZ@^Y
GKr
@ Z@^Y
GI@KZ]^a
GKE@lA#T^G
GK@RE@Bz#G
OKP]c@B@P^F# O]NKB+F@ \` ZfT F+S^MP] \B&^G
* OK r
] I@v^F# \` Z` T F+S^MP] \B&^G
x@Sl@F# \&M` Z@V \B+^G
\EA+TF@ Q` ZBz \B&
GKc@#a \B&^G
Q@jr
^ l]F# \B&
fNF>B@ \B&
eF+S^MP] \B&^G
GK@SZ@^Y \B&
GK r
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GI@KZ]^a \B&
GKE@lA#T \B&
GK@RE@Bz \B&^G
Q` ZB@F@ \B&
GKc@#a \B&^G
\Z&` o#jF# \B&
x@Sl@F# \&M` Z@o \B+^G
QI@^Nt
A F# \B&
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.16 FZTF NKTN FBZ
17
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
22
23
QM[PF \MBNPG OEBF \MBNP :\C[F
\Z&` o#jF# \B+^G
* GKc@#a \B&^G
QI@^Nt
GK@N+j N@j \B&^G
A F# \B&
GK@N+j N@j \B&
OK]R@oF# OI&&N \B+^G
OK]R@oF# OI&&N \B+^G
ZfBl@F# \Z#` RP^ \B&^G
FZ@` Fh^F# FZ@` Rl^F# \B&
F@K&N+j \B&^G
F@MZ@Tzl#F# \` Z+R F@K\&` Z+R \B&
F@K\&` Z+R \B&^G
F@K&N+j N@j \B&^G
ZfBl@F# QP&r
& \B+^G
ZfBl@F# QP&r
\Z&` J^qF# I#a^HP] \B&^G
& \B+^G
CF@@gF# I#a^HP] \B+^G
* GKc@#a \B&^G
FI@r
FI@r
^ l]F# QP&r
& \B+^G
^ P]F# QP&r
& \B+^G
OKl]#nF# \Z&` J^Y \B+^G
OKl]#nF# \Z&` J^Y \B+^G
NF&` BF@ I\#&o x#SP@ \B+^G Q@jr
^ l]F# I\#&V^N I\#&oF# x#SP@ \B&^G
\r
F@N` TF@ I#a^HP] \B+
&` I^mF# I#a^HP] \B+
`
f N Zr
f N Zr
& Bz \[
& I^mF# Z#a^MP] \B&^G
& Bz \r
&` I^mF# Z#a^MP] \B&^G
GKc@#a \B&
GKc@#a \B&
GK@N+j N@j \B&^G
GK@N+j N@j \B&^G
`Zi]jF# \B&
Z` i]jF# \B&
fm#j \B&^G
fm#j \B&^G
Z+XI@F& K+T^NY# \B+
Z+XI@F& K+T^NY# \B+
F@KE&lA#T \B&
GKE@lA#T \B&
F@K&RE@Bz \B&^G
F@K&RE@Bz \B&^G
Z+XI@F& Z#Tr
Z+XI@F& Z#Tr
# ^N x@Sl@F# \B&^G
# x#SP@ \B+^G
GKZ@\@KP+ \B&
* Q@jr
^ l]F# \` E\^]K \B&
F@K\&` E\+K]G
Z+XI@F& \` E\^]K \B&^G
* E+TfP NF&` B^N Q@jr
OF&KZ+\^KP+ \B&^G
^ l]F# \E#` CTz K+N^j N@j \B+^G
[E&` q#a \Z+r
@ ^N EZ@u
^ F# KE+^D]a \B& rE&` q#a \Z+r
@ ^N EZ@u
^ F# KE+^D]a \B&
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20
.21
.22
.23
.24
.25
.26
.27
.28
.29
.30
.31
.32
.33
.34
.35
.36
.37
.38
.39
|:GRKKFE~
QF+` jF# Q` ZFzB#^N rE&` qF# KE+^D]a \B&
QF+#M^N GK@R@C KE+^D]a \B&^G
QF+` jF# Q` ZFzB#^N rE&` qF# KE+^D]a \B& .B 39
QF+#M^N GK@R@C KE+^D]a \B&^G .C 39
T[\G OK[GN[F ZVSPF ZG\C "[EYC \Z[N EZ[F KEDC \B" \GTCGY \GPK[ZF K\[
\B" :OKKR[N UT\SP[ FPK[ZC EKIKF KGJKCF GFH { FZYP FH QKBG ,FPK[ZC[
GKRC KEDC \BG ,QFMF QZFBN [EYF KEDC \B |GRKKFE~ [EYC \Z[N EZ[F KEDC
,([EGYC OK\Z[P QKB \GTSPF KGSKMC KZF[) BZYP N[ GJG[VC FBZR LM ."QFMN
18
QGR-QC NBGK CZF
Kr
+ eC^N \@K ,Br
@ E^eY^C Br
@ l@r
# ^N Br
@ elr
] Kr
+ eC^N \@K" :SGNYRGB OGDZ\P OD FBZR LMG
K[GCN" ORKB \GTSPF KKGSKM ."Br
@ l@r
# ^N KF]fR^C Kr
+ eC^N \@K^G ,B@RFz@j Q` ZFzB#^N Br
@ E^eY
.FH O[N OKKGBZ GKRC KEDCG QZFB KEDC YZ ,QCGPM ,"B[EGYC B[P[N B[GPK[
JZGVP[ FP^N NNGM O[M "EZ[F KEDC" \B QKCF SGNYRGB[ ,ZGZC FBZR LMKVN
.GKRC KEDCG ,QZFB KEDC :GKZIB
YGNKS \T[C OKNMF KKGSKM OF "EZ[F KEDC"[ G[ZKV O"C[ZG T"CBZ ,K"[Z ORPB
ZVSC 'E YZVC OB KM QM[PF \GK[ZVC \GP[ ZVSC NNM GZMHR BN Z[B ,\GTSP
24
. \G T S P F \[ Z V C , Z C E P C
YNI FNKCGF[ BKF "EZ[F KEDC" [GZKVC GH \YGNIP[ ,EGBP QM\KK
.\ZIBF FJK[N OKBZGPBFP
OKJZV F[GN[C \GRG[ { KEGYVCG NFYKGC { \GPK[ZF K\[ ,\GBZN Q\KR[ KVM
NM \BG" UGSCG ,"GKNM NM \BG" FNKI\C FVKSGP \PMSPF KEGYV \PK[Z .EX NMP
{ OKSMP KR[M TKVGP EIBF FSMPF ,QM GPM ;"ETGP NFBN QM[PF \E` CT KNM
,GH GPM \PMSP FPK[ZC[ FKKJRC ZKCSFN Q\KR \BH .OK[I\F \GZGTG OKNKBF \GZGT
BZYR "FNGTF ICHP" ,"CFHF ICHP" BZYR "\ZGJYF ICHP" :OKZPGIF KV NT JZVN
:ZPGNM) "FZGFJF FZGRPF" \BZYR "ZGBPF \ZGRP" ,"\[GIRF ICHP" OGMKSC
\B"G QING[F N[ "GKEC \B" OGMKSF ZSI#P ,FH \PGTN .('ZGFJF CFHF \ZGRP'
FC[IPF \B EBP YHIP BGF LMC ."QM[PF \` E\K" \B QMG ,CFHF ICHP N[ "GKEC
F[GN[ \ZSIPF OGMKSF \PK[Z OD[ FBZ\ BGNF ,NHZC ZVSP BGF J"N ZVSPF[
.39 { TGCY ZB[R NNGMF ZVSPF[ LM ZIB QVGBC O\GB OKN[FN FEKVYP ,OKJKZV
Z[B NMM" :(DP=CP 'P \GP[) ZPBR FKKR[F FPK[ZF OGKSC :UKSGFN [K LMN
,FMBNPF NM \B F[P BZKG .FEGCTF NM \B ,NBZ[K KRC G[T QM ,F[P \B 'F FGX
."F[P O\GB LZCKG ,G[T QM 'F FGX Z[BM ,F\` B G[T FRFG
