1. travel
2. tourist destinations
3. mexico and central america

P a g e | 1 Abstracts of SCCR Conference 2015 February 18-­‐21, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Achhpal, Beena (Southern Connecticut State University, [email protected]) Behavioral, Social Emotional and Learning Challenges Facing Teachers in Urban Classrooms This paper will report the findings of a small-­‐scale study conducted to identify the kind of behavioral, social emotional and learning challenges that urban school teachers’ experience in their classrooms. Semi-­‐structured interviews were conducted with 20 teachers from three urban school districts in Connecticut (USA). The spontaneous responses of the teachers showed that all urban school-­‐teachers in this study experienced increasingly more behavioral (physical and verbal aggression, non-­‐compliant behaviors), social and emotional challenges (poor interpersonal communication skills, mental health issues) and learning related (lack of attention and inability to keep pace with instruction) challenges in their classrooms. As teachers described these challenges, they attributed causes of these challenges to several child-­‐related and home-­‐related factors. Implications for policy will be discussed. Aloziem, Ozioma (Creighton University, [email protected]) Moreno Como Yo: Racial Perceptions among Children in the Dominican Republic Haiti and the Dominican Republic are two countries that exist side by side making up the island of Hispaniola. Despite their geographical nearness, they are completely different countries with very different colonial histories. To this day, there remains very nuanced racial tension between the two. This study sought to explore how race is experienced in the Dominican Republic. The Clark Doll Experiment was originally conducted in 1939 and designed to examine children's attitudes about race. In the original experiment, children were asked to choose between a Black and White doll and respond to a series of seven questions. This study replicated this experiment in the Dominican Republic to explore how race is perceived in children cross-­‐
culturally. Children were shown 6 dolls that ranged in skin color and hair texture and were asked 9 questions. Responses were recorded and coded for analysis. In addition to this research method, semi-­‐structured informal interviews were conducted, field notes were taken and a racial identity survey was distributed to adult participants. A translator was present for interviews conducted in Spanish. The results of the original Clark Doll Experiment found that 59% of participants chose the White doll as the “nice” doll and 59% chose the Black doll as the “bad” doll. This study found that 41.18% chose the White doll as the “nice” doll and 70.59% chose the Black doll as the “bad” doll. This would suggest that racial preference is apparent early on and may be more pronounced in the Dominican Republic. P a g e | 2 Arellano, Bryan (Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, [email protected]), Alejandra Valeria Sánchez Zenteno, Alejandro Ortiz
Ramírez, Rosalinda Guerrero Moya, Uriel Alvarado Tapia, and Jesús René
Luna Hernández Perception of Authoritarianism in Ciudad Juarez and El Paso The last seven years have been extremely hard for Ciudad Juarez. Its population has been the victim of violence at the hands of drug cartels. This aggression has contributed to an increase in police corruption and aggression toward citizens by law-­‐enforcement organizations. Recent cultural research has identified that countries that are more developed have less degree of authoritarianism by their police officers. This, however, is hardly true in Mexico, where there is a high rate of authoritarian personality in the police forces. This study aims to make a comparison about the perception of citizens of Ciudad Juarez and El Paso Texas to their respective authorities, where the intensity of the perceived attitudes in the police regarding compliance with its work was measured. A sample of forty people (twenty in Ciudad Juarez and twenty in El Paso), male and female, ages ranging from 18 to 55 years of age, participated in the study. Their perception of the authorities in their respective cities was measured with a Likert-­‐type questionnaire, which includes two open questions about stigmas towards the police. The results indicate a tendency to perceive the police in Ciudad Juarez as ineffective in fulfilling their duties, while in the city of El Paso participants tend to perceive the service as an effective police force. Results seem to reaffirm that police in Ciudad Juarez have a negative image not only among its citizens, but also among citizens of Paso TX, unlike the US police, who are respected in both cities. Armstrong, Jan (University of New Mexico, [email protected]) Grappling with Cultural Complexity in New Mexican Schools and Communities: UNM COE Kellogg Transformative Action Group This symposium examines the cultural dimensions of a university-­‐school collaboration aimed at improving educational outcomes for children, families and communities. Broadly conceived, one of the long-­‐range aims of the project was to “leverage expertise” to bring about institutional innovations leading to improved educational outcomes for students enrolled in New Mexican schools. Another aim was to re-­‐conceptualize the teacher preparation curriculum, focusing on skills new teachers need to work effectively in culturally and linguistically diverse school and community settings. Project leaders helped to identify school sites that offered opportunities for productive (mutually beneficial) school-­‐community-­‐university collaboration. One of the goals of this work has been to develop activities informed by the self-­‐identified needs of schools and communities. In 2014, faculty members from several areas of specialization established Transformative Action Groups (TAGs). Conceptually linked by a shared mission, each TAG has tailored activities in ways that integrate faculty expertise, identified school needs and the developmental levels of students (preschool, elementary, and secondary levels). The session will P a g e | 3 explore the origins and development of the project in its first year, as faculty have worked to establish closer ties between their college of education and some of the schools and communities it serves. Presenters will offer initial perspectives on the cultural complexities inherent within their communities/ school sites, focusing on insights gained through their work to date. The session includes four presentations focusing on different aspects of the work to date. The presentations are: 1) Leading transformation: perspectives on fostering collaborative school-­‐university relationships in culturally complex settings; 2) Rethinking the teacher preparation curriculum: Cultural competencies for twenty-­‐first century educators; 3) Enhancing well-­‐being in schools and communities: Taking the human sciences ‘into the field’; and 4) Transformation, preservation, and intervention to strengthen communities through school, university, and community collaborations. Armstrong, Jan (University of New Mexico, [email protected]), Beth Hale, and Veronica L. Lee Archival Images of Indigenous Youth at School: Implications for Understanding Present Situations: The proliferation of institutions for educating indigenous youth was a global phenomenon that drew the interest of photographers from the 1880’s to the 21st century (Lomawaima & Child, 2002; Provenzo, 2009). This study examined images of indigenous students photographed in classroom and school settings in the American Southwest. Using a qualitative, inductive approach, we reviewed photographs in selected books and online repositories, including the New Mexico Digital Collections, Smithsonian Institutions Collections / SIRI; The Foundation for the National Archives, and National Library of Medicine (NIH Native Voices). The images were analyzed for thematic patterns (composition, setting, people, activities, emotional tone, culturally relevant symbolic expression). A preliminary research question concerned the relative frequencies of photographs taken in classroom settings compared with those featuring vocational and extra curricular activities. We also sought to understand the changing social and political contexts that influenced the production of photographs of indigenous learners from the 1880’s to the present. The paper explores the idea that “…our personal histories are embedded in the history of the arts, institutions, and governments” (Spring, 1998, p.3). The photographs analyzed showed a shift from formal and linear arrangements of students (outside the school) toward less formal, more child-­‐
centered images taken inside classrooms. As a decolonizing research method, the analysis of such images might help to inform our understanding of “present situations” in education (Smith, 2012; Westbrook, 2009). American Indian authors and young artists offer insights into the dynamic nature of children’s responses to the boarding school experience (e.g., Katanski, 2007; Wilson, 1997). P a g e | 4 Arneson, Brittany (University of New Mexico) and Christine Romero, Rebecca Hampton, Chelsey Willis, Adrian Avila, and Shirley A. Heyiny Una Comunidad Sana: Environmental Health and Community Building Perspectives of Youth living in Colonias in the U.S./Mexico Borderlands Youth perspectives and opinions are often overseen or ignored in community-­‐
building projects and research. Recognizing the potential insights and skills youth can bring to community-­‐based research, our team designed a project focused explicitly on working with Mexican and Mexican American youth living in colonias in the El Paso/Ciudad Juarez borderlands. As unincorporated communities with little to no infrastructure, colonias often present youth and their families with heightened familial, social, and community risks. Using qualitative and quantitative research methods, we worked with a group of 18 youth to explore their perspectives and insights regarding colonia life and the challenges they face as colonia residents. Our findings reveal that youth are keenly aware of the heightened risks present in their communities and the risks they identify often differ from what adults in the colonias might pinpoint as primary risks or issues. The risks include important environmental health issues that are not necessarily at the forefront of current community improvement efforts in these particular colonias. Thus, our findings demonstrate that youth can provide important perspectives that more fully reveal the breadth of challenges colonia youth, families, and communities face today. Based on the data culled from our project and the positive feedback from the youth who participated in it, our team aims to continue to work with colonia youth to develop a future community-­‐based participatory research project designed to specifically address the community issues they have identified and to simultaneously help colonia youth develop vital community-­‐building and leadership skills. Ashdown, Brien (Hobart & William Smith Colleges, [email protected]) and Carrie M. Brown Beyond the Likert Scale: Implementing Creative Methodologies in Cultural Research Researchers and theorists have emphasized the importance of utilizing creative designs and mixed methods when conducting social science