2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 annual report California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System Table of contents California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System Director’s Message................................................2 CAHFS Board of Directors...................................3 Facilities and Diagnostic Faculty.........................4 Industry and Association Committees............. 5-6 Diagnosis and Disease Summaries.......................6 Broiler Chickens.......................................8 Layer Chickens.......................................10 Turkeys...................................................13 Exotic Avian............................................17 Dairy Cattle.............................................20 Beef Cattle...............................................23 Swine......................................................26 Sheep......................................................29 Goats.......................................................31 Equine.....................................................34 Highlights . ........................................................38 2009 Development and Application of a Test for the Mushroom Toxin, Alpha-Amanitin....................................... 37 Annual Report Novel H1N1 Influenza A virus Infection in a Captive Cheetah in California........................................... 38 FERN Chemistry Update......................... 38 CAHFS Fresno Lab Closure..................... 3 Wildlife................................................................ 40 Pelican Die-Off.........................................40 Deer Die-Off.............................................40 Statement of Funding and Workload.................41 New Tests —2009..............................................41 Tests Performed in 2009.....................................41 Professional Recognition Staff & Faculty Awards....................................42 Presentations by Faculty and Staff Members.....43 Publications and Collaborations........................48 Funded Projects.................................................51 School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis West Health Sciences Drive Davis, CA 95616 (530) 752-8700 • http://cahfs.ucdavis.edu/ December 2010 1 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Director’s message T he year 2009 was very challenging, with budget problems resulting in the closure of the Fresno laboratory and a major consolidation of programs into the four remaining laboratories. The continued economic crisis has reawakened CAHFS’ focus on strategic planning in order to continue providing excellent service to clients in a climate of shrinking financial resources. This strategic planning effort will involve gathering inputs from personnel, industry and regulatory partners with a goal of enhancing CAHFS’ mission. As I write this letter, it is comforting to know that while there have been changes, the laboratory remains on course, providing quality services to our animal industries, veterinarians and the citizens of California. I attribute this success to our major state partner, the California Department of Food and Agriculture, and great staff and faculty that are cognizant of our times and willing to make sacrifices. Medicine, the disease was diagnosed as equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), caused by two distinct strains of Sarcocystis neurona. This was a very unusual event, and the rapid diagnosis was critical in ruling out other possible causes of neurologic diseases, thus easing the minds of regulatory officials and avoiding the costly and inconvenient implementation of quarantine at the race track. The Equine Analytical Chemistry and Pharmacology labs continued to develop and validate innovative methods to detect those agents with abuse potential in the racing industry, and determined pharmacological endpoints for therapeutic agents. The CAHFS Toxicology section has been fortunate to receive grants from the Department of Homeland Security for additional equipment, and from the Food Emergency Response Network (FERN) to enhance its analytical capabilities through method development and validation. This issue illustrates CAHFS’ continued commitment to its core mission, as the first warning system to protect California and the nation’s animal agriculture through disease surveillance and diagnostics. Critical to CAHFS’ ability to achieve this mission is its participation in the three major national laboratory networks: the Food Emergency Response Network, administered by FDA; the National Animal Health Laboratory Network, administered by USDA; and the Laboratory Response Network, administered by the CDC. On the disease surveillance and diagnostics front, CAHFS has continued to detect the newly discovered, very virulent infectious bursal disease at additional premises, but still confined to the same localities. Although construction of the South San Joaquin Valley Laboratory at the Veterinary Medical Teaching and Research Center in Tulare is delayed because of the state’s economic downturn, I am hopeful that the muchneeded laboratory building will come to fruition very soon. This will allow CAHFS to enhance its diagnostic capabilities in this most critical region of our dairy and poultry industries. On a final note, it has been a distinct honor and privilege for me to serve as the interim director of CAHFS. I would like to thank Dean Bennie Osburn and Executive Associate Dean John Pascoe who provided me with this opportunity, as well as the entire CAHFS staff and faculty for their support during this critical time in the laboratory’s history. In another effort, a cluster of neurologic diseases were recognized in four horses within a period of one week at a Northern California race track. At first, this was suspected to be an infectious disease, but after a thorough laboratory investigation in collaboration with other researchers at the School of Veterinary CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Sincerely, Hailu Kinde Interim Director 2 CAHFS Board of Directors Board Members Chuck Ahlem Dairy cattle Bob Beechinor Beef cattle Vince Genco Horses Jack Hanson, Chair Beef cattle Charles Corsiglia, DVM Poultry Connor M. Jameson, DVM Veterinarian Gregg J. Cutler, DVM Poultry Wes Patton Sheep Ex-Officio Members Hailu Kinde, DVM, MPVM Interim Director, California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System Bill Sanguinetti Beef cattle Vacant Dairy cattle Kent Fowler, DVM Chief, Animal Health Branch Division of Animal Industry California Department of Food and Agriculture Tom Talbot, DVM Veterinarian Kevin Varner, DVM Area Veterinarian in Charge Division of Animal Industry California Department of Food and Agriculture Vacant Swine 3 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Facilities and Diagnostic faculty Davis Laboratory Turlock Laboratory CAHFS/Davis West Health Sciences Drive University of California Davis, CA 95616 (530) 752-8700 CAHFS/Turlock 1550 N. Soderquist Road Turlock, CA 95381 (209) 634-5837 Faculty Bruce Charlton, D.V.M., M.S., Ph.D., Diplomate ACVM and ACPV, Avian Diagnostics, Branch Chief Arthur Bickford, V.M.D., Ph.D., Diplomate ACVP and ACPV, Pathology, Emeriti George Cooper, D.V.M., M.S., Diplomate ACVM and ACPV, Avian Diagnostics, Emeriti Simone Stoute, D.V.M., Avian Medicine Resident (Aug. 2007– Aug. 2009) C. Gabriel Senties-Cue, M.V.Z., E.P.A.A., M.S., Diplomate ACPV Faculty Mark Anderson, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate ACVP, Pathology Bradd Barr, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate ACVP and ACPV, Pathology James Case, D.V.M., Ph.D., Fellow AAVI, Informatics Beate Crossley, D.V.M., Ph.D., M.P.V.M., Virology and Biotechnology Sharon Hietala, Ph.D., Immunology and Biotechnology Hailu Kinde, D.V.M., M.P.V.M., Diplomate ACVM, ACPV, Interim Director Alexandre Loretti, D.V.M., Pathology Resident (Sept.2006–) Robert Poppenga, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate ABVT, Toxicology Birgit Puschner, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate ABVT, Toxicology Scott Stanley, Ph.D., Equine Analytical Chemistry Leslie Woods, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate ACVP, Pathology Peter Woolcock, B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D., Avian Virology Tulare Laboratory CAHFS/Tulare 18830 Road 112 Tulare, CA 93274 (559) 688-7543 Faculty Patricia Blanchard, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate ACVP, Pathology, Branch Chief John Adaska, D.V.M., M.P.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate ACVP, Pathology Robert Moeller, D.V.M., Diplomate ACVP, Pathology Richard Chin, D.V.M., M.P.V.M., Diplomate ACPV, Avian Diagnostics H.L. Shivaprasad, B.V.Sc., M.S., Ph.D., Diplomate ACPV, Pathology Monique Silva deFranca, D.V.M., Fresno, Avian Medicine Resident (Aug. 2007–Aug. 2009) San Bernardino Laboratory CAHFS/San Bernardino 105 W. Central Avenue San Bernardino, CA 92412 (909) 383-4287 Faculty Hailu Kinde, D.V.M., M.P.V.M., Diplomate ACVM, ACPV, Pathology and Food Safety, Interim Director Mohammed (Farshid) Shahriar, D.V.M., Ph.D., Pathology Francisco Uzal, D.V.M., Ph.D., Diplomate ACVP, Pathology, Branch Chief (interim) Janet Moore, B.V.Sc., Pathology Lucy Anthenill, D.V.M., Ph.D., Pathology Santiago Diab, D.V.M., Pathology ACVP = American College of Veterinary Pathologists ACPV = American College of Poultry Veterinarians AAVI = American Academy of Veterinary Informatics CAHFS 2009 Annual Report ACVM = American College of Veterinary Microbiologists ABVT = American Board of Veterinary Toxicologists 4 Industry and Association Committees National, State and Industry and Commodity Groups with CAHFS Representation I American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians/United States Department of Agriculture Animal Emergency Management Committee Animal Health Information Systems Committee National Animal Health Laboratory Network American Board of Veterinary Toxicology Examination Committee American College of Poultry Veterinarians American College of Veterinary Microbiologists Biosecurity Task Force American College of Veterinary Pathologists Examination Committee Diagnostic Pathology American Society of Microbiologists (California chapter) American Veterinary Medical Association Informatics Committee Subcommittee on Standards Student Chapter of AVMA Environmental Issues Committee Association of Avian Veterinarians Association of Official Analytical Chemists Association of Racing Commissioners International California Cattlemen’s Association Cattle Health Committee California Department of Food and Agriculture Emergency Response Committee Feed Safety Committee Wildlife Disease Committee California Department of Public Health West Nile Virus Surveillance Committee California Egg Quality Assurance Program California Food Safety and Security Agency Team California Horse Racing Board Equine Welfare and Racing Injury Prevention Subcommittee Medication Advisory Subcommittee California Johne’s Disease Advisory Committee California Pork Producers Association California Poultry Federation California Veterinary Medical Association Agriculture Relations Committee California Wool Growers Association Animal Health Committee n its mission to support the needs, concerns and advancement of the poultry and livestock industries of the state, CAHFS faculty and staff members participate in the following organizations. American Academy of Veterinary and Comparative Toxicology American Association of Avian Pathologists Ad-hoc Committee on Pet Bird Diseases AVMA Program Advisory Committee Avian Diseases Editorial Board Awards Committee Biotechnology Committee Board of Directors Education Committee Electronic Information Committee Enteric Diseases Committee Histopathology/Case Report Committee History of Avian Medicine Committee Respiratory Diseases Committee Scientific Program Committee Toxic, Infectious, Miscellaneous and Emerging Diseases Committee American Association of Equine Practitioners American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Accreditation Committee Administrative Management Personnel Committee Constitution, Bylaws and Resolutions Committee Editorial Board of JVDI Enteric Diseases Committee Epidemiology Committee Executive Board Executive Committee Financial Advisory Committee Food Safety Committee Foundation Committee Government Relations Committee Informatics/NAHLN IT Committee Laboratory Directors Committee Laboratory Emergency Management Committee Laboratory Safety/Waste Disposal Committee Pathology Committee Program Committee Publications Committee Quality Assurance Committee Strategic Planning Committee Veterinary Analytical Toxicology & Mycotoxin Committee Virology Committee 5 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Industry and Association Committees • CONTINUED Animal Production Food Safety and Security Committee Emerging Diseases Committee National Poultry Improvement Plan Scientific Advisory Committee Technical Committee Pacific Egg and Poultry Association Research Selection Committee Scientific Advisory Committee San Joaquin Valley Air Pollution Control District Alternate Medical Member Society of Toxicology Testing Integrity Program Methods Validation Committee Quality Control Committee Strategic Planning Committee Tulare County Bioterrorism Committee Tulare County Domestic Preparedness Program United States Animal Health Association Diagnostic Laboratory and Veterinary Workforce Development Committee Committee on Foreign Animal and Emerging Diseases Salmonella Committee Transmissible Diseases of Poultry Committee Western Poultry Disease Conference Executive Committee Charles Louis Davis, D.V.M., Foundation for the Advancement of Veterinary and Comparative Pathology Board of Directors Council on Agriculture Science and Technology National Concerns Committee Animal Sciences Workgroup FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine’s Veterinary Advisory Group Health Level 7 Transitional Technical Task Force Public Health and Emergency Response Special Interest Group Kings River Fisheries Management Program – Public Advisory Group Logical Observation Identifier Names and Codes Committee National Animal Health Laboratory Network IT Committee Exercises and Drills Working Group Methods Technical Working Group Toxicology Working Group National Johne’s Working Group National Institute for Animal Agriculture Animal Identification and Information Systems Diagnosis and disease summaries A species at all CAHFS laboratories. Disease diagnoses for mammalian and exotic avian necropsy related cases is recorded for each animal whereas poultry necropsy cases and all non-pathology submissions (groups of feces, eye swabs, etc.) have a single diagnosis for the entire group regardless of how many animals had the disease condition. Therefore, the quantity listed in the disease tables reflects a combination of individual and groups of animals. Rare conditions are included in more general groups, reducing the total number of distinct syndromes reported in these tables. Each species section is accompanied by a map, depicting statewide distribution of submissions to the CAHFS. Information concerning the physical location of the animals prior to submission is captured by the Laboratory Information System. Since animals and owners are often at different locations, and free-ranging animals cannot be located precisely, the data are presented on a county level. ll data from submissions to the CAHFS, including animal demographics, clinical histories, gross and histopathology, test results and diagnoses are captured and stored by the CAHFS Laboratory Information System (LIMS). Diagnostic accessions are then categorized according to a standard nomenclature developed within the CAHFS. These standardized diagnoses, along with the large amount of related data captured with each submission, allow summary disease information to be produced rapidly for each species by specific criteria. These data can be used in other analytical systems in support of epidemiologic and disease surveillance programs, retrospective studies on emerging diseases, and spatial relationships among animals, disease, and environment. The following pages contain summary disease diagnosis information for the most frequently seen CAHFS 2009 Annual Report 6 Distribution of all chicken submissions 7 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Broiler Chicken Diagnoses For cases completed between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2009 DiagnosisNumber of Cases DiagnosisNumber of Cases CARDIOVASCULAR Cardiovascular Disease—Bacterial........................1 DIGESTIVE Avian Necrotic Enteritis—Clostridium perfringens........................................................17 Coccidiosis—Eimeria sp.....................................41 Digestive Disease—Undetermined.....................12 Enteritis—Bacteria................................................3 Enteritis—Rotavirus-Like Virus............................4 Enteritis—Salmonella sp.......................................4 Enteritis—Virus....................................................4 Hepatitis................................................................6 Omphalitis—Bacterial.........................................12 Omphalitis—E. coli...............................................6 Transmissible Viral Proventriculitis......................4 Total .................................................................113 HEMOLYMPHATIC Avian Bursa Disorder—Cryptosporidium sp..........2 Avian Bursa Disorder............................................8 Infectious Bursal Disease—Infectious Bursal Disease Virus......................................................6 Marek’s Disease.....................................................3 Total ...................................................................19 INTEGUMENTARY Avian Pox—Poxvirus............................................3 Cellulitis—E. coli..................................................6 Cellulitis—Bacterial..............................................2 Dermatitis—Trauma.............................................4 Feather Loss—Undetermined...............................3 Gangrenous Dermatitis.........................................4 Plantar Pododermatitis.........................................3 Total ...................................................................25 MUSCULOSKELETAL Arthritis—E. coli...................................................4 Arthritis—Staphylococcus aureus..........................3 Arthritis—Bacterial...............................................3 Bone Deformity.....................................................4 Bone Disease—Bacterial........................................5 Bone Disease—Undetermined..............................1 Musculoskeletal Disease—Ionophore toxicosis....1 Musculoskeletal Disease—Undetermined/Trauma...5 Rickets.................................................................23 Total ...................................................................49 NERVOUS Avian Encephalomyelitis—Viral...........................3 Encephalitis—Undetermined...............................2 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Encephalopathy—Vitamin E Deficiency...............4 Nervous Disease....................................................3 Total ...................................................................12 REPRODUCTIVE Female Reproductive Disease—E. coli..................1 RESPIRATORY Airsacculitis—E. coli.............................................8 Airsacculitis/Tracheitis—Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale.....................................................7 Infectious Bronchitis—Infectious Bronchitis Virus...............................................15 Infectious Bronchitis—Infectious Bronchitis Virus - Cal Type...............................................17 Infectious Coryza—Avibacterium paragallinarum....1 Infectious Laryngotracheitis, Vaccine-Induced.....7 Pneumonia—Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale......1 