GRZHIK[[ KVMG ,OKKZGYPF FMNFF K[ZEP KV NT ,FNB OKYGSV QKCFN [K LMG
\B |QM[PC~ NBZ[K KRC G[T QM |QM[PCG \C[C~ F[P \B 'F FGX Z[B NMM" :NKTN
G[T FRFG ,|QM[PCG \C[C FKNT FGGJXR[~ FMBNPF NM \B F[P BZKG .FEGCTF NM
."F[P O\GB LZCKG ,G[T QM 'F FGX Z[BM ,|QM[PC~ F\` B
,KEGYV UGS ET NFYKG \NKI\P ,FNBF \GK[ZVF NMC KR[F JGIM ZHGIF KGJKCF
,QG[BZF[ CG[IR OB ,40 GB) OKJKZV 41 FPK[ZC GRN GKFK K"[Z \JK[M ZGVSR OB ,ORPB
\B NNG[ ,DN J"N 'P[ ,KEGYVN G[GZKVC Q"CPZ { JZV GKZIB[ ,NNM BGF ,"QM[PF \B"
\GTKZKF BGF "QM[PF"[ ,ZGZC GRPP KM ,L[PFF NNDC NNM BGF QG[BZF[ \GZ[VBF
QKKRPC FEGFK KCZ \JK[[ ,CG[IN KNGB QM\KK { (OKHTF \GTKZK BGF NFGBFG ,\GRG[BZF
41 \ZKVSC FZGYP ,(C"T FT \C[ KNCC) YEYEPF \BG JCG[F \B QFKNT UKSGF[ ,\GMBNPF
!?FPK[ZC
19
24
QM[PF \MBNPG OEBF \MBNP :\C[F
'F FGX Z[B { OKZCEF FNB" :\I\ ,\C[F KGGKXC TKVGP BGF ."'F FGX Z[B" BGF
:QM[PF NT KGGKXF I\VC ,FPGZ\F KGGKXC OD TKVGP BGF .(B F"N) "O\` B \` [TN
FPK[ZF KGGKXC TKVGPG ZHGI BGFG .(E F"N) "ZPBN ' F F G X Z [ B Z C E F F H"
{ (K F"N) "' F F G X Z [ B N M \ B G [ T K G GB` CK OMC CN OMI NMG" :\JZGVPF
.\G[TN LKZX[ OKZCEF 39 \PK[Z FTKVGP ZK[K L[PFC
OTV { OKKPTV ,I\VPF KGJKC ,ZHGIF KGJKCF CG[ TKVGP KEGYV \PK[Z OGKSC
BZKG") F[P N[ FYKECFG \ZGYKCF NT FKKR[ OTVG ,\YKKGEPF O\KK[T NT \IB
"O\` B \` [TN" :\GRG[ \GZGXC FKK[TF OD FTKVGP \GPGYPF NMC JTPM .("...F[P
GB` CK" ZPBR \JZGVPF J"NF \PK[ZC .("\PGK FMBNP GC F[` TF NM" QMG) \C[C
."G[T QM" ,"F\` B G[T FRFG" ,"G[T QM" :FKKR[F FPK[ZF OGKSCG ,"...G[TKG
CG[ HPGZG ,(DP 'P) "FMBNPF NM \B" D[GPF ZHGI F[P N[ \ZGYKCC FRFG
."...FMBNP NM F[T\ BN" :(\GZCKEF \Z[TC) \C[F KGGKXN
NNGMF ZVSPF \B QKKXP BGF[ FBZR ,GPXT T[\G OK[GN[ ZVSPF OTJC
OKZCE) \GYNP OKTCZB GPM ,NY OGXPXC ,(EGTG ,ZGE KPKM "FR[ OKTCZB") OKTCZB
KNCC ,D"V \GMP FR[P) T[\G OK[GN[M OGXPXC QZKEDFN GEPN N"HI[ (D F"M
. ( B" T C M \G M P
\B GZXK[ QF ,GVGSCG QM[PF F[TP \NKI\C \GJZGVPF \GPK[ZF K\[ ,OGMKSN
,GKRVN \GVVGM\P \C[ \GMNF NM[ "NHZC ZVSP"M \GMBNPF T[\G OK[GN[ \ZDSP
KZCE \B ,B\NKMPC GBCGF[ KCZ KZCE \B ,K\TEN ,QKCFN [K LM .GKV NT \GZ[KK\PG
,\IB ZSI OKTCZB \GMBNP \GCB QR\E BF" :C"T JP \C[ KNCC) BPI ZC BRKRI 'Z
\B OD QKCFN [K LMG ,("QM[PF \EGCT EDRM { BPI ZC BRKRI 'Z GFN ZPB ?KP EDRM
BNB ,QBM ZPBR BN 'ZCEF FH' " :C"F H"V \C[) KPN[GZKC BRKRI 'ZC KSGK 'Z KZCE
FZKFC ,\IB EGPKN \ZGSP QBM [K .("\GENG\NG \GCBN QBMP { 'OKZCEF FNB'
.[P[M FZKBPG
?OKRGZIBG OKRG[BZ ,S"[F KR[ZV CGZP GH \ZGSP FPNTR FH EXKM
FNB"C BKZJPKD N[ \ZVZV ZGZCF EGPKNN GVKSGF Z\GK ZIGBP CN[C
,KCZ NT N"HI GZPB LM BGNF 25.KZGYPF [ZEPF OGYPC ,ZCSFM FZ\GR GHG ,"OKZCEF
\ZKC[ LG\ F\[TR[ ,("L\ZG\ GZVF ,'FN \G[TN \T") FR[PF \MKZT ZCSFC
FBZ" { C\MC[ FZG\F ZVSN USGRC ,V"TC[ FZG\N ZVS CG\MN OGEYF ZGSKBF
\C[ KNCC OD FBZG ,C"T EK FZGP\ KNCC) "NBZ[KP IM\[FN FZG\ FEK\T[ KCZ
. ( C "T I N Y
\ZVZVF FZ\GR ,QMCG ."FPMIN \GBZVZV" QF[ (I"KP D"V) \GCBC N"HI GZPB \GBKZJPKD NT
.FEGTSF N[ FZYKTG \VF FPNTRG
20
25
QGR-QC NBGK CZF
QGZMKH \GBZVZV YZ GZ\GRG ,\KZGYPF O\ZGXC GRKEKP GECB OKCZ OK[ZEP
OD ,GECB[ OFKZKYK N[ \GZMHP OKZPG[ OK[RB .ZYKTN \GCZ OKPTV GMVF[ OGMI\G
GECB KM NT BNV\FN QKB .\GTP[P OG[ FNB \GZMHPN F\KF BN OFKKIC OB
.ECB[ \B ZHI[N \GSRNG ,Z\GR[ HPZ NM NT FNGED FIP[ IGP[N [K { OK[ZEP
\GCB J"N NT ZGP[N FPGXTF \GR[YTF \B WKZTFN UBG BNV\FN [K QMB
.ONTR { ZKFRFG JG[VF GZGYP Z[BM OD ,'NHZC ZVSP'M \C[C \GMBNP
,FKKR[F FJK[F .BRKRI QC KSGK 'ZG ,BPI=ZC BRKRI 'Z ,KCZ \JK[C ZGPB FH NM
OD [K K\TENG ,OKRG[ OKZ[YFCG \GRG[ \GZGXC "FMBNP" KGJKCF \B FZG\C FZVS
ZPBR[ FP NM LG\P G\GB ZGZCN [K .KZGYPG KRG[BZ ,TRM[PG JG[V ZCSF FN
.OGKF ETG NBRRI GRCZ \KK[GY QPN ,\GZGEF LNFPC (C"T JP \C[ KNCC) GH FKDGSC
[ZEPM OKBZR \KYNIF FZKVSF \B ZKCSFN GSKR[ OKPMIG\PF OK[GZKVF NCB
26
.[ZEPN
OKPTVF ZVSPP \GMBNPF QKKRP \B \EPGN[ ,FKKR[F FJK[F \RCFC OD ,QMB
KMGZC NGB[ CZF KKRKT \B ZKBF ,\GRG[F GK\GKJFC 'FMBNP' O[F FZG\C ZMHR[
BNG \GP[ KR[ YZ OKTKVGP EKF KC\MC[ ,KN ZPB Z[B ,OKZGX QKTC GR\CK[KP
