1. No category

(2006 NKZVB) 'E 'CGI ,145 LZM
FBGVZF
2
B[B[ 'P NGB[ ,1KZGT KCB
2
1
FKKZFR ,KCZTPF NKNDN OKNGIF-\KC ,CKCB-N\ ,\GTZ KBGVZ HMZP
FNKEDC \GTZVF KM ODEGF ,FKEC[C ZYKTC ,OKZYIP ZVSPC (1
CN \GNIPP F\GP\N QGMKSC FKKNTC \GGNP \KPIZ-LG\
FRGH\ .|5~ IGP TGZKB GB OKKIGP-LG\ OKPGPKE ,|4~ \GKPMSKB
FRGH\P ,FPDGEN ,\TCGRF \KPIZ-LG\ (
) FKGYN
\GNTFN FNGNT ,(EZDRKRNC CTZF \TC GPM) OBF N[ FKGYN
NKDC \ZMGS \GGF\FNG \KNKNM FBGNI\N QGMKSF \B
.|6~ \GZDC\FF
Malnutrition
BGF \GZDC\FF \VGY\C CTZ FCZ FEKPC FYIPF CXPF (2
\MZTPC \GTZVF GBXPR \GRG[ \GEGCTC .FHGCZR FKSYZGRBF
ZKZ[ N[ FSPF \RJYF GPM ,GNB \GNGI N[ OEF-KNMG CNF
\GKVZDGKEZYGZJYNB \GTZVFG |7~ OKP\SPC \GTZVF ,CNF
) \KR[RF FRHFF N[ FVGY\C ZYKTC { |8~
.(
BXPR \KRGXKY \GKZGNY \NE \GZCP GRGHKR[ OKRP[ OEB-KRCC
.|9~ CNF ZKZ[ KCKSC YHR
Re-feeding
\KZNGYSBGGKEZY FBGNI\N OKJNGCF QGMKSF-KPZGDP EIB (3
CTZ .OE-WIN-Z\K BGF OKYZGT \[ZJ N[ \XBGP \GGF\FNG
\NGMKC FTZVFG OEF-WINC FEKZKN KEKKP QVGBC OZGD
GJDC CTZF ZYIPC ODEGF[ KVM ,GN[ \KPGRGJGBF \GSKGGF
-M TGEKF ,EZDRKRN NT KRPZDF ZGXPF \TC .|11 ,10~ F[ZG
ET 8.9.1941-P) OKPK 872 L[PR[ UB ,"OKPKF 900 ZGXP"
N[ FCTZFN FBKCF[ ,ZKTN QGHP \YVSB FTRPR ,(27.1.1944
FNTPN .OKENK QGKNKP KXIM NNGM ,OKC[G\ QGKNKP F[GN[M
O[ OD .GKMGCKSG CTZFP FBXG\M G\P OEB-KRC 600,000-P
.OEF-WINC FEKZK BKF CTZ \TC FRG[BZF FTVG\F[ IGGE
F\VXKR ,CTZF CXPP FBKXKFG \KR[RF FRHFF QPHC ONGB
FVXKR ZPGNM ,OEGYF CXPN ZCTP OEF-WIN N[ FKKNT
\KRVGD FEGCT OKECGTC ZYKTC ,OEF-WIN N[ Z\K-KGXKV
OZYIPC ODEGF ,ZKTN QGHPF \YVSB [GEKI ZIBN .|13,12~
N[
OKC[G\ 10,000 N[ ODEKP CZYC KM ,|14~ 'CIG
EEPR[ FH \PGTN YFCGP QVGBC OEF-WIN FNT OKBKZC
\I\P OKYECRC 4 KV IKM[ FKF OE-WIN-Z\K .1940 \R[C
N[ FEGCTC OD .FH NKDN NTP[ GNBC OKKR[ KVG FR[ 40 NKDN
CTZFG ZGXPF ZIBN FR[ 60=30 KM ,BXPR |3~ 'CIG
FR[ 15=9 KRC HB GKF[ OEB-KRC N[ OEF-WIN FKF EZDRKRNC