research, especially when the focus of inquiry is culture-­‐specific. Advances in cross-­‐cultural research in psychology will depend on creativity in study design and measurement. In particular, extending research methodologies beyond the use of the Likert scale will enrich data and enhance validity of conclusions. Creative approaches to assessing psychological constructs may be particularly essential when studying sensitive topics such as sexuality, health, identity, religion or racism, or when the focus is on special populations, such as adolescents or members of underrepresented groups. During this conversation hour, four researchers with experience utilizing creative designs and mixed methods with Native American, Central American, and southern African populations will informally discuss how they implemented these designs and methods. The conversation will include the benefits and challenges of such research, with high audience participation expected. P a g e | 5 Ashdown, Brien (Hobart & William Smith Colleges, [email protected]) and Monica C. Skewes Indigenous Health Research: Considering Culture Considering and assessing cultural influences on health is crucial for understanding ethnic minority health disparities. Cultural beliefs and traditions influence beliefs about alcohol problems, sexual risk taking, and other health behaviors. Ethnic identity, stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination also are important factors in health behaviors and health-­‐related decision making. This symposium explores ways in which cultural beliefs and traditions, as well as others’ perceptions about those cultural variables, may impact health attitudes, behaviors, and outcomes. Specifically, we will discuss ethnic identity and cultural stereotypes surrounding alcohol among Indigenous peoples in Guatemala and in Alaska. The focus will be on the importance of including cultural variables in health disparities research, both to better understand cultural influences on behavioral health and to develop effective intervention programs. Principles and challenges of conducting ethical research with Indigenous communities also will be discussed. Ashdown, Brien (Hobart & William Smith Colleges, [email protected]) Measuring Interpersonal Acceptance and Rejection in Guatemala Interpersonal acceptance-­‐rejection theory (IPARTheory) promotes that interpersonal acceptance is fundamentally and cross-­‐culturally important. Humans need to feel accepted by the people most important to them in childhood, and when this need is not adequately met, people tend to respond in the same way regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, and other defining features. IPARTheory and its measures have been validated in a multitude of countries, including South Africa, Kuwait, Puerto Rico, Egypt, Mexico, and Colombia, to name a few. However, IPARTheory and its measures have not been validated in Guatemala. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the psychometric properties of three of IPARTheory’s measures among a Guatemalan sample: (1) Adult Parental Acceptance and Rejection Questionnaire: Mother (PARQ: Mother), (2) Adult Parental Acceptance and Rejection Questionnaire: Father (PARQ: Father), and (3) Personality Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ). Participants (N = 86; 80.2% female) had a mean age of 21.4 years (SD = 3.4). All three measures had acceptable Cronbach’s alphas (PARQ: Mother = .94; PARQ: Father = .95; PAQ = .92). The PARQ: Mother and PARQ: Father correlated with each other (r = .37, p < .001), as expected; and the PAQ correlated with the PARQ: Father (r = .32; p < .001) and PARQ: Mother (r = .36, p < .001), also as expected. The results of this study support and extend IPARTheory’s relevance in Guatemala. P a g e | 6 Ashdown, Brien (Hobart & William Smith Colleges, [email protected]), Olivia Hanno and Kristin Ressell Sex and Gender Role Attitudes among Rural Highland Guatemalan Adolescents Understanding how demographic and cultural variables influence adolescents’ attitudes about gender roles, sexual rights, and reproductive knowledge plays a vital role in shaping education policy, particularly sexual education curriculum. For example, based on the gender intensification hypothesis, previous research has demonstrated that an individual’s gender influences his or her gender role attitudes, with men more likely to endorse cultural machismo than women. The current study explores age, gender, primary language, and community/village as possible demographic and cultural variables that affect participants’ gender attitudes. We explored these attitudes, such as education for women and access to contraception, among participants from highland Guatemalan villages (N = 348; Mean age = 13.12 years, SD = 1.91 years). The data analyses show that older participants were less likely to endorse sexual rights (r = -­‐.21, p = .013), students in higher grades were more likely to have heard about family planning (F(2,144)=8.59, p < .000), and that students from different villages had different levels of understanding about topics such as AIDS (F(4,338)=3.74; p = .005). We have recently collected a second wave of data from the same group of participants, and will include a discussion of these longitudinal results in our presentation. These findings suggest that there is a need for standardization in sexual education programs in Guatemala to more successfully raise awareness about sexual rights and decrease rates of adolescent pregnancy. Ashdown, Brien (Hobart & William Smith Colleges, [email protected]), and Monica Skewes Who’s an Alcoholic? Perceptions of Ethnic Identity Influence Perceptions of Alcohol Use Bias between the two major cultural groups in Guatemala (non-­‐Indigenous Ladinos and Indigenous Maya) is well documented. This study explored this bias in Guatemala via socio-­‐cultural beliefs – specifically, the way that Guatemalans of both groups perceive alcohol use by both in-­‐ and out-­‐group members. Research in the USA has demonstrated a belief that members of indigenous groups struggle to control alcohol use, referred to as the Firewater Myth. We hypothesized that belief in the Firewater Myth extends to Guatemala – namely that Indigenous Mayans are perceived to struggle with alcohol more than Ladinos. Participants (N = 122; 65.6% female; Mean age = 21.7) completed measures of ethnic identification, attitudes toward both cultural groups, and the Firewater Myth. Participants also read one of two sets of vignettes describing different levels of drinking behavior. The vignettes were identical except that one set featured an Indigenous person and the other a Ladino. Participants indicated whether the person in the vignette had a problem with alcohol. Participants with more positive attitudes toward Indigenous Guatemalans were less likely to endorse the Firewater Myth in regards to Indigenous people (r = -­‐.34, p = .02) and participants with higher socioeconomic status tended to perceive Indigenous people as alcoholics (r = .38, p = .006). Gender, P a g e | 7 age, and ethnicity also influenced participants’ perceptions of drinking behavior. This provides the first step in beginning to understand the issues related to alcohol misuse that Guatemalans face in the process of developing effective interventions for alcoholism in the country. Apavaloaie, Loredana (Western Carolina University, [email protected]) Parenting and Internalizing Behavioral Adjustment: The Mediating Role of Teacher-­‐
Student Relationships Literature has shown that children’s quality of relationships with their parents and teachers influences their internalizing behaviors (Barone & Lionetti, 2012). This study aimed to expand the literature by examining whether children’s representations of parenting and quality of their relationship with teachers are related to children’s internalizing behaviors in a Romanian population. Forty-­‐six Romanian preschoolers completed a story-­‐stem interview (Buchsbaum et al., 1992). The stories were coded for parental empathic discipline. Closeness and conflict in teacher-­‐student relationships were assessed with the Student-­‐Teacher Relationship Scale (Pianta, 1992) completed by teachers. Children’s internalizing behaviors were assessed with parents and teachers’ reports of the Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation (LaFreniere & Dumas, 1996). Children who represented their parents as high in empathic discipline were rated by their teachers as showing lower levels of internalizing behavior. Children who had closer relationships and those with less conflictual relationships with their teachers were perceived by their teachers as showing lower levels of internalizing behavior. Bootstrapping approach showed that children’s close relationships with their teachers were a mediator of the relationship between children’s representations of parental empathic discipline and teachers’ reports of internalizing behavior, as the 95% CI for the indirect effect does not contain zero, ranging from -­‐1.32 to -­‐0.16. Results suggest that children’s close relationships with teachers have an effect on their internalizing behaviors. Thus, it is important for children to develop high quality relationships with teachers in the preschool years to facilitate internalizing behaviors. Baek, Seon Gi (Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea, [email protected]) Migrant Workers, Media Coverage, and Cross-­‐Cultural Implications The purpose of this study was to investigate coverage, its patterns and narratives of Korean media on migrant workers, and discuss in-­‐depth meanings and cultural implications in the Korean society. Since 1990s number of migrant workers has rapidly increased in order to attain ‘the Korean Dream’. They came mostly from Southeast Asian countries and worked in labor-­‐tensed industries such as wooden-­‐
product factories, small parts of machine factories, etc. Currently, its number went up to 2 million to become a powerful group to threaten Korean workers. The author was interested in how the Korean media tended to cover migrant workers with specific signs and narratives, in which way they tried to depict them, and what kinds of cross-­‐cultural implications such media coverage would address in the Korean society. From Jan. 1, 2004 to Oct. 30, 2014, televised coverage about P a g e | 8 them was collected from main news programs of three TV stations; that is, KBS-­‐1 TV, MBC TV and SBS TV. Such televised coverage was divided into linguistic representations and image ones. Each of them was analyzed by several semiotic research methods and discourse analyses. As a result of this study, it was firstly found that the Korean TV tended to cover migrant workers from the dichotomous structure as ‘us vs. them’, ‘majority vs. minority’, ‘subject vs. object’, ‘rich vs. poor’, etc. Migrant workers were framed as ‘the other’ even though they have culturally assimilated to the Korea culture. Secondly, It had a tendency of depicting them in various ways such as ‘lowest level of laborers’, ‘3D workers’, ’minorities’, ‘poor country peoples’, ‘violent peoples’, ‘suspects of criminals’, etc. Thirdly, it have developed various discourses about them such as discourses of ‘workers from poor countries’, ‘less-­‐professional workers’, ‘Southeast Asians’, ‘black-­‐skin workers’, ‘uneducated peoples’, ‘tough, wild and angry workers’, ‘violent peoples’, ‘criminal suspects’, etc. Fourthly, it tended to suggest them with various news articles that they should assimilate to the Korean working culture in specific as well as the Korean culture in general. The migrant workers ought to cope with Korean working culture and more sensitive to the Korean culture in order not to encounter serious conflicts with Korean workers at factories. Fifthly, recently the Korean media began to pay more intensive attention on them with suspicious perspectives of ‘suspects of criminal’, ‘hatred peoples’, ‘potential threats in the future’, ‘societal dieses such as cancers’, etc. after number of them reached up to 2 million. In short, it concluded that the Korean media would tend to consider them as ‘potential threats in the future’ against the Korean society rather than as ‘members of Korean society, even though they have already assimilated to the Korean culture. Baek, Seon Gi (Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea, [email protected]), and Slgi Lee Newspaper Coverage, Representations, and Discourses of Migrant Workers: A Cross-­‐Cultural Approach on Newspaper Coverage of Migrant Workers in Korean Society This paper attempted to figure out coverage patterns of Korean newspapers on migrant workers, representations for them, and discourses about them. Since 2005 the migrant workers have taken an important part in the industry, especially heavy-­‐