ZSI OKTCZB FZG\C[ '\MBNP'G 'G\MBNP' 'FMBNP' EDRM" :BN ZPGNM { F[GN[
NBRRI GRKCZ KRVN OD F\KF[ FISGRF FBZRM BKF) SVEGPF S"[C CG\M[ GPM ,"\IB
."\IB ZSI OKTCZB FZG\C[ '\MBNP'G 'FMBNP' EDRM" :BNB { (F[Y\R FCG
\B ZGVS\ OB LB { F[GN[G OKTCZB FZG\C ORKKRP '\MBNP'G 'FMBNP' ORPB
.FT[\G OK[GN[ NCY\ ,OKTKVGP OF OFC OKYGSVF
\JCN\P FKDGSF KZF[ ,EKF KC\M \SZD KVN ZBC\P BN (O[) FKDGSF L[PF
QBMP .BN GB FZKVSC NGNM (BK J"N \K[BZC) "fv^MB#NP^ \fsTz#N F\@^K#aF# B` C@i#G" OB
FCKSF F\KF GH KBEG .FZKVSC NNMK\ 'G\MBNP' FKJFF OD[ FVXP FKDGSF[
,ZGPBM ,OKTKDP GRB HB[ BNB ,'G\MBNP' KGJKCF \B BZPDF \ISGRN GVKSGF[
.FK\GKJF NT GH FNP N[ \GZMHF [PIG OK[K[N
,TGEKKF B"FC OKBCF GNB NNGM) 'FMBNP' KKGJKC NM \B ZGVSN GRKNT LMKVN
QP ONT\FNG ,FZG\F NMC[ 'G\MBNP'G ([GPK[F \GK\GB ZB[CG ZGCKIF G"GC
'FEGCT \MBNP' UGZKXC OK[P[P '\MBNP' KKGJKCP OKCZ) BYGGE '\MBNP' KGJKCF
ZBC\KG ,O[ FKDGSF KVMG ,OKTCZB YGKEC NCYR HB .(!\C[N BNG CGJ OGKN Z[YFC
\G[TN") OKZMHRF OKYGSVF KR[ NT FNGT FKDGSF N[ YV@SF TGEP \GJ[VC GRN
.OGBRPG FZG\ ZVS GBKCF[ ET O[P GHH BN ,QMB .("OKE F\KF FMBNPFG" ,"G\MBNP
27
.YGKEC FZKVSF \B FZKCSP BZPDC \KZGYPF FSZKDF
.KEGYV \[ZVN OKBGNKPCG ,C[KG \[ZVN FPN[ FZG\C Z[M P"P CZF BKCF[ FP FBZ
.N"PMBG ,10 FZTF NKTN ,KPN[GZKF \KKDGSC QKKTN [K EGT
21
26
27
QM[PF \MBNPG OEBF \MBNP :\C[F
\C[N OKMKK[ ORKB[ OKYGSV OD \ZVGS BKF[ ,GH FJK[C KZYKTF K[GYF
.'\C[IP \MBNP' ONNMCG ,(6) QM[PC[ ,'\MBNP' KKGJKC \ZVGS FRKBG ,QM[PNG
FK[GYF QP GENGR[ Z\GK \GPMIG\PF \GZKVSF NM .FKDGSC ZKFR J[V [K ,OGYP NMP
KKGJKC 65 LG\C \GRG[ \GRICF \GZXGK QF KZF[ ,\GRKKRTPG \GVK \GCG[I NKTNE
NM ONGB .OKKJRGGNZ OFP GNB TGCYN KEM ,FZG\C[ "\MBNP"G "G\MBNP" ,"FMBNP"
.ZM[ NCYG [GZE { [ZEPN [ZEP QF KZF FNB
K\ZCKE UBG ,FCK[KC KNNM ZGTK[C FKDGSF \B K\EPKN ,\BH NM K\C\M[ ZIB
GB [ZEP OG[C ,FHM EGPKN ZMH BN OFP [KB) \GCK[K K[BZG OKCG[I OKREPN OT
Z[M P"P CZF ZCM FNKD QGKTZF \B[ KMGZC NGB[ CZF KN FBZF CG[ ,(Q[ZV
NGEDF [ZEP KV NT ,(JKY=IKY 'PT D"M LZM FPN[ FZG\ ,KEGYV \[ZVN OKBGNKPC)
.NFYKG \[ZVN
YGKEC ,QM[PC[ \GEGCTF T[\G OK[GN[ \PK[Z \B BKCP NGEDF [ZEP QMB
OK[GZKV KR[ OKBCGP QMP ZIBN .(NFYKGC[ GH \B YZ ,ORPB) NKTN GRBCF[ KVM
...QK[ZGV[ OKEDC FTC[ GNB QKZPGB [KG ,FRGFM KEDC GNB" { "EZ[F KEDC"C
,T[\G OK[GN[ ZVSPF OT QGGMPG ,SGNYRGBM QGGMP QG[BZF [GZKVF ."Kf[P \T[C
.OK[ZVPFG K"[ZM BGF KR[FG
28
:NGEDF [ZEP ZPGBG UKSGP FH NM NT
.\C[C GZSBR[ \GMBNP \GCB OK[N[G FT[\ EDRM QKKGG]X OK[N[G FT[\ GNB KZF
:ZPGB BGF KZF ,|FGX\=FPGZ\ \G[ZVC :ZPGNM~ FGJXR GNB NM NT[ QKRPG
.[[ \GTKZK Z[T F[T\ QM[PF \BG (B G"M \GP[) ZPBR[ FH ,QM[PF \B .B
.QM[PF NT NFBN OKHT \` TKZK \K[TG (H G"M) ZPBR[ FH ,GNFB \B .C
.NFBN FSMP \K[TG (EK G"M) ZPBR[ FH ,GFSMP \BG .D
.CFH KSZY OK[PI \K[TG (G G"M) ZPBR[ FH ,GKSZY \B .E
.(BK G"M) OK[PI \[` IR KSZY \K[TG .F
.QM[PN OK[ZYF \B \K[TG (GJ G"M) ZPBR[ FH ,GK[ZY \BG .G
.OKJ[ KXT OKIKZC \K[TG (GM G"M) ZPBR[ FH ,GKIKZC \B .H
.OKJ[ KEGPT FTCZB NT F\` B \\RG (CN G"M) ZPBR[ FH ,GKEGPT \B .I
.(HN G"M) OKJ[ KEGPT F[PI LSPN \K[TG .J
.F[T\ USM KREB OKTCZBG (JK G"M) ZPBR[ FH ,GKREB \BG .K
.OKJ[ KXT QGZB G[TG (K F"M) ZPBR[ FH ,Q` ZBF \B .BK
.OKJ[ KXT KEC \K[TG (DK F"M) ZPBR[ FH ,GKEC \BG .CK
.ZGFJ CFH \Z` VM \K[TG (HK F"M) ZPBR[ FH ,\Z` VMF \B .DK
.\M` ZV \K[TG (BN G"M) ZPBR[ FH ,LSPF \M` ZV \BG .EK
.QIN[ \K[TG (DM F"M) ZPBR[ FH ,QIN[F \B .GJ
.OKJ[ KXT OKECF \B \K[TG (IM F"M) ZPBR[ FH ,GKEC \BG .HJ
.DP[\=BP[\ 'PT ,G"N[\ OKN[GZK ,\GKNDZP 'P CZF 'EFP
22
28
QGR-QC NBGK CZF
\B [TKG (HJ H"N) ZPBRG ...GK\GZTY \K[TG (JM F"M) ZPBR[ FH ,GKNM NM \BG
29
.QIN[F NT Z[B OKNMF
.OKRV OIN QIN[F NT \\RG (N F"M) ZPBR[ FH ,OKRVF OIN \BG
CFH \Z` RP \K[TG (BN F"M) ZPBR[ FH ,FK\` ZR \BG FKNM \BG ZGBPF \Z` RP \BG
.ZGFJ
.ZGFJ CFH FK\` \IPG FKIYNPG 'GDG FTC[ FK\` ZR \B \K[TG
LKNB GIYKG NBZ[K KRC \B FGX\ F\BG (M H"M) ZPBR[ FH ,ZGBPF QP[ \BG
.LH \KH QP[
.\Z` JY ZJYP ICHP \K[TG (B 'N) ZPBR[ FH ,\Z` JYF ICHP \BG
.OKJ[ KXT OKECF \B \K[TG (F 'N) ZPBR[ FH ,GKEC \BG