Pneumonia—Undetermined.................................3 Respiratory Aspergillosis—Aspergillus fumigatus......2 Respiratory Disease—Bacterial.............................9 Respiratory Disease—E. coli.................................5 Respiratory Disease—Gallibacterium anatis Biovar Haemolyticum..........................................9 Tracheitis—Bordetella sp.....................................10 Tracheitis—E. coli.................................................9 Tracheitis—Infectious Agent..............................20 Total .................................................................123 SPECIAL SENSES Ocular Disorder—Ammonia.................................3 Ocular Disorder—Undetermined.........................1 Total .....................................................................4 WHOLE BODY Ascites—Undetermined........................................2 Colibacillosis—E. coli.........................................79 Management factor—Noninfectious.....................8 Mycoplasmosis—Mycoplasma gallisepticum.........1 Mycoplasmosis—Mycoplasma synoviae................5 Septicemia—Bacteria............................................7 Septicemia—Salmonella Enteritidis.......................5 Septicemia—Salmonella sp...................................7 Septicemia—Staphylococcus aureus.......................3 Systemic Aspergillosis—Aspergillus fumigatus......2 Unexplained Death...............................................2 Vitamin A Deficiency............................................1 Vitamin E Deficiency............................................7 Weak Birth............................................................2 Total .................................................................131 8 Broiler Chickens—Cases of special interest Necrotic enteritis: a re-emerging disease flock mortality. The gross lesions are primarily found in the mid to distal small intestines. The intestinal contents are foul-smelling with necrosis of the mucosa and formation of a brown to white diphtheritic membrane covering the lumen of the intestines. N ecrotic enteritis (NE) is a disease in chickens, turkeys, and other birds, caused by Clostridium perfringens types A and C, and its toxins. NE has been successfully controlled by the use of feedgrade antibiotics at sub-therapeutic levels. However, partly due to public health concerns involving use of antibiotics in feed that may contribute to antibioticresistant microorganisms in our food supply, some growers are increasing production of antibiotic-free and organic poultry. Consequently, CAHFS has seen an increase in cases of NE in broiler chickens and egglaying chickens raised on floors. The development of NE is a result of complex interactions between the normal intestinal flora, parasites and/or nutrition. In particular, coccidiosis is one of the primary predisposing factors causing damage to the intestinal mucosa. Coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria parasites that colonize the intestine and kill the epithelial cells. The resulting damage to the intestines allows the C. perfringens bacteria to multiply and/or produce toxin. Thus, controlling gut health and preventing coccidiosis is essential in the control of NE. Clinical signs of NE are non-specific, but birds appear depressed with ruffled feathers, and a sudden increase in Necrotic enteritis disease is caused by Clostridium perfringens types A and C, and its toxins 9 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Layer Chicken Diagnoses For cases completed between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2009 DiagnosisNumber of Cases DiagnosisNumber of Cases DIGESTIVE Avian Malabsorption Syndrome............................1 Avian Necrotic Enteritis—Clostridium perfringens..........................................................3 Avian Ulcerative Enteritis—Clostridium sp...........1 Coccidiosis—Eimeria sp.......................................7 Endoparasitism—Ascaris sp..................................3 Enteritis.................................................................3 Fatty Liver Syndrome............................................2 Hepatopathy—Undetermined...............................4 Omphalitis—Bacteria............................................9 Omphalitis—E. coli.............................................15 Upper Digestive Disease—Undetermined............1 Total....................................................................49 Infectious Laryngotracheitis, VaccineInduced—Herpesvirus.......................................8 Pneumonia—Avibacterium gallinarum..................2 Pneumonia............................................................2 Respiratory Aspergillosis—Mycotic......................1 Respiratory Disease—Avian Paramyxovirus 1......1 Respiratory Disease—Bacterial.............................4 Respiratory Disease—Undetermined....................2 Upper Respiratory Disease—Bacterial..................4 Upper Respiratory Disease—Bordetella avium......1 Upper Respiratory Disease—E. coli......................2 Upper Respiratory Disease—Infectious Agent......1 Upper Respiratory Disease—Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale.....................................................3 Upper Respiratory Disease—Poxvirus..................1 Upper Respiratory Disease—Undetermined.........1 Total....................................................................43 HEMOLYMPHATIC Avian Leukosis......................................................2 Bursal Disease (non-IBDV)—Undetermined........8 Infectious Bursal Disease—Infectious Bursal Disease Virus....................................................17 Lymphoid Disease.................................................3 Marek’s Disease—Marek’s Herpesvirus...............31 Total....................................................................61 SPECIAL SENSES Ocular Disorder....................................................2 UROGENITAL Glomerulopathy—Undetermined.........................1 Reproductive Failure—Undetermined..................1 Urolithiasis............................................................1 Total......................................................................3 INTEGUMENTARY Avian Pox..............................................................6 Dermatopathy—Undetermined............................5 Ectoparasitism—Lice............................................1 Ectoparasitism—Northern Fowl Mite..................3 Feather Loss—Undetermined...............................1 Injection Site Disorder..........................................3 Total....................................................................19 WHOLE BODY Ascites Syndrome—Undetermined.......................1 Colibacillosis—E. coli...........................................4 Copper Deficiency................................................1 Management factor—Noninfectious...................17 Mycoplasmosis—Mycoplasma gallisepticum.........7 Mycoplasmosis—Mycoplasma synoviae................4 Peritoneum Neoplasm..........................................1 Peritonitis—Yolk...................................................5 Septicemia—Bacterial...........................................9 Septicemia—E. coli...............................................4 Sodium Toxicosis..................................................3 Systemic Infection—Infectious Agent..................2 Unexplained Death...............................................2 Vitamin A Deficiency............................................4 Vitamin E Deficiency............................................2 Weak Birth............................................................1 Zinc Deficiency.....................................................1 Total....................................................................68 MUSCULOSKELETAL Caged Layer Fatigue...........................................11 Infectious Synovitis—Infectious Agent................1 Rickets...................................................................1 Total....................................................................13 NERVOUS Peripheral Neuropathy—Thiamine Deficiency.....1 RESPIRATORY Fowl Cholera—Pasteurella multocida....................3 Infectious Bronchitis—Infectious Bronchitis Virus, Cal Type...................................................2 Infectious Coryza—Avibacterium paragallinarum...................................................5 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report 10 Layer Chickens—Cases of special interest Infectious coryza (infectious rhinitis) drop in egg production, and increased mortality. IC is transmitted horizontally when susceptible birds contact sick or carrier birds, or contaminated material. Since A. paragallinarum is a bacterium that does not last long out of the host, the disease can be prevented with sound biosecurity measures. Bacterins are available, which may help to prevent or control the disease. I nfectious coryza (IC) is an acute or subacute respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Avibacterium paragallinarum (formerly called Haemophilus paragallinarum). IC is a disease mainly of chickens, although it has been reported in pheasants and Guinea fowl also. All ages of chickens are susceptible to IC, although 10- to 16-week-old pullets and adults are more susceptible. IC is characterized by conjunctivitis, acute inflammation of the nasal passages (rhinitis) and infraorbital sinuses (sinusitis), serous to mucoid nasal secretion, facial edema and cellulitis. In severe IC cases, there may be airsacculitis. Uncomplicated IC can cause severe depression, marked reduction in feed consumption and egg production (up to 59 percent), and high mortality (up to 48 percent) over a threeweek period. If IC is complicated with other diseases, the losses can be even higher. IC-infected flocks can be treated with antibiotics. Tetracyclines, erythromycin, and tylosin are the only antibiotics allowed in flocks already in egg production. However, birds recovered from IC will remain as carriers without showing any clinical signs of the disease but continue to shed A. paragallinarum. IC is diagnosed by the isolation of A. paragallinarum, which sometimes is a difficult organism to isolate. Bench validation of a high-throughput real-time RT PCR assay to detect very virulent infectious bursal disease virus I n the first quarter of 2009, the California Animal Health and Food Safety (CAHFS) laboratory detected the very virulent form of infectious bursal disease virus (vvIBDv) in a commercial layer flock. The finding was unexpected, as vvIBDv had not been previously documented in the United States. Despite aggressive efforts to prevent spread, the virus was detected in subsequent flocks in the following weeks. Faced with the potential need for rapid implementation of high-throughput diagnostic and surveillance testing should the virus continue to spread, CAHFS initiated development and validation for vvIBDv detection. Existing laboratory technology, including serology, immunohistochemistry and virus isolation was not considered optimal for surveillance and rapid response. Two single-plex reverse transcription real-time PCR assays previously developed (Jackwood and Sommer 2005, Avian Diseases 49:246-251) were modified to allow high-throughput testing for the presence of vvIBDv and differentiation from endemic IBDv. Bench validation of the two independent assays demonstrated high analytic sensitivity and specificity. Cross-reaction with other avian pathogens, as well as between the two IBDv assays being evaluated, was not detected, indicating excellent analytic specificity (>99 percent). So far, more than 200 diagnostic submissions (commercial and backyard) have been tested. Positive samples have been followed up by genetic analysis to monitor the evolution of the virus. To date, no evidence of changes have been found in the viral genome, and the vvIBD virus seems to be stable and therefore detectable with the newly developed assay. CAHFS is committed to responding in a timely manner with assays that support California livestock and poultry industries, as well as regulators that assist in disease-control efforts. 15-week-old pullet with severe conjunctivitis and sinusitis caused by A. paragallinarum. Several cases of IC have been recently diagnosed at the CAHFS Turlock branch, involving pullets, adult hens, as well as backyard chickens. Clinical signs varied from mild nasal secretion to severe sinusitis, marked 11 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report DISTRIBUTION OF Turkey SUBMISSIONS CAHFS 2009 Annual Report 12 TURKEY Diagnoses For cases completed between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2009 DiagnosisNumber of Cases DiagnosisNumber of Cases CARDIOVASCULAR Cardiovascular Disease.........................................5 Round Heart Disease.............................................7 Total....................................................................12 NERVOUS Encephalitis—E. coli.............................................1 Encephalitis—Enterococcus sp..............................1 Encephalopathy—Vitamin E Deficiency...............1 Nervous Disease—Undetermined/ Trauma..........3 Total......................................................................6 DIGESTIVE Avian Hemorrhagic Enteritis—Turkey adenovirus 2.......................................................4 Avian Necrotic Enteritis—Clostridium perfringens............................................................5 Crop Mycosis........................................................4 Endoparasitism—Cryptosporidium sp...................4 Enteritis—Bacterial...............................................4 Enteritis—Blastocystis sp......................................5 Enteritis—Coccidia.............................................31 Enteritis—Orthoreovirus......................................2 Enteritis—Parasite................................................2 Enteritis—Protozoan Parasite.............................10 Enteritis—Rotavirus-Like Virus..........................24 Enteritis—Salmonella sp.......................................8 Enteritis—Undetermined...................................13 Enteritis—Viral Particles, 25-30 Nm....................6 Enteritis—Viral...................................................16 Hepatic Lipidosis—Undetermined.......................1 Liver Disease—E. coli............................................1 Omphalitis—E. coli.............................................16 Omphalitis—Enterococcus sp..............................11 Omphalitis—Bacterial.........................................11 Turkey Viral Hepatitis...........................................2 Total..................................................................180 RESPIRATORY Airsacculitis—Bacterial.........................................4 Airsacculitis—Mycoplasma meleagridis.................3 Bordetellosis........................................................16 Fowl Cholera—Pasteurella multocida..................13 Pneumonia—Mycotic...........................................8 Respiratory Aspergillosis—Aspergillus sp...........16 Respiratory Disease—Bacterial.............................7 Respiratory Disease—E. coli.................................6 Respiratory Disease—Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale...................................................10 Respiratory Disease—Salmonella sp.....................1 Respiratory Disease—Undetermined....................8 Total....................................................................92 SPECIAL SENSES Ocular Disorder—Bacterial...................................6 Ocular Disorder—Undetermined/Noninfectious.....3 Total......................................................................9 WHOLE BODY Colibacillosis.......................................................47 Ionophore Toxicosis..............................................3 Management factor.............................................12 Mycoplasmosis—Mycoplasma meleagridis............5 Mycoplasmosis—Mycoplasma synoviae................3 Septicemia—Bacterial...........................................8 Septicemia—E. coli...............................................7 Septicemia—Salmonella sp...................................6 Systemic Illness.....................................................3 Toxicosis...............................................................4 Unexplained Death...............................................3 Visceral Gout........................................................1 Vitamin A Deficiency............................................2 Vitamin E Deficiency............................................3 Weak Birth............................................................3 Total..................................................................110 HEMOLYMPHATIC Bursal Disease (non-IBDV)...................................1 INTEGUMENTARY Avian Pox..............................................................1 Foot Injury—E. coli..............................................1 Total......................................................................2 MUSCULOSKELETAL Myopathy—Noninfectious...................................2 13 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Turkeys—Cases of special interest Poult enteritis In addition to infectious agents, nutritional, environmental and host factors can modulate the severity of PEMS, but very little information is available on these factors. P oult enteritis, also called poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS), is a common infectious, transmissible, and multifactorial disease, typically of young turkeys between 1 and 6 weeks of age. PEMS is one of the most common and economically important diseases of turkeys. PEMS ranked as the second most common disease (next to colibacillosis) diagnosed in relative frequency among 30 turkey diseases summarized over a period of 13 years (1989-2001) at CAHFS. PEMS continues to be a common diagnosis in young turkey poults. The disease is characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, dehydration, reluctance to move, depression, loss of weight, stunting – due to marked growth depression – and increased mortality in poults. PEMS can occur in two clinical forms: a severe form with high mortality is called spiking mortality of turkeys (SMT); and a milder form with lower mortality is called excess mortality of turkeys (EMT). Mortality with SMT can range from 10 to 50 percent and occasionally as high as 90 percent, occurring over a three-week period. Mortality from EMT can exceed 2 percent in any three-week period in poults between 1 and 6 weeks of age. Gross lesions of PEMS include dehydration, emaciation, muscle atrophy, and occasionally soft bones (field rickets) due to malabsorption of nutrients. The gizzard often contains litter, and the small intestines usually have pale serosa with segmental dilation, and watery and gaseous contents in the lumen. Ceca are often distended with frothy contents. Often birds suffering from PEMS will have crop mycosis, poor feathering, and distended gall bladders. Other lesions include pale and enlarged kidneys with increased urates, and atrophied thymus and bursa of Fabricius. Bursal cores can be observed occasionally. Histopathology includes atrophy and blunting of villi, crypt epithelial hyperplasia, increased cellularity of the lamina propria and acute necrosis of enterocytes, and cells in the lamina propria. Attaching and effacing lesions may be found in the ceca, due to E. coli and protozoa, and increased bacteria can be seen in the lumina. Diagnosis of PEMS can be made based on clinical signs, mortality pattern, virus (of some) and bacterial isolations, and gross and microscopic lesions. Negativestain electron microscopy (EM) and immune EM of the intestinal contents can be performed to examine for viruses. Various infectious agents have been implicated in PEMS, including viruses such as coronavirus, astrovirus, rotavirus, reovirus, small, round viruses ranging in size from 15 nm to 30 nm, torovirus, bacteria such as Salmonella