.\KNGJSBKE M"PP 1.3-G \KNGJSKS M"PP 3.3-C FGCD
Keys
Sparen
Sparen
N[ OZYIPC OKJNGCF OKBXPKPF EIB (4
BGF |3~ 'CIG
QGMKS) \KPMSKB CN \NIPP F\GP\ N[ Z\GK FFGCD \GIKM[
60=20 (1.67 N[ KSIK QGMKS) IGP TGZKBPG (1.39 N[ KSIK
BGF LMN Z\GKC ZKCSF OZGDF .EZDRKRNC CTZF ZIBN FR[
) UGDF \SP EEP OD F\GIV FEKPCG ,OEF-WIN-Z\K
KM ,OKPMSP OKZYGIF .FRP[F EGEPN ETGR[ (
YIE GPM OKZIB OKPZGDN OD GPM) \GZDC\FF NKDC CTZN
OE-WIN-Z\K \GGF\F NT \KZ[VB FTV[F (FPGBZJG
Body
Mass Index
ZKXY\
GB \GBJDC F[YF FVGY\F \B GEZ[[ FBG[ KNGXKR OBF
\ZIGBP \KRVGD FBGNI\N OKVG[I ,FEP[FFG HGMKZF \GRIPC
NT TGEK EGBP JTP ?QMP-ZIBN OKR[ KZG[T \ZMKR F\GP\NG
\GTV[FF OFC GRGEKR[ OKZYIP N[ CZF ZVSPN EGDKRC .LM
FRGER[ \GEGCTF ZVSP ,OKNGXKRF CZYC \GZIGBPF \GK[VRF
\KRVGD FBGNI\ NT \ZIGBPF FTV[FF \NB[ QKZ[KPC OFC
ET ZCXR[ TEKF .\GEKIB QRKB QFK\GBXG\G CZ GRKB F\GP\G
FBGNI\ QKCN OKKRGXKYG OK[Y OKBR\C FKKF[F QKC Z[YC F\T
,KC[ KKGEV CZYC :OKZIB OKCXPP GCGZC EPNR \ZIGBP
OKKZYKTF OKCXPF .OKKGRKT GZCT[ FNBG OKZGYT ,OKZKSB
OGKB ,EGEKC KBR\ ,FNIP ,\GMR ,CTZ OF LMN OGZ\N OKNGMK[
FKKVX ,FEGZK (Hygiene) \GFD ,OK[Y OGI GB ZGY KBR\ ,EKP\P
OKPZGDP YNI OKRGER ZPBPC .K[VR YIEG Z\GKC OK[Y \GHIPC
OFN \M[P\PF FVK[IF[ \GZ[VBF \KNTGPG ,FNB
Z\GK FFGCD \GIKM[N OZGD \GKFN FNGNT FBG[F \VGY\C
\XGCY NMC FBG[F KNGXKR CZYC F\GP\C FKKNTG FBGNI\ N[
.NKD
FPEYF
F[GBF GFDCGZF
?FBG[F KNGXKR CZYC \ZIGBP FBGNI\ \PKKY OBF
C
\GRIPCG \GBJDC OKKIF KBR\ GZBG\ OKPEGY OKZPBP
OFKRKC FCZF \GRG[F \GZPN .|2,1~ FBG[F \VGY\C HGMKZF
F[GN[C OFC OKKIF GRKKVB\F ,OKRG[F \GRIPFG \GBJDF QKCG
GB \KRPH \GMRN FPZD[ FCZ FBGNI\ ,CTZ :OKKHMZP OKZCE
OKPKKY .L[P\P K[VRG KRVGD OGKB GB YIE N[ CXPG ,FTGCY
OKPZGDF \[GN[[ LM NT OKEKTPF OKBXPKP \KBGVZF \GZVKSC
,OKZKSB ,KC[ KKGEV CZYC \ZIGBP FBGNI\N BKCFN OKNGNT GNNF
OKR[ \GZ[T OKKGRKT KNGXKRG L[GPP ZGXPC GF[[ OK[RB ,OKZGYT