weight industry, and began to outnumber over Korean workers at small-­‐size factories. The authors mainly concerned changes of perspectives about them in the newspapers from 2005 to 2014, figured out changes of discourses about them, and speculated such changes culturally in the Korean society. They selected three newspapers – ‘Chosun Ilbo, Hankyerae shinmun, Kyunghyang Shinmun -­‐ as main research objects, and collected news items about migrant workers from Jan. 1, 2005 to Oct. 30, 2014. Such news items were analyzed by several semiotic research methods and discourse analyses. As a result of this study, it was firstly found that migrant workers were portrayed as ‘minorities’, ‘marginal objects’, ‘abnormal human beings’ and ‘alienated’ or ‘separated’ members’ of society. Secondly, they were treated as ‘the other’ on the basis of dichotomous structure of ‘us vs. them’, even though they have already assimilated to the Korean culture and become P a g e | 9 members of Korean society ethnically. Thirdly, they were represented under categories such as ‘physical minority’, ‘economic minority’, ‘racial minority’, ‘gender minority’ and ‘ethnic minority’. Fourthly, Korean newspapers produced negative discourses about them over times likewise ‘low level of working class’ discourse, ‘irresponsible workers’ discourse, ‘workers from poor countries’ discourse, ‘money-­‐
seekers’ discourse, ‘careless peoples’ discourse, ‘suspects of criminals’ discourse, ‘potential threats to the future’, etc. Fifthly, migrant workers began to be considered as kinds of dangerous or criminal ethnic communities to damage the mono-­‐cultural Korean society. In short, it concluded that such migrant workers were positioned as ‘the other’, ‘marginal persons’ and ‘minorities’ ethnically as well as culturally in the Korean society. Bader, Lauren (University of Tennessee, [email protected]), Daniela Salinas, Alex Tucker Norris, Carin Neitzel, and Hillary Fouts Cultural Differences in Child-­‐Rearing Beliefs in an Urban Informal Settlement in Kenya Cultural beliefs about parenting and children’s development influence how parents provide care for children. However, very little is known about cultural beliefs related to parenting and child development in culturally diverse urban slum environments and how parents’ ethnicity may connect to various parenting strategies in the same community. In this study we explore child-­‐rearing beliefs and practices among four different ethnic groups in an urban slum in Kenya. Twenty-­‐
nine households in an informal urban settlement in Kenya were included in this study. The households represent four ethnic groups: Kamba, Kikuyu, Luo, Maasai. The youngest child in the family between the age of 2 and 4 years served as the focal child for this study. Semi-­‐structured interviews were conducted to explore caregiver practices and beliefs related to childrearing and development. Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed using the qualitative data analysis software Nvivo10. Three superordinate themes emerged from the data analysis: 1) Behavior expectations and goals, 2) Child needs, 3) Parenting roles. There were notable differences across ethnic groups in the extent to which they discussed expectations of independence, sociability, and responsibility for their child, and their expressed emphasis on children’s need for spirituality and play. There also were differences between ethnic groups in the ways in which they discussed their roles as caregivers and providers for their children. Additionally, there were distinct differences within ethnic groups in their profiles of expectations and goals, and identified child needs and parenting roles. These between and within group differences will be explored. Bakker, Johannes (Hans) (Brandon University, Canada, [email protected]) Chicago and Canadian Sociology: Carl Dawson, Harold Innis and Ernest Burgess The University of Chicago attracted two key thinkers from Canada, Carl Dawson and Harold Innis. When they arrived they studied with Ernest Burgess and became convinced that the discipline of sociology would assist them with promoting social justice issues better than the ministry (Shore 1985). Burgessl a native of Tilbury, P a g e | 10 Ontario, taught them sociology, along with his co-­‐author Robert Park. Thorstein Veblen also taught at Chicago. All of these thinkers were involved in cross cultural research, not only comparing Canada and the U.S., but also reaching out to theories which applied globally. The Chicago School of Sociology is well known, but few Americans realize the extent to which Canadians were also involved in very meaningful ways. The idea can be extended to Erving Goffman, a native of Dauphine, Manitoba. Barbudo Segura, Tania Edith (Autonomous University of Carmen, Mexico, [email protected]), Alejandra Domínguez, and Javier Rivera Psychological Well-­‐Being: Profile of Sociodemographic Related Factors for College Students from Carmen Island, Mexico This study examined psychological well-­‐being, and a set of sociodemographic factors, including need for and attendance to psychological counseling, among students from the local public university at Carmen Island, Mexico. 380 participants completed a sociodemographic survey and a culturally relevant adaptation of the Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-­‐Being composed by seven dimensions: self-­‐
acceptance (SA), positive relations with others (PR), autonomy (AU), environmental mastery (EM), purpose in life (PL), personal growth (PG), vitality (VI) and inner resources (IR). Analysis of variance revealed differences on AU by gender, on all of the dimensions but on EM and on PG by socioeconomic status, on PG by assistance to psychological counseling, and on SA, PR and AU by need for psychological counseling. Implications will be discussed in terms of impact for a college counseling program. Barry, Herbert (University of Pittsburg, [email protected]) Per Capita Gross Domestic Product is Negatively Correlated with Population when Nearby Nations are Compared Quantitative information in the 2003 World Almanac was recorded on almost 200 nations. Variables include per capita gross domestic product and a logarithmic transformation of the human population. Correlations between these two variables were calculated on the scores of individual societies. A disadvantage is that geographical differences can affect the correlations. Application of the correlations to the difference between pairs of nearby nations controlled and thereby negated the effects of geographical differences. The correlation of per capita gross domestic product with the human population was -­‐.44 when applied to the difference between nearby pair members and -­‐.13 when applied to scores of individual nations. Some of the nations have small populations, less than 100,000. The same analysis was applied to approximately half of the nations, with a population of five million or more humans. The results were similar: correlation of -­‐.41 applied to the difference between nearby pair members and -­‐.01 applied to scores of individual nations. A possible explanation of the large negative correlations, applied to differences between paired nearby nations, is that the pair member with the larger population is usually more severely divided between a small proportion of P a g e | 11 privileged, rich people and much more numerous poor people who have inferior opportunities to be productive. The United States may have evolved toward more severe division as the population has increased. Severe division also characterizes the two nations with the largest population: China and India. Bartholomew, Theodore (University of Nebraska – Lincoln, [email protected]) Beliefs about Psychological Distress and its Treatment among the Ovambo of Northern Namibia Cultures, including those throughout Africa where indigenous healing practices remain prominent (Mpofu et al., 2011), naturally develop beliefs about mental illness and means of intervening with distress (Mariarch, 2003). The current study aimed to explore how psychological distress is perceived in a specific cultural group in Northern Namibia – the Ovambo. Therefore, the central question of this ethnographic study became what are the cultural perceptions of psychological distress and its treatment among the Ovambo? Participants (N = 22) were Ovambo individuals living in Northern Namibia that were able to articulate their understandings of psychological distress (n = 14), a traditional healer (n = 1), and trained counselors (n = 7). Each was interviewed using a semi-­‐structured interview protocol. Observations and informal interviews occurred in my daily experiences living in Northern Namibia. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Six themes were identified. Themes address etiological beliefs of mental illness, including beliefs about witchcraft and modern, sometimes religious, explanations. These beliefs were also salient in the choice between traditional healing as a modality of care and Westernized counseling services. Preferred modality of care was influenced by perceptions of efficacy and fraudulent practices that now overshadow traditional healing. Additionally, a culturally-­‐specific set of psychological symptoms was identified and tied to Ovambo etiological beliefs about psychological distress. This study is the first to explore Ovambo-­‐specific beliefs about psychological distress and treatment. The findings emphasize understanding culturally unique perceptions of mental health. Implications for understanding psychological distress from a within-­‐culture perspective will be discussed. Basha, Shaimaa (Helwan University, [email protected]) Validation of the Egyptian Version of the Intimate Partner In an effort to assess the reliability, and validity of the Egyptian version of Intimate partner Acceptance-­‐ Rejection/ Control Questionnaire (IPAR/CQ) prepared by Ronald P. Rohner, study were conducted in Egypt. A sample of (N= 151) Egyptian married adults (70 men and 81 women) ranged from 22 through 60 years (M= 38.38, SD= 9.546). Results obtained in the Egyptian sample were consistent with other validation studies conducted in the U.S., Turkey, and India, with regard to reliability coefficients for the Egyptian IPAR/CQ scales, the measure’s factor structure. the IPAR/CQ is a reliable, and valid measure for assessing the perceptions of intimate partner acceptance-­‐ rejection and behavioral control in Egypt. P a g e | 12 Basha, Shaimaa (Helwan University, [email protected]) Perceived Intimate Partner Rejection, Behavioral Control and Its Relation to Personality Dispositions: Resilience as Protective Factor among Married Adults in Egypt The aims of this study was to examine relationship between Perceived intimate partner Rejection, Behavioral control, personality dispositions, and resilience, among married Egyptian couples., study attempts to find out the role of Resilience as protective factor between personality dispositions and Perceived intimate partner Rejection , behavioral control. It aims also to finding the differences between males and females in Perceived intimate partner Rejection, behavioral control, personality dispositions, and resilience. Participants consisted of 233 Egyptian married couples (M= 37,85; SD=9,119). The Measuring Instruments used were: personal information sheet, intimate partner Acceptance-­‐ Rejection/ Control Questionnaire (IPAR/ CQ) (Rhoner, 2005) prepared and adapted into Arabic by the researcher. Adult personality Assessment Questionnaire (Adult PAQ) prepared and adapted into Arabic by (Salama, 1986), Resilience scale (Wagnild, 2009) prepared and adapted into Arabic by the researcher. The results shows that are significant differences exist between mean scores of males and females in perceived rejection, Behavioral control, and resilience, favoring females. A positive correlation exists between males' and females' scores in Perceived Intimate Partner Rejection, Behavioral control and their scores on personality dispositions. A negative correlation exists between males' and females' scores in Perceived Intimate Partner Rejection and their scores on resilience. When the effect of resilience, is partialled out, the association between Perceived Intimate Partner Rejection, behavioral control and personality dispositions decreased in magnitude for both males and females. Bedore, Sherley (Texas Tech University, [email protected]), and Elizabeth Trejos Ethnicity and Self: Looking at Self-­‐Concept through a Cross-­‐Cultural Lens As humans we are connected in many ways. Our connectedness lays the foundation for how we develop economically, physically, and, most importantly, mentally (i.e., how we develop the self). Individual self-­‐conceptions are not just inherently multidimensional (socio-­‐cultural, emotional, etc.), they also outline how we should behave as individuals, in groups, cultures, and societies; ultimately those conceptualizations transform into complex ways to understand how we are perceived and categorized by others (e.g., ethnicity, race) (Montemayor & Eisen, 1977; Paterson, 2006). Understanding how self-­‐concept develops might provide useful insights on key aspects of human action and socialization as well as the symbolic meanings that individuals develop over time as a way to “filter” and “categorize” the self and others (Baby, 2012; Paterson, 2006). Informed by Symbolic Interaction Theory and Socio-­‐cultural Theory, the current study uses a qualitative approach to examine both similarities and differences in trait components of the P a g e | 13 self-­‐concept among N=9 participants from different ethnic/cultural backgrounds (Mead, 1934; Vygotsky, 1934/2000). Results provides preliminary evidence that self-­‐concept is part of a developmental process that unfolds over time. Results also show that individuals are outwardly affected by cultural socialization and that they develop an internal filtering mechanism that allows them to construct a unique self-­‐
concept. Theoretical implications of the current study including where on the nature/nurture continuum the development of self-­‐concept may lie will be discussed. Practical implications of study findings as well as broader impact of the importance of understanding the development of self-­‐concept for applications with cross-­‐cultural populations will be discussed. Belgrade, Andrea (University of Minnesota: Twin Cities, [email protected]), and Moin Syed Assessing an Initiative to Improve the International Student Housing Experience College campuses are seeing an influx of international students, but little is being done in the university residential halls to help these students adjust to life in the US. Recognizing this fact, Housing and Residential Life at the University of Minnesota formed a new living learning community called Students Crossing Borders (SCB). The community seemed to be successful, but there was no empirical support to back the anecdotal evidence. This longitudinal study, spanning the academic year, assessed roughly half of the SCB first-­‐year international students on self-­‐report measures of positive adjustment and compared them with a group of first-­‐year international students living in the general university housing system. Using a repeated measures ANOVA, SCB residents showed an increase in social connectedness (p<.001), while general housing residents gained in personal growth and self-­‐acceptance (p<.001). Why did each group lead to strong gains in one area and not the other? The two groups were not randomly assigned, and their preference might reflect differing levels on a developmental pathway. SCB members began with lower social connectedness; it is possible that to gain in personal growth and self-­‐acceptance one must first experience social connectedness with one’s peers. Another explanation for these results is that distinct living environments influence growth: SCB promotes a more interdependent self while general housing promotes an independent self. This difference in community structure was observed during the two years the first author served as the International Resources Coordinator. Belgrade, Andrea (University of Minnesota: Twin Cities, [email protected]), Matthew Taylor, Kevin Mwaba, and Nicolette Roman Ethnic Identity among Coloured South Africans and Biracial US Citizens Multiracial individuals are invisible in the United States. Until the 2000 census, people were not allowed to select multiple racial categories. Even with growing recognition of multiethnic identity, biracial people, including President Barack Obama, often choose to identify as mono-­‐racial. South Africa’s Western Cape presents a very different case. Europeans mixed with Cape slaves and the P a g e | 14 indigenous Khoisan, and the children that resulted were placed in an intermediate category called ‘coloured.’ Unlike many multiracial people in the United States, coloured people in South Africa identify themselves as such. While it may seem that South Africa’s racial climate is more conducive to strong identity formation, there is no empirical evidence to support that claim. The goal of this study is to examine the difference in the strength of ethnic identity (Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure) among multiracial individuals in these two countries. We contacted US participants via an online survey platform, while our South African participants were recruited from the University of the Western Cape and local community centers. We found that coloured South Africans (n=200) compared to their biracial US counterparts (n=101), showed significantly higher scores of ethnic identity search (p<.001) and marginally significant higher scores of affirmation, belonging and commitment to their group (p=.052). This difference in ethnic identity most likely reflects the relative strength of the multicultural community in South Africa. Belgrade, Andrea (University of Missouri, [email protected]), Matthew Taylor, Kevin Mwaba, and Nicolette Roman Multiracial Identity in South Africa and the US The 2000 U.S. census represented the first in history where mixed race citizens could select multiple racial categories to better conceptualize their racialized experience and identity; many still identify monoracially. Since colonial times, the multiracial/multiethnic Cape Coloureds of South Africa’s Western Cape have been identified. Unlike many multiracial people in the United States, the Coloureds in South Africa identify themselves as such. The goal of this study was to examine the difference in ethnic identity among multiracial individuals in these two countries. One-­‐hundred self-­‐identified Black-­‐White biracial U.S. participants were recruited via social media to complete the MEIM (Phinney, year?) online, while 200 Coloured South Africana were recruited from the University of the Western Cape and local community centers. T-­‐tests suggest that Coloured South Africans had significantly higher scores of ethnic identity search and affirmation, belonging and commitment to group. These differences may be attributable to different historical cultural conceptualizations of and experiences of multiracialness. In the US, mixed race individuals were historically considered Black and were accepted into the Black community. Presently, this may contribute to a more diffuse and varied identification framework; some identify as mixed race while others Black. Conversely, Coloured South Africans may have the benefit of unifying cultural themes and traits. Part of this may be due to the fact that they have long occupied specific “space” within South African culture; both physical space (e.g., neighborhoods) and social/racial space. This may have served to unify the group culturally and individuals in their cohesive identity. P a g e | 15 Best, Deborah L (Wake Forest University, [email protected]) and Trisha Folds-­‐