.[EY \I[P QP[ G\` B \K[TG (FM 'N) ZPBR[ FH ,FI[PF QP[ \BG
.\Z` JY F\GB \K[TG (FN 'N) ZPBR[ FH ,OKPSF \Z` JY \BG
.NFBF I\VN LSP \K[TG (GN G"M) ZPBR[ FH ,QM[PF I\VN I\VF LSP \BG
.OKJ[ KXT ICHPF \B \K[TG (B H"M) ZPBR[ FH ,FN` TF ICHP \B
.ZCMP GN \K[TG (E H"M) ZPBR[ FH ,GN Z[B \[` IRF ZCMP \BG
.ICHPN OKEC \K[TG (G H"M) ZPBR[ FH ,GKEC \B
.\[` IR F[T\ GKNM NMN (D H"M) ZPBR[ FH ,GKNM NM \BG
.\[` IR GRMG \[` IR ZGKM \K[TG (IK 'N) ZPBR[ FH ,GRM \BG ZGKMF \B
.QM[PF ZXI \B \K[TG (J H"M) ZPBR[ FH ,ZXIF KTNY \B
ZT[NG ,(GJ ,H"M) ZPGBG ,'DG OKZ[T GKEGPTG (K H"M) ZPBR[ FH ,GKEGPT \B
.FTCZB OFKEGPT ,'DG LSP ZXIF
.'DG OKZ[T OFKREBG (K H"M) ZPBR[ FH ,FKREB \BG
.LSP ZXIF ZT[NG (JK H"M) ZPBR[ FH ,ZXIF ZT[ LSP \BG
ZXIF \` E\]K NMG GK\GE\K NMG (JK ,K H"M) ZPBR[ FH QM[PF \GE\K \B
.\[` IR CKCS ,ZXIF \GE\K \BG
.G\E` CT NMC QM[PF KNM NMN (JK ,H"M) ZPBR[ FH ,OFKZ\KP \BG
.'DG [EY KEDC \K[TG (C I"M) ZPBR[ FH ,|[EYC \Z[N~ EZ[F KEDC \B
{
.HK
. IK
. JK
.M
.BM
.CM
.DM
.EM
.FM
.GM
.HM
.IM
.JM
.N
.BN
.CN
.DN
.EN
.FN
.GN
.HN
.IN
.JN
,NBZ[K \B F[P FGX Q\GPMG ,[EGY KVP F[P TP[ OKKGGX OK[N[G FT[\ GNB KZF
BN[ ,BGF QPBR K\KC NMC (H C"K ZCEPC) ZPGB BGF GKNTG .TZD BNG UKSGF BN
.QM[PF \KK[TC TZD BNG UKSGF
T[\G OK[GN[P \IB NMN NKCYFN Z[VB[ BGF NGEDF [ZEP N[ USGRF [GEKIF
NGEDF [ZEP OD ,ONGB .FGX\=FPGZ\ \G[ZVC "\K[TG" N[ NKCYP KGJKC \GEGCTF
ZVSPF KM OKBGZ FRPP[ ,FNKCYPF KEGYV \PK[Z \B (ZKMF BN KNGBG) ZKMHF BN
"EZ[F KEDC" OK[ZVP[M ,39 BGF ODG) TGCY BGF FZG\C QM[PF \GEGCT N[ NNGMF
.(N"RM ,FRGFM KEDC NT
."\GZTF" ,DP[\=CP[\ 'PT ,O[ ,\GKNDZP N[ QGYK\F KV NT
23
29
QM[PF \MBNPG OEBF \MBNP :\C[F
'Z N[ G\TE \RCFC [EI [GZKVM FH [GZKV ORPB BKCF Z[M CZF { EGTG
\B FBZ BN BGF ONGB .(QM[PF \EGCT EDRM ,C"T JP \C[) BPI=ZC BRKRI
B\NKMPC) KCZ N[ G[ZEP OD FKF GPXT FH[ ,LM=NM \ZC\SPF \GZ[VBF
Z[M CZF NXB FZSI LMKVN .GH LZEC LNF BRKRI=QC KSGK 'Z OD[G ,(\GKDGSCG
OK[GN[N KTP[P=EIFG KRG[BZF ZGYPF BKF BKF GH FZKVS[ F[KTZPF FRYSPF
.NHZC ZVSPM ,\C[C \GZGSBF \GMBNPF \GCB FT[\G
KZGSKB \B \B OKB\FN LZGXF BGF FMNFF K[ZEPG \GKR[PF EGSK[ ,ZGZC QBMP
T[\G OK[GN[ \KRC\N { "FE[CG \KCC" FNKDZF OEBF \MBNP { "L\MBNP NM"
,FBZ\FNG [RGTN TDGR[ FP NMC EIGKPC ,QM[PF \GPK[ZP \GNGT[ \GMBNPF
\GMBNPF NM CZ JGZKVC GZEDGF ,\GKTCJF "L\MBNP" \GPK[Z LG\P .FDD[ QCZYNG
[BF ,\KCF \GMBNP GZ\GRG ,FMBNP \GCBM 30CG\MF ZVSFG EDCF ,\VF \RMFC[
,ZKTCPFG FCMPF ,Z\GSFG FRGCF) QFKZYKTC YZ ZISPN Q\BXGFG \GMBNPF ZPDG
.(BKCPFG BKXGPF ,[KJVC FMPF
QP GBC BN EDCFG \VF \RMF N[ \GMBNPF[ ,BPGH QC ["Z KZCEP ZGZC
:OEBF N[ ,\KTCJF "L\MBNP" \ZEDFP BNB ,QM[PF
[EG ZPTG ZXYG [ZIG TZH[ ET { \IB FPDGN OTJ BNG QG[BZF OEB TDK FPM
\KZI[C EPGT KRBG ,NMB LM ZIBG { |11~ FVBG [NG EKYZFG QIJG ZZCG FZHG
HHD[ ET { YGNI [CN BNG QG[BZF OEB TDK FPM .KRVN GNKB NM \B KRB BXGPG
NM \B BXGPG \KZI[C EPGT KRBG [CN LM ZIBG { |6~ DZBG FGGJG TCXG SVRG QCNG
GNKB NM BXGPG \KZI[C EPGT KRBG ,\GPKM[PG \GEYG[ \GKRPGB FPM .KRVN GNKB
31
(C"F G"V \GMZC B\VSG\)
.KRVN
"L\MBNP" \ZEDFP BC NGED NNM \R[PC[ FMBNP \GCB J"N JGZKV ,QM OB
N[ \KZYKTF FTZMFF .QM[PF \PK[ZP BC { 39 { NNGMF ZVSPF YZG ,\KTCJF
.GRKRVN[ FR[PF \ZEDF FBXK FRPPG ,\GPK[ZF K\[ QKC OGBK\F F\KF ,N"HI
OKZCE ZVSCG \GP[ ZVSC ,\GZCKEF \Z[TC \C[F KPTJ |D~
OR[K OKZCE ZVSC[ \GZCKEF QG[N QKCN \GP[ ZVSC \GZCKEF \Z[T QG[N QKC
GRKB NECFF N[ GZYKT 32.JNGC NECF FC[ ,\C[F \#GXP BKXGFN ,OKRJY OKNECF
\[GN[P EIBM ,EDCNG \VN UZJXF C G \ M F Z V S F[ LMC BKF Z\GKC \VNBPF FTZMFF
CYTKP N"HI GEPN LM .ZISPFG [BF ,\KCF BNG ,NBZ[KP OEB N[ ,Z\GKC OKKSKSCF OKMZXF
CG\MN GKNT NJGP ,[GCNN EDCG NGMBN OIN OEBN GN [K YZ OB[ ,(M I"M \K[BZC) GRKCB
.\KC GN QKB OB OD FZG\ ZVS
ET QG[BZF OEB TDK \GTKDK FPM" :O[ TJYF \NKI\ ;OKKGRK[C B"T IR \GMZC KNCC QMG
"\GKRPGB" OGYPC ;(FTKCX QKB) ECNC \GMBNP [PI O[ YGNIF \MBNPC ;"NGMBN \V BXP[
:B\VSG\CM ISGRF KNCCF N[ EZGVSYGB K"\MC KM OB ,"\GPGB" O[ CG\M B\VSG\C[
."\GKGRPGB"
24
30
31
QGR-QC NBGK CZF
,\C[ N[ F[T \fGXP 'ZGMH'P OK[ZGE GRB[ KV NT UB ,'ZGP['='ZGMH' UGNKIC