\GZIGBPF \GBXG\F NT OGKM TEK OKKY .O\GTZBKF ZIBN
C\MR \GCZ .\G[MZR \GKGMR OT OEB-KRCC (\GK[VRFG \GKRVGDF)
OBF LB .FBG[F N[ \GZIGBPF \GK[VRF \GTVG\F NT \GZVKSC
\PEYGP \GRYEHFC ,\GZIGBP \GKRVGD \GTVG\C OD OKYGN OF
OKZYIPF ZVSPG ,LM NT TGEK JTP ?OKZIBP Z\GK F\GP\CG
\GTV[F \GZYSR FH ZPBPC .CZ GRKB GH FNB[ OFC FYECR[
OKNGXKR CZYC \ZIGBP FBGNI\ NT K[VRF YIEFG \GMRF ,CTZF
.FBG[F KNGXKR NT \GKZ[VB \GMN[F \GRGERG ,OKZIB OKCXPP
CTZ 'B
QKBG ,|3~ OKKCYT ORKBG OKEKIB ORKB OKIGGKEF ,CTZF KCDN
:IGGJF-\MGZB G\TV[FN \K\TP[P-EI FIMGF
Key words: Holocaust; Concentration camps.
.HGMKZ \GRIP ;FBG[F :I\VP \GNKP
250
(2006 NKZVB) 'E 'CGI ,145 LZM
FBGVZF
F[GBF GFDCGZF
\KZNGYSBGGKEZY FBGNI\ .|24~ KVSM KGXKV NT OKRGKEC JV[PF
CZYC OD FIGGE \KNNMF FKKSGNMGBFP FFGCD \GIKM[CG \ZIGBP
\GTKDVP FBXG\M OFKRKT ZGBP \B GECKB[ N"FX KMR OKZGGKT
.|25~ FPINP
NKDC CTZ .Z\GK OKZIGBP OKBNKDC OE-KNMG CN \GNIPG
BKCPG ,OKZIGBP OKK\GBKZC OKRGMKS ,BGVB ,B[GR \GZDC\FF
.|3~ Z\GK ZIGBP OKR[ \GZ[T \GZCDGP F\GP\G FBGNI\N
\GMR 'C
K[VR YIE 'D
OKNGXKR OD .\GMR N[ \GRG[ \GDZEC OKYGN \GRIPF KEZG[P OKCZ
FN [KG ,OKKIF NMN \M[P\P FTV[F [K ZKTX NKDC K[VR YIEN \GYNN OKNGNT ,FRKY\ FZGXC OKEYV\P FZGBMNG GRPT OKKIF
.\ZIB GB GH \GMRC
LM .YIEN OZGDF \GPNTKF ZIBN OKR[ \GZ[T OD ZGZC KGJKC
OKPZGDP EGBP \TV[GP OK[EI YIE KCXPN FCGD\F ,FPDGEN OKCN[C OKMR N[ KBGVZ OGYK[C OKYSGTF OEB-KRC
Z[BM FKKGJKC \B \GBZN Q\KR .OKR[F LZGBN \ZP[R BKFG ,OKRG[ FECGTN OKZT ,FN[ OKKRGZMF OKCN[CG \GMRF N[ OKRG[BZF
QG[BZF YIEFP OKR[ \GZ[T GNKVB ,[EI YIE CXP [IZ\P OKPEYGP \GRYEHF KMKNF\N OKVG[I \GRG[ \GKZGDJYP OKMR[
\[IZ\P \GRG[ \GTVG\ OT \PEYGP \GRYEHF KM TGEK .|26~ \GKGMR OT OEB-KRC KM ,GBZF |17,16~ 'CIG KZGT .|15~ ORPH OZJ
[VR \GNIP \GCYTC UBG ,\KRVGD FTKDV BNN OD ,FPGBZJ ZIBN IGP \GTKDV ,FZEK[F-JGIC \GTKDV ,QKIGP-YG\K[ GPM "\GTGCY"
\GZIGBP \GTVG\C OKYGN OKKVD \GTKJYG