Bennett Children’s Learning Environments Children are born into rich learning environments that are governed by parental ethnotheories about children and parenting, as well as socialization goals shaped by the cultural context. Parents communicate the importance of various behaviors by their actions toward and reactions to their children’s behaviors and by the organization of family activities. Teachers, peers, and other socialization agents help shape children’s culturally-­‐appropriate behaviors, providing a framework for cultural transmission of values and behaviors. Parents socialize children to learn behaviors that are appropriate within their cultural context. Parents’ expectations about children’s emotional competence guide children’s emotional learning. Home and caregiving responsibilities that parents assign help children learn aspects of adult roles. Indeed, parents’ aspirational goals shape children's educational and career aspirations. Throughout the socialization process, children develop concepts of the ideals for women and men in various roles within their cultures. This symposium will explore some aspects of children’s learning environments within various cultural contexts. Bhangaokar, Rachana (The M. S. University of Baroda, [email protected]) Gandhian Philosophy, Mentoring and Youth Civic Engagement in India: Indicators of Positive Self Development Mahatma Gandhi remains an influential proponent of peace and nonviolence (ahimsa) across the world. Gandhi emphasized the spirit of practice more than the form, specifying that the spirit be consistent with the basic belief in truth, peace and nonviolence. A qualitative study was carried out to describe the civic engagement experiences of 13 youth and 9 mentors volunteering at Gandhian institutions in programs for social and community development in different parts of Gujarat. The participants were selected purposively using the snow ball technique and in depth interviews were carried out. Civic engagement within a Gandhian paradigm brought a unique dimension of tolerance, love and friendship to the process of volunteering and self-­‐development for the participants. Shared understanding of Gandhian ideas, beliefs and practices included accepting each other peacefully with a sentiment of surrender and spirituality. In the process, youth became mindful of their selves and could focus inwardly on becoming better human beings. Mentors focused on "being" Gandhians rather than "creating" Gandhians and practiced the principles of simplicity, compassion, kindness and equanimity in their own lives, inspiring youth without direct preaching or coercion. The study found that youth civic engagement within the clear frames of Gandhian philosophy has tremendous potential for positive self-­‐transformation. In a world inching closer to violence every day, Gandhian mentors can build bridges for more youth to engage with the spirit of Gandhian philosophy and embrace peace and nonviolence in their lives. * Project funded by the Indian Council of Philosophical Research (ICPR), New Delhi (2012-­‐
14). P a g e | 16 Brown, Carrie (Agnes Scott College, [email protected]) and Brien K. Ashdown IPARTheory: Culture, Context, and Correlates – PART I & II IPARTheory (formally known as PARTheory) posits that our perception of being accepted or rejected by parents, peers, teachers and others influences us in many areas, including personality, future relationships, academic achievement, and well-­‐
being, to name a few. IPARTheory has been validated in several cultures and countries around the world, demonstrating a robust validity and reliability when appropriately translated and administered. This two-­‐part symposium will include presentations that extend IPARTheory’s relevance to places such as China, Bangladesh, Turkey, Thailand, and Guatemala, and to people who identify as transgender. This symposium will also highlight the influence of IPARTheory on constructs including hoarding, coping, psychological adjustment and maladjustment, and self-­‐acceptance. Brown, Carrie (Agnes Scott College, [email protected]) Connecting Interpersonal Acceptance-­‐Rejection Theory with Hoarding Hoarding has been examined in association with stressful and traumatic life events (Cromer et al., 2007), childhood history of parental psychiatric illness (Samuels et al., 2008), and physical maltreatment during childhood (Hartl et al., 2005), but it has not yet been examined in association with interpersonal acceptance-­‐rejection theory. IPARTheory proposes that, across cultures, humans need to feel accepted by the people most important to them in childhood and when this need is not met negative outcomes are likely (Rohner, 1999). The purpose of this preliminary study was to test for possible connections between hoarding and IPARTheory. One-­‐
hundred-­‐thirty-­‐one females (M age = 29.95, SD = 10.83) living in the United States completed an online survey including both the mother (alpha = .96) and father (alpha = .97) versions of the Adult Parental Acceptance-­‐Rejection Questionnaire: Short Form (Rohner & Khaleque, 2005) and the Hoarding Rating Scale (Tolin et al., 2010; alpha = .82). Based on pre-­‐designated cutoff scores, the participants were placed into two groups: non-­‐hoarding (n = 100) and hoarding (n = 31). Although both groups reported, on average, substantial perceived paternal acceptance, the hoarding group reported significantly less perceived paternal acceptance than the non-­‐hoarding group: t(127) = -­‐2.08, p = .04. Further, a higher percentage of participants in the hoarding group reported qualitatively more perceived paternal rejection than acceptance (26%) than participants in the non-­‐hoarding group (14%). No significant results were found for perceived maternal rejection. The results of this preliminary study suggest an association between hoarding and IPARTheory. P a g e | 17 Brown, Jill (Creighton University, [email protected]) Parenting from Afar: Reconfiguring the Family across Distance The definition of family as a conjugal group consisting of parents and children living in the same household is in the process of a profound reworking; one that includes the constellation of family life that exists around the world. Increased migration and mobility have challenged traditional notions of what constitutes a family, yet much mainstream research relies upon past notions of a cohesive unit under one domicile. Many families today are separated across distance and maintain ties in a multitude of ways. And while researchers have increasingly paid attention to this new picture of the family, much of this work has focused on transnational families separated by overseas migration as a result of work. In fact, family separation and long distance parenting results from a multitude of reasons and occur in various contexts. This symposium addresses 3 different contexts of parenting from a distance. First, the voluntary practice of child fosterage in southern Africa. Second, Filipino women who have migrated away from natal families to work as nannies. Third, upper class Indian families in the US who send children back to India during childhood. By better understanding how we parent from a distance, this symposium synthesizes ideas of kinship, relationships and bonding and will help broaden our own ideas of parenting and family life. By illuminating how our ecological niche both affords and constrains parenting options to include the implications of distance, this work ultimately broadens our definition of family. Brown, Jill (Creighton University, [email protected]), and Theodore Bartholomew Beyond The Single Study: A Longitudinal Look at Mixed Methodology throughout the Career of a Researcher Mixed methods reflect a philosophical and practical approach to integrating different ways of knowing. Quantitative and qualitative phases build from and influence one another in mixed methods, allowing researchers to foster deeper understanding of a given phenomenon. The implementation of mixed methods within culturally-­‐oriented research has been well documented (Bartholomew & Brown, 2012; Harkness et al., 2006, Weisner, 2012) and provides cultural researchers with an avenue of contextualizing findings. However, the mixing of methodology is not new. Anthropologists and cultural psychologists have routinely used quantitative and qualitative data to ask cross-­‐cultural questions across their career, both explicitly and implicitly valuing the data provided by each methodology. This presentation analyzes the work of Beatrice Blyth Whiting (1914-­‐
2004). Data includes her early fieldwork among the Paiute Indians in Oregon in 1943 through her last publication of "Ngecha: A Kenyan Community in a Time of Rapid Social Change," with Carolyn Edwards (2004) as well as interviews with former students and colleagues. By utilizing her methods which combined the anthropologist's knowledge of local communities and families with the psychologist's systematic assessments of child behavior and development this P a g e | 18 presentation explores how mixed methodologies are implemented across a career of social scientific inquiry. Brown, Jill (Creighton University, [email protected]), and Fabiola Roman Memes, Morals, and Mobility: Parenting from a distance in Namibia African childrearing has been documented as primarily social in nature and driven by responsibility and respect for elders (Nsamenang, 1992). Socially distributed care is common and reflects strong kinship ties that serve as a social welfare system in times of need. The practice of child migration in and out of kin networks in Namibia is prevalent with as high as 40% of children not living with biological parents (DHS, 2000). The practice also offers a look into key developmental questions of nature and nurture, as children leave natal homes and primary attachments to live elsewhere for years at a time. But before these questions can be answered more needs to be known about the structure, function, and experience of child fosterage. Embedded in a cultural tradition in northern Namibia, this study explores how fosterage is experienced and how the experience is evolving under rapid social change. Participant observation, along with 20 ethnographic interviews were conducted between November-­‐December 2014. Three themes will be discussed. First, flexibility within the fosterage system is driven by diverse motivations of both sending and receiving ‘parents’. Second, two co-­‐existing parallel practices of fostering exist, one out of necessity and two out of the desire to teach perseverance and moral development. Third, a strong matrilineal kinship system supports participation in the movement of children but change to more unilineal patterns discourage fosterage. Fourth, parental negotiation that does not privilege children’s perspectives dominates how parents traverse the distance. Brown-­‐Leonardi, Carol (Open University, UK, [email protected]) Reindeer Champions: Culture, Rituals and Training Race Reindeer Reindeer racing is a sport that is unique to the Scandinavian and Russian Arctic countries. The paper is based on fieldwork carried out in Finnish Lapland in which the process of training race reindeer and the reindeer race competition is examined. It gives some insight into the cultural practices that are used to train reindeer to race and the relationship that is nurtured between the race reindeer and trainer. The paper focuses primarily on two key ethnographic interviews from the field and uses additional fieldwork data to support the points of discussion. The paper gives insight into the concept of ownership and what is considered to be a 'good' race reindeer. The reindeer trainers understanding of the semi-­‐domesticated reindeer challenges the concept of what it means to be 'wild.' This is taken into consideration in an examination of the process of the further domestication and training of the reindeer to race. The research explores the nature of the racing environment and the uniqueness of the reindeer racing event and aspects that makes it traditional and appealing both as a Northern sport and a symbol of Northern identity. P a g e | 19 Buckingham, Sara (University of Maryland, Baltimore County, [email protected]), Surbhi Godsay, Lindsay Emery, Jill Scheibler, Mitra Coutier-­‐Delgosha, Anne Brodsky and Taylor Sheldon Contact, Connection, & Power: How Interactional Community Dynamics Impact Latino Immigrant Attitudes and Actions Research indicates that immigrant wellbeing depends upon interactions between immigrants’ characteristics and goals, and receiving communities’ openness and acceptance (e.g., Phinney, Horenezyk, Liebkind, & Vedder, 2001). Latina/o immigrants’ experiences, attitudes, and actions vis-­‐à-­‐vis the wider community are widely disparate in the United States; however, little is known about what shapes these experiences, attitudes, and actions. This paper explores the diverse experiences of Latina/o immigrants in order to uncover exogenous and endogenous factors shaping their disparate attitudes and actions within receiving communities. Sixty 1 -­‐ 2 ½ hour semi-­‐structured interviews were conducted in the Baltimore-­‐