sp., including S. arizonae, E. coli, Campylobacter sp., long segmented filamentous bacteria (LSFO). Additional infectious agents can include protozoa such as Cryptosporidium meleagridis, coccidia, cochlosoma, tritrichomonas, and protista like Blastocysits. Presently PEMS is considered a multifactorial disease that involves one or more primary pathogens, especially enteropathogenic viruses and others. For example, experimental infection of a combination of coronavirus and E. coli of turkey poults has been shown to cause severe mortality in the poults, compared to either one of these agents being inoculated alone. In one study of 1,800 cases submitted to CAHFS (1993-2003), use of negative-staining electron microscopy on the intestine of poults suffering from PEMS revealed that rotaviruslike particles and viruses ranging from 15 nm to 30 nm – either alone or in combination – were the most commonly identified viruses. CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Vitamin E deficiency V itamin E is an important nutrient for birds. One of the most important functions of vitamin E is its antioxidant activity, which prevents the oxidative degradation of lipids (rancidity), thus protecting the cell membrane lipids from breaking down. Additionally, vitamin E neutralizes free peroxide radicals, formed from the lipid oxidation, which damage the cell structural integrity and cause metabolic disorders. The vitamin E antioxidant activity protects other fat-soluble vitamins, mainly vitamins A and D, from oxidative degradation. Additionally, vitamin E is necessary for optimal fertility and hatchability, leukocyte and macrophage phagocytic activity, antibody production, and reducing toxicity of some metals such as lead, silver, and arsenic. Diets with high levels of unstable polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are more prone to oxidation, deplete vitamin E feed content, 14 causing vitamin E deficiency. Encephalomalacia is the most common manifestation of vitamin E deficiency, occurring in several species of poultry. Other disorders caused by vitamin E and selenium deficiency are exudative diathesis, which occur in chicks, turkey poults, ducklings, and Japanese quail chicks; myopathy of the heart and gizzard, which occur in chicks and turkeys, and enlarged hocks in turkeys. Muscular dystrophy is common in chickens, turkeys, and ducks with vitamin E and selenium deficiency. During 2009, a total of 14 cases of encephalomalacia related to vitamin E deficiency were diagnosed at the CAHFS laboratory. Flocks with vitamin E deficiency exhibit poor performance, increased mortality, depression, and sometimes neurological signs. Gross lesions suggestive of encephalomalacia include meningeal edema, swelling of the brain, and hemorrhagic foci mainly in the cerebellum (Fig. 1). Cerebellar hemorrhages are more common and severe in turkey poults than in chicks. Cerebellar folds may be flattened due to edema. Fig.1 Encephalomalacia in turkey poult brain. Hemorrhage in cerebellum. Edema in cerebellum and cerebrum. Depending on the severity of the deficiency, gross lesions can be identified easily affecting most of the cerebellum; however, if the deficiency is very mild, gross lesions may be absent. Encephalomalacia due to vitamin E deficiency cause microscopic lesions that are specific and severe enough to make the diagnosis by histopathology. The characteristic histopathological lesions of encephalomalacia due to vitamin E deficiency are related to circulatory disorders that cause thrombosis, ischemia, demyelination, and meningeal, cerebellar, and cerebral congestion and edema. Neuronal degeneration of the cerebellum’s white matter, neuronal necrosis of the cerebellum granular layer and Purkinje cells, as well as multifocal hemorrhage may also be present (Figs. 2, 3). Marginal deficiencies, with little histological lesions, may require vitamin E level determination in feed and/ or liver samples to confirm the diagnosis. Fig.2 Cerebellum of chicken with encephalomalacia. 20X. Congestion, hemorrhages, necrosis of neurons, and trombosis. To prevent encephalomalacia and other disorders related to vitamin E deficiency, it is necessary to: 1) meet the nutritional vitamin E poultry requirements in the diet; 2) add antioxidants to the feed, particularly if the source of energy may include unstable polyunsaturated fatty acids, or if the feed will be stored for more than four weeks; 3) properly mix feed; and 4) store feed ingredients and feed in proper conditions to prevent them from degradation. Fig.3 Cerebellum of chicken with encephalomalacia. 100X.Vacuolation of the white matter, neuronal necrosis, hemorrhages, and trombosis. 15 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Distribution of Exotic Avian submissions CAHFS 2009 Annual Report 16 Exotic Avian Diagnoses For cases completed between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2009 DiagnosisNumber of Cases DiagnosisNumber of Cases CARDIOVASCULAR Atherosclerotic Disease.........................................8 Cardiovascular Disease—Undetermined............20 Total....................................................................28 UROGENITAL Egg Bound.............................................................1 Renal Disease........................................................3 Renal Gout............................................................2 Urogenital Neoplasm............................................2 Urolithiasis............................................................1 Total......................................................................9 DIGESTIVE Digestive System Mycosis.....................................6 Enteritis—Clostridium perfringens........................2 Enteropathy—Undetermined...............................2 Gastric Disease—Undetermined...........................1 Gastrointestinal disease—Macrorhabdus ornithogaster.......................................................4 Gastrointestinal Neoplasm....................................1 Hepatitis—Infectious Agent..................................2 Hepatopathy—Iron...............................................2 Hepatopathy—Zinc...............................................4 Hepatopathy—Undetermined...............................8 Pancreatic Disease—Undetermined......................3 Total....................................................................35 WHOLE BODY Chlamydiosis—Chlamydophila psittaci.................1 Emaciation—Undetermined.................................3 Iron Storage Disease..............................................2 Lead Toxicosis.......................................................1 Metastatic Neoplasm.............................................1 Mycobacteriosis—Mycobacterium sp....................3 Paratetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) Toxicosis...........4 Proventricular Dilatation Disease—Bornavirus....8 Septicemia—Bacteria............................................7 Sudden death—Noninfectious..............................5 Systemic Amyloidosis...........................................2 Systemic Disease—Infectious Agent.....................2 Systemic Mycosis..................................................3 Systemic Protozoal Infection—Sarcocystis falcatula..............................................................1 Systemic Viral Disease—Adenovirus....................2 Systemic Viral Disease—Avian Polyomavirus.......2 Systemic Viral Disease—West Nile Virus..............2 Unexplained Death.............................................17 Visceral Larval Migrans.........................................1 Nutritional Deficiency..........................................2 Zinc Toxicosis.......................................................5 Total....................................................................74 HEMOLYMPHATIC Hemolymphatic disease—Undetermined.............2 Lymphoid Neoplasm.............................................3 Total......................................................................5 INTEGUMENTARY/SPECIAL SENSES Dermatitis.............................................................3 Skin Disease—Knemidocoptes sp...........................1 Skin Neoplasm......................................................2 Otitis—Undetermined..........................................1 Total......................................................................7 NERVOUS/MUSCULOSKELETAL Encephalitis—Undetermined...............................1 Encephalopathy—Parasite Migration...................1 Musculoskeletal Disease.......................................4 Nervous Disease—Vitamin E Deficiency..............1 Total......................................................................7 RESPIRATORY Pneumonia—Bacteria...........................................2 Pulmonary Edema—Undetermined......................4 Respiratory Aspergillosis.......................................6 Respiratory Disease—Noninfectious....................2 Respiratory Disease—Undetermined..................10 Total....................................................................24 17 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Exotic Avian—Cases of special interest Avian Bornavirus: the cause of Since the publication of Kistler et al. and Honkavuori et al., numerous papers have been published on the detection of ABV in PDD-positive birds, in birds exposed to PDD, and also in birds showing no clinical signs of PDD. Based on nucleotide sequence analysis of numerous ABV isolates from psittacines, six distinct genotypes, designated ABV1, ABV2, ABV3, ABV4, ABV5 and ABV6, have been identified. A seventh ABV genotype has been described from one non-psittacine species – a canary (Serinus canaria) with typical PDD pathology. While most of the recoveries of ABV so far have been from clinically affected birds, birds with asymptomatic infection and long-term virus shedding have also been identified, and likely play an important role in the epidemiology of PDD. proventricular dilatation disease in psittacines P roventricular dilatation disease (PDD) was first recognized in psittacines in the late 1970s. PDD has been called by various names, including macaw wasting syndrome, proventricular dilation syndrome, neuropathic gastric dilation, myenteric ganglioneuritis, and infiltrative splanchnic neuropathy, to name a few. PDD has been observed in more than 80 species of psittacines, but also in some non-psittacine species such as canaries, Canada geese, toucans, finches, peregrine falcon, red tailed hawk, honey-creepers, long-wattled umbrella bird, bearded barbet, and roseate spoon bill. PDD can be diagnosed in birds based on clinical signs and radiography of the bird, ELISA, and Western blot analysis on serum and plasma, polymerase chain reactions (PCR) on choanal secretion, feces and organs. PDD can also be diagnosed through histopathology of crop biopsy, immunohistochemistry (IHC) of brain and other organs, and virus isolation on the brain, proventriculus, and adrenal glands. Most of the diagnostic tests have limited practical applications. PDD is one of the most common and often fatal diseases of psittacines. Clinical signs of PDD include anorexia, regurgitation, passing of undigested seeds in the feces, diarrhea, lethargy, loss of weight, neurological signs, as well as sudden death. PDD is characterized by dilatation of the proventriculus in most cases, with associated microscopic changes, such as lymphoplasmacytic ganglioneuritis involving the gastrointestinal tract, nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis, peripheral neuritis and ganglionitis, myocarditis, adrenalitis, and lesions in the eye and skin. PDD has been reproduced in cockatiels and Patagonian conures (Cyanoliseus patagonus) using cultured ABV4, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. Another study demonstrated unusual pathology of PDD, suggesting hypersensitivity reaction not only in neural tissues but also in non-neural tissues of cockatiels challenged with ABV4 if they were already infected but asymptomatic with a different strain of ABV4 prior to challenge. The cause of proventricular dilatation syndrome remained unknown, in spite of extensive studies by numerous workers, until 2008 when Kistler et al. and Honkavuori et al. independently reported on the recovery of a novel Bornavirus from birds with PDD. The virus was named avian Bornavirus (ABV) because it was quite distinct and shared only 65 percent nucleotide sequence with the well-known Bornavirus disease virus (BDV) of mammals. Borna disease caused by BDV has been known since 1885, and is an encephalitic disease of horses, sheep and, occasionally, other domesticated mammals endemic in central Europe. Bornaviruses are negative sense, enveloped, single-stranded spherical medium-sized (70-130 nm in diameter) RNA viruses that are members of the family Bornaviridae, order Mononegavirales. BDV strains show a remarkable sequence homogeneity and are all derived from mammalian hosts. CAHFS 2009 Annual Report The mode of transmission of ABV is not yet known, but appears to be through fecal-oral route; however, vertical route of transmission is also probable. The incubation period for ABV is believed to be months or even more than a year, but recent work suggests that it could be as short as a few days, depending on the age of the birds at exposure. While our understanding of the pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnoses, and control of ABV is still in its beginnings, the studies published to date provide convincing evidence, both direct and indirect, that the causative agent of PDD appears to be a novel Bornavirus. 18 distribution of ALL cattle submissions 19 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report dairy cattle Diagnoses For cases completed between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2009 DiagnosisNumber of Cases DiagnosisNumber of Cases CARDIOVASCULAR Cardiovascular Disease—Congenital....................3 Cardiovascular Disease—Other............................2 Cardiovascular Disease—Toxicant........................3 Cardiovascular Disease—Undetermined..............8 Exsanguination—Trauma.....................................6 Total....................................................................22 Liver Disease—Undetermined............................10 Rumen Acidosis—Grain Overload.......................6 Rumen Disease—Bacterial..................................10 Rumen Disease—Herpesvirus...............................2 Rumen Disease—Mycotic...................................13 Rumen Disease—Undetermined.........................12 Stomatitis/Esophagitis—Infectious.......................5 Total..................................................................952 DIGESTIVE Abomasal Bloat.....................................................6 Abomasal Disease—Bacterial................................7 Abomasal Disease—Mycotic...............................21 Abomasal Disease—Undetermined.....................13 Abomasal Torsion/Rupture...................................7 Abomasal Ulcer...................................................11 Bovine Papular Stomatitis—Papular Stomatitis Virus..................................................4 Cecal/colon infarction...........................................6 Coccidiosis..........................................................46 Digestive Disease—Undetermined.....................24 Dosing Injury—Trauma........................................2 Enteric Disease—Bacterial..................................25 Enteric Disease—Clostridium perfringens.............4 Enteric Disease—Coronavirus..........................121 Enteric Disease—Cryptosporidium parvum.......132 Enteric Disease—E. coli, AEEC...........................47 Enteric Disease—Infectious Agent.....................14 Enteric Disease—Rotavirus................................99 Enteric Disease—Salmonella Dublin...................37 Enteric Disease—Salmonella Newport.................54 Enteric Disease—Salmonella sp..........................45 Enteric Disease—Salmonella Typhimurium.........21 Enteric Disease—Salmonella Typhimurium var Copenhagen.......................................................9 Enteric Disease—Salmonella Uganda....................7 Enteric Disease—Virus.........................................7 Enteric Disease—Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus......3 Enteric Disease—E. coli, K99..............................27 Gastrointestinal Perforation..................................6 Hardware Disease—Foreign Body........................2 Hepatic Abscess—Bacteria....................................8 Hepatic Lipidosis..................................................9 Intestinal Displacement/Obstruction..................13 Jejunal Hematoma.................................................9 Johne’s Disease—Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis................................................45 Liver Disease—Noninfectious..............................3 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report HEMOLYMPHATIC Anemia—Undetermined.......................................1 Bovine Leukosis—Bovine Leukosis Virus...........14 Total....................................................................15 INTEGUMENTARY Dermatophytosis—Trichophyton sp......................1 Mastitis—Bacterial..............................................26 Mastitis—Prototheca zopfii....................................1 Skin Disease—Bacterial......................................25 Skin Neoplasm—Papillomavirus..........................1 Total....................................................................54 MUSCULOSKELETAL Arthritis—Bacteria..............................................20 Blackleg—Clostridium septicum............................4 Bone abscess—Bacteria.........................................7 Musculoskeletal Disease—Bacterial......................3 Musculoskeletal Disease—Undetermined............2 Skull/ Vertebra Fracture—Trauma........................2 Vertebral malformation—Congenital...................4 Total....................................................................42 NERVOUS Encephalitis—Bacteria..........................................8 Neural Neoplasm..................................................1 Polioencephalomalacia.........................................6 Spinal Cord Injury—Trauma................................3 Total....................................................................18 RESPIRATORY Aspiration Pneumonia........................................22 Pneumonia—Arcanobacterium pyogenes.............30 Pneumonia—Bacteria.........................................57 Pneumonia—Bibersteinia trehalosi......................22 Pneumonia—Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus.................................................................27 Pneumonia—Dictyocaulus filaria..........................1 Continued on next page 20 dairy cattle Diagnoses • CONTINUED (Diagnoses continued from previous page) DiagnosisNumber of Cases DiagnosisNumber of Cases Pneumonia—Histophilus somni...........................20 Pneumonia—Mannheimia haemolytica...............32 Pneumonia—Mycoplasma bovis..........................73 Pneumonia—Mycoplasma spp............................22 Pneumonia—Pasteurella multocida.....................43 Pneumonia—Streptococcus suis...........................17 Pneumonia—Virus................................................5 Respiratory Disease—Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus.........................................6 Respiratory Disease—Undetermined..................16 Total..................................................................393 Reproductive Neoplasm—Papillomavirus............1 Trichomoniasis—Tritrichomonas foetus.................3 Urogenital Disease—Noninfectious......................1 Uterine Disease—Bacteria...................................17 Uterine Disease—Bovine Herpesvirus 4...............1 Uterine Disease—Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis............................................................1 Uterine Rupture/ Displacement............................4 