KRGZM K[VR YIE LNFPC .|28 ,27~
\GRYEHF OKNG\F [K .\PEYGP \GRYEHF N[
KRGRDRP OK[NIR (KRVGD YIE ODG)
-KPC OKMRF \KKSGNMGB CZYC GH \PEYGP
O\GB OF GNB .UGDF N[ FRDFF
¬úåàèâá åéç øùà ¬äàåùä éãøåù
\
GNKTVN \GBKCPF OFN[ \GKRVGDF \GNCD
ZCT[ OEBN OKZ[VBPF OKRGRDRP
åìáñ ¬úåøòéá åà æåëéøä úåðçîá
F
Z
EK[F-JGI KTDVR .|15~ \\IVGP \KRVGD
GPXTN ZKHIFN K[VR GB KRVGD YIE
úåìçîî ¬áòøî äáø äãéîá íìåë
\P EY GP \G RYE HF N [ OK RPK S OK BZP
OKK[VRFG OKKRVGDF OKEGYVK\F \B
åà úéðî æ úåë ðì åî øâù úåìáç å
ZYKTC ,OKZIGBP OKMGCKS OT |19,18~
®êùîúî éùôð ÷çãî ïëå äòåá÷
OT [EI OB\KP ZGXKN ,GTDVR[
\GZKBPP ,|20~ OEF-KNMG CNF \GMZTPC
. K GR K[ N O B\ F C E YV \N G G \C KC S
¬
á
ò
ø
ù
ê
ë
ì
ú
å
ø
ô
é
ñ
á
ú
å
é
å
ã
ò
ú
å
î
é
é
÷
\RP[F ,(\NGINICG Q\[F-KMZEC ZYKTC)
KGZY FH FPB\F LKNF\
,
úôå÷úá ø÷éòá ¬éùôð ÷çãå úåéåëð
OKKGRK[ ,KJGKCKJRB NGVKJN \GEKPT ,Z\K
FNCI ZIBN TDVR BGF[ QM\KKG
Ð ç úì à é á ä ì íé ì å ì ò ¬ ú å ø â á úää
F
[NGI ,OKZKZ[ NGENKE ,OKYZVKPCG EN[C
.|30 ,29~ \K[VR GB \KRVGD
íéðù úåøùò úøçåàî úéðôåâ äàåì
O
K
ZIGBP OKKGRK[ NT IGGE QM .|21~ \GVKKTG
NT OF UB OKTKCXP |3~ 'CIG
áìä úåëøòîá ø÷éòá ¬ïëîÐøçàì
,
\
K
PKRVF F[ZVFF \MZTPCG OEF \MZTPC
FCKS BGF YIE[ \GZ[VBF
Ð÷åî úåð÷ãæäì ¬ãìùáå íãäÐéìëå
®äáø äúåîúìå úîã
Q G D M , O K Z P G I F - U G NK I C \ G R G [ \ G T K D V G
OKZGXRF CZYC \ZCDGPF F\GP\N
\GPZG QKNGSRKBN \GEKPT
\GMGPR
.Z\GK ZIGBP OKR[ \GZ[T EZDRKRNC
úåãéòîä úåéòîùîÐãç úåçëåä ïéà
L
Z
E
C
O
K
T
K
V
G
P
GNB OKKGRK[ .|23,22,15~
63 GYEC |29~ 'CIG ZCKKZ[
íéìáåñ ïëà äàåùä éãøåùù êë ìò
Z
I
B
N
\
G
C
Z
O
K
R
[
{ ZIGBP CN[C NNM
IG\KR ZGCTN GEPT[ FBG[ KNGXKR
ï÷ìçù óà ¬åìà úåøçåàî úåòôåúî
TGCY CXPC FMRF FKF QFC[ ,FTKDVF
-\GMKB KEEPC ZGVK[F .IG\V-CN
ø÷çî ®åæë úåøùôà ìò úåòéáöî
."FMKTE" CN[ NT OKTKCXP OFG ,CKXKG
OGKY \GZPN ,IG\KRF ZIBN OKKIF
ìò áéùäì éãë ùøãð õøîðå ÷éîòî
OKRGRDRP ZVSP GTKXF |17~ 'CIG KZGT
®÷çåã ïîæäå ¬åæ äìàù
KTGZKB N[ IGGJF-\GMGZB \GTV[FF
CZYC \ZIGBPF FBGNI\F \B OKZKCSPF
\PKKY[ ,FBZP ,FPINPFG FBG[F
:GNB OKNGIP YNI
OKEGYVK\ ZV[NG EEGP\FN \NGMK
FNB[R BN[ FNB[ .OKNGI O\GB CZYC OKK\ZCI-GMKSVG OKKRVGD -GVGBKJSGB \TVGFN \PZGD (IGKR) \\IVGPF \GNKTVF 'B
O\GB CZYC OBF :\KTP[P-EI FCG[\ GRN [K OB YVSG ,QBM OKKGRK[N \PZGD FKZGKXNYZVKFF .Q\[CG OEC QEKS-Z\K OT SKHGZ
Z\GK FFGCD \GIKM[C \KZNGYSBGGKEZY FBGNI\ FPZDR OKNGXKR \TVGFN QGMKSF-KPZGDP EIB TGEKM BGF[ ,OE-WIN-Z\KNG \GKNMC
.OE-KNMG CN \GNIPG OKYZGT \[ZJ
.|31,30~ ?FBG[F KPKB \B GGI BN[ ONKD KRC Z[BP
GB KDGNGZKR YHRP TGCRN OKNGNTF ,FPK[RF-KMZEC OKMGCKS {
OKZDGCP FBG[ KNGXKR KM ,FRGZIBN GBZF |32~ 'CIG YZC
.FHIF-\KCC \GGKT
\GKGECB\F[ OKRKKXP ORPGB OF .\GECB\F \RMSN Z\GK OKVG[I
OD OF[ FECGTF CYT OBF ,OK[K[Y CZYC Z\GK \GIKM[ NNMC \GYNE ,OKEKZG \YYV ,\GKVYKF \GYXC OT OKNHGR QGEPKT {
.OKKRHGBCG \GRGVPKSC ,OKM[BC
\GPGBZJF KRTJP ECGM OBF ?\GRG[ \GNIPC Z\GK OKYGN
FBG[F KNGXKR ?Z\GK EEGP\FN \NGMK BNN ZCD\F OKKIC \GZCXRF OKPZGDF ,KJGKCKJRB NGVKJN OK\KTN \GEKPTG OKR[R OKPGFKH {
.OKMGCKSF NM \B FZKPIPF ,\GNKTVC \VSGR FEKZKN
-GBZJF \GKGGIF \GIYN\FC ,QGBMKEC Z\GK FGCD ZGTK[C OKYGN
ODV OKKY ZYIPC .K[VR YIECG ,\GKRVGD \GNIPC ,\GKJP ,\GNKTV \RJYFN ,OKZC[N \GPZGDF ,\GNCIG \GNKVR {
.FNKNI ZHGIG SKHGZGVGBKJSGBN
\GRGKSKRP GNXKR[ OKKI-OKZDGCP GYEC OKZYGIF :KDGNGEG\P
.K\ZCIG K[VR YIE N[ \GTV[F {
.FBG[ KNGXKR OF[ OKNGI O\GB \B OCZKYC G[VKIG \GECB\F
OK[K[YF-OKECB\PF CZYC OBF F\KKF FNB[R[ FNB[F ZPGNM \TV[GP FNB OKNGI N[ OKKIF-\NIG\ OB ZGZC BN
?FBG[ KNGXKR Z\GK [K ,FH F[TP \GCYTC GZJVR[ -K\CC UB FTZMGF BN FNB[FG ,|5~ OKZIGBPF OKMGCKSFP
3
Allostasis
Sparen
3
3
251
HDL
(2006 NKZVB) 'E 'CGI ,145 LZM
FKVZDGKNCKC
1. Shasha SM, Morbidity in the ghettos during the Holocaust.
Harefuah, 2002; 141: 364-368.
2. Shasha SM, Morbidity in the concentration camps of the third
Reich. Harefuah, 2004; 143: 272-276.
3. Sparen P, Vagero D, Shestov DB & al, Long term mortality after
severe starvation during the siege of Leningrad: prospective
cohort study. BMJ, 2004; 328: 11-14.
4. Leon DA, Lithell HO, Vagero D & al, Reduced fetal growth rate
and increased risk of death from ischemic heart disease: cohort
study of 15,000 Swedish men and women born 1915-29. BMJ,
1998; 317: 241-245.
5. Hypponen E, Leon DA, Kenward MG & al, Prenatal growth and
risk of occlusive and hemorrhagic stroke in Swedish men and
women born 1915-29: historical cohort study. BMJ, 2001; 323:
1033-1034.
6. Stanner SA, Bulmer K, Andres C & al, Does malnutrition in
utero determine diabetes and coronary heart disease in adulthood? Results from the Leningrad siege study, a cross sectional
study. BMJ, 1997; 315: 1342-1348.
7. De Simon G, Scalfi L, Galderisi M & al, Cardiac abnormalities in
young women with anorexia nervosa. Br Heart J, 1994; 71 : 287292.
8. Swenne I, Heart risk associated with weight loss in anorexia
nervosa during the early phase of re-feeding. Acta Poediatr,
2000; 89: 447-452.
9. Garnett ES, Barnard DL, Ford J & al, Gross fragmentation of
cardiac myofibrils after therapeutic starvation for obesity.
Lancet, 1969; 1: 914-916.
10. Milejkowski I (Ed.), Choroba Glodowa, Badania Kliniczne Nad
Gloden Wykonane W Getcie Warszawskim Z Roku 1942.
American Joint Distribution Committee, Warszawa, 1946.
11. Herschlag-Elkayam O, Even L & Shasha SM, Clinical manifestation of "Hunger Disease" among children in the ghettos during
the Holocaust. Harefuah, 2003; 142: 345-349.
12. Kreipe RE & Harris JP, Myocardial impairment resulting from
eating disorders. Pediatr Am, 1992; 21: 76-768.
13. Brozek J, Chapman C & Keys A, Drastic food restriction: effect
on cardiovascular dynamics in normotensive and hypertensive
conditions. JAMA, 1948; 1569-1574.
14. Keys A, Brozek J Henschel A & al, The biology of human
starvation. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1950.
15. Ohry A, Life expectancy, premature aging, long term effects and
other issues concerning spinal cord injured patients. Advances in
Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, edited by N. Soroker &
H. Ring, Monduzzi Editore, 2003.
FRYKHF OT \GEEGP\FF \NGMK KM ,GBZF |33~ 'CIG QPJRF