Washington corridor with those who identified as 1st and 2nd generation Latina/o immigrants and persons who lived in the United States for at least three generations (i.e., multigenerational residents). The authors completed thematic analyses of these narratives to explore relationships between these groups. It was found that a number of key factors shape Latina/o immigrants’ lived experiences, attitudes, and actions. Specifically, these factors are: shared emotional connection, contact opportunities, quantity and quality of contact, community diversity, multigenerational residents’ values and beliefs, power, realistic and perceived threats, public policies, and personal beliefs. Findings suggest that specific factors existing in and emerging from the interaction of immigrants and multigenerational residents in receiving communities may impact immigrants’ experiences, and thus create entry points for change initiatives. Enhancing understanding of how intercultural attitudes and actions arise within contexts of interactional community dynamics may present opportunities for furthering community openness and acceptance, and improve immigrant and receiving community outcomes. Bumanglag, Charlene (University of Hawaii School of Medicine, [email protected]) The Role of the Family among HIV/AIDS Infected and Affected Transgender Women in Thailand While poor health outcomes (HIV/ AIDS, STIs, suicides) and societal mistreatment (discrimination, stigma, homicides) have been central in the published literature about transgender women (TGW), little is known about their natal family experiences. Some studies indicate that TGW have severed and/or fragile relationships with family members, especially fathers and brothers, who are more likely than female members, to physically hurt their TGW family member. This study examines the lives of ten TGW in Thailand who are HIV/AIDS-­‐infected or affected and their family experiences through in-­‐depth qualitative interviews. The findings from this study have implications for research programs aimed to test then treat P a g e | 20 HIV-­‐infected TGW, and the role of the natal family in retaining HIV-­‐infected TGW in continued care. Burns, Ashley, (Creighton University, [email protected]), Tinotenda Sekeramayi, and Jill Brown Haves and Have-­‐nots: The Psychological and Social Effects of Relative Deprivation in and Experimental Setting The effects of relative deprivation on attitudes and beliefs were examined. According to Crosby, in order for relative deprivation to be experienced, there are five necessary preconditions that must be met by individuals who lack a desired something. Individuals in this condition must observe that someone else has something, want it, feel entitled to it, believe it can be achieved, and perceive that the lack of access to it is not their fault (Crosby, 1976). To simulate an environment of relative deprivation, participants were divided into two conditions, enriched and deprived, and were placed on opposite sides of the room, respectively. Thirty six (age 19-­‐21) undergraduate students from a private, Midwestern university completed the study. Findings showed that the relatively deprived condition displayed significantly less positive affect and lower levels of self-­‐esteem. Contrary to our hypothesis, the relatively deprived condition displayed significantly higher internal locus of control. These findings suggest that the impact of relative deprivation has a general impact on overall well-­‐being. These results further imply that even experimentally, a lack of available resources in the presence of people who possess more may affect how people perceive themselves and their situations. Bush, Caitlin D. (Wake Forest University, [email protected]), Deborah L. Best Emotional Literacy and Emotion Regulation of Ethnically Different Preschoolers in the USA Children begin learning about emotions at an early age by observing and imitating parents and family members within their cultural context. Research has shown that differences in children’s emotional competence can be traced to emotion socialization processes that differ according to the child’s socioeconomic status, sex, and ethnicity (Nelson et al, 2012). This study examined differences in emotional literacy and emotion regulation in a sample of Head Start and middle-­‐class preschoolers (N=60). Children completed assessments of receptive vocabulary, emotional literacy, identification of emotions, and reports of parent responses to their emotional displays. Data were also collected from teachers and parents to evaluate children’s emotion regulation and parents’ views about and displays of emotional expression. Analyses indicate that middle-­‐class preschoolers have higher emotional literacy than Head Start preschoolers, and European American preschoolers have higher emotional literacy than African American or Hispanic preschoolers. Girls gave more appropriate responses to emotion-­‐evoking scenarios than boys. There were no group differences in emotion regulation, however, there were group differences in the emotion socialization process. Middle-­‐class parents express emotions more frequently to their preschoolers than Head Start parents. P a g e | 21 Although Head Start parents think it is important for their children to show emotions, only middle-­‐class preschoolers report that their parents encourage emotional displays. This study suggests that it is beneficial to start talking to children about emotions at an early age so they learn what is appropriate within their cultural context. Children from different cultural backgrounds may not understand emotions, or control and express them, in the same way. Cameron, Margaret (Wake Forest University, [email protected]), Deborah Best Turkish Children’s Filial Responsibilities in the Context of Changing Gender Roles Previous research has demonstrated the importance of filial responsibilities (e.g., household chores, caregiving) in children’s learning environments and gender role development (Whiting & Edwards, 1988). Families of differing cultures may vary in their expectations for children (Kuperminc, 2013), as well as task assignments to girls and boys (Timmer, Eccles, O’Brien, 1985). While home responsibilities may lead to feelings of competence, excessive responsibilities leave children with less time for homework and social interactions. Traditionally Turkish culture has emphasized gender differences, but recently the country has become more egalitarian. However, collectivist and patriarchal characteristics are still apparent (Kağıtçıbaşı, 1996), with men providing for the home and women being subservient to men and responsible for household duties and the family. To examine children’s home roles, fifth-­‐grade Turkish children (N=58) reported their filial responsibilities, perceptions of the unfairness of these tasks, and school and social self-­‐esteem. Teachers described children’s classroom and peer interactions. Girls reported more household responsibilities (e.g., preparing meals, cleaning) than boys, and boys reported more caregiving for younger siblings. Perceived unfairness was negatively related to school and social self-­‐esteem for boys, but only social self-­‐esteem for girls. Teachers indicated that boys who thought chores were unfair were less socially assertive, tolerant, social with peers, and task-­‐oriented, but girls were only less task-­‐
oriented. Culturally, Turkish gender roles may be shifting, yet home responsibilities affect girls and boys in distinct ways, with boys reacting more negatively to their filial responsibilities. Differential task assignment within the family context helps socialize Turkish children to assume culturally-­‐appropriate adult gender roles. Campbell, Benjamin (University of Wisconsin-­‐Milwaukee, ) Shamanic Trance and The Brain Shamanic trance is a neuroscientific enigma, given the difficulty of recording brain activity during trance, let alone verifying the shaman’s subjective experience. However, David Lewis-­‐Williams’ claim that San rock art depicts the subjective experience of trance among the San provides a starting point for neuroscientific explanation. I propose that trance reflects the activity of a disinhibited parietal lobe that leads to alterations in bodily perception. I argue that exhaustion and fear reported by trance dancers reflects activation of the insula, a hub for somatic sensation and emotion. The insula acts as a switch between the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, critical for attention to external stimuli and sequencing of P a g e | 22 information, and the parietal lobe, associated with integration of bodily senses, and the distinction between self and others. With sustained de-­‐activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal during trance, bodily signals in the parietal lobe lose temporal integration leading to distortions in own body perception and a blurring of the distinction between one’s body and that of others. The San are intimately acquainted with the animals they hunt and may report bodily perceptions of prey while hunting. Thus, the blurring of bodily perception in trance can include animals as well as humans leading to rock art depictions of elongated human figures with hooves and antelope heads. Furthermore, clinical brain imaging studies have shown that disruption of the temporal region of the parietal lobe can lead to an out of body experience, providing a neural basis for the shaman’s soul flight. Chan, Zhou (Bejing Normal University, China ) Cross-­‐Generational Differences in Child Behavior and Parent Socialization in China China, having gone through rapid urbanization and economic reform over the last few decades, is also a crucial part of the worldwide sociodemographic trend moving from rural community/Gemeinschaft (e.g., subsistence agricultural economy, low-­‐
technology environments) to urban society/Gesellschaft (e.g., commerce, high-­‐