,\GPGYPF KR[C FGG[ "G[EYN" QM[ 33,F[T\ BN KZGSKBC \GZKFH { 'ZGP['PG
.\C[F \#GXP \YPRFC BGF NGEDF NECFF .\GPGYPF KR[C ZMHR "FMBNP NM" ZGSKBG
\[GEYN FCKSF BKF ECNC GH GNKBM ,\JNIGP BKF FYPRFF OKZVSF QP EIB NMC
\C[CG ,\K[BZC F[TPC F\CKSG \C[F ZGYP \GP[ ZVSC .FKZGSKBNG \C[F
OKBZR FNB OKJNIGP OKZCSF KR[ 34.OKZXP \BKXKC { OKZCE ZVSC GNKBG ,\K[BZC
KVM ,EIB ZGCKEC OZPBN Z[VB KB KBEG :K[GRBF QGKDKFF \B OKZ\GSM \PBC
.KFGNB ZGCKEC ,F"CYF KEK NT BNB 35,N"HI G[ZE[
:OKZVSF KR[C \C[F \#GXP QG[N \B FNKI\ DKXR
OK Z C E
,frc^Y#^N \@at
# F# OfK \&B ZfPr
@
.yKF&` N<B 'F y^e]X Zr
& Bz#j
`
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] @T^G ECTzv# OKP]@K \r
&r
+
,yKF&` N<B 'F#N \@ar
# KT]K]Ct
^ F# OfK^G
F@MB@NP^ N@M Fs
& Tz\# B` N
,y\&P@Bz#G yc^^C#T^G yv&]Ce y^R]Ce Fv@B#
\G P[
.frc^Y#^N \@at
# F# OfK \&B ZfM@H
yv&^MB#NP^ N@j \@Ks
] @T^G ,E` CTzv# OKP]@K \r
&r
+
,yKF&` N<B 'F#N \@ar
# KT]K]Ct
^ F# OfK^G
F@MB@NP^ N@M Fs
& Tz\# B` N
,yv&]Ce y^R]Ce Fv@B#
BGF[ ,\C[F \#GXP YGPKRN JZV) \GP[ ZVS \PGTN OKZCEC \GZCKEF \Z[TC OKKGRK[F GNBG
G"G KNECF F[GN[ (B) :B 'M \GP[N G[GZKVC T"CBZ ZCM OBRPG ,(ONGMP F[YF KGRK[F
,("OK[N[ NTG" N[ G"G EDRM ,"FRGP\ NMG" N[ G"G) FH \B FH OKRHBP OKKR[ ,KR[F ZGCKEC
;I 'M \GP[N Q"CPZ QKKTG .(KZY "K\GXP" ,CK\M "G\GXP") KZYC BN LB CK\MC TKVGP EIBG
"LN CJK QTPNG" \VSG\G K[KPIF ZGCKECG KTKCZF ZGCKEC "LKFNB 'F LGX Z[BM" \VSG\ (C)
;(KZK[TF ET KTKC[FP) OKRGZIBF \GZCKEF [BZC G"G \VSG\ (D) ;("E+a#j") K[KPIF ZGCKEC
"LTZ \KC FGB\\ BNG" ;KTK[\F ZGCKEF ,\GP[C "ZY[ ET" \PGTN OKZCEC "BG[ ET"
"GZ` PIG GZG[" G"G \TKZD ;'LTZ \[B'G 'LTZ \KC' N[ ZESF UGNKI ;"E` PI\ BN" OGYPC
.KZK[TF ZGCKEC { "GFE[" \VSG\G
FXKCCG (C"T HKY OKISVC QMG) OGKF [GEKY QKKRTN 'ZGMH' [ZER B"T GY OKISVC ;B"T M \GMZC
.B"T HJ O[ ,\C[N \C[C EIP { QYHF KBP[ \JK[N KNGB ,\C[N FRMF QKKRTN { C"T GJ
\C[F EGCM OD GZMHR K"C[ZE B\NKMPCG ,(35 'TF QNFN) B\NKMPC GZMHR \G[ZEF K\[
O"C[ZCG ,F 'F OKZCEN T"CBZ QKKTG ,I 'M \GP[N Q"CPZ QKKT NCB .\C[N OKPKF \ZKVSG
.'ZY['G 'BG[' QMG ,ORCGPC OKGG[ 'ZGP['G 'ZGMH' KM GZPB[ ,'F OKZCENG 'M \GP[N
.QKS ZCEPC \C[C OD KNGBG
KPN[GZK ,C"T M \GTGC[ ,B"T HM FR[F=[BZ KNCC ,H 'V GZ\K [EICE 'SP K"ZE B\NKMP
.EGTG ,E"T HN F"F D"V OKZER
25
32
33
34
35
QM[PF \MBNPG OEBF \MBNP :\C[F
,yv&P^F&^a N@M^G yZ^` PIz#G yZ^fr^G
,yKZ&@Tr
^ ]a Zr
& Bz yZ^+D^G
,yv&P^F&^Ce y\^P@Bz#G yc^^C#T
.yKZ&@Tr
^ ]a Zr
& Bz yZ^+D^G
yfP@j y\^P@Bz#G yc^^C#T I#eR@K Q#TP#^N
,O]KZ#^XP] WZ&B&^a \@K]KF@ E&C&T K]j ,@vZ^#M@H^G
,Ot
@ P] yKF&` N<B 'F yBz]X` i#G
.F@KeJ^R #T` Z^H]Ce FY@@HIz E@K^a
\fsTz#N yKF&` N<B 'F y^e]X Q+j N#T
.\@at
# F# OfK \B&
O]KP#t
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&r
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O@a Zr
& Bz N@M \B&^G O@iF# \B& WZ&B@F@ \B&^G
KT]K]Ct
^ F# Ofi#a I#R@i#G
.eFr
+ c^Y#^K#G \@at
# F# OfK \B& 'F xZ#+a { Q+j N#T
\C[F KZMGH \BG ,ONGTF BZGCM 'F \B FEKPTP \GP[ ZVSC[ \C[N FYPRFF
\C[F 36.GZXGKG ONGTF BZGC NGP BZCR OEB EfPTzM ,'F KRVN OKEPGTM { FK[EYPG
GK\GVKB[G GKMZX ,GK\GRGXZ NGJKC \B \BJCP BKFG ,\K[BZC F[TP NT \GET BKF
QPHF \RGM\PCG FBKZCF OXTC FND\PF ,BZGCF N[ JNIGPF GRGXZ KRVP OEBF N[
FTVG\ N[ FBXG\ FRKB BKF ,WGNKB OG[ FC QKB { Q]KB#P [K { FBKZCF .\KTGC[F
QPH \ZDSP BKF \C[F OD .YGIFG TGZKBF FPXT BKF { YGI GB IM ,TGZKB GB
.TGZKB GB IM ,KTCJ QPH N[ BNG ,TCJ \TVG\ OG[ N[ FBXG\ FRKB[ ,\K\GZKZ[
\[[ \G[TNG ZGXKN FXZ[ KVM ,KTKC[F OGKC \GC[N BGF BZGCF N[ JNIGPF GRGXZ
OKFNBC G\ZMF NTG ,BZCRM GK\GNCDP \TKEK NT LMC EKTP \C[F ZPG[ OEBF .OKPK
KV NT UB ,EIGKPC NBZ[KC F\ND\F[ ,\K\E F[KV\ KFGH 37.ONGTF BZGCM GRGXZCG
\KTCJ \EM OD \GND\FN BKF FNGMK FEGSKCG ,ECNC NBZ[KN \NCDGP FRKB[
KVMG 38,N"FKZ KZCEM ,OEBFG ONGTF BZGC OKFNBC FRKPBP Z[B ,\KNSZCKRGB
.(OKTGEK OK\GGKTC) NBZ[KP GBXK[ \G\EC F\ND\F ORPB[
.FBCF FZTFF QNFN FBZ
U\G[ F[TR GNKBM CG\MF GKNT FNTP 'GNAMKG' ZPGBG \C[ CZTC NNV\PF NM" :C"T JKY \C[
."\K[BZC F[TPC BGF LGZC [GEYN