FBG[F KNGXKR CZYC Z\GK FRJY QJZSF \NIP GPM FPGBZJ OTG
GCKJKF[ FNB ,OKNGXKRF CZYC .FZYC \XGCY CZYC Z[BP
\GIV GNCS ,O\RYKH OT Z\GK CGJ GEEGP\F ,FBG[F OT EEGP\FN
OKRKPS\ NT \GIV GIGGKEG OKKJPGBZJ-(JSGV) Z\C OKTY[KPP
.FBG[F OT EEGP\FN G[Y\F[ OKNGXKR \PGTN OKKDGNG\V-GMKSV
\GSR\F OT \GEEGP\FF CKJN KM ,FSKV\C \GMPG\ GNB \GBXG\
.KEK\T YIE OT \GEEGP\FF NT \CXTP FTV[F \PEGY \XIGN
KNGXKR QKC FNKMB KNDZFC NECF QKB KM ,BXPR \ZIB FEGCTC
FBG[F \B GZCT BN[ ONKD KRC QKCN CTZ KBR\C GF[[ FBG[
.|34~
FBG[F KNGXKR N[ OCXP NT FMN[FF
QF FPINPF \VGY\C GNCS FBG[F KNGXKR[ LM NT YNGI QKB
GB \KRPH \GMR OFN GPZD[ \GKRVGD \GTKDVP QF ,CTZP
OKZKSB GKF OB FR[P FH QKBG ,K[VR YIEP QFG \M[P\P
GB BGCIP \GPGYPC GEZ[ GB \GBJDC GKI ,HGMKZF \GRIPC
NM ,F[TPN .|2,1~ \GRIPF N[ \VG\F \B \GGIN KNCP ,\GZTKC
FRYKHG \ZIGBP FBGNI\C \GYNN FKKJR NT OKTKCXP OKRG\RF
CJKPNG ,\GBEGGC TGEK BN ?CXPF GFH QMB OBF .\PEYGP
FPMSF \PKKY[ UB ,FH QGGKMC G[TR OKZYIP JTP GR\TKEK
\GK[VR ,\GKRVGD ,\GM[P\P \GTKDVC OKYGN FBG[F KNGXKR[
.GH \GZ[VB NT GTKCXF BN \GEGCTFP YNIC .\GK\ZCI-GMKSVG
Z\GK GGI FBG[F KNGXKR[ \GZPN KM OKIGGEP |35~ 'CIG SRKNGY
OKNECF ,OZGZIK[ ZIBN OKR[ \GZ[T ,GBXPR BN ,K[VR YIE
\BH ,FBG[F \B GGI BN[ OEB-KRC N[ FZYC \XGCY QKCN ORKC
\SP EEP ,NY[P GPM \GKPKMGKCG \GKZJPGVGZJRB \GEKEP KV-NT
,OEF KRPG[ ,KNGJSBKEG KNGJSKS OE WIN ,(
) UGDF
.\GXGCYF K\[C OKZCDC \GFH GKF[ ,EGTG ZMGS ,QKRKJBKZY
YFCGP QVGBC Z\GK LGPR KNGJSBKE OE WIN BXPR UB OK[RC
BKF ,F\GP\N Z[BC .FZYCF \XGCYC Z[BP \GNGXKRF CZYC
QVGBC BN KM OB ,OKNGXKRF \XGCY CZYC Z\GK FMGPR F\KKF
ZYSC .|35~ ONXB Z\GK LGPR F\GP\N QGMKSF KM FBZRG ,YFCGP
\Z[TP FNTPN ZIB CYTP LZTR GC[ |36~ NBZ[KC CNF \GNIP
OKR[C \GKPGYP \GKG[ZG FRKEP KECGT OKEGFK OKZCD OKVNB
BN[ FNBN FBG[F KNGXKR QKC NECF BXPR BN ,1986=1963
\GIKM[ GBXP BN OF UB |37~ 'CIG OZKCB .FBG[F \B GZCT
BXGPP OKNBZ[K QKCN FBG[ KNGXKR QKC E"NK N[ Z\GK FFGCD
.FBG[F KPKB \B GGI BN[ KBVGZKB
KR[P FNTPN ,1966 \R[C KM FBZF |38~ ZDRKJB ,LEKBP
18% N[ ZGTK[C Z\K-\\GP\ F\VXKR ,FPINPF ZIBN OKZG[T
BN[ FKKSGNMGBN FBGG[FC HGMKZ \GRIP KNGXKR OKDCZGR CZYC
60-M KM ,ODEGF |39~ 'CIG N'XRP N[ O\EGCTC .\GRIPC F\KKF
SKHGZGVGBKJSGBF \GIKM[ ,FKR[F ONGTF \PINP ZIBN FR[
\XGCYN FBGG[FC \K\GTP[P FFGCD FBG[F \VGY\ KNGXKR CZYC
LZKF-OXTC OKZC[ \GIKM[ KM ,GBZF |40~ 'CIG SENGV .FZYCF
FZYC \XGCYC Z[BP FBG[ KNGXKR CZYC OKKR[ KV JTPM FFGCD
[GCKMF \I\ GKF BN[ (KVZDGBKD BXGPG QKP ,NKD KVN \PB\GP)
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