Total..................................................................195 WHOLE BODY Anaphylaxis—Vaccine reaction............................4 Calcium Deficiency.............................................12 Congenital Disorder..............................................7 Copper Deficiency..............................................22 Failure Of Passive Transfer.................................82 Hypophosphatemia...............................................9 Ionophore Toxicosis..............................................5 Ketosis...................................................................5 Malnutrition........................................................45 Navel Ill—Bacteria..............................................32 Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicosis—Nitrate........................1 Nutritional Deficiency........................................10 Oleander Toxicosis................................................2 Selenium Deficiency..............................................9 Septicemia—Bacteria..........................................82 Septicemia—E. coli.............................................95 Septicemia—Salmonella Dublin...........................91 Septicemia—Salmonella sp.................................20 Systemic Disorder.................................................5 Systemic Viral Disease—Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus..................................................10 Systemic Viral Disease—Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus.........................................7 Toxicosis—Mineral...............................................4 Unexplained Death.............................................23 Vitamin A or E Deficiency....................................3 Total..................................................................585 SPECIAL SENSES Ocular Disorder—Bacterial...................................7 Ocular Disorder—Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus.........................................1 Otitis—Bacterial....................................................4 Otitis—Mycoplasma bovis.....................................8 Pinkeye—Moraxella bovis.....................................6 Pinkeye—Moraxella bovoculi................................8 Total....................................................................34 UROGENITAL Abortion—Bacteria.............................................29 Abortion—Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus................4 Abortion—Congenital..........................................1 Abortion—Mycotic...............................................3 Abortion—Infectious Agent..................................6 Abortion—Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus...................................................................2 Abortion—Neospora caninum.............................35 Abortion—Noninfectious.....................................9 Abortion—Undetermined...................................59 Renal Disease—Bacterial.......................................4 Renal Disease—Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug....................................2 Renal Disease—Toxicant.......................................6 Renal Disease—Undetermined.............................7 21 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Dairy Cattle—Cases of special interest Bovine papular stomatitis virus animal. This viral disease is important due to the confusion it can create with other erosive and vesicular viral diseases of the alimentary tract of cattle, such as bovine viral diarrhea, vesicular stomatitis, infectious rhinotracheitis (IBR), and foot and mouth disease. In this case, the lesions were extensive and had progressed to ulcers in affected animals. Normally, animals infected with this virus may experience a short period of decreased feed intake, weight loss, salivation, and slight fevers. Generally, the lesions are found on the lips, gums, hard palate, tongue, base of the molar teeth, muzzle, and nostrils. In some animals that die from the virus, lesions can also be identified in the esophagus, rumen, reticulum, and omasum. The earliest lesions often are noticed as small hyperemic foci, 2 to 4 mm in diameter on the lower margins of the nostrils or on the palate or inner surface of the lips. Over the period of a day or two, the lesion may progress to round to oval foci of proliferative white, rough plaques on the affected oral and nasal mucosa. These may then ulcerate but usually heal uneventfully in 7 to 10 days. outbreak in calves C AHFS laboratory was contacted by a referring veterinarian about a group of sick calves at a calf-raising operation. Calves between 7 and 16 days of age were developing extensive painful oral lesions on the hard palate, tongue, lips, and nasal planum and were not eating. Of the 200 calves in the group, approximately 50 animals were affected. A CAHFS pathologist and a veterinarian from the California Department of Food and Agriculture investigated the incident. Samples were taken from live and dead animals, and analyzed by the CAHFS laboratory and the USDA Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory. Within 24 hours after visiting the calf-raising facility, bovine papular stomatitis (BPS) virus was identified as the agent responsible for the outbreak in these calves. BPS is caused by a parapox virus that affects mostly young calves. The virus is widespread and, under most conditions, infection with the virus is subclinical or causes only mild disease with minimal affect on the A calf with bovine papular stomatitis (BPS) virus. CAHFS 2009 Annual Report 22 Beef CATTLE Diagnoses For cases completed between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2009 DiagnosisNumber of Cases DiagnosisNumber of Cases CARDIOVASCULAR Cardiovascular Disease—Bacteria.........................2 Heart Disease—Undetermined.............................4 Total......................................................................6 NERVOUS Nervous Disease—Infectious Agent.....................4 Nervous Disease—Noninfectious.........................2 Neuronal Storage Disease.....................................1 Polioencephalomalacia—Sodium toxicosis..........1 Polioencephalomalacia.........................................1 Tetanus—Clostridium tetani..................................1 Total....................................................................10 DIGESTIVE Abomasal Bloat—Sarcina sp.................................1 Abomasal Disease—Ostertagia sp.........................2 Coccidiosis............................................................7 Colitis—Coronavirus............................................2 Diarrhea—Bacterial...............................................5 Diarrhea—Cryptosporidium sp..............................3 Diarrhea—Rotavirus.............................................3 Diarrhea—Salmonella Newport.............................4 Diarrhea—Trichostrongyle...................................3 Digestive disease—Other......................................3 Enteritis—Clostridium perfringens........................1 Enteritis—Undetermined.....................................3 Enteropathy—E. coli, K99....................................4 Hepatic Abscess—Bacteria....................................5 Hepatic Lipidosis..................................................3 Intestinal disease—Noninfectious........................3 Johne’s Disease—Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis................................................12 Liver Disease—Fasciola hepatica...........................1 Liver Disease—Toxicant.......................................1 Rumen Acidosis—Grain overload........................3 Rumen Bloat..........................................................9 Rumen Disease—Other.........................................3 Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis...............................2 Total....................................................................83 RESPIRATORY Pneumonia—Arcanobacterium pyogenes...............3 Pneumonia—Bacteria.........................................11 Pneumonia—Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus....2 Pneumonia—Histophilus somni...........................10 Pneumonia—Infectious Agent..............................4 Pneumonia—Mannheimia haemolytica...............12 Pneumonia—Mycoplasma bovis............................9 Pneumonia—Pasteurella multocida.......................8 Pneumonia—Toxicant..........................................2 Respiratory Disease—Other..................................2 Upper Respiratory Disease—Bacteria...................3 Total....................................................................66 SPECIAL SENSES Otitis—Bacteria.....................................................1 Pinkeye—Acholeplasma sp....................................1 Pinkeye—Moraxella bovoculi................................3 Total......................................................................5 UROGENITAL Abortion—Bacteria...............................................3 Abortion—Congenital..........................................2 Abortion—Infectious Agent..................................3 Abortion—Leptospira pomona...............................1 Abortion—Neospora sp.........................................3 Abortion—Undetermined...................................18 Abortion—Vitamin A Deficiency..........................1 Abortion/Stillbirth—Noninfectious......................9 Epizootic Bovine Abortion—Deltaproteobacteria..12 Male Reproductive Disease—Tritrichomonas foetus................................................................60 Renal Disease........................................................3 Uterine Torsion.....................................................1 Total..................................................................116 HEMOLYMPHATIC Anaplasmosis—Anaplasma marginale...................3 INTEGUMENTARY Dermatitis.............................................................2 Mastitis—Bacterial................................................2 Total......................................................................4 MUSCULOSKELETAL Arthritis—Bacterial...............................................3 Arthrogryposis—Undetermined...........................1 Bone Abscess—Aspergillus fumigatus....................1 Myopathy—Vitamin E Deficiency........................1 Total......................................................................6 Continued on next page 23 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report BEEF Cattle DIAGNOSES • CONTINUED (Diagnoses continued from previous page) DiagnosisNumber of Cases DiagnosisNumber of Cases WHOLE BODY Anthrax—Bacillus anthracis..................................1 Bovine Viral Diarrhea—Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus......................................................................5 Copper Deficiency..............................................37 Hypomagnesemia..................................................2 Lead Toxicosis.......................................................1 Leptospirosis—Leptospira sp................................1 Management factor...............................................2 Mushroom Toxicosis—Amanita phalloides...........1 Neonatal Death.....................................................5 Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicosis........................................3 Selenium Deficiency............................................48 Septicemia—Bacterial...........................................7 Septicemia—Histophilus somni..............................4 Septicemia—Listeria monocytogenes.....................1 Systemic Hemorrhage—Undetermined................1 Unexplained Death...............................................7 Vetch Toxicosis.....................................................1 Vitamin A Deficiency............................................8 Vitamin E deficiency.............................................3 Zinc Deficiency.....................................................1 Zinc Toxicosis.......................................................1 Total..................................................................140 Beef Cattle—Cases of special interest Vitamin A deficiency resulting in A follow-up telephone conversation with the rancher in the spring of 2010 revealed that only about 36 percent of the calves born to heifers in 2009 were normal and healthy, while 100 percent of the calves born to cows in 2009 were normal and survived. It is suspected that because the heifers had only experienced drought years with very little green grass during their lifetime, they developed progressively severe vitamin A deficiency, resulting in clinical signs in their calves. In contrast, the cows had grazed higher altitude pastures with slightly more green grass and had been alive during years with better rainfall, so they had a greater vitamin A body reserve before the drought years. Therefore, the vitamin A deficiency in the cow herd was not as severe and was not clinically apparent in that their calves were not affected. blindness and neurologic signs in calves born to beef heifers on pasture A beef cattle ranch experienced a problem in the first-calf heifer herd during spring calving. The calves were born premature, stillborn or small, and were often blind and unable to stand or had difficulty standing. A few blind calves were submitted and had dome-shaped skulls with the cerebellum compressed and partially protruding through the foramen magnum, suggesting vitamin A deficiency. The area the heifers were grazing had a severe threeyear drought with poor grass, and the animals had most recently been grazing on dry barley stubble. Blood samples were collected from heifers and two separate groups of cows during a field visit. In the heifer group, 14 of 15 had below-normal vitamin A levels, and 7 of 10 cows had below-normal levels, but the average serum vitamin A level in the cows was about 30 percent higher than in the heifers. CAHFS 2009 Annual Report 24 Distribution of Swine submissions 25 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Swine Diagnoses For cases completed between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2009 DiagnosisNumber of Cases DiagnosisNumber of Cases CARDIOVASCULAR Cardiovascular Disease—Other ...........................2 Cardiovascular Disease—Vitamin E Deficiency....2 Total......................................................................4 RESPIRATORY Atrophic Rhinitis...................................................1 Pneumonia—Bacteria...........................................3 Pneumonia—Pasteurella multocida.......................4 Pneumonia—PRRS Virus......................................2 Pneumonia—Streptococcus suis.............................3 Total....................................................................13 DIGESTIVE Abdominal Abscess—Trauma...............................1 Colitis—Clostridium difficile.................................1 Digestive Disease—Noninfectious........................5 Edema Disease—E. coli.........................................4 Endoparasitism—Trichuris suis.............................9 Enteritis—Clostridium perfringens Type C............1 Gastric Mycosis.....................................................1 Gastric Ulcer.........................................................8 Parasitism—Balantidium coli................................1 Proliferative enteritis—Lawsonia intracellularis...1 Swine Dysentery—Brachyspira hyodysenteriae.....1 Total....................................................................33 SPECIAL SENSES Ocular Disorder—Infectious Agent......................1 UROGENITAL Abortion—Streptococcus equisimilis......................6 Abortion—Undetermined.....................................5 Female Reproductive Disease—Undetermined....3 Lower Urinary Tract Disease—Urolith.................1 Renal Disease—Infectious Agent..........................2 Uterine Disease—Bacterial....................................4 Total....................................................................21 HEMOLYMPHATIC Lymphoid Neoplasm.............................................3 Splenic Rupture—Undetermined..........................1 Total......................................................................4 WHOLE BODY Anaphylaxis..........................................................1 Heat Stroke............................................................1 Hypoglycemia.......................................................1 Neonatal Death—Undetermined..........................1 Septicemia—Bacterial.........................................10 Septicemia—Salmonella Choleraesuis Var Kunzendorf.........................................................2 Systemic Illness—Undetermined..........................2 Systemic Viral Disease—Porcine Circovirus Type 2.................................................................7 Total....................................................................25 INTEGUMENTARY Cellulitis/ Pododermatitis—Undetermined..........2 Exudative Epidermitis—Streptococcus porcinus....1 Parasitism—Sarcoptes scabiei................................1 Total......................................................................4 MUSCULOSKELETAL Musculoskeletal Disease—Infectious...................4 Musculoskeletal Disease—Undetermined/ Noninfectious....................................................4 Total......................................................................8 NERVOUS Encephalitis—Infectious Agent............................4 Nervous Disease—Noninfectious/Undetermined....2 Nervous Disease—Sodium Chloride....................1 Total......................................................................7 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report 26 SWINE—Cases of special interest Porcine circovirus–2 infection in pigs the heart, liver and brain in one pig each. One of the three pigs had severe PCV-2 associated granulomatous enterocolitis. One pig with bloody scours had Lawsonia colitis. Stomach ulcers were present in all four pigs, and PCV-2 infection may have contributed to their development. One of the four pigs had Heliobacter-like organisms, associated with the stomach ulcer. One of the two pigs with neurologic signs had brain lesions consistent with sodium toxicosis, and no PCV-2 virus was found in the brain lesions. P orcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) continues to be an important sole or co-infection in causing illness and death in pigs post weaning. This virus is most often associated with post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome. Often affected farms have sporadic cases among pigs after weaning, but outbreaks have been reported. In 2009, CAHFS identified PCV-2 on five premises. Affected pigs ranged from 2 to 4 months of age. Marked weight loss and unthrifty pigs was the chief complaint on three farms. Scours was reported on one farm. The fifth farm with multiple submissions reported signs of scours, some bloody, and two of four pigs submitted had neurologic signs. The major finding in the four pigs from three farms that were exhibiting marked weight loss was PCV-2 associated severe pneumonia and systemic lymph node changes. The liver and kidneys were also affected in two of the four pigs. In one pig, the lung had concurrent infection with Streptococcus suis, Haemophilus parasuis and Mycoplasma sp. The pig with a history of scours and anorexia died of a bleeding gastric ulcer, but also had lymph node and kidney lesions due to PCV-2. In the herd with multiple submissions, one pig had skin hemorrhages and subcutaneous edema with multisystemic vasculitis, which was most severe in the kidney but also affected vessels in the brain, stomach and liver. The lesions were similar to those reported for porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS), associated with PCV-2. The other three pigs had PCV-2 infection, causing pneumonia, tonsillitis, lymphadenitis, nephritis, splenitis and milder less-consistent lesions in PCV-2 contributes to disease caused by other agents by interfering with the normal immune function of the various organs, as well as being a significant sole pathogen. A pig with porcine circovirus–2 infection. 27 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report distribution of Sheep submissions CAHFS 2009 Annual Report 28 Sheep Diagnoses For cases completed between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2009 DiagnosesNumber of Cases DiagnosesNumber of Cases DIGESTIVE Abomasal Disease—Undetermined.......................3 Digestive Disease—Bacterial.................................3 Digestive Disease—Undetermined/Other.............9 Endoparasitism—Coccidia...................................6 Endoparasitism—Parasite, other..........................6 Endoparasitism—Trichostrongyles.....................11 Enterotoxemia—Clostridium perfringens Type D..3 Liver Disease.........................................................5 Rumen Disease—Noninfectious...........................3 Total....................................................................49 UROGENITAL Abortion—Bacterial..............................................2 Abortion—Bluetongue Virus................................1 Abortion—Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni......2 Abortion—Chlamydophila sp................................7 Abortion—Congenital..........................................1 Abortion—Coxiella burnetii..................................1 Abortion—Undetermined.....................................8 Pregnancy Toxemia...............................................2 Urinary System Disease—E. coli...........................1 Total....................................................................25 HEMOLYMPHATIC Caseous Lymphadenitis—Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis...............................................4 Lymph Node Abscess—Bacterial..........................3 Lymphoid Neoplasm.............................................2 Total......................................................................9 RESPIRATORY Aspiration Pneumonia..........................................2 Pneumonia—Bacterial..........................................7 Pneumonia—Mannheimia haemolytica.................3 Pneumonia—Ovine Progressive Pneumonia Virus...............................................1 Pneumonia—Undetermined.................................4 Total....................................................................17 INTEGUMENTARY Contagious Ecthyma—Parapoxvirus....................1 Mastitis—Bacterial................................................4 Skin Abscess—Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis...............................................4 Skin Disease—Other.............................................2 Total....................................................................11 WHOLE BODY Bluetongue virus...................................................2 Copper Deficiency................................................7 Copper Toxicosis................................................12 Glycogen Storage Disease.....................................1 Neonatal Death—Trauma.....................................1 Nutritional Deficiency—Other.............................3 Selenium Deficiency............................................14 Septicemia—Bacterial...........................................5 Toxic Plant Toxicosis............................................1 Unexplained Death...............................................8 Vitamin E/Selenium Deficiency............................3 Total....................................................................57 NERVOUS Abscess/Meningitis—Bacterial..............................5 Nervous Disease—Other......................................2 Polioencephalomalacia—Thiamine responsive....2 Total......................................................................9 OTHER Neuroendocrine Neoplasm...................................1 Musculoskeletal Disease—Undetermined/Other...5 Total......................................................................6 29 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Distribution of Goat submissions CAHFS 2009 Annual Report 30 Goat Diagnoses For cases completed between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2009 DiagnosisNumber of Cases DiagnosisNumber of Cases UROGENITAL Abortion—Bacteria.............................................10 Abortion—Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni......4 Abortion—Chlamydophila sp................................3 Abortion—Coxiella burnetii..................................2 Abortion—Selenium Deficiency...........................1 Abortion—Toxoplasma gondii...............................3 Abortion—Undetermined...................................39 Pregnancy Toxemia...............................................3 Urogenital Disease—Other...................................2 Urolithiasis............................................................5 Uterine disease......................................................7 Total....................................................................79 CARDIOVASCULAR Cardiovascular Disease—Toxic/Nutritional..........2 Cardiovascular Disease—Other............................5 Total......................................................................7 DIGESTIVE Choke—Digesta....................................................1 Diarrhea—Rotavirus.............................................3 Diarrhea—E. coli, AEEC.......................................3 Digestive Disease—Undetermined/ Noninfectious....................................................4 Enteritis—Bacteria................................................8 Enteritis—Infectious Agent..................................8 Enterotoxemia—Clostridium perfringens Type D................................................................8 Johne’s Disease—Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis.....................................13 Liver Disease—Undetermined/ Other...................7 Parasitism—Nematodes........................................7 Parasitism—Trichostrongyle...............................21 Parasitism—Trichuris sp.......................................5 Parasitism—Coccidia..........................................23 Parasitism—Cryptosporidium parvum...................4 Rumen Acidosis....................................................6 Total..................................................................121 RESPIRATORY Pneumonia—Arcanobacterium pyogenes...............5 Pneumonia—Bacteria...........................................5 Pneumonia—Bibersteinia trehalosi........................3 Pneumonia—Mannheimia haemolytica...............11 Pneumonia—Mycoplasma sp................................3 Pneumonia—Parasite Migration...........................3 Pneumonia—Respiratory Syncytial Virus.............1 Pneumonia—Undetermined/Other....................11 Pneumonia—Lungworm......................................8 Total....................................................................50 SPECIAL SENSES Pinkeye—Chlamydia sp........................................1 INTEGUMENTARY Mastitis—Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus....2 Mastitis—Bacterial................................................3 Mastitis—Mycoplasma sp......................................2 Mastitis—Staphylococcus aureus...........................6 Skin Abscess/Dermatitis—Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis...............................................4 Skin Abscess/Dermatitis—Bacterial......................3 Skin Disease—Other.............................................5 Total....................................................................25 WHOLE BODY Copper Deficiency..............................................37 Copper Toxicosis..................................................2 Neoplasm..............................................................5 Nutritional deficiency—Other..............................8 Selenium Deficiency............................................32 Septicemia—Bacteria..........................................11 Septicemia—Mycoplasma sp.................................3 Systemic illness—Other........................................4 Taxus sp. Toxicosis................................................4 Toxic Plant Toxicosis............................................4 Unexplained Death...............................................5 Vitamin E Deficiency............................................5 Total..................................................................120 MUSCULOSKELETAL Arthritis—Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus...3 Arthritis—Mycoplasma sp.....................................4 Arthritis—Undetermined......................................2 Total......................................................................9 NERVOUS Nervous Disease—Undetermined/Noninfectious....5 Polioencephalomalacia—Thiamine Responsive...8 Total....................................................................13 31 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Goat—Cases of special interest Clostridium perfringens type D these lesions. Several species of Mycoplasma have been identified in goats in California over the past decade, including Mycoplasma mycoides ssp mycoides large colony (LC) type, M. putrefaciens, M. capricolum and a low-pathogenic secondary invader in pneumonia, M. arginini. The latter is a common environmental organism also found as a secondary invader in cattle pneumonia. Since CAHFS does not have the capability to speciate goat Mycoplasma, other than M. arginini, isolates are sent out of state at an extra charge when requested by the submitter. enterotoxemia in goats C lostridium perfringens type D infection is a wellrecognized cause of death in sheep, and is often associated with a sudden ration change to a feed containing more fermentable carbohydrates. This dietary change can permit proliferation of Clostridium perfringens type D in the intestine with the production of epsilon toxin, which is absorbed producing acute systemic vascular effects. In goats, Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia is less frequently diagnosed and can present with acute, subacute and chronic forms. In 2009, CAHFS confirmed Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia in goats submitted utilizing the Clostridium perfringens toxin ELISA assay on intestinal contents in conjunction with compatible pathology and clinical history. Four cases of acute death due to type D enterotoxemia were identified in goat kids less than 2 months old from herds experiencing additional losses with similar symptoms. The lesions in these acute cases ranged from brain edema similar to the disease in lambs to several cases with enteritis. In adult goats, both acute and subacute forms of the disease were identified. Several goat dairies with a clinical history of diarrhea and feed refusal had multiple deaths. In two of the adult lactating does submitted with a history of sudden death, one had lesions of brain edema and fluid-filled intestines and the other had fibrinous inflammation of the cecum. A slightly more prolonged clinical course of several days duration was reported in three other submitted adult does that had lesions of necrotizing fibrinous enterocolitis. Information concerning possible ration changes and vaccination status was not provided in these cases, although two of the adults had recently freshened. Mycoplasma M In 2009, 13 cases involved 16 goats from which Mycoplasma was isolated. These goats originated from 12 premises. Polyarthritis with septicemia was found in six goat kids, ranging from 4 to 12 weeks of age from four premises. One of the kids also had pleuritis, peritonitis and pericarditis, while another had a mild Mycoplasma joint infection. Mycoplasma mycoides ssp mycoides LC type (Mmm-LC) was isolated and identified from one case involving two kids. The other four kids had Mycoplasma growth from multiple sites, typical of Mmm-LC, but those cases were not speciated. Mycoplasma was isolated from milk or mammary gland tissue from four does on two cases. Three of four does had moderate to severe pneumonia, and two of three had pleuritis. The isolate from the milk on one case was confirmed as Mmm-LC. One adult Boer wether had severe swelling of the head and neck, with cellulitis and myositis due to Mmm-LC. The goat also had pleuropneumonia due to Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella sp. and Arcanobacterium pyogenes. Of the remaining five goats from five premises, three had pneumonia and two had aspirated feed. Mycoplasma was isolated only from the lung with other bacterial respiratory pathogens in three goats. Two of three goats had severe copper deficiency and the third had Johne’s disease. The lung isolates were speciated in two goats, and both were M. arginini. The presentations of these 13 cases is typical of goat Mycoplasma infections with polyarthritis and septicemia in young kids, pleuropneumonia and mastitis in adult does, and environmental Mycoplasma in pneumonia associated with Mannheimia, Bibersteinia and Arcanobacterium or from aspiration. Infections can spread among lactating does by exposure to Mycoplasma-contaminated milking equipment. Young animals become infected by ingesting Mycoplasma-contaminated colostrum or milk. Since some animals may become carriers for Mycoplasma, exposure of naive animals to affected animals may result in herd outbreaks. infections in goats ycoplasma infection can cause severe and sometimes fatal infections in goats of all ages. Several species of Mycoplasma have been isolated from goats in California, but the most common one is Mycoplasma mycoides ssp mycoides large colony (Mmm-LC). This organism has been renamed Mycoplasma mycoides ssp capricolum. Mycoplasma infections in goats present as septicema, pneumonia, mastitis, polyarthritis or conjunctivitis. The more severe infections often have a combination of two or more of CAHFS 2009 Annual Report 32 distribution of equine submissions 33 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Equine diagnoses For cases completed between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2009 DiagnosisNumber of Cases DiagnosisNumber of Cases CARDIOVASCULAR Cardiovascular Disease—Noninfectious...............5 Cardiovascular Disease—Undetermined............13 Cardiovascular Disease—Infectious Agent...........2 Major Vessel Rupture............................................6 Total....................................................................26 INTEGUMENTARY Dermatitis—Habronema sp...................................5 Hoof Disorder.......................................................5 Integumentary Disease—Infectious....................11 Integumentary Disease—Noninfectious...............8 Integumentary Disease—Undetermined.............19 Skin Abscess—Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis...............................................9 Skin Neoplasm....................................................53 Total..................................................................110 DIGESTIVE Colitis—Clostridium difficile.................................4 Colitis—Steroid....................................................1 Colon Impaction—Enterolith/ Sand...................15 Digestive Disease—Undetermined.....................23 Endoparasitism—Strongyle..................................1 Enteric Disease—Bacteria...................................16 Enteric Disease—Infectious Agent.......................5 Enteric Disease—Ischemia....................................2 Enteric Disease—Rotavirus..................................4 Enterotoxemia—Clostridium perfringens Type B...1 Enterotoxemia—Clostridium perfringens Type C..4 Enterotoxemia—Clostridium perfringens..............4 Equine Serum Hepatitis........................................1 Gastrointestinal Neoplasm....................................9 Gastrointestinal Rupture/ Dilation— Noninfectious..................................................21 Hepatic Lipidosis..................................................1 Hepatitis—Infectious Agent..................................8 Intestinal Obstruction/Displacement..................33 Liver Disease—Toxic............................................4 Liver Disease—Undetermined..............................7 Oral Disease—Undetermined...............................5 Total..................................................................169 MUSCULOSKELETAL Arthritis—Bacterial...............................................4 Arthropathy—Undetermined................................3 Bone Disease.........................................................8 Carpal Fracture—Trauma...................................38 Femur Fracture.....................................................5 Humerus Fracture—Trauma...............................11 Joint Luxation—Trauma.....................................15 Laminitis.............................................................17 Ligament Rupture—Trauma.................................5 Metacarpus Fracture—Trauma...........................45 Metatarsus Fracture—Trauma............................10 Muscle Disease—Infectious..................................3 Muscle Disease—Noninfectious...........................8 Musculoskeletal Disease—Undetermined............3 P1 Fracture—Trauma..........................................17 P2 Fracture—Trauma............................................1 Pelvis Fracture—Trauma......................................9 Proximal Sesamoid Fracture—Trauma.............102 Radius Fracture—Trauma.....................................3 Rib Fracture—Trauma..........................................1 Scapula Fracture—Trauma...................................8 Skull Fracture—Trauma.......................................8 Suspensory Apparatus Failure—Trauma..............7 Tarsus Fracture—Trauma.....................................2 Tendon Injury—Trauma.......................................3 Tibia Fracture—Trauma........................................5 Vertebra Fracture—Trauma..................................8 White Muscle Disease—Selenium Deficiency......2 Total..................................................................351 ENDOCRINE Cushing’s Disease..................................................3 Neuroendocrine Neoplasm...................................2 Total......................................................................5 HEMOLYMPHATIC Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis— high seropositive..............................................57 Hemolymphatic Disease—Undetermined.............3 Hemolymphatic Neoplasm...................................9 Lymph Node Abscess—Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.............................................26 Lymph Node Abscess—Bacterial..........................6 Total..................................................................101 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report continued 34 Equine DIAGNOSES • CONTINUED NERVOUS Encephalitis—Halicephalobus deletrix...................1 Equine Protozoal Myelitis—Sarcocystis neurona...7 Meningitis—Bacterial...........................................1 Nervous Disease—Equine Herpesvirus 1, Neuropathogenic...............................................1 Nervous Disease—Undetermined.......................16 Nervous Disease—West Nile Virus.....................17 Peripheral Neuropathy..........................................3 Spinal Cord Injury................................................8 Wobbler Syndrome—Compression......................2 Total....................................................................56 WHOLE BODY Anaphylaxis..........................................................2 Congenital Disorder..............................................2 Disseminated Mineralization—Undetermined.....1 Emaciation............................................................2 Leptospirosis—Leptospira sp................................3 