:(NBGP[=QCB OGDZ\) DK=BK ,'B ZPBP ,KZHGM
\G\GBC NBZ[K KRC \B BKXGF Z[B CYTKG YIXK OFZCB KFGNBC QKPBP KRB :ZCIF GN ZPB"
... OKZXPP OK\VGPCG
GZESPG ONGTF BZGCC F\B QKPBP KM ,KEGFKF F\B ,ZPBN LN FKF BN KMG ... :KZHGMF ZPB
OFC ,OKKFGNBF OKZGBK\F QP FPGEMG ,LYGI OIN LVKZJPF BGFG ,LBZC Z[B BGF ,GDKFRPG
G\PMIC BZGCN \GPEKFN G\GXZC ,YEXF NBG \PBF NB BGF UBG[ ONNDCG \E NTC NM QKPBK
?GYEXCG
\DFRFN \RGGMPG ,QGKDKFF NT \ESGKPF \EN TDGRC BGF QGMR ZPGB F\B[ FP :ZCIF ZPB
\GZXRN OD ,KNGB ,FRGGMF~ "...OKCZ \GYVS FC OKNVGR LB QGKTF QP ORPB \TCGRF \E ,FRKEP
.|OKVGSGNKVF \EN ZYKTC LB ,ONSKBNG
26
36
37
38
QGR-QC NBGK CZF
NBZ[K \B BKXGPM ,GTK[GPMG NBZ[K NBGDM 'F \B FEKPTP OKZCE ZVSC[ FYPRFF
QC KNBZ[K EfPTzM ,'F KRVN OKEPGT FK[EY#PG \C[F KZPG[ .ONGT \GZKIN OKZXPP
,\K[GRBF FZGJJYKEF KRGTZVN \GECTF NGT ZCG[ ,GDKFRPG ONGTF QGEB NGP QKZGI
39
.(\KNKNBF) O\GGBD \ZPGKC ONGT KRGEB OPXT OKP[F OEG Z[C KMNP O\GBN
NBZ[K N[ \GZKIF EKVN BKF .NNMC \GZKIF NTG OKZXP \BKXK NT \GET BKF \C[F
,QKZGI QC OTM NBZ[K KFGNB 'F KRVN EGPTN NMGK LM ZIB[ ,(NBDR NM N[G) NBDRF
.\GGXPG FZG\ GKNT NCYNG
FNGBDF \TC GZXGR[ ,K[GRBF QGKGG[NG \GZKIN \GET OF \C[C FMBNP KZGSKB
GKECTG GKNTGV \B ,G\KC KRC \B 40,GPXT \B ECT[N OEBN GN ZGSB .OKZXP EGCT[P
ZPG[ .FIGRPN OKBMH G\PFC NMG 41GZGPIG GZG[ GNKVBG ;ZT[C Z[B Z+DF \BG
ECT[N GN ZGSB[ ,QKZGI QC [KBM GK\GNCDP \ZMF NT LM NT EKTP NBZ[KC \C[F
[K NBZ[K OTN .\EIGKP \KZSGP=\K\ZCI F[KV\ KFGH .OKZIB \B GB GPXT \B
ZIB OT NMP Z\GK NBDRG ECTG[P G\GKFC ,\C[F \ZKP[N \EIGKP \GCKKGIP
FKMZT Z[BG ,NBZ[KN FR\KR[ FZG\F N[ KHMZP EGPT BKF \C[F \#GXP .FKZGJSKFC
.NBZ[K N[ OIGMP GNGM ONGTN OKBXGK FK\GRGKTZG
QFP \IB NM Z[BM OD ,EIB ZGCKEC TP[KFN \GNGMK FNB \G[KV\ K\[ OBF
?"'F y^e]X QM NT" / "'F LZC QM NT" :\JNIGP FYPRF BKF
,C YNI) \KNBRGKXZ FCG[\ FN Q\GRG FNB[F \B DKXP OKMGCRF FZGPC O"CPZ
:(QGCK\ QCB OGDZ\ ,B"N YZV
,OKVNI\P OKNGNT KR[N OF[ KRVP ,\GVNI\P \GNKT K\[ FGGXPF \BHC GBC ZCMG
\[[ KM' :ZPB ,OKRG[BZF \GZCKEF \Z[TC \C[C NKEDF \NKTC ZPGB BGF[ FHG
\KKF ECT KM \ZMHG' :FZG\ FR[PC ZPBG ,'...WZBF \BG OKP[F \B 'F F[T OKPK
NGNTF KM !\PB { FHG .'\C[F OGK \B \G[TN LKFNB 'F LGX QM NT ...OKZXPC
\C[F OGK \B 'F LZC QM NT' :ZPB[ GPM ,GNKEDFG OGKF EGCKM BGF QG[BZF ZPBPC
\ZG\ GRN G\\ ORPB .'...OKPK \[[ KM' \NKTN L[PRF NGNTF GFH { 'GF[EYKG
Z[B ,OKZXPC OKECT GR\GKF \NKTN L[PR NGNT BGF GZP[N GR\GB G\GGXG \C[F
.\GC[N OKNGMK GRKKF BNG ,GRXVI[ \TCG GRRGXZC |O[~ OKECGT GRKKF BN
!EGTG D"K ,'K ,'C OKYZV FKT[K BZY
F[KV\C[ ,LMP TCGR \KRZEGPF GH QKCN \KBZYPF \GZKIF \[KV\ QKC JNGCF NECFF
ECT[N GN Z\GP QM NTG ,KTCJF GEPTPPG GK\GKGMHP ,GPXT OEBF QP \GZKIF \TCGR \KRZEGPF
NBZ[KN YKRTF 'F[ \GZKIF QP \TCGR BZYPC \GZKIF ,FH \PGTN .G\NGH \B BN NCB GPXT \B
GN ZGSB { QKZGI QC OEB[ ZGZC LMKVN .EIK OD EGTKKG FCGI ,\GMH BKFG ,OKZXPP O\BXC
LN QKB" :N"HI NXB LMN ZGZC KGJKC .\GZKIF EGSK \B Z\GS FH[ KRVP ,GPXT \B OD ECT[N
|\GIGNF NT~ '\eZI@' KZYK\ NB" ;(C"P G"V \GCB) "FZG\CG EGPN\C YSGT[ KP BNB QKZGI QC
[EGYF KZK[) "K[VI ECN BGF 'F ECT" :QMG .(O[ K"[Z FBZG ,B"T ER QKCGZKT) "'\eZKI+' BNB
.(1173 'PT ,JX[ 'E ,QEZK \ZGEFP ,N"FKZN
.'L\PFC NM'N USGR ,GPXT KRVC JZVM \G[DEGP QF OKZCECG ,\GYFCGPF FE[F \GPFC FNB
27
39
40
41
QM[PF \MBNPG OEBF \MBNP :\C[F
BGFG ,K\KPB \TE \RPBF :OKRKKRTF KR[ WCYN { FIGRPFG F\KC[F \ZG\C GRGGKXG
KESI ZGMHG ,NYF QGKTCG FC[IP \NKI\C FGNBF \GBKXP NT FZGPF ,ONGTF [GEKI
\TEF \PBC NNGM ESI BGF GNKBMG ;'OKZXP \GNCS \I\P' GRIKRFC GRKNT FGNBF
.KP[DF ONGTF QGYK\G KRGKTF
F\GTP[PC FEGCMG \C[F \ZKMHN \SIKK\P FRG[BZF FYPRFF ,O"CPZ \TEN
ZCSF[ BNB .('ZGP[') K[TPF QCGPC \C[F \ZKP[N { FKKR[FG ,('ZGMH') \KRGKTF
FGG[ ,FZKP[F KGGKX ZPGNM ,"...FMBNP NM F[T\ BN" JGZKV[ KRVP ,F[Y FH
.KZPDN OFKR[C
ZVS'M QG[N KVGZKX ;'EGYV'N Z\GK CGZY GRCGP ,BZYPF QG[NC 'ZGMH' ORPBG
QCGPC OK[ZV\P { EGTG 'FTZV NB KRZKMHFN' ,'QGT \ZMHP' ,'FTGZ\ QGMH' ,'\GRGZMHF
ZGMH OFKVN[ ,O"C[ZG T"CBZ KZCE J[VN Z\GK OKCGZY QM NT 42.JV[PG QKE N[
EKPTFN FSRP Q"CPZ 43.'FRT\ BN' \GGXPC[ ZY[G BGG[ GPM ,ORCGPC OKGG[ ZGP[G
OKZXP \BKXK \ZKMH[ FRTJC ,ONGTF \BKZC BKFG ECNC \IB FYPRF NT NMF \B
.FH ZCSFP YGIZ FBZR BZYP N[ GJG[V LB ,FBKZCF NT BKF OD FEKTP
44
,FZK\SF YGIN NTP FNT\P BKF YZ[ N"HI \ZEDF NB CG[NP BGVB SGRP QKB
FBZR OKEEXF QP EIB NM .EIB TCJP N[ OKEEX KR[M \GYPRFF K\[ \B FBGZG
\GXGCY .G\NGHN OGYP IKRFN BNC ,GBGNPG ONGT NKMPM OKCZ OEB=KRCN TP[RG
\Z[P NT VGNJRCZ=QGV N[ GZPBP FBZG .E 'E B-OKMNPNG ,HJ 'I ,C-NBGP[N K"[Z FBZ
H. Graf Revetlow, Das Amt des Mazkir, ThZ 15 (1959), pp. :FEGFK \MNPPC ZKMHPF
OKN[GZK ,NBZ[KC FMGNPF \VGY\P \GKDGS :LG\C KZCT OGDZ\C TKVGF ZPBPF .161-175
.I"M[\
.32 FZTF NKTN QKKT
FTKEK OEBN Z[B NGCKYF IM KRVP" :N[PN ,[EGYF \PMI ,'B LZM ,[EGYF \GZGB FBZ
FKIP F[DZFG ,FTKEK \YHIP FTKEK \PBC NCB ,ZGKX ZGKXG ,F[DZF F[DZFG ,FTKEK \Z\GS
GH \B GH \GZ\GS QRKB \GRG[F \GC[IPF" :QMG ,(DK 'PT O[) "ZGKX OKN[P ZGKXG ,F[DZF
.(HJ 'PT ,O[) ".OKRG[ OKXGXKRC FBZ\PF ,\K\GEIB \GND\F OB KM GRKB NMF ,OXTC
,\KSBNYF FYKDGNF QP DZGIF ,FHM QKKRT \RCFN OKB\P N[P \GGFN \GNGMK[ TCJ \GTVG\
,NHGRN YXGP QKC OKNECF OKBXGP GRB ,NM OEGY .\KRZEGPF FYKHKVC BYGGE BGXPN Z[VB
QVGBC FZK\SF KYGI QCGPM OKZZG[ YXGPF CXPF N[ FYKHKVC .OKHDF QKCN OFKR[ QKC ZYKTCG
.\XYPC \GRG[ \GTVG\ \GTCGR FRPP[ ,OKYKYNIF N[ Z\GK \K[VGI FTGR\ [K NHGRC .BNP
,ZYKTCG ,OGXT BGF OKYKYNIF QKC YIZPF OFC[ ,OKHDF KYGIC OKBXGP GRB Z\GK UKZI KRG[
ZZGD \GNGYNGP N[ FGG[G TGCY ZVSP ,OKGG[ IVRG OGI KBR\C HD NMC .\K[VGI JTPM O\TGR\
,O\TGR\C OKK[VGI OKYKYNI N[ EBP NGED ZVSP EXKM \GBZN Q\KR LM .TGCY WIN OD GKZIB
.FTGCY \GKYGI FC [K[ \MZTPP YNI OKGGFP
\ZG\ V"T .OKKZJRPNBF OKYKYNIF OGI\C OKBXGP GRB FH QKKRTN Z\GK \K\GFP FTVG\
OKKGSP YKYNI N[ GCXP NT OKRG\RF BGNP ,DZCRHKKF ISKR[ \GBEGGF KB QGZYKTG OKJRBGGYF
\IB .LVKFNG ,GN[ TR\F \TKEK NT Z\GGR OB YZ ,YKKGEPF GPGYKP \B \TEN GRN Z[VBP
GB "FZKIC [VGI" QKTM O\TGR\C [K OKKZJRPNB OKYKYNIN[ BKF FH QGZYKT N[ \GBXG\F
28
42
43
44
QGR-QC NBGK CZF
K\[P \IB NT QFKKI \GIZGB \BG QFK\GVY[F \B \GRGC ONGTCG NBZ[KC \GRG[
,\G[KV\ K\[ YZ BN QBM FBGZ FZG\F N[ KRGNKIF K\ZGYKCF ZYIPF 45.\G[KV\F
YGKEC GH 47."FZKVMF [ZG[ BGF FRPBFF [ZG[" KZF NCB 46!\GZGYP KR[ BNB
FPN[ \IB NM { FNBF \G[KV\F K\[ QKB[ ,'F \BP FZG\F N[ FRGKNTF F\[GEY
JGNYN NGMK GRKB OEBF YZ .EIB TCJP N[ OKEEX KR[ BNB { FMG\C \JNIGPG
{ 'TCJPF KEX KR[' GZPBR 'F ZCEC LB !TCJPF KEX KR[ \B \IB=\CC [GV\NG
\GKZSGPF'G '\KPSGYF \eK\EF' ;OKZXP \BKXKG \K[BZC F[TP ;ZGP[G ZGMH
QHGBF QKBG ,ZCEN NGMK K[GRBF FVF QKB[ FP ,EIB KFGNB ZGCKEC { '\K\ZCIF
48
.TGP[N FNGMK \K[GRBF
\B \TEN NMGR BNG { ONGT \VY[FC OD FKGN\F IGRKP \NB[ GHG { \KBZYB \GDFR\F
\GKFN FNGMK \KSIK TGEK OGI\P FPDGE .\GZC\SFF KMZEC BNB (O\TGR\G OPGYP) O\GDFR\F
NMN TGCY CXY FN [K[ (14 QPIV GB OGKRZGB \PDGE) OKKCKJYBGKEZ \GEGSK N[ \GYZV\FF
[BZP GTCYN Z[VB=KB[ QVGBC ,"K[VGIF GRPHC" YZV\FN "KB[Z" OGJB NM[ V"TB ,EGSK
.ECTKEC BNB GKNT EGPTN GB
\NNGM Z\GK FZG\C GF[NM KDGN QGZ\V BXPKK[ IZMFF QP[ GRPHC ZCS QKKJ[RKB JZCNB
,JSKBK\RV FKF QKKJ[RKB[ ZGMHN [K LB .QKKJ[RKB ZPGN DFR "FKCGYC YI[
# P GRRKB OKFNB")
BN[ GRTJ GKEKPN\G ZFGC SNKR ONGB ,(GPXTC G\GETM ,G\C[IP LZE NT FTKV[F GH FRGPBG
.TCJF N[ K\KPBF GCXP GFH KMG TEKP QBM ZSI
\[KV\N SIKC OD NKCYPC KGJKC KEKN BC ,(\KDGNF) \KSBNYF FYKHKVN SIKC NGEDF KGRK[F
OKB[GRM ,OKKZJRPNB OKYKYNI N[G FRKZY N[ \GZIB \GTVG\G ZGBF \B OKBGZ GRB .ZGBF
ZFGC .LEKBP \KZPGI BN \KND FKDZRBG EIP ZPGI KYKYNI { \KRPH GC \GMGVF \GRGM\ K\[
OKNGMK GRRKB GRIRB ZPGNM .\GKZJRPNVPGYF QGZYKT \ZHTC FH CXP OD OKZKCSP GKEKPN\G
[K[ \GZPN ,\KND GB \KYKYNI ,ZGBF N[ \BHM "FRKIC" NM .KDGNF GRNM[C GH FZK\S "IXVN"
BGVB OKEPGN GRB .\GBKXPC ZGBF N[ OKKGSP EX BNB \BJCP FRRKB ,OKRG\RF N[ 100% FC
,OKYKYNI N[ OZHM DFR\P ZGBF .GNNF "\GRKICF" N[ "FPN[F" KEK NT ONGTF \B ZKMFN
GPM OKNDM OKDFR\P OD ZPGI KYKYNI ,FH OT EIKG ,ECGM FE[ KEK NT ZB[F QKC L[PR LMG
QM KV NT UBG \KSBNYF FYKDGNF KV NT KZPDN \GZ\GS \GBZR \GTVG\F K\[ .\GMCB\F KKGSKRC
OB ZC\SP .\KJRBGGYF FYKDGNF ,\EIGKPG FRG[ FYKDGN FBZRM CKKIP[ FP ,\GRGMR QFK\[
.IGZF ONGT NT ZCEN BN[ ,FZK\SF KYGIP Z\GK CMZGP ZPGIF ONGT OD[ ,QM
KZKCSP KVC[ OKRG[F OK[DEFC ,O"[\ CKCB N\ ,YKNBKC R"I N[ GZMHN \C[F ZVSC QKKT
'PTC) YZPKKR 'E ,(134=137 'PTC) QFM QPZF N[ OFKZCE \B EIGKPC O[ FBZ .GRKPKC \C[F
.(473=514 'PT) OKZIB OKZVGSG ,(373=376 'PTC) KYSC'XKEZC 'P ,(138=139
BZGCF NBF" ,ENVRKKG 'P ;598 'PT ,H LZM ,\KBZYPF FKEVGNYKXRBC "\C[" LZT QKKT
.127=130 ,109=110 'PT ,(I"M[\) HN WKCZ\ ,"KR[F GFKT[KCG 'B \K[BZCC
.JT=HT ,QG[BZ ZPBP ,KZHGM
.35 FZTF ,NKTN
29
45
46
47
48
QM[PF \MBNPG OEBF \MBNP :\C[F
OKZCE ZVSC \C[F KPTJC [GEKIF |E~
[K ,OKZCEC[ \GZCKEF \Z[T QKCN OKJV[P UGSC[ \C[F QKC GRBXP[ Z[YF ZGBN
?GFP QM OBG OKZCE ZVSC [GEKI [K OBF :NGB[N
OKJV[P UGSC QKB ,\K[BZ :OKKRGZYT OKRKRT F[GN[C NVGYP [GEKIF[ ,FBZR
\IGRP N[ \C[ \CKKIP OKZXP \BKXK \GP[ ZVSC .'F[T\ BN' (EK D"M \GP[)
TCGR JNIGPF ZGSKBF KZF[ ,GBN ZGSKBM BN LB ,F[T \GGXPM FE[C OKNTGV
JNIGPF ZGSKBN OKZXP \BKXK IMP KGGKXF ZGYP Z[Y\P OKZCEC .ONGTF \BKZCP
\GZKIF \IGRP \B FZKEDP "LGPM" FNPF ,\KR[ ."'GMG FMBNP NM F[T\ BN" N[
\GEPTPN ZCTP[ K[GRBF LZTF QGKGG[ N[ SKSC NT \C[F OGKC FEGCTF EGCT[P
,FPBFG ZDF QP ZGPIFG ZG[F OKZCE ZVSC OKEZVGP ,QM-NT .FEGCTF LZTNG
:"L\PFC NMG" KRVN OFN OKB\PF OGYPC OKSRMGPG
:E"N YZVC ;FE[C~ LK[TP F[T\ OKPK \[[" :(E"N QMG D"M) \GP[C
QC [VRKG |UGDF \IGRP~ LZ` PIG LZG[ IGRK QTPN ,\` C[\ KTKC[F OGKCG |"E` CT\"
."|UGDF \IGRP~ ZDFG L\PB
'FN \C[ KTKC[F OGKG .L\MBNP NM \K[TG E` CT\ OKPK \[[" :('F) OKZCECG
NMG LZ` PIG LZG[G ,L\PBG LECTG ,L\CG LRCG ,F\B FMBNP NM F[T\ BN ,LKFNB
."LGPM L\PBG LECT IGRK QTPN { LKZT[C Z[B LZDG ,L\PFC
UGSC OKRG[F \GEPTPF KV=NT FNTPN FJPNP \GDZGEP FIGRPFG \GZKIF
NGED YNIC KGXPF DGZKEF GPM { ZD LM-ZIBG ECT ;OEB LM-ZIBG FPFC :OKJV[P
,FMBNP G[TK BN ZGPIFG ZG[F :KGRK[ [K OKZCE ZVSC 49.OPXT OKJV[PF QP
."LGPM" GIGRK ,ZDFG FPBF ECTF NCB ,NNGMF ZGSKBF QP YNIM
ZGYPM OKZXP \BKXK N[ YGPKRF :ZYKTF BGFG ,OKZCE ZVSC K[KN[ [GEKI
OGK \B \G[TN LKFNB 'F y^e]X QM NT" :JNIGPG KNNM \GKFN LVGF ,\C[F KGGKXN
. " \C [ F
OGMKS |F~
ZVSC[ \GZCKEF \Z[TC OD ,\K[BZCC OD ,ONGTF \BKZC NT \GET BKF \C[F .B
NM NT JNG[ BGFG ,YNI\P K\NC ,KRG[BZ ZVSP BGF TC[ .QM[PC ODG ,\GP[
.EIBF BZGCF NB OZKHIPG \K[BZC KPK \[[C ZXGR[ KGCKZF
N BZ [ K N T ' F \I D [ F N [ Q C G P C Q F " OK Z X P \BK X K N Z M H " BK F \C [ F , Q P H C G C . C
GBKXGF 'F[ ,NBZ[K OT N[ \KEGSKF \GZKIF QCGPC QFG ,(Ql@F# QGZMKH) EKP\
\B GB GPXT \B \C[C ECT[N GR\KBP EIB NM NT ZSBG ,OKZXP EGCT[P
.FPFC { OKZ@aGT { ECT { OEB :(!) \EZGK FDZEFC ,CK YGSVP ,B"M YZVC ZYKTC
30
49
QGR-QC NBGK CZF
. G \N G H
Q+j N#T") JNIGP YGPKRM \GP[ ZVSC[ \GZCKEF \Z[TC FTKVGP ONGTF \BKZC .D
FTKVGP ,OKZCE ZVSC ,NKCYPC .(K 'M \GP[ ,"eFr
+ c^Y#^K#G \@at
# F# OfK \B& 'F xZ#+a
OfK \B& \fsTz#N yKF&` N<B 'F y^e]X Q+j N#T") JNIGP YGPKRM OKZXP \BKXK N[ \GZKIF
.(EK 'F OKZCE ,"\@at
# F#
,FKJZV NM NT ,FNGM \C[F NM \B EIB NM OKZKCSP OKJNIGP OKYGPKR KR[ .E
GB ,JGNYN NGMK OEBF QKB .ON[ OFP EIB NM[ ,EIB TCJP N[ OKEEX KR[M
\IB \CC ZPGN NGMK BGF YZG ,GRN[ \GZK\SF KYGIN UGVM GRKB 'F { LM ZCEN
50
."TGP[N FNGMK QHGBF BNG ZCEN NGMK FVF QKB[ FP" ,"ZGP[G ZGMH"
OKSRP { F"CYFG NBZ[K { OKEEXF KR[ GC ,QGKSKRF \B EKNGP Ql@F# N[ SRF .F
\B& O\@` n#R N#T^G" ;(E H"J \GP[) "B` N OB] K\]Z@f\^a x+N+KFz em&n#RBz Q#TP#^N" :FH \B FH
[K KRKS ZF EPTP N[ KGGKXN YZ .(H H"K O[) "Q]KB@ OB] eR+aZ^]Y^a 'F r+KFz Z` PB+N 'F
NM" :\KTCJF OEBF \MBNP NT YZ NI QKKET BGF FH OTG ,NNGMG JNIGP UYG\
.[RGT O[ QKB QM NTG ,"L\MBNP
.OGYPF [EYP KRVP FIER GRKB[ ,QPHF [EYPM \C[F \ZEDGP QM[PC YZ .G
.\GGP [RGT BC GKNT[ [EGY NGNKI [K O[ ,LMKVN
OK[GN[ FZKEDP (FNCYFC ,J"NG F"N \GP[) QM[PC[ \GEGCTF \PK[Z .H
[RGT KMZEN N"HI GEPN QBMPG ,QM[PF \MBNPC O\G[TN OKZCE FT[\G
,\GMBNP \GCB J"NC OKKTCJF "L\MBNP" KZGSKB \B QDZBN ,QCZYG ,FBZ\FG
BJCP { 39 GNKBG ,NGNMP BJCP 40 ZVSPF .GKEKPN\G BCKYT KCZ \JK[N
. N Y OG X P X
.35 FZTF ,NKTN
31
50