technology environments). Changing sociodemographic ecologies shift socializing environments and developmental pathways (Greenfield, 2009). An interview study examined the perception of cross-­‐generational (children vs. their parents and grandparents) variations in children’s autonomous traits and related rearing behaviors in China. Curiosity and autonomy are adaptive in Gesellschaft environments; obedience is adaptive in Gemeinschschaft environments. Hence we predicted intergenerational increase in children’s curiosity and autonomy and decrease in children’s obedience. We also expected related changes in reported child-­‐rearing behaviors. Twenty two grandmothers from Beijing participated in a semi-­‐structured individual interview. They ranked three generations of children at age 4-­‐6 in their families (themselves, their children, and their grandchildren) on curiosity, autonomy and obedience. They also ranked three generations of parents in their families (their parents, themselves, and their children) on child-­‐rearing behaviors. Preliminary analysis revealed that, as predicted, the grandmothers ranked their grandchildren significantly higher on curiosity and autonomy than themselves or their children, but significantly lower on obedience. Related changes in reported child-­‐rearing behaviors also occurred. These preliminary results demonstrate an effect of social change on human traits and behaviors, suggesting that the younger generations may exhibit more autonomous traits in adaptation to rapid urbanization and economic development. P a g e | 23 Chavajay, Pablo (University of New Hampshire, [email protected]), Hong Sun Park Latino Immigrant Mothers’ Help in a Problem-­‐Solving Activity with Children This study describes Latino immigrant mothers’ spontaneous help and requests for help in a group problem-­‐solving activity with children. Thirty-­‐six groups of Latino immigrant mothers and their two school-­‐age children were videotaped in their homes constructing together a puzzle. Results indicate that mothers relied predominantly on spontaneous assistance during the construction task, with a higher percentage of these spontaneous help directed toward the younger children. Interestingly, almost half of the mothers did not seek out help from the children during the construction activity, and the mothers who requested help from their children did so infrequently. Findings also suggest that mothers’ extent and forms of help during the task construction varied related to the mothers’ level of formal schooling. The results highlight the roles Latino immigrant mothers play in facilitating children’s involvement in group problem-­‐solving activity. Chen, Amy Yun-­‐Ping (Saint Louis University, [email protected]) Model Identity between High-­‐Income and Low-­‐Income Students in Urban Schools: An Interview Study of Two Asian-­‐American Youths The author examines the differentiation of self-­‐identity, school treatment, and academic struggle between two Asian American students in U.S. Midwest urban school environments. Using a one-­‐on-­‐one interview study, the author focuses on understanding the students’ perspectives in relation to the label of model minority. The purpose of the study is to investigate how social, academic, and economic factors affect these students including different outcomes in terms of school achievement and self-­‐identity formation. The findings aim to help urban educators approach complex factors regarding minority students’ educational opportunities. Comprehensive results identified: 1) model identity significantly affects Asian American students at all levels of daily life; 2) urban schools continue reinforcing social reproduction and producing perceptions based on socioeconomic background and intersectional discrimination; 3) the evidence in the study shows that school environments do not aid students in valuing their cultural capital; 4) students from different social classes present different linguistic and behavioral patterns; and 5) social stratification significantly influences students’ perspectives in response to the Asian stereotype, self-­‐identity, and racial hierarchy in school and society. Christianakis, Mary (Occidental College, [email protected]) (Im)plausible Childhoods: Romani Children and the Discourse of Victimage and Failure Through an analysis of European newspapers, human rights organization reportage, and United Nations documents, this article will examine how public discourses on education, poverty, child rearing, and child labor as it pertains to Romani children, fashion implausible and endangered childhoods for Romani children. These P a g e | 24 discourses leverage the languages of intervention, cultural difference, nationalism and social justice to identify the simultaneous victimage and abandonment of Romani children, both at the hand of the nation-­‐states and at the hands of their parents and cultures, rendering them incapable of experiencing humane childhoods. Employing a Foucauldian dispositive analysis, the proposed article seeks to disentangle the discourses of human rights for Roman children from the assimilationist arguments aimed at compulsory schooling and Eurocentric family and labor practices. Coates, Elinor Sue (University of New Mexico, [email protected]) Attracting Matching Funds by Aligning Organizational Cultures: A Cross-­‐Cultural Approach to Inter-­‐Organizational Relations among Project Sponsors Managers of sponsored projects report their greatest challenge is finding local sponsors to meet their matching funds requirement. This poster presents one tool for profiling organizational cultures among multiple sponsors, based in part on seminal work by Geert Hofstede. No similarly focused research appears in the literature. This tool was designed for a study in which the target audience is a network of 95 economic development training centers. Each center is operated locally by one of four types of eligible entities funded by a Defense Department agency under Cost-­‐Sharing Cooperative Agreements. Each local recipient of the federal funds provides local matching funds, often from 3rd party sponsors, and DOD officials cooperate in operations. The study design focuses on one aspect of the managers’ challenge, the phenomenon of inter-­‐organizational stress, by analyzing the multiple organizational cultures found in each local training center. A sample of four centers is purposively selected to represent each eligibility type. These four managers are interviewed in depth and perform the organizational profile shown on this poster. Using snowball sampling, the four managers identify contacts in their host (recipient) organization and top three sponsor organizations. These contacts are interviewed as to their organizational values and purpose and their interest in the project, and they perform the cultural profile. The result is five views of the multiple organizational cultures found in each project. Through cross-­‐case analysis, data collected will reveal themes and patterns to help managers understand inter-­‐
organizational relations among their sponsors and engage new sponsors. Cotji Ren, Iyaxel Ixhan (Vanderbilt University, [email protected]) Teaching Maya Epigraphy in Guatemala Today and Its Role in the Strengthening Cultural Identity of Maya Youth In Guatemala, the discourse of multiculturalism, which positively promotes the ethnic diversity of the country, was fostered in the mid-­‐1980's by Maya leaders and organizations. Eventually, this discourse was taken by the state in 1995 after the signature of the Peace Accords. For several sectors of the Maya population, it was necessary to work on cultural revitalization both locally and nationally since this would be the platform for their claims against the State. Cultural revitalization included the enhancement and promotion of Mayan languages, the use of traditional P a g e | 25 clothing, and the practice of Mayan spirituality, among other cultural elements. It was in this context that appeared in Guatemala a new phenomenon that involved the teaching of the ancient Maya writing to indigenous populations outside the university classroom. The first workshop was directed only to a small group of indigenous academics in 1987, but its spread has increased over the years. In this presentation, I focus on describing the progress of teaching Maya epigraphy to indigenous people in Guatemala and discuss how ancient Maya writing has become an expression of cultural resistance and a means for strengthening identity. I also discuss the current limitations to the diffusion of Maya epigraphy and some recommendations to make it more accessible. Cui, Ming (Florida State University, [email protected]) Understanding Parental Influence on Chinese College Students’ Adjustment: Despite the large number of Chinese college students, few cross-­‐cultural studies have examined parental influence on the developmental outcomes among Chinese college students. Following a study in a U.S. university, a similar study was conducted in a university in China to examine (1) the demographics of Chinese college students as compared to U.S. college students on relational, behavioral, and emotional adjustment, and (2) parental influence on these adjustment outcomes. The sample was taken from a large university in China (N = 545, 289 males). The age of the participants ranged from 17 to 20, with a mean of 18.21. Participants were asked to fill out a questionnaire about various aspects of their life. Measures included parenting, romantic involvement, drinking, smoking, depression, anxiety, and demographics. Preliminary analyses suggested unique characteristics of adjustment among Chinese college students. For example, regarding relational adjustment, 89 (16.3%) reported romantic involvement, which is much smaller than the proportion reported in the U.S. (over 70%). Regarding the effect of parenting behavior, for example, independent t tests suggested that college students who were involved in romantic relationships reported that their parents were more likely to use physical punishment, very strict regarding rules, and difficult to be close with. Such finding may suggest that college students with authoritarian parents may try to find intimacy and companionship with romantic partners. Overall, this study adds to the current literature regarding the cultural differences in college students’ adjustment and parental influence. Dede Yildirim, Elif (Syracuse University, [email protected]) and Roopnarine, Jaipaul L. Parental Harshness and Warmth and Cognitive Outcomes in Hispanic American, African American and European American Families Using parental-­‐acceptance theory and models on parenting practices and styles, we used data from the 9-­‐year cohort of the Fragile Families and Child Well Being Study to examine how maternal psychological aggression, physical assault, and warmth are related to children’s cognitive abilities in a sample of 555 European American, 1256 African American, 637 Hispanic American mother-­‐child dyads. Our major goal P a g e | 26 in this investigation was to first classify parents across the three racial-­‐ethnic groups along dimensions of physical assault, psychological aggression, and warmth and then determine whether childhood cognitive outcomes varied by degree of parental harshness and warmth. Latent class analysis with a 3 step approach revealed 4 parenting profiles across racial-­‐ethnic groups: high psychological aggression-­‐high physical assault-­‐low warmth (profile1; 16%), high psychological aggression-­‐high physical assault-­‐high warmth (profile 2; 22%), low psychological aggression-­‐low physical assault-­‐high warmth (profile 3; 33%), low psychological aggression-­‐low physical assault-­‐low warmth (profile 4; 27%). Results showed that there were different cognitive outcome patterns based on parent profiles by ethnicity. For Hispanic Americans, high physical assault, high psychological aggression, and high warmth (Profile 2) was linked to better cognitive outcomes than the other three profiles (1, 3, and 4). For African Americans, high physical assault, high psychological aggression and high warmth (Profile 2), and high physical assault, high psychological aggression, and low warmth (Profile 1) were linked to better cognitive outcomes in children than the other two profiles (3 and 4). Finally for European Americans, low physical assault, low psychological, and low warmth (Profile 4) was linked to better cognitive outcomes in children than the other Profiles (1, 2, and 3). Findings are interpreted in terms of variations in cultural beliefs and socialization practices embraced by Hispanic Americans, African Americans, and European Americans. Daga, Suchi (Miami University, [email protected]), Belinda Teo and Vaishali Raval Using mixed-­‐methods to understand the “model minority” myth with Indian American US college students: The term “model minority” stereotypically describes Asian/Asian American ethnic minority groups in the US that outperform other ethnic groups. Traditionally considered positive, recent theorizing suggests this stereotype may have negative impacts on psychological well-­‐being. The present investigation (Using mixed-­‐