Malignant Edema—Bacterial................................4 Metabolic Bone Disease........................................4 Metastatic Neoplasm.............................................6 Navel Ill—Bacteria................................................3 Nutritional Deficiency..........................................4 Oleander Toxicosis................................................9 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicosis...........................1 Selenium Deficiency............................................30 Septicemia—Bacteria..........................................27 Shock....................................................................3 Strychnine Toxicosis.............................................1 Sudden Death—Trauma........................................6 Systemic Infection—Infectious Agent..................3 Systemic Protozoal Infection—Theileria equi.......1 Taxus sp. Toxicosis................................................1 Unexplained Death.............................................18 Zinc Toxicosis.......................................................1 Total..................................................................132 RESPIRATORY Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome...................3 Arytenoid syndrome.............................................1 Equine Influenza—Equine Influenzavirus A2......3 Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage...........3 Pneumonia—Parasitic..........................................2 Pneumonia—Bacteria.........................................20 Pneumonia—Noninfectious.................................2 Pneumonia—Rhodococcus equi.............................3 Pneumonia—Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus...................................................18 Pulmonary Silicosis...............................................1 Respiratory Disease—Undetermined..................19 Respiratory Neoplasm...........................................4 Upper Respiratory Disease—Infectious................7 Total....................................................................86 SPECIAL SENSES Equine Recurrent Uveitis—Leptospira sp.............8 Ocular Disorder—Infectious.................................2 Ocular Neoplasm..................................................3 Total....................................................................13 UROGENITAL Abortion—Bacterial............................................10 Abortion—Congenital..........................................2 Abortion—Equine Herpesvirus 1.........................1 Abortion—Leptospira sp.......................................1 Abortion—Noninfectious.....................................7 Abortion—Undetermined...................................21 Renal Disease—Undetermined.............................3 Urogenital Disease—Undetermined.....................9 Urogenital Neoplasm............................................5 Urolithiasis—Urolith............................................2 Uterine Disease—Bacterial....................................4 Total....................................................................65 35 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report EQUINE—Cases of special interest Clostridium perfringens type C and Clostridium difficile combined animals. C. difficile (typed as A-/B+ by PCR) was isolated from the small intestine in four out of the six cases. Clostridium perfringens type C is one of the most important agents of enteritis in newborn foals. C. difficile is now recognized as an important cause of enterocolitis in horses of all ages. While infections by C. perfringens type C or C. difficile are frequently seen in foals, we are not aware of any report describing combined infection by these two bacteria in foals. enterotyphlocolitis in foals S ix foals, between 1 day and 1 week old, were submitted for postmortem examination to CAHFS’ San Bernardino laboratory. All had clinical histories of colic and diarrhea, followed by acute death. None of these animals had received antimicrobials. Postmortem examination revealed hemorrhagic and necrotizing enterotyphlocolitis. Histologically, the superficial mucosa of the small intestine and colon had diffuse necrosis and hemorrhage and was covered by a pseudomembrane. Thrombosis was observed in mucosal vessels. C. perfringens beta toxin was detected in small intestine and/or colon contents of five of the animals, and C. difficile toxins A/B were detected in the intestinal content of four of the foals by ELISA. C. perfringens (identified as type C by PCR) was isolated from the small intestine and/or colon of five of these CAHFS 2009 Annual Report This report suggests a possible synergism of C. perfringens type C and C. difficile in foal enterocolitis. Because none of the foals had received antibiotic therapy, the predisposing factor for the C. difficile infection remains undetermined. It is possible that the C. perfringens infection acted as a predisposing factor for C. difficile, or vice versa. This report also stresses the need to perform a complete diagnostic work up in all cases of foal digestive disease, even when one causative agent has already been identified. 36 Highlights Development and application of a test for the mushroom toxin, alpha-amanitin a species containing amanitin. A rapid LC-MS/MS/ MS method was developed by our laboratory for the detection of alpha-amanitin in serum, urine, liver and kidneys.5 The availability of a specific and sensitive analytical test has resulted in our ability to confirm amanitin intoxication in a number of animal cases. H uman and canine exposure to potentially toxic mushrooms is relatively common. In 2007, the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) reported a total of ~ 7,700 calls related to mushroom exposure. The difficulty for the clinician is that rapid and proper identification of ingested mushrooms occurs infrequently. For example, a specific mushroom was not identified in ~ 84 percent of the calls to the AAPCC. Fortunately, in the majority of human cases, adverse effects are uncommon. No human fatalities were reported in 2007, and only 35 cases resulted in major adverse effects. Presumably, this is also true for animal exposures, although good data are lacking. While most mushroom ingestions are benign, some mushrooms contain hepatotoxic cyclopeptides that, when ingested, cause life-threatening effects due to liver damage. Worldwide, most human fatalities following mushroom ingestion are associated with those containing hepatotoxic cyclopeptides. Amanitin can be detected in urine before the onset of clinical signs. Therefore, urine is the preferred specimen for antemortem testing. Unfortunately, urine amanitin concentrations do not correlate with the severity of clinical signs and are not predictive of case outcome. Kidney tissue is a preferred postmortem sample, since amanitins are found at higher concentrations and persist for longer periods in kidneys, compared to liver. Interestingly, in one case involving the deaths of a bitch and her 3-week-old puppy, amanitin was detected in a deparaffinized kidney tissue sample. Thus, retrospective assessment of exposure, in the absence of urine or fresh tissue samples, is possible. Since 2005, a total of 34 cases (35 individuals) positive for alpha-amanitin were identified by CAHFS. All cases except three involved dogs, two cases involved cats, and a case in 2009 involved a calf. Twenty-seven of the 34 cases originated within California. California cases were primarily from central coastal and Sierra foothill counties where toxic Amanita spp. are commonly found. The majority of cases occurred between May and June, although fall and winter months were also represented. The largest percentage of affected dogs was less than 1 year of age (ranging from 3 weeks to 13 years). In many cases, there was no known mushroom ingestion. In those cases in which a mushroom was known to have been ingested, clinical signs occurred as soon as 12 hours post-ingestion. The most common presenting signs were non-specific and included acute onset of lethargy, vomiting and diarrhea. Consistent clinical pathologic changes included high ALT values (ranging from 542 to 20,213 U/L, low glucose—as low as 19 mg/dl) and prolonged prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times. Fifteen of 21 dogs for which information was available died or were euthanized; six dogs recovered. Both cats and the calf died or were euthanized. The most consistent postmortem lesion in those animals for which a necropsy was performed was panlobular hepatic necrosis, although significant gastrointestinal and renal lesions were noted in a number of cases, as well. Hepatotoxic cyclopeptide-containing species include the Amanita spp. (~ 9 species), Galerina spp. (~ 9 species) and Lepiota spp. (up to 24 species). In North America, Amanita spp., especially A. phalloides (death cap or death angel), are most commonly implicated in causing significant disease in humans. In Eastern Europe, Galerina sulpices is considered to be the species most often associated with mortality. Data specific to animals is lacking. However, based upon a series of documented cases at CAHFS laboratory, Amanita spp. (A. phalloides and A. ocreata) were the most commonly involved in intoxications. Both species are common in California and are associated with coast liveoak (Quercus agrifolia), but are also found in other regions of the United States. A number of analytical procedures have been developed to detect amanitins. ELISA assays hold promise for rapid detection of the toxins, although such tests are not widely available in clinical settings. In veterinary medicine, the confirmation of amanitin intoxication has historically been difficult in the absence of a history of ingestion of a mushroom and subsequent positive identification of the ingested mushroom as 37 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Highlights • CONTINUED signs included nasal discharge, wet cough, anorexia, excess salivation, and lethargy. At the time of sampling, the two remaining cheetahs in the facility had already recovered from their respiratory illness and were not sampled. References Bronstein A.C., Spyker D.., Cantilena, Jr., L.R. et al. (2008). 2007 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 25th annual report. Clin Toxicol 46:927-1057. Full genome sequencing of one of the isolates showed that it did not have any unique differences from the H1N1pdm viruses isolated from humans. This case highlights the potential of H1N1pdm viruses to pass from humans or other domestic species into exotic species, resulting in severe consequences for zoological parks and collections where animals have potential exposure to a large number of human visitors. This case also demonstrates the significant role the CAHFS laboratory plays in surveillance for new and emerging pathogens. Goldfrank L.R. (2006). Mushrooms. In Goldfrank’s Toxicologic Emergencies, Flomenbaum NE, Howland, MA, Goldfrank LR, Lewin, NA, Hoffman, RS, Nelson, LS (eds). McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 1564-1576. Enjalbert F., Rapior S., Nouguier-Soule J., et al. (2002). Treatment of amatoxin poisoning: 20year retrospective analysis. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 40:715-757. Puschner B. (2007). Mushroom toxins. In Veterinary Toxicology Basic and Applied Principles, Gupta, RC (ed). Elsevier, pp. 915-925. FERN chemistry update T he CAHFS Toxicology Section has been a recipient of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and United States Department of Agriculture’s Food Emergency Response Network (FERN) Cooperative Agreement grant for the past five years. The grant provides funding for supplies, personnel and equipment in exchange for participation as a center of expertise for methods to analyze foods for potential contamination with toxic substances. The CAHFS Toxicology Section also serves as an emergency response laboratory, expanding the government’s analytical capabilities and capacity to respond to potential terrorist attacks on the nation’s food supply. During 2009, the CAHFS Toxicology Section performed several dozen melamine analyses on imported food samples from Asia, participated in a proficiency trial for fluoroacetate in apple juice, and assisted in verification of the FERN ICP-MS (metals analysis) method in a variety of new food matrices. CAHFS provided expertise with selected toxic chemicals which expanded the list of analytes in the existing FERN toxin screens, as well as providing the associated validation support for several food matrices. Filigenzi M.S., Poppenga R.H., Tiwary A.K., et al. (2007). Determination of alpha-amanitin in serum and liver by multistage linear ion trap mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 55:2784-2790. Novel H1N1 Influenza A virus infection in a captive cheetah in California I n November 2009, the California Animal Health and Food Safety (CAHFS) laboratory detected the pandemic H1N1 2009 virus (H1N1pdm) in a privately owned cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). Presumptive diagnosis was made using the real-time PCR protocols provided by the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) under the approved protocol deviation for testing samples originating from non-porcine species. The positive PCR results were confirmed by virus isolation, followed by complete genome sequence analysis of the pandemic virus isolate performed by collaborators at the St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital. The two nasal swab samples tested were obtained under the guidance of a public health worker two to three days after the onset of the clinical signs from “cheetah A,” and four to six days after onset of clinical signs from companion “cheetah B.” Clinical CAHFS 2009 Annual Report The CAHFS Toxicology Section has the goal of using a subset of basic analytical methods for a wide variety of foods, ensuring detection of as many toxic compounds as possible. This work is done under the direction of FDA’s Forensic Chemistry Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, and in coordination with 13 other Cooperative 38 Highlights • CONTINUED identify new diseases and trends in disease incidence. Following the transition to the University of California management in 1987, an avian residency program was established. Since then, the Fresno laboratory has trained 11 avian medicine residents – eight of which are now board certified by the American College of Poultry Veterinarians. CAHFS-trained residents now work in a variety of positions nationally, including laboratory diagnosticians (2), USDA avian specialists (3), commercial biologic/pharmaceutical industry poultry specialists (2), and teachers (2).Two of the resident trainees are currently pursuing advanced degrees. In the 1990s an expanded avian virus isolation capability was established at the Fresno laboratory to serve as a reference site for the entire CAHFS system. This capability and astute diagnosticians at Fresno provided the rapid diagnosis of exotic Newcastle disease in 1998 in a backyard flock in Fresno before it had time to spread. In 2001 new techniques were introduced at CAHFS to characterize infectious bronchitis virus isolates, which resulted in identification of a new strain in 2006. The Fresno virology unit was critical in the isolation, characterization and association of the disease impact of some low-pathogenic avian influenza virus strains. From 2001 to 2009, some noteworthy contributions were made, including: Agreement Program (CAP) laboratories representing state, local health and agricultural agencies. CAHFS is actively assisting the California Department of Public Health, which is a new CAP member, with FERN instrumentation and methods training and support. In 2009, FERN provided two new pieces of equipment: a new Agilent Rapid Resolution Liquid Chromatograph, which allows samples to be analyzed at higher pressures and faster flow rates on the LC-MS/MS; and a Programmable Temperature and Pressure (PTV) inlet for the GC-MS that allows better manipulation of sample injections. Since 2005, the FERN grant has awarded CAHFS with more than $750,000 in critical instrumentation. lab closure CAHFS Fresno laboratory closes I n July 2009, the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS) closed its Fresno facility in order to meet a budget deficit while maintaining the critical services required by regulatory partners and California animal agriculture industries. Services provided by the Fresno laboratory at the time of closure were redirected to other laboratories in the CAHFS system. Although CAHFS lost many long-time and valued employees, the system was fortunate to retain three Fresno faculty members. The Fresno laboratory began operation under the California Department of Food and Agriculture in 1951 and was transferred to the University of California, Davis, in 1987 as part of the California Veterinary Diagnostic Lab System. • contributions to 75 publications and 13 book chapters; • contributions to the 2002-2003 exotic Newcastle disease outbreak taskforce by providing technical expertise and support; • key participation in the joint USDA-CDFA 20082009 bovine tuberculosis taskforce, providing critical rapid turnaround of gamma interferon testing with more than 18,000 tests performed; • enhanced rapid detection and diagnosis of Infectious laryngotracheitis virus vaccine strains; • identification of Muscovy duck parvovirus in the United States for the first time; and • initiation and partnership in the identification of a novel bornavirus as the agent associated with proventricular dilatation disease. The Fresno laboratory personnel were devoted to assisting the animal industries in California, and sharing their knowledge and expertise throughout the United States and internationally. They made significant contributions to disease eradication, management and control in California, and disseminated new knowledge. The personnel and their efforts will be missed. In the 1950s, the Fresno laboratory was heavily involved in performing the high-volume serology for the state/federal Brucellosis program in cattle, which continued through 2009. In addition, it was the site of high-volume serology testing aimed at eradication of Salmonella pullorum and S. typhimurium in poultry. Poultry Mycoplasma testing was added in the late 1950s. During the 1960s, a virus isolation unit was added and was critical in the diagnosis of many economically important diseases in cattle before the advent of the rapid test methods used today. In the mid 1960s, poultry necropsy work began to increase and new capabilities were added to identify Mycoplasma and recognize other poultry pathogens. This was a time when the working relationship of the laboratory with the poultry industry was expanded to form a close partnership to 39 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report WILDLIFE Pelican die-off Deer die-off even brown pelicans were submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System in Davis for necropsy to determine the cause of a die-off. More than 500 brown pelicans died or were euthanized in extremis from December 2008 to February of 2009 along the California coast. Complete diagnostic work-ups were performed, which included necropsy examinations, histopathology and testing for: aerobic bacteria, Salmonella, botulinum toxin, avian influenza and exotic Newcastle disease, heavy metals, selenium, vitamin E, domoic acid, saxitoxin, chlamydophila, viruses, organochlorine pesticides, pentobarbital, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), cholinesterase inhibitor compounds and anticoagulants. Tissues from six additional pelicans were submitted for histopathology. Necropsy examination revealed that six of seven birds had necrosis of the pouches, distal digits, and interdigital web compatible with frostbite. Three of seven birds had hypoperfusion of the lungs, suggestive of anemia. One had fungal pneumonia, and one had fungal invasion of necrotic digits/webs. In early December, more than 3,000 brown pelicans were noted to have stayed on islands near the mouth of the Columbia River, at the northern extent of their traditional range. The longest and most severe cold weather event in the Pacific Northwest in 75 years subjected them to more than a week of subfreezing weather and periodic high winds. As a result, many experienced hypothermia and sustained hypothermic injuries that lead to exhaustion, secondary infections, and malnutrition. Many of the pelicans examined died or were euthanized as a result of injuries caused by delayed and forced migration, and exposure to harsh weather at the northern extreme of their range. ore than 200 deer died between March and June of 2009 in resident mule deer herds in Tuolumne County near Yosemite National Park. Ten deer were submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System in Davis for necropsy and/or histopathology. Deer were from herds experiencing hair loss from which an exotic louse, Bovicula tibialis, was identified. Diagnostic work-up included: ELISA for clostridial alpha, beta and epsilon toxin; culture for Salmonella, aerobic bacteria and Mycoplasma; PCR for West Nile virus (WNV), Bluetongue virus (BTV) and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease virus (EHDV); and immunochemistry for adenovirus, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and coronavirus; serology for antibodies to EHD and BT viruses; cholinesterase activity in the brain; nitrate screen; heavy metal and selenium analysis; and direct electron microscopy for enteric viruses. S CAHFS 2009 Annual Report M In addition to pediculosis in some deer, the most significant findings were selenium deficiency in nine of 10 and copper deficiency in eight of 10. Other findings included verminous pneumonia in nine of 10, myocarditis in four of 10, mild encephalitis in two of 10, and vasculitis in two of 10. Body hair and serum were analyzed for copper and selenium from five live deer that were captured from a herd experiencing mortality and hair loss in the region. All five serum samples had copper levels within the acceptable range for deer, but copper levels in all hair samples were suboptimal. All whole blood and hair samples had suboptimal selenium levels. Copper and selenium deficiencies were highly associated with hair loss and pediculosis in this mortality event. 40 Statement of Funding and Workload/ Tests—2009 Tests Performed by Species Group Calendar Year 2009 Statement of Funding and Workload Fiscal Year 2008/2009 Funding Avian........................................................ Number Chicken...............................................158,736 Game Bird..................................................882 Other Avian...........................................24,295 Psittacine.................................................8,685 Ratite..........................................................180 Turkey....................................................49,024 General Fund....................................$12,348,859 Federal Brucella Contract......................$190,052 Fee-Generated Revenue......................$2,434,002 Milk and Dairy Contract........................$595,846 END/AHMSP..........................................$324,315 Homeland Security Equipment Grant....$609,400 Total Funding...................................$16,502,474 Subtotal....................................................241,802 NEW TESTS—2009 Mammalian Bovine.................................................871,925 Caprine.................................................16,598 Equine...................................................35,153 Ovine....................................................11,246 Porcine....................................................8,574 Drugs of Abuse Screen by LC-MS/MS...........$150 Necropsy Exam—Small Animal....................$450 Histology of Field Necropsy—Small Animal...$325 Clostridium perfingens immunohistochemistry....$25 Mycoplasma bovis immunohistochemistry.........$25 Novel H1N1-Matrix PCR—Non-Porcine........$40 Novel H1N1-N1 PCR—Non-Procine..............$40 Very Virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus—RNA-qRT PCR.................................$30 Realtime PCR for Salmonella Grp D...........$17.25 Salmonella PCR..........................................$13.28 Subtotal....................................................943,496 Other Mammalian Camelid...................................................9,625 Canine....................................................3,092 Cervid.....................................................1,778 Feline.........................................................776 Lagamorph..............................................1,262 Other Mammalian....................................7,846 Tests Performed by Discipline Calendar Year 2009 Bacteriology................................................50,791 Biotechnology..............................................26,012 Clinical Pathology...............................................91 Histology...................................................169,245 ImmunoHistoChemistry...................................5,723 Immunology...............................................933,883 Milk Quality.................................................54,308 Parasitology...................................................3,287 Pathology....................................................11,792 Toxicology...................................................14,028 TSE...............................................................6,011 Virology......................................................10,280 Total.......................................................1,285,451 Subtotal......................................................12,976 Other Amphibian......................................................4 Fish............................................................241 Mixed.........................................................566 Reptile........................................................391 Subtotal........................................................1,202 Non-Animal...........................................65,588 Unknown.................................................8,984 Grand Total............................................1,285,451 41 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report 2009 Professional recognition Awards, Certifications, Degrees, Boards Received by Faculty and Staff Members CAHFS Rewards & Recognition Awardees 25-Year UC Service Award Abel Bermudez, Davis Megan Yarbrough, Fresno Jillian Van De Merghel, San Bernardino Michelle Villanueva, Davis John Tahara, Davis Ashley Dunleavy, Davis Jamie Deuel, Davis Shannon Schemel, Davis Michelle Davidson, Davis Jamie Hall, Turlock Ben Moeller, Davis Annaliza Beltran, Davis Kathryn Lancashire, Davis Marites DeGuzman, CAHFS, San Bernardino Michelle Villanueva, CAHFS, Davis Terrence Wildman, CAHFS, Davis 20-Year UC Service Award Pamela Wyckoff, CAHFS, Turlock Sally Channing-Santiago, CAHFS, Turlock 15-Year UC Service Award Julie Reeder, CAHFS, Turlock Kristin Lomas, CAHFS, Davis John Tahara, CAHFS, Davis Nanette Ehrke, CAHFS, Davis Muhummad Ilyas, Tulare Thomson Reuters’ ScienceWatch® named highly cited article as a featured Fast Breaking Paper: Filigenzi, M.S., Puschner B., Aston, L.S., Poppenga, R.H. Diagnostic determination of melamine and related compounds in kidney tissue by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem, 56(17): 7593-9. 10-Year UC Service Award James Ray, CAHFS, Tulare Laura Torchin, CAHFS, Davis Dr. Motoko Mukai – American Board of Veterinary Toxicology / American Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Poison Control Center 2009 Graduate Student / Trainee Award to attend 2009 American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians annual meeting. Dr. Hailu Kinde – 2009 Trek award for excellence in Diagnostic Veterinary Microbiology Dr. Sharon Hietala – 2009 EP Pope Award from the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians American College of Veterinary Pathology board certification: Dr. Asli Mete Dr. Joaquin Ortega Dr. Birgit Puschner – 2009 Pfizer Animal Health Distinguished Teaching Award, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis Dr. Birgit Puschner – 2009 Favorite Faculty Award, Veterinary Students – Class of 2009; School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis Dr. Lucy Anthenill – received her Ph.D. Dr. Simone Stoute – American College of Poultry Veterinarians board certification CAHFS 2009 Annual Report 42 Presentations and abstracts by Faculty and Staff Members American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Conference (AAVLD)-52nd Annual, October, San Diego, CA Woods, L., Higgins, R., Joseph, V., Filigenzi, M., Puschner, B. Ronidiazole toxicosis in three Society Finches (Lonchura striata). Shahriar, F. Escherichia fergusoni enteritis in a goat. Tor, E., Puschner, B., Filigenzi, M., Aston, L., and Poppenga, R. Detection of tetrodotoxin in GI and kidney samples by LC-MS/MS. Poppenga, R., Puschner, B., Tiwary, A., Mukai, M., Chhetri, B., and Filigenzi, M. Amanitin intoxication in dogs: 2005 – 2009. Crossley, B.; Jackwood, D., Woods, L., Kinde, H., and Hietala, S. Bench validation of a high throughput realtime RT PCR assay to detect very virulent Infectious Bursal Disease virus. Mayo, C., Crossley, B., Hietala, S., Breitmeyer, R., Palmer, C., Gardner, I. and MacLachlan, J. Epidemiology of Bluetongue Virus and infection among ruminants in California. Brito, B., Crossley, B. and Hietala, S. Bluetongue Virus control in California sheep using PCR based detection of the virus in Culicoides spp. Holser, I., Melton, L., Aston, L. and Poppenga, R. Overview of lead isotope ratios in lead sources and exposed raptors. Mukai, M., Russell, N., Boyd, R., Doescher, B. and Poppenga, R. Unusual cases of Nerium oleander toxicosis: A dog and a sea lion Poppenga, R. (AAVLD/NAHLN Laboratory Directors Committee Meeting) A sustainable formula for delivering quality diagnostic toxicology services. American Academy of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics-16th Biennial Symposium, June, Rockville, Maryland Knych, H., McKemie, D. and Stanley, S. Development of an in vitro system for characterization of CYP450 mediated drug metabolism in the horse liver. American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP) Conference/AVMA-146th Annual, July, Seattle Washington Stoute, S. Determination of the prevalence of Pigeon Circovirus in California squab. Franca, M.S., Crespo, R., Chin, R., PantinJackwood, M., Day, M., Woolcock, P. and Shivaprasad, H.L. Nonsuppurative myocarditis in turkeys in California: A retrospective study of forty five cases. Woolcock, P., Cardona, C., Yu, M., Chin, R., Crespo, R., Shivaprasad, H.L., Charlton, B. and Kinde, H. Investigations into the genotype of the S1 gene and the tissue distribution of a unique IBV strain present in the United States. Shivaprasad, H.L., Franca, M., Yu, M. and Woolcock, P. Unusual lesions of nephritis associated with Infectious Bronchitis Virus in game chickens. Hietala, S.K. NAHLN Panel: Disease outbreak response diagnostic laboratory lessons learned. Shivaprasad, H.L., Pantin-Jackwood, M., Woolcock, P., Zsak, L., Briese, T., Honkavuori, K. and Lipkin, I. Turkey viral hepatitis: A search for the elusive cause. Shivaprasad, H.L., Franca, M., Chin, R. and Crespo, R. Amyloid arthropathy associated with various bacteria in Brown Leghorn chickens. Shivaprasad, H.L., Franca, M., Yu, M. and Woolcock, P. Unusual lesions of nephritis associated with infectious Bronchitis virus chickens. Ramirez-Nieto, G.C., Kim, Ch., Lillehoj, H., Song, H., Shivaprasad, H.L., Gomez-Osorio, I.G. and Perez, D.R. Increased pathogenicity and altered host responses after adaptation of a Mallard H5N2 LPAI in IBDV pre-exposed chickens. Shivaprasad H.L. (Histopathology interest group) Unusual lesions of avian encephalomyelitis in chicks; Blastocystosis in Poultry; Otitis media associated with Cryptosporidium baileyi in a Saker Falcon and Cutaneous mucinosis in Brown Leghorn chickens. American Association of Equine Practitioners Annual Conference-56th, December, Las Vegas, NV Anthenill, L.A. Palmar lesions and trabecular bone compaction likely precede proximal sesamoid bone midbody fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses. American Dairy Science Association and American Society of Animal Science, Joint meeting, July, Montreal, Canada ( Presentations continued) 43 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Presentations and abstracts by Faculty and Staff Members (Presentations continued) Kenyon, A.G., Resende D.F., Moeller, R.B., Bruno, R.G.S. An outbreak investigation of protothecal mastitis in lactating Jersey cows. Aquatic Medicine Seminar, Shark Reef Aquarium, February, Las Vegas, NV Puschner, B. What’s going on in a veterinary toxicology laboratory? Association of Avian Vets (AAV) Conference, August, Milwaukee, WI Shivaprasad, H.L., Franca, M., Honkahuori, K., Briese, T. and Lipkin, W.I. Proventricular dilatation disease associated with Bornavirus in Psittacines. Shivaprasad, H.L. Polyomavirus infection in canaries. Shivaprasad, H.L. Unusual cases of chlamydiosis in psittacines. Shivaprasad, H.L. and Bonda, M. Diabetes mellitus in an adult Blue and Gold Macaw (Ara Ararauna). Shivaprasad, H.L. (Masters Class) Avian integument: Anatomy and diseases. Shivaprasad, H.L. (Pathology Forum) Otitis media associated with Cryptosporidium baileyi in a Saker Falcon. Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities Conference, February, Memphis, TN Moeller, B. Practical aspects of quantitation using triple quadrupole mass spectrometers. Avian and Exotic Medicine Symposium, 24th Annual, March, Davis, CA Woods, L. Toxicology of companion avian species Shivaprasad, H. L. Association between proventricular dilatation disease and Bornavirus in psittacines Avian Comparative Pathology Continuing Education Course sponsored by ANECA, December, Puebla, Mexico Senties-Cue, G.C. Main toxic diseases of birds. Senties-Cue, G.C. and Charlton, B.R. Mycoplasma and gram negative bacterial diseases of birds. Senties-Cue, G.C. Eradication of exotic Newcastle disease in Southern California. Shivaprasad, H.L. Nutritional disease of poultry. Shivaprasad, H.L. Metabolic diseases of poultry. Shivaprasad, H.L. A brief overview of Hepatitis CAHFS 2009 Annual Report E virus, Infectious Bronchitis virus and Infectious Laryngotracheitis virus infections in poultry. Brazilian Conference on Veterinary Pathology and CL Davis Foundation Brazilian Chapter Meeting, October, Águas de Lindoia, Brazil Woods, L. History of discovery of newly emerging disease: Adenovirus hemorrhagic disease. Woods, L. Emerging diseases in wildlife. Woods, L. Gross morbid anatomy: Avian wildlife diseases. Woods, L. Gross morbid anatomy: mammalian wildlife diseases. Woods, L. Gross morbid anatomy: Zoonotic diseases associated with wildlife. California Cattlemen’s Association (CCA) Cattle Health Committee Kinde, H. CAHFS update, annual meeting, November, Sparks, NV Blanchard, P. Brief CAHFS laboratory update, CCA mid-year meeting, June, Coalinga, CA California Department of Food and Agriculture Gross Pathology Workshop for Meat and Poultry Inspectors, October, Tulare, CA Moeller, R. Diseases of sheep and goats. Shivaprasad, H.L. Diseases of poultry. Adaska, J. Diseases of cattle. Blanchard, P. Diseases of pigs. California Department of Food and Agriculture Animal Health Branch Statewide Meeting, September, Sacramento, CA Crossley, B.M. Bench validation of a realtime PCR assay for surveillance and diagnostic detection of very virulent Infectious Bursal Disease virus. Kinde, H. CAHFS Update Poppenga, R. The state of diagnostic veterinary toxicology in the U.S.: Are we prepared? California Hawking Club, 38th Annual Field Meeting, January, Bakersfield, CA Shivaprasad, H.L. CAHFS and the services it offers and Selected disease of raptors with special reference to West Nile Virus. CAHFS Industry Board Annual Meeting, Davis, CA Crossley, B. Bench validation of a real-time PCR assay for surveillance and diagnostic detection of Bluetongue virus. Crossley, B. Bench validation of a real-time PCR 44 Presentations and abstracts by Faculty and Staff Members assay for surveillance and diagnostic detection of very virulent Infectious bursal disease virus. California Horse Racing Board Annual Meeting, August, Delmar, CA Kinde, H. Annual report on postmortem findings of horses with catastrophic fatalities. California Milk Advisory Board – Research Committee, August, Davis, CA Kinde, H. Proposal for a residency at CAHFS in food safety. Crossley, B. Preliminary bench validation for detection of Clostridium botulinum toxins in milk. California Polytechnic State University Dairy Science Class, May, San Luis Obispo, CA Moeller, R. Selected diseases of dairy cattle. California Veterinary Medical Association, Agriculture subcommittee, March, Sacramento, CA Kinde, H. CAHFS Update. California Wool Growers Association Annual Meeting, September, Bakersfield, CA Barr, B. Scrapie and Nor 98-like update. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal and facultat de Veterinaria, Univeristat Autonoma de Barcelona, May, Barcelona, Spain Shivaprasad, H.L. Principles of disease diagnosis in a laboratory and Proventricular dilatation disease associated with Bornavirus in psittacines. CL Davis Gross Morbid Anatomy Course, March, Bethesda, Maryland Woods, L. Gross morbid anatomy of wildlife species. College of the Sequoias Anatomy and Physiology Class, September, Visalia, CA Moeller, R. Cattle diseases as they apply to anatomy and physiology. Moeller, R. Diseases commonly seen at the diagnostic laboratory. Dairy Herdsmen Short course, (joint UCCE, CSU Fresno and UCD Veterinary school) April, Tulare, CA Moeller, R. Selected diseases of dairy cattle. Moeller, R. Necropsy procedures on a calf. Ecole Nationale Veterinaire D’Alfort, Maisons Alfort, May, Paris, France Shivaprasad, H.L. Avian histopathology: In a course on avian pathology. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Veterinary Medicine, August, Rockville, MD Poppenga, R. The multi-faceted role of CAHFS in the 2007 pet food recall. Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies, 36th Annual Meeting, October, Louisville, KY Filigenzi, M., Tor, E., Poppenga, R. and Puschner, B. Food analysis in the veterinary toxicology laboratory. Food Emergency Response Network (FERN) Annual Meeting, June, Dallas, TX Filigenzi, M.S., Tor, E.R., Puschner, B. and Poppenga, R.H. Analyzing four melamine analogs in one shot – a method evaluation in food. Food Emergency Response Network (FERN) Technical Meeting, August, New Haven, CT Filigenzi, M., Poppenga, R.H. and Puschner, B. More melamine adventures. Stump, S., Puschner, B. and Poppenga, R.H. Experiences with T025. Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (FADDL), Foreign Animal Disease Course, November, Plum Island, New York Moeller, R. Screwworms. H1N1 Influenza Special Symposium, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, May, Davis, CA Hietala, S.K. Veterinary diagnostic laboratory perspective of the novel H1N1 Influenza virus. Harper Junior High School Career Day, March, Davis, CA Crossley, B. Investigations on the molecular level. Holmes Junior High School Career Day, March, Davis, CA Current Research on Avian Diseases Conference, Western University of Health Sciences, September, Pomona, CA Shivaprasad, H.L. West Nile virus infection in psittacines and canaries. Shivaprasad, H.L. Middle ear and respiratory cryptosporidiosis in a Saker falcon. Shivaprasad, H.L. Is Bornavirus the cause of proventricular dilatation disease in psittacines? Dairy Challenge Committee, February, Tulare, CA ( Presentations continued) 45 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Presentations and abstracts by Faculty and Staff Members (Presentations continued) Crossley, B. Examples of diagnostic investigations in the veterinary field. International Congress of the European Association of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (EAVPT), July, Leipzig, Germany Knych, H.K., Destefano Shields C.E. and Stanley, S.D. Characterization of CYP3A mediated metabolism in the equine liver. Knych, H.K., Johnson, E.P., Tell, L.A. and Stanley, S.D. Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered diclofenac to horses. International Dairy Short Course, California Polytechnic State University (SLO), Tulare, CA Adaska, J. The role of the Animal health and food safety laboratory in California agriculture, March. Blanchard, P. The role of the Animal health and food safety laboratory in California agriculture, June and September. International Symposium on Avian Influenza in Poultry and Wild Birds, 7th annual, April, Athens, GA Woolcock, P., Li, J., Cardona, C.J. Immunity against avian influenza viruses emerging during an outbreak. Ramirez-Nieto, G., Kim, Ch., Lillehoj, H., Song, H., Shivaprasad, H.L., Gomez-Osorio, G., Perez, D.R. Pathobiology and host response to a Mallard H5N2 LPAI adapted in IBDV pre-exposed chickens. International Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Annual Meeting, September, Chicago, IL Schildt, J., Jutkowitz, L.A., Beal, M.W., Poppenga, R.H., Koenigshof, A. and Hauptman, J.G. Effect of activated charcoal alone versus emesis and activated charcoal on carprofen absorption following experimental overdose in dogs. Israel Dairy Delegation, May, Tulare, County Moeller, R. Dairy disease problems encountered in Tulare county. Northern San Joaquin Valley Veterinary Medical Association, April, Merced, CA Moeller, R. Neonatal diseases of cattle. Merck-Merial NIH National Veterinary Scholars Symposium, August, Raleigh, NC Roegner, A.R., Puschner, B., Dokmeci, M. Khademhosseini, A. The evaluation of the novel CAHFS 2009 Annual Report application of microscale co-culture as a rapid screening in vitro assay for hepatocellular toxicity of microcystin congeners. Midwest Poultry Federation, March, St. Paul, MN Charlton, B.R. A decade of experience with Salmonella Enteritidis in California layer industry. Mississippi State University Veterinary Medical Association Meeting, February, Starkville, MS Danny, M.L., Senties, G.C., Wilson, F., Hubbard, S.A., Cummings, T., Stayer, P., Burleson, M. and Putnam, M. Unique neurological cases in Mississippi chickens. National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) Methods meeting, December, Chicago, IL Crossley, B. EDC network National Livestock Producers Association, August, Davis, CA Adaska, J. Johne’s disease with thoughts on the potential impact on marketing. National Poultry Improvement Plan (NPIP) Conference Committee, January, Atlanta, GA Charlton, B.R., Effinger, L., Kinde, H. PCR detection of Group D Salmonella sp. and Salmonella Enteritidis Orange Belt Veterinary Medical Association, April, Riverside, CA Kinde, H. CAHFS Update Poultry Health Symposium, University of California- Davis Extension, April, Ontario, CA Stoute, S. Update on the prevalence of vvIBDV status in California poultry. Riverside County Department of Animal Services, Animal Cruelty Task Force Meeting, October, Moreno Valley, CA Anthenill, L.A. California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System and animal cruelty necropsy services. Spanish Society of Veterinary Anatomic Pathology, XXI Congress (Reunion del a Sociedad Espanola de Anatomia Pathologia Veterinaria), June, Lugo, Spain. Martinez, J. Moeller, R., Marco, A. and Blanchard, P. Terneros Hiena: Un Ejemplo De intoxicacion por vitamin A (Hyena calves: An example of vitamin A toxicity). Symposium Miloxan sobre Enterotoxemias (Miloxan Symposium on Enterotoxemia), 46 Presentations and abstracts by Faculty and Staff Members March, Madrid, Spain Ortega, J. Revisi n de enfermedades nerviosas de ovinos y caprinos (Review of nervous disease of sheep and goats). Trichomonas laboratory training and certification for veterinarians and clinics, May, Tulare, CA Blanchard P. Lecture and wet lab training on trichomonas culture methods. United States Animal Health Association (USAHA) Annual Meeting, 113th, October, San Diego, CA Barr, B. Nor 98-like Scrapie discussion and diagnostic differences (USAHA Committee on Scrapie). Senties, G. Very virulent infectious bursal disease in California: Laboratory diagnosis. (USAHA Committee on Transmissible Disease of Poultry and other Avian Species). UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine House Officers Seminar Day, March, Davis, CA Franca, M., Crespo, R., Chin, R., Woolcock. P., Shivaprasad, H.L. Retrospective study of nonsuppurative myocarditis in turkeys. Stoute, S., Cardona, C., Bauer, C.R., Cooper, G.A. and Charlton, B.R. Pigeon circovirus in Northern California commercial squab. UC Davis Council of Deans and Vice Chancellors, April, Davis, CA Kinde, H. CAHFS Update UC Davis Farm Club, Food Animal Symposium, October, Davis, CA Puschner, B. Current trends and cases in livestock toxicology. UC Provost’s Agricultural and Natural Resources Review Committee, February, Davis, CA Poppenga, R. The melamine and cyanuric acid story: The role of CAHFS. UC Toxic Substances Research & Training Program, 2nd Annual Symposium, May, Berkeley, CA Tiwary, A.K., Puschner, B., Pessah, I.N. Effects of the green tea compound – EGCG (epigallacatechin gallate) on heart preparations. University of Liege, Department of Infectious and Parasitic diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, May, Liege, Belgium Shivaprasad, H.L. Common diseases of pigeons. Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at UCD Residents training, May, Davis, CA Poppenga, R. Veterinary toxicology potpourri. Western Conference of Veterinary Diagnostic Pathologists, October, Minneapolis, MN Shahriar, F. Escherichia coli O78 polyarthritis and septicemia in goats. Western Poultry Disease Conference, 58th annual, March, Sacramento, CA Charlton, B.R., Cooper, G.L., Stoute, S., Bickford, A.A., and Senties-Cue, C.G. Enterococcus cecorum osteomyelitis. Stoute, S. Very virulent infectious bursal disease in California pullets. Stoute, S. Case report of respiratory tract trichomoniasis in commercial pigeons. Franca, M., Crespo, R., Chin, P., Woolcock, P., Senties-Cue, C.G. and Shivaprasad, H.L. Fibrinonecrotic typhlitis in turkey poults in California. Stoute, S., Woolcock, P., Jackwood, D., SommerWagner, S. E., Cooper, G.L., Senties,-Cue, G.C Bickford, A.A., Anderson, M.L. and Charlton, B.R. Case report documenting an outbreak of very virulent infectious bursal disease in Northern California pullets. Crespo, R., Shivaprasad, H.L. and Woolcock, P. Isolation and distribution of West Nile virus in embryonated eggs. Western University of Health Sciences, Student Chapter of the American Veterinary Medical Association (SCAVMA), September, Pomona, CA Moeller, R. Cattle diseases seen at the diagnostic laboratory. Wildlife Disease Association Annual Meeting, August, Blaine, WA Ruder, M.G., Bryan J.A., Keel, K., Fischer, J.R., Poppenga, R.H., Bain, M. and Pitman, J. Intoxication of non-target wildlife with rodenticides in Northwestern Kansas. Women Dairy Veterinarians Meeting, August, Turlock, CA Blanchard P. Discussion of selected diseases in dairy cattle, testing options and test interpretation. 47 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Publications and Collaborations Archer, G.S., Shivaprasad, H.L., Mench, J.A. Effect of providing light during incubation on the health, production, and behavior of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 88: 29-37. Aly, S.S., Anderson, R.J., Whitlock, R.H., Fyock, T.L., McAdams, S., Adaska, J.M., Jiang, J., Gardner, I.A. Reliability of environmental sampling to quantify Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis on California freestall dairies. Journal of Dairy Science, 92: 3634-3642. Blatchford, R.A., Klasing, K.C., Shivaprasad, H.L., Wakenell, P.S., Archer, G.S., Menchy, J.A. The effect of light intensity on the behavior and health of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 88:2028. Blumenshine, .K.M., Kinde, H., Patton, S. Biometric and disease surveillance of an insular population of feral pigs on Santa Cruz Island, California. Proceedings of the 7th California Islands Symposium. Institute for Wildlife Studies, Arcata, CA. Brosnan, R.J., Pypendop, B.H., Siao, K.T., Stanley, S.D. Dose-effects of Remifentanil on measures of anesthetic immobility and analgesia in cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 70(9): 1065-1071. Cattáneo, M., Bermudez, J., Baison, M., Meriño, I., Carvalho Filho, M.B., Nascimento, R.A.P., Lobato, F.C.F., Uzal, F.A., Assis, R.A. Botulismo por Clostridium botulinum tipo C en patos en Uruguay (Botulism by Clostridium botulinum type C in ducks in Uruguay). Analecta Veterinaria, 29: 25-27. Charlton, B., Crossley, B., Hietala, S. Conventional and future diagnostics for avian influenza. Comparative Immunology Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 32: 341-50. Chin, R.P., Garcia, M., Corsiglia, C., Riblet, S., Crespo, R., Shivaprasad, H.L., Rodriguez-Avila, A., Woolcock, P.R., Franca, M. Intervention strategies for laryngotracheitis: Impact of extended downtime. Avian Diseases, 53: 574-577. Crawford, G.C., Puschner B., Dierenfield E.S., Dunker F. Survey of minerals and fat soluble vitamins in captive black and white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata). Journal of Zoological and Wildlife Medicine, 40(4): 632-638. Crespo, R., Shivaprasad, H.L., Franca, M., Woolcook, P.R. Isolation and distribution of West CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Nile virus in embryonated eggs. Avian Diseases, 53: 600-612. Deem, S.L., Norton, T.M., Mitchell, M., Segars, A., Alleman, A.R., Cray, C., Poppenga, R.H., Dodd, M., Karesh, W.B. Comparison of blood values in foraging, nesting, and stranded loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) along the coast of Georgia, USA. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 45(1): 41-56. DiMaio Knych, H.K., DeStefano Shields, C., Buckpitt, A.R., Stanley, S.D. Equine cytochrome P450 2C92: cDNA cloning, expression and initial characterization. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 485(1): 49-55. DiMaio Knych, H.K., Steffey, E.P., Mama, K.R., Stanley, S.D. The effects of high plasma Fentanyl concentrations on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 70(10): 1193-1200. Ecco, R., Preis, I.S., Martins, N.R., Vilela, D.A., Shivaprasad, H.L. An outbreak of chlamydiosis in psittacines. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Pathology, 2: 85-90. Franca, M., Walker, R.L., Kokka, R., Shivaprasad, H.L. Aeromonas species associated with necrotizing enteritis and septicemia in an adult male ostrich (Struthio camelus). Avian Diseases, (53) 310-16. Goldstein, J., Morris, W.E., Loidl, C.F., TironiFarinatti, C., McClane, B.A., Uzal, F.A., Fernandez Miyakawa, M.E. Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin increases the small intestinal permeability in mice and rats. PLoS One, 4(9): e7065. Gonzalez, J., Puschner, B., Perez, V., Ferreras, M.C., Delgado, L., Munoz, M., Perez, C., Reyes, L.E., Velasco, J., Fernandez, V., Garcia-Marin, J.F. Nephrotoxicosis in Iberian piglets subsequent to exposure to melamine and derivatives in Spain between 2003 and 2006. Journal Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 21(4): 558-63. Grimsrud, K.N., Mama, K.R., Thomasy, S.M., Stanley, S.D. Pharmacokinetics of detomidine and its metabolites following intravenous and intramuscular administration in horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, 41(4): 361-365. ( Publications continued) 48 Publications and Collaborations • CONTINUED ( Publications continued) Haggett, E., Magdesian, K.G., Mass, J., Fielding, C.L., Puschner, B., Higgins, J., Fiack, C. Whole blood selenium concentrations in endurance horses. Veterinary Journal 2009, Aug 18. Jackwood, D.J., Sommer-Wagner, S.E., Stoute, S.T., Woolcock, P.R., Crossley, B.M., Hietala, S.K., Charlton, B.R. Characteristics of a very virulent Infectious Bursal disease virus from California. Avian Diseases, 53: 592-600. Kozikowski, T.A., Magdesian, K.G., Puschner, B. Oleander intoxication in New World camelids: 12 cases (1995-2006). Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 235(3): 305-10. Loiacono, C.M., Thomsen, B.V., Hall, S.M., Kiupel, M., Sutton, D., O’Rourke, K., Barr, B.C., Anthenill, L., Keane, D. Nor98 scrapie identified in the United States. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 21(4): 454-63 Mama, K., Whitley, K., Snell, T., Stanley, S.D. Plasma concentrations and selected behavioral and physiological effects of intravenous and intramuscular detomidine in horses. Equine Veterinary Journal, 41(8). Miller, M.A., Barr, B.C., Nordhausen, R., James, E.R., Magargal, S.L., Murray, M., Conrad, P.A., Toy-Choutka, S., Jessup, D.A., Grigg, M.E. Ultrastructural and molecular confirmation of the development of Sarcocystis neurona tissue cysts in the central nervous system of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis). International Journal of Parasitology, 39(12): 1363-72. Moeller, R.B., Puschner, B., Walker, R.L., Rocke, T.E., Smith, S.R., Cullor, J.S., Ardans A.A. Short communication: Attempts to identify Clostridium botulinum toxin in milk from three experimentally intoxicated Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 92(6): 2529-33. Odani, J.S., Blanchard, P.C., Adaska, J.M., Moeller, R.B., Uzal, F.A. Malignant edema in postpartum dairy cattle. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 21: 920-924. Ortega, J., Uzal, F., Walker, R., Kinde, H., Diab, S., Shahriar, F., Eigenheer, A., Pamma, R., Read, D. Zygomycotic lymphadenitis in slaughtered feedlot cattle. Veterinary Patholology, 4413-21. Puschner, B., Poppenga, R.H. Lead and zinc intoxication in companion birds. Compendium Continuing Education Vet, 31(1): E1-E12. Qiang, S., Ying, S., Ning, S, Guiju, Z., Zhi, C., Jiangen, F., Liqun, J., Hongzhan, X., Xuran, L., Puscher, B. Diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of 25 patients with melamine-induced kidney stones complicated by acute obstructive renal failure in Beijing Children’s Hospital. European Journal of Pediatrics, Oct 21. Senties-Cue, G., Chin, R.P., Shivaprasad, H.L. Systemic histomoniasis associated with high mortality and unusual lesions in the bursa of Fabricius, kidneys, and lungs in commercial turkeys. Avian Diseases, 53: 231-38. Shivaprasad, H.L., Kim, T., Tripathy, D., Woolcock, P.R., Uzal, F. Unusual pathology of canary poxvirus infection associated with high mortality in young and adult breeder canaries (Serinus canaria). Avian Pathology, 38(4): 311-16. Shivaprasad, H.L., Franca, M., Woolcock, P.R., Nordhausen, R., Day, M.J., Pantin-Jackwood, M. Myocarditis associated with reovirus in turkey poults. Avian Diseases, 53: 523-532. Soberano, G., Carpenter, T.E., Cardona, C., Charlton, B. Spatial distribution of free-of-charge pathology submissions to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratories during the exotic Newcastle outbreak. Avian Diseases, 53(1): 2-6. Stanley, S.D. Legal and ethical veterinary compounding. Clinical Theriogenology, 1(1): 2931. Steffey, E.P., Mama, K.R., Brosnan, R.J., Imai, A., Maxwell, L.K., Cole, C., Stanley, S.D. Recovery profile of horses following 4 hours of Desflurane anesthesia with and without recovery period co-administration of Propofol and Xylazine. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 70(8): 956-963. Stoute, S.T., Jackwood, D.J., Sommer-Wagner, S.E., Cooper, G.L., Anderson, M.L., Woolcock, P.R., Bickford, A.A., Sentíes-Cué, C.G., Charlton, B.R. The diagnosis of very virulent infectious bursal disease in California pullets. Avian Diseases, 53(2): 321-6. Stoute, S.T., Bickford, A.A., Walker, R.L., Charlton, B.R. Mycotic pododermatitis and mycotic pneumonia in commercial turkey poults in northern California. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 21(4): 554-7. 49 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Publications and Collaborations • CONTINUED Other Publications Stoute, S.T., Charlton, B.R., Bickford, A.A., Bland, M.C. Respiratory tract trichomoniasis in breeder squab candidates in Northern California. Avian Diseases, 53(1): 139-42. Tiwary, A.K., Puschner, B., Poppenga, R.H. Using roquefortine C as a biomarker for penitrem A intoxication. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 21(2): 237-9. Tiwary, A.K., Poppenga, R.H., Puschner, B. In vitro study of the effectiveness of three commercial adsorbents for binding oleander toxins. Clinical Toxicology, 47(3): 213-8. Wainwright, K.E., Lagunas-Solar, M., Miller, M.A., Barr, B.C., Melli, A.C., Packham, A.E., Zeng, N., Truong, T., Conrad, P.A. Radiofrequency-induced thermal inactivation of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in water. Zoonoses Public Health, 1363-72. Wünschmann, A., Rejmanek, D., Cruz-Martinez, L., Barr, B.C. Sarcocystis falcatula-associated encephalitis in a free-ranging great horned owl (Bubo virginianus). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 21(2): 283-7. Xing, Z., Cardona, C.J. Adams, S., Yang, Z., Li, J., Perez, D., Woolcock, P.R. Differential regulation of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines and suppression of Fas-mediated apoptosis by NS1 of H9N2 avian influenza virus in chicken macrophages. Journal of General Virology, 90: 1109-1118. Yhee, J.Y., Brown, C.A., Yu, C.H., Kim, J.H., Poppenga, R., Sur, J.H. Retrospective study of melamine/cyanuric acid-induced renal failure in dogs in Korea between 2003 and 2004. Veterinary Pathology, 46(2): 348-54. CAHFS 2009 Annual Report Crespo, R., Puschner B. Interaction of ionophore and vitamin E in knockdown syndrome of turkeys. Feed Info News Service, February 25, 2009 Moeller, R.B. Bacterial abortions of sheep and goats. Tricounty Goat News, January 2009, 1-3. Moeller, R.B. Bacterial abortions of sheep and goats. Western Region Dairy Goat News, May 2009, 3-5. Moeller, R.B. Botulism: rare, but deadly. Hoard’s Dairyman, 154(20): 750. Moeller, R.B. Nitrate poisoning: Watch your water and feed content. Western Region Dairy Goat News, May 2009, 2. Moeller, R.B., Adaska, J.M., Blanchard, P.C. Keeping on top of salmonellosis. Hoard’s Dairyman, 154(6): 207. Book Chapters Poppenga, R.H., Spoo, W: Veterinary Toxicology, Wexler, P., Hakkinen, P.J., Mohapatra, A., Gilbert, S.G., (ed). Information Resources in Toxicology, 4th ed, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 515-522. 50 Funded Projects Title of Project Johne’s Disease demonstration project in infected herds in California Principal Investigator(s) Funding Agency John Adaska USDA/APHIS/VS Jim Case USDA/APHIS/VS Characterization and identification of a novel coronavirus in alpacas Beate Crossley Alpaca Research Foundation National Animal Health Laboratory Network Sharon Hietala USDA/CSREES National Animal Health Laboratory Network Classical Swine Fever Surveillance Sharon Hietala USDA/APHIS/VS Surveillance activity of federal/state cooperative brucellosis eradication Sharon Hietala USDA/APHIS/VS Classical swine fever/pseudorabies surveillance and negative cohort study for foot and mouth disease Hailu Kinde USDA/APHIS/VS vvIBDV testing and surveillance activities Hailu Kinde USDA/APHIS/VS Robert Poppenga Food and Drug Administration Scott Stanley Pfizer The mechanism of action of C. perfringens enterotoxin Francisco Uzal University of Pittsburgh/NIH Small molecular inhibitors of C. perfringens epsilon-toxin Francsico Uzal Innovative Biologics/NIH Monoclonal immunoprotectants for select agents toxins (Mab-SAT) Francsico Uzal MAPP Biopharmaceutical/NIH National Animal Health Laboratory Network IT Infrastructure Use of LC/MS, GC/MS and ICP/ MS analysis for the screening and identification of toxic substances in food Pharmacokinetics of a new antibiotic in horses USDA/APHIS/VS: U.S. Department of Agriculture/Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service/ Veterinary Services USDA/CSREES: U.S. Department of Agriculture/Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service NIH: National Institutes of Health 51 CAHFS 2009 Annual Report 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System University of California P.O. Box 1770 Davis, CA 95617 http://cahfs.ucdavis.edu/