1. No category

OKNGI CZYC FGGY\F \[GI\ \ZCDFN OKMZE
OKKRVGS
KGBMNB-WK[VKN KNIZ
ZPBP .OK[Y OKCXP OT \GEEGP\FC OKTKKSPF OKKHMZPF OKK[VRF OKCKMZPF EIB BKF FGGY\
YIE CXPP NCGS KRVGSF FNGIF .OKKRVGS OKNGI CZYC FGGY\F \[GI\ \ZCDFN OKMZE TKXP FH
OKCMZGP OKIG\KR OKNNGMF) OKCZF OKKCKSRJRKBF OKXPBPF UZI :FCZ FYGXPC QKKVGBPF KEGIKK
\GGPF OT EEGP\FN GKNTG OK[GNY KGVKZF KKGMKS ,N[MR NGVKJF (OK[K\P OKKBGVZ OKNGVKJG
\GTXPBC { Q\KR FKVN[ F[KDF NT \GSSGCP FGGY\F \[GI\ \ZCDFN OKMZEF .BCG CZYF
.FYHING FGGY\F \B IVJN { FGGY\F KRKKVBP NT FEGCT
OKKRVGS OKNGI ,"FGGY\F \EGCT" ,FGGY\
:I\VP \GNKP
BGCP
OKCXP OT \GEEGP\FC OKTKKSPF OKKHMZPF OKK[VRF OKCKMZPF EIB BKF FGGY\
NKTV K[VR LKNF\M" \ZEDGP BKFG ,(Nekolaichuk, Jevne & Maguire, 1999) OK[Y
OKKRKNY OKP[Z .(1987 ,KCGYTK) "GPT EEGP\FN FPDPC OGKBN FCGD\C ZZGT\PF
LZEF \B GNNS \G[Y \GYGXP OT EEGP\FN WNBR[ KP N[ \GK[KB \GKGGIG
.(Jevne, 1993 ;1987 ,KCGYTK) FGGY\ D[GPN \GKJZGBK\G \GKCKJYKKCGB \GKGSIKK\FN
\GKGSIKK\FFG \GZEDFF ,\GTEF N[ FKXZDJRKB FRG[BZN FMZT (1987) KCGYTK
"FGGY\F \EGCT" D[GPF \B FTCJG ,FGGY\ D[GPN Z[BC \GZVSC GZCJXF[ \GCZF
:OKBCF OKRKKVBPF \B ZB[F QKC NNGMF ,L[P\P K[VR LKNF\M FGGY\F ZGBK\N
.\GK\GBKXPG \KCGKI F[KD ,\GKCKJYB ,FJKN[ \[GI\
.K[VRFG KRVGDF GCXPN KBZIB OEBF[ FRGPBF \B \BJCP FJKN[ \[GI\
FJKN[ ZSGI \[GI\[ EGTC ,FGGY\ I\VN FKG[T FJKN[ \KKGGI KM QTJR \GZVSC
.(Zimmerman, 1990) FGGY\ ZSGIN NKCGFN FNGNT
503
{
511 503 :(2006 ZCPXE) 4 ,EM ,FIGGZG
FZCI
.
KGBMNB-WK[VKN KNIZ
\GIGM SGKD CDB FKTCC \EYGPP \GEEGP\FC ,FPHGK \NKJRC \BJC\P \GKCKJYB
\GIGM SGKD N[ KCKJYB LKNF\ FGGY\C OKBGZF [K .\GRGZ\V ZIB EKP\P [GVKICG
\KCKJKRDGY \GNKTV \GTXPBC QFG \K[PP \GNKTV \GTXPBC QF \GRGZ\V \BKXPG
Bland & ;1989 ,KCGYTK) \GKTC QGZ\VN QGKPEC [GPK[G \GKRMG\ QGRM\ QGDM ,\K[VRG
.(Darlington, 2002; Menninger, 1959; Scheier & Carver, 1992
\GEYP\FF \B ,Z\GK CGJ EK\TN FKKVKXFG FRGPBF \B \BJCP \KCGKI F[KD
.(1987 ,KCGYTK) FBNPF SGMF KXI \B \GBZN \NGMKF \BG ESVFC BNG IGGZC
\B GZKEDF (Beck & Weissman, 1974) QPSKKGG YC ,(Stotland, 1969) ERNJGJS
\D[FN SIKC GB GPXTN SIKC OEBF N[ EK\TN \GKCGKI \GKVKXM FGGY\ D[GPF
EKP\FN \Z[VBP \KCGKIF F[KDF KM UKSGF (Lazarus, 1980) SGZHN .\GKGXZ \GZJP
\[GI\ KNTC OK[RB KM GBZF OKZYIP ,\BHP FZ\K .F[YF \GBKXPF OT \GEEGP\FC
Bland &) ZC[P \G\KTC OD \GBKXPN \KCGKI F[KD NT GIGGKE FYHI FGGY\
.(Darlington, 2002; Scheier & Carver, 1992
OKD[KF NT FEG\ \ZMFG \GNCDPC FZMF ,\GCHMBN \GRMGP \BJCP \GK\GBKXP
Benzein & Saveman, 1998; Bland & Darlington,) \GKYNI \GINXF NTG OKRJY
\GRMSN \GTEGP N[ CXP BKF FGGY\F ,(1990) KCGYTK KV NT .(2002; Weick, 1984
FRKB OB YZ \I\V\P BKFG ,\GBKXPFP \GPNT\F GB FIKZC N[ CXP BNG OKK[YNG
Menninger, 1959; Snyder & Rand,) FC KF[NM FHKIB FN [KG \GBKXPF QP F[GN\
FRKB FGGY\ KM SZDG F[IMF QKCN FGGY\ QKC QKICF (Breznitz, 1982) WKRHZC .(2003
OPT EEGP\FN FSRPG FC OKMGZMF OKK[YNG FN \TEGP BNB \GBKXPF \B \\GGTP
\GEEGP\FN Z\GK FNKTK \K\GDFR\F FCKJRZJNB \[P[P BKF QMN .OFKNT ZGCDNG
.F[IMF Z[BP
OKKIC \GTP[P \BKXP BGFG ,FGGY\F N[ USGR QKKVBP GZKMHF OKZIB OKZYGI
Benzein, Norberg & Saveman, 2001; Salander, Bergenheim, & Henriksson,)
OKKIF N[ TDZ NMN \GTP[P \BKXPC BKF FGGY\F IGVKJN OKMZEF \IB .(1996
OKTGZKBN \GTP[P BXGP OEB Z[BM .(Nekolaichuk et al., 1999; Parker, 2002)
\B I\VNG KNKN[ \GIV QVGBC OFKNB SIKK\FN NGMK BGF ,GKKI LNFPC OK[IZ\PF
.(Baumeister & Vohs, 2002; Thompson & Pitts, 1993) FGGY\F \[GI\
FRICBF .OKKRVGS OKNGI CZYC FGGY\F \[GI\ \ZCDFN OKMZE TKXP FH ZPBP
CXPP NCGS KRVGSF FNGIF .\GKIN OK[EGI F[K[M GN GZ\GR[ \TCGY KRVGS FNGI N[
OKNNGMF ,OKCZF OKKCKSRJRKBF OKXPBPF UZI :FCZ FYGXPC QKKVGBPF KEGIKK YIE
,(1997 ,SGRKV) OK[GNY KGVKZF KKGMKS ,OK[K\P OKKBGVZ OKNGVKJG OKCMZGP OKIG\KR
Dunkel & Hatfield, 1986; Kurland) G[PP\F BN FPNIFN \GGY\F ,N[MR NGVKJF
.BCG CZYF \GGPF OT EEGP\FN WNBR BGFG (& Salmon, 1992; Salander et al., 1996
OT \IB FVKVMC ZGEN NGMK GRKB[ CXPM KRVGSF FNGIF N[ GCXP SV\R OKCZ KRKTC
504
OKKRVGS OKNGI CZYC FGGY\F \[GI\ \ZCDFN OKMZE
FNGIF N[ GKKI \GMKB ZGVK[N \TKKSP FBXPR FGGY\F ,\BH OT .FGGY\
Arnold, 2004; Everson et al., 1996;) F[YF KRVGDF GCXP OT G\GEEGP\FNG
KNGVKJ ETK [P[P FGGY\F IGVKJ QMN .(Nekolaichuk et al., 1999; Rustoen, 1995
.OKKRVGS OKNGIC OKNVJPF CZYC IKM[
FGGY\F \[GI\ \ZCDFN OKMZEF
\[GI\ \B IVJNG ZV[N ,EGCTN Q\KR[ FZCSF NT \GSSC\P QNFN GDXGK[ OKMZEF
F[KD ,\GKCKJYB ,FJKN[ :FGGY\F KRKKVBP NTG ,(Zimmerman, 1990) FGGY\F
.OKKIC \GTP[P \BKXPG \GK\GBKXP ,\KCGKI
FJKN[ \[GI\ \[KMZ
,ECNC KRPHM (ECTKEC) FND\PF ZGVK[ OD GPM ,KRVGDF CXPCG EGYV\C FTGCY FDKSR
G\RGPBC TGDVNG KRVGSF FNGIF NXB FJKN[ ZSGI N[ \G[GI\N NKCGFN OKNGNT
OK\TN ,\BHP FZ\K .(Itzhaky & Azmon, 1999) K[VRFG KRVGDF GCXPN KBZIB BGF[
NCYN OKJGR G\IV[P KRCG OKBVGZF ,KRVGSF FNGIF \B EKZJFNG UKKTN BN KEM
ZSGI \[GI\ \B ZKCDFN NGNT FH CXP OD .Q\NCY LKNF\C GV\[N KNCP \GJNIF
Wenrich, Curtis, Ambrozy, Carline, ;1969 ,SGZ-ZNCGY) FNGIF NXB FJKN[F
LKNF\C EXFP OKVGX OF KM OK[IF OKNGI [K .(Shannon, & Ramsey, 2003
.LKNF\F NT TKV[FN GB ZGXTN \NGMK BNN \KRVGDF O\GZEZE\F
\GZVSC GZMHGF ,\GJNIFF \NCY LKNF\C EKIKF UG\K[ ZYKTCG ,TEK \[KMZ
[K KM OKRTGJF [K .(Zimmerman, 1990) FJKN[ \[GI\ ZKCDFN \GKG[TF OKMZEM
KM GKRVC QKKXN [K LB ,FJKN[F \[GI\ \B ZKCDFN KEM TEK [GMZN FNGIN Z[VBN
CIZ \GKGZ[VBF IGGJ QMNG ,ECNC \KJSKJJS FMZTF NT SSGCPF TEKC ZCGEP
FNGIN ZGSPN KGXZ FGGY\F \[GI\ \B ZKCDFN KEM KM ZMKR LMKVN .(Fox, 2003)
KGMKSF NTG KBGGNF \GTVG\ NT ,NGVKJF KMZE NT ,OKPGJVPKSF NT KJRGGNZ TEKP
\BG FKCN[ \B ,G\NIP KRKKVBP \B TEGKF FNGI .\KCCG FNKFYC FZD[ KKI NFRN
KRVGS FNGI BGF OB OD ,FJKN[G QGIJKC Z\GK [GIN KG[T FKNB \GKZ[VBF \GCGD\F
ECTN GN Z[VB\K OB Z\GK CGJ EYV\N KG[T FNGIF ,EGTG \BH .(Bern-Klug, 2004)
G\IV[ GB GZZGT\F[ OKEIVNG \G[DZN \GSIKK\F CDB \K[DZF FPZC OD TEKPF \B
.TEKP G\GB \GCYTC
NGVKJF QVGBNG GKKIN \GTDGRF \GJNIF \NCYC U\\[FN FNGIN \GZ[VB Q\P
505
KGBMNB-WK[VKN KNIZ
OKCBM KMM[P NCYN OBF ,(\KCC GB SKVSGFC) GKPK \KZB[ \B \GNCN QMKF QGDM ,GC
\[GI\ \B GNXB YHIN BGF UB NGMK ,OKHTF OKCBMF \GZPN NGNX ZB[KFN GB
.FJKN[F
\GKCKJYB \JKYR
\BG G\GBPXT \B ,GVGD N[ OEGYF FBZPF \B ECBP FNGIF KRVGSF CN[C OK\TN
,ETNDG SMZ) \G[CN\FG FXIZ ,FNKMB QGDM ,\GKRGKIG \GJG[V \GNGTV TXCN G\NGMK
,GNB OKKGRK[ OT ECC EC .KCKSVN G\GB OKMVGF UB OK\TN FNB OKRECGB . 1990
,\GYKEC \ZD[ \NNGMF \KCKJYB \GEEGP\FP \ZCGT FNIPF OT \KHKVF \GEEGP\FF
.(1994 ,Q\KBG CGKSGP) \KCKSV \GEEGP\FN ,OKYCBPG OKNGVKJ
\GKCKSVN ZEZE\FN FNGIFP TGRPN FKG[T FKTCC \EYGPPF \KCKJYB \GEEGP\F
FNIPF LNFP NT TKV[FN NGMK GRKB[ UB[ IMGGKFN GN OGZDNG OKRGB ZSGING
\GMKB NTG \K[VRF G\[GI\ NT NKTV QVGBC TKV[FN NGMK BGF ,\KDGNGKHKV FRKICP
NKTV YNI \NKJR BNN \KCKSV FKKVKX N[ CXPP WNIKFN GN Z[VB\ GH FRCF .GKKI
.\KNJRP GB \KHKV FPZC
OKK[YF \ZEDFC EYP\FN TXGP \GKCKJYBC EEGP\FN FNGIF \B TRM[N KEM
BGF[ \GKVKXVSF \GZJPF GB FZJPF \RKICC ,EEGP\P BGF OPT[ OKKHMZPF
\MZTFCG \GZJP Q\GB \D[F O[N FNGTVN \GKDJZJSB QGRM\C ,DK[FN QKKRGTP
Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Lopez,) ESVFG IGGZ N[ OKIRGPC \GRG[F \GVGNIF
(
Snyder, & Pedrotti, 2003; Wood & Mynors-Wallis, 1997
.(
\GNKTVC OD BNB ,\K[PP \GNKTVC YZ BN \BJC\P \GKCKJYBF ,ZGPBM
HDZBC OKNMF EIB"M QGKPEC [GPK[F \B F\RP (1987) KCGYTK .\K[VRG \KCKJKRDGY
UG[KCG YKKNC OD .\GKTC QGZ\VN \KCKJYB \GZ[VB GC F\BZG FGGY\F N[ "OKNMF
ZG\VN ,EK\TN QRM\N Q\KR QGKPEF \GTXPBC KM GVKSGF (Blake & Bishop, 1994)
\B QGGMN OKKRVGS OKNGIC OKNVJPN TXGP .FGGY\F \[GI\ \B ZKCDFNG \GKTC
\NGMK \B ZKCDFNG ,KGRK[ N[ \GZ[VB ZZGTN ,GN[ OKKPKRVF OKCB[PF NB FNGIF
,\BHP FZ\K .(Lebaron, 2003) LZEGP QGKPE \GTXPBC OK[Y OKCXP NGP G\GEEGP\F
GFP Z\BNG KGXZ CXP \GVXN ,KGXP CXP UY[N \Z[VBP LZEGP QGKPE N[ FYKRMJ
.KGXZF CXPN KGXPF CXPFP ZGCTN KEM \G[TN ZIGC FNGIF[ KGRK[F DGS
\KCGKI F[KD \TPJF
WNBP FH [DVP .GPT EEGP\PG CZYF \GGPF OT K[IGP QVGBC [DVR KRVGS FNGI
.(Mishne, 1998) [GRB QCM GN[ FNKPYF LKNF\ OTG G\GNCDGP OT \PT\FN G\GB
506
OKKRVGS OKNGI CZYC FGGY\F \[GI\ \ZCDFN OKMZE
\GKPKSV N[ \G[GI\ \GJN\[P KGVKZN KGMKSF ZSGIG CZYF \GGPF IMGRN ,OK\TN
BKF \KCGKI F[KD I\VN OKMZEF \IB .FZFRPF FXYC ZGBF \B \GBZN \NGMK BNN
I\P KRPHC FNYF GPM ,OKD[KFNG \GINXFN SIKK\FN FNGIF N[ G\MZEF \GTXPBC
LNFPC \GK\GTP[PG \GCG[I \GEGYRC FMKP\ N[ FYRTF UBG FNCY ,CGBMPG
\B CSFN Q\KR .(Haney, 1988) G\IV[P KRC QKCN GRKC OKSIKF IGVKJG FNIPF
FGGI F\KKF BN FIV[PF[ QM\KK[ OKMKNF\NG \GEIGKP \GKGGIN FNGIF CN \PG[\
FNGIN TKKS\ \GINXFCG OKKCGKIF OKJCKFC \GEYP\F .FNGI OEB FC FKF BNGN
Overhosler & Silverman, 1998;) OKKNKN[F OKEEXC \GIVG OKKGMKSC HIBKFN
KCK\RC OEGY ZGCTN [K FGGY\ IVJN KEM ,(1990) KCGYTK KV NT .(Snyder, 2002
,KCGYTK) "\GNVB \GZGBP"C ZGKS OTV BN \[ZGE "FGGY\F \EGCT" KZF[ ,CBMF
\G[DZ N[ EGCKTG ZCGT FNGIF[ OKRECGBN \GSIKK\F OD NNGMF NGVKJ ,QMN .(1990
Z[VBNG \KCGKI JCP \EGYR N[ FXGPKBN LZEF \B ZK[MFN KG[T [GBKKFG STMF
.FVGY\F N[ OKKCGKIF OKJCKFF \B OD \GBZN
\GK\GBKXPF \ZCDF
FKKVKX GPM ,\GK\GBKXP K\NC \GKVKXC OKHIBR G\IV[P KRCG FNGIF ,OK\TN
Bradley, Crowley, Barry, Stevenson, Britten, &) FR\[K BN FNGIF N[ GCXP[
CXPF \[IMFC \GGNPF \GKNBKZ BNG \GPHDGP \GKVKX .(Barber, 2000; Mak, 2002
FEGCTC ,QMN .(Kirk & Koeske, 1995) LGPR NZGPG FCHMB \G[GI\ ZGXKN \GNGNT
Z[B ,\GK\GBKXP \GZJP CKXFN FNGIN ZGHTN CG[I OKKRVGS OKNGI OT \KNGVKJ
OKMZEFP \GEIB .(Davidson & Foster, 1995) [GBKKG QGN[KM \[GI\ \TVGF GTRPK
,NGVKJF \GNCDP \ZEDF :GNB QF KRVGS FNGIC NGVKJC \GK\GBKXP \GZJP CKXFN
.FGGY\ \GZSI \GBZRF \GKXBGJKSC OD \G[TN Q\KR[ FPC \GEYP\FG QPHF \GNCDP
EGYV\N FZHIG BNP OGYK[ N[ \GZJP "IGRHN" KRVGSF FNGIN TKKSN [K OK\TN
BXPR BGF GC[ F[YF CXPC FD[FN \GR\KRF \GZIB \GZJP QPGYPC WPBNG
.(Parker, 2002)
OKKIC \GTP[P \BKXP
;FZKKZYF IG\KVG KNMNM Z[GT QGDM ,\GKRGXKI \GVKB[C TGDVN NGNT KNGI CXP
OFKNBP OKZGZCM GNCY\F ZCTC[ OKRG[ OKB[GRNG \GSKV\N TDGRC \GNB[ ZZGTN
GKKIN \GTP[P ZCTC GYKRTF[ \GSKV\G OKMZT WVRN UB OK\TNG ;(1994 ,ZNG)
\GTP[P ZSGIG \GRYKZ \[GI\ ZXGK CXPF ,EGTG \BH .(Benzein et al., 2001)
.(Mak, 2002; Thompson & Pitts, 1993)
507
KGBMNB-WK[VKN KNIZ
OKMZEF \IB .GKKIC TDZ NMN \GTP[P BGXPN FNGIN Z[VBN [K ,\BH OT
FBGZ GH NGVKJ \JK[ .KVZ\GDGN NGVKJ BKF OKKIC \GTP[P \BKXPN \GTKKSPF
OKKIC \GTP[P BGXPN QGXZF BGF GKKIC KZYKTF TKRPF[ KRIGZ ZGXK OEBC
OEBF N[ GIGZ ZC[P KCXPC OD ,(1970) NYRZV KV NT .(1990 ,ETNDG SMZ)
OKIKNXP Z[B OKKRVGS OKNGI .UGDF \GNCDP NT ZCD\FN GN \Z[VBPG \K[VGI
OCXP OT Z\GK CGJ GEEGP\K \GTP[P NTC Z[YFC OFKNT ZCGTF \B OYPN
.(Thompson & Pitts, 1993)
FPKRV \GNM\SF NNGMF ,KPXT KGNKD N[ LKNF\C FNGIF KGGKN BKF \ZIB LZE
NGMK FH LKNF\ .(1990 ,ETNDG SMZ) GKKIC OKK\GTP[PF OKZCEF N[ \[EGIP FYKECG
\[GI\ GYKRTK Z[B ,OKKIN \GZJP \BKXPCG [EI \GKGVKET ZES \TKCYC TKKSN
TEK ZGCXNG FIV[P KRCG OKZCI OT OKZ[Y YHIN ,OGKF \B \GKIN GPM ,\GTP[P
\ZDSPC KRVGSF FNGIF NXB \GNGT[ \GKPGKYF \GNB[F N[ Q\RKIC .(Haney, 1988)
OKKIC \KRIGZG \K[KB \GTP[P BGXPNG FCKJYVSZV I\VN GN Z[VBN FKG[T NGVKJF
.(Davidson & Foster, 1995) \GGPCG
,NYRZV) \GKEGIKKF \[GI\ IG\KV BKF OKKIC \GTP[P \BKXPN \VSGR LZE
OKMZEC G\GKEGIKK \B BJCN FNGIF \B EEGTN NGMK KRVGS FNGIC NVJP .(1970
KRCN G\GCK[IG \K[DZF G\GTP[P \[DEF ,FCK\M ,ZGKX QGDM ,\GRGGDPG \GRG[
.(1990 ,ETNDG SMZ) OPT OKCGJ OKSIK IG\KVG ,OKCGZYF GKZCING G\IV[P
OGMKS
OT \GEEGP\FN FGGY\F \PGZ\N \GTEGPF \B GZKCDF OKK[KB OKIGGKEG OKZYIP
QGPJ FH ZPBP N[ GEGIKK .FNGIF N[ GKKI \GMKB ZGVK[NG \GKRVGS \GNIP
\ZCDFN \GKCKJZVGB OKMZEN OPGDZ\G FGGY\F KRKKVBP N[ \JZGVPF FDXFC
FTY[FG QPH [ZGEF [MZR KPRKE LKNF\ BKF FGGY\F \[GI\ .FGGY\F \[GI\
OKKEGIKKF OKK[YF ZGBN .KRVGS CXP GPM YIE KCXPC GEEGTN KRGKI Z[B ,\KCKJYB
F\GKF ZGBNG ,GN[ FGGY\F \[GI\C TGDVN OKNGNTG KRVGSF FNGIF EEGP\P OPT[
OKMZE GTXGF ,OK[Y OKCXP OT \GEEGP\FC OKTKKSPF OKK[VRF OKCKMZPF EIB
\[GI\ \[KMZ { GNNF OKMZEF .OKKRVGS OKNGI CZYC FGGY\F \[GI\ \ZCDFN
\ZCDF ,\KCGKI F[KD \TPJF ,\GKCKJYB \JKYR ,(Zimmerman, 1990) FJKN[
TGXYPF K[RB N[ O\EGCTN TKKSN \GKG[T { OKKIC \GTP[P \BKXPG \GK\GBKXPF
.OFN[ OKNMF HDZBN USGG\FNG OKKRVGS OKNGI OT
508
OKKRVGS OKNGI CZYC FGGY\F \[GI\ \ZCDFN OKMZE
\GZGYP
{
.22 14 ,65 ,FKDGNGJRGZD .SKVSGFF N[ \GRGZYTFG FKVGSGNKVF .(1994) .B ,ZNG
ZGJYGE ZBG\ \NCY O[N ZGCKI .IG\KR ZIBN FPNIFF LKNF\C "FGGY\F \EGCT" NT .(1987) .Z ,KCGYTK
.FVKI \JKSZCKRGB ,FKVGSGNKVN
.173 165 ,(3) 'D ,\GIK[ .\G[KDG \GTVG\ ,\GZEDF "FGGY\F" D[GPC KJZGB\ QGKE .(1989) .Z ,KCGYTK
.144 142 ,(2) 'E ,\GIK[ ."OKZTGS OKP KRV NT Z[D" .(1990) .Z ,KCGYTK
.39 23 ,65 ,FKDGNGJRGZD .\KC SKVSGFG SKVSGFC \KNBKXGS FEGCT .(1994) .R ,Q\KBG .P ,CGKSGP
.12 5 ,(1) C"K ,\GIK[ .QJZS KNGIC NGVKJC ZC[P \T[C \GCZT\FF \GRGZYT OG[KK .(1997) .B ,SGRKV
.ZKCE :CKCB N\ .\GTP[P [VIP OEBF .(1970) .G ,NYRZV
.ZCGYKZ'X :CKCB N\ .\GGPF OT \GKIN .(1969) .B ,SGZ-ZNCGY
KBZC SKVSGFF \[KD { \KRVGS QJZS \NIPC OKNGI N[ OKKI \GMKB .(1990) .Z ,ETNDG .D ,SMZ
.65 55 ,(1) B"K ,FIGGZG FZCI .FKVZ\GDGNF
{
{
{
{
{
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509
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Salonen, J.T. (1996). Hopelessness and risk of mortality and incidence of myocardial
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Haney, P. (1988). Providing empowerment to the person with AIDS. Social Work, 33,
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