methods to understand the “model minority” myth with Indian American US college students) examined the impact of model minority stereotype on academic and mental health outcomes for Indian/Indian American students (N=113), who completed questionnaires assessing model minority pride and pressure, ethnic identity and socialization, perceived stress, adjustment, and life satisfaction. For Indian Americans, analysis demonstrated relations between higher ratings of model minority pressure, messages of preparation for bias, and messages of racial mistrust with higher ratings of perceived stress and adjustment difficulties, and with lower ratings of life satisfaction. While results support previous research regarding the positive relation between model minority pressure and poorer psychological health, they also surprisingly suggest that ethnic socialization from parental messages about bias and mistrust of other racial groups is related to worse outcomes. Follow-­‐
up interviews were conducted (N=10) and revealed the following themes: ethnic identity pride, difficulty navigating between two cultures, and positive and negative aspects of the model minority myth. The interview examined experiences of bias P a g e | 27 and discrimination, including being discriminated against and learning to be prepared, but non-­‐confrontational. Participants reported receiving parental messages about not trusting other minority groups, and noted that parental messages regarding model minority pressure and ethnic socialization related to increased stress, anxiety, sacrifices, challenges, and decreased life satisfaction. Díaz, Rolando (National Autonomous University of Mexico, [email protected]), Norma Elena Reyes Ruiz Mexican Historic-­‐Socio-­‐Cultural Premises: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow The study of the historical-­‐sociocultural premises of the Mexican family (Diaz-­‐
Guerrero,1963, 1972, 1981, 1994, 2003) focuses on the rules that govern the behavior among men and women and between parents and their children in Mexico. In order to better represent the diverse Mexican socio-­‐cultural groups, samples from different regions and socio-­‐economic status of the country responded to an instrument that was built to include norms and beliefs that govern behavior in couples, a set of norms and believes dealing with contemporary issues, and the traditional premises of the Mexican family. For this study, a non-­‐probabilistic sample of 1,625 people, 48.6% men and 51.4% women responded the inventory. 11.7% of participants were from Sonora, 16.1%, from Nuevo León, 15.3% from Hidalgo, 14.8% from Sinaloa, 15.2% from Tabasco and 27% from Mexico City. Socio economic level was operationalized as education. 43.5%, were classified as low socio economic level and had basic education (primary and secondary studies) 27.4% were classified as middle los and had technical and high school studies, and 29.1% were classified as middle class and had undergraduate and graduate degrees. The age range of participants was 16-­‐35 years (Mean = 25, SD = 3.12). Psychometric analysis was performed by dividing the premises in those concerning behavioral norms and those that indicate beliefs. Analyses show similar patterns to those reported in previous research, old and new dimensions have high conceptual clarity and statistical robustness, as well as theoretically consistent relationships between dimensions. DiBianca Easoli, Allison (Middlebury College, [email protected]) The Moral Reasoning of Evangelical Christians: Moral Regulation, Social Cohesion and the Divine Self Research using pluralistic models of moral psychology have shown that liberals emphasize autonomy concerns (e.g., individual rights, justice) in their moral reasoning while conservatives extend beyond those concerns to consider community (e.g., social duties) and divinity (e.g., sanctity) concerns (e.g., Jensen, 2011; see also Graham, Haidt, & Nosek, 2009). Further, liberals’ use of autonomy concepts has been linked to a relatively wide personal domain, wherein social or moral regulation is seen as illegitimate because it infringes on individuals’ rights to choose (e.g., Miller, Bersoff, & Harwood, 1990).The current research tested the hypothesis that religiously conservative individuals would use a wide range of moral concerns to support a relatively narrowed personal domain regarding the P a g e | 28 regulation of everyday helping. The moral justifications of thirty-­‐two conservative evangelical Christians were elicited through hypothetical breaches and coded in terms of Autonomy, Community, and Divinity using the Three Ethics Coding Manual (Jensen, 2004; Cohen’s Kappa = 0.875). Perceptions of breaches as moral, personal, or conventional, were assessed through various probes, following Turiel, 1983. Partially supporting the hypothesis, results demonstrated that participants used all three ethics at relatively equal rates but used them to justify everyday helping as a personal matter that could not be regulated. Additional qualitative analysis suggested that participants resisted regulation on grounds of individual character, not individual rights. In this vision, the right to choose is present, but as a condition of achieving divine character. Findings indicate both a particular conception of self and a particular conception of social cohesion in modern society. Ember, Carol R (HRAF at Yale University, [email protected]), Eric Jones, Peter Peregrine, Teferi Abate Adem and Ian Skoggard Do Natural Hazards Transform Culture? Climate change is accelerating the pace of natural hazards such as drought and floods. But these hazards are not new and with an interdisciplinary team we plan to study whether societies in unpredictable environments have arrived at some common solutions, such as wider social networks, more diversification and more cooperation, as compared with societies living in more predictable environments. We will be comparing ethnographically-­‐described societies, archaeological traditions going back 15,000 years to the recent past, and contemporary countries. The research team consists of cultural anthropologists, a cross-­‐cultural psychologist, an archaeologist, and a climatologist. Fervier, Kelsey (College of Charleston, [email protected]), Brad Huber Social Complexity and the Use of Corporal Sanctions in the Control of Female Sexuality There are five major kinds of negative sanctions people use to control female sexuality: 1) corporal; 2) property; 3) social; 4) reproductive; and 5) supernatural sanctions. Our paper focuses on the corporal sanctions (e.g., mutilation, beating, and killing) used to restrict female sexuality in 60 non-­‐industrial societies. Using data collected from the Human Relations Area Files, we created a seven-­‐point scale to measure the severity of corporal sanctions. We predicted a positive correlation between social complexity and severity of corporal sanctions against female premarital and extramarital sex. Although our prediction was supported for premarital punishments, we found a negative correlation between social complexity and sanctions against female extramarital sex. We offer several reasons for this unexpected result. P a g e | 29 Fitzpatrick, Jacki (Texas Tech University, [email protected]) The Value of Low-­‐Risk Activities/Resources in Teaching Cross-­‐Cultural Topics This paper will provide an overview of teaching approaches/resources for introducing students to cross-­‐cultural issues. It is often challenging or difficult to effectively teach students about such topics (Reitmanova, 2011). Students can be (a) oppositional to new information and (b) recalcitrant to address dynamics such as privilege/oppression, diversity/relativism and marginalization (Kopacz & Lawton, 2011; Millán, 2010; Stahl & Brannen, 2013). One way to address cross-­‐
cultural/diversity topics is via high-­‐engagement teaching techniques. These techniques can expose students to information through provocative material or experiences (e.g., Shdaimah, 2009; Singh & Doherty, 2002). Provocation can have educational merits, such as a strong impact on memory. However, high-­‐stakes techniques also carry greater risk of student resistance/withdrawal. Indeed, Barrett-­‐Fox (2007) argued that such techniques can actually reinforce students’ sense of self-­‐righteousness and resistance to cross-­‐cultural perspectives. Resistance does not mean that instructors must avoid cross-­‐cultural topics, but instructors could consider ways to make topics more accessible (Conway-­‐Turner, Kim, Sherif & Woolfolk, 2001). One way to foster accessibility is to use low-­‐risk activities/resources (Fitzpatrick, 2004). This paper will address (a) general considerations in student resistance/inhibition (e.g., Schopp, 2011) and (b) specific examples of teaching resources for low-­‐stakes exposure. Resources include discussion formats, media (Ortiz & Harwood, 2007), online simulations, depersonalized papers, and children’s literature (Fitzpatrick, 2013). It should be noted that low-­‐stakes/risk activities do not necessarily indicate low educational value (White, Reichelt, & Woods, 2011). Low-­‐stakes activities/resources are still consistent with principles of active learning, social justice, and ethical teaching (Chinnery, 2008; Mason, 2010; Qualters, 2001). Frayser, Suzanne (Cultural Insights, [email protected]) The Heart of the Matter: A Methodological Challenge In our pursuit of systematic, grounded research that serves scientific goals, how do we incorporate the seemingly intangible, indefinable experiences that give our lives meaning? This is a major part of the longstanding question of how to integrate cross-­‐cultural research with case studies. How do we deal with context and emotion in our methodology? This paper describes how I am reframing the cross-­‐cultural data and earlier model of human sexuality presented in my first book to create a more complete picture of and approach to researching human sexuality as a system in and of itself. My past, integrated model was incomplete. The bones were there but not the heart of the matter. Where are the love and sharing that are so much a part of human sexuality around the world? These are the ties that bind the dimensions of the model together as well as the real people to whom the model applies. The paper includes a brief discussion of how and why cross-­‐cultural research on human sexuality is difficult; a consideration of the fundamental meaning of science as a way of knowing; the role that masculinization of the P a g e | 30 scientific method has played in discounting sexuality as a legitimate realm of inquiry; and unanswered methodological questions that are arising as the reframing proceeds. Ganapathy-­‐Coleman, Hemalatha (Indiana State University, Hema.Ganapathy-­‐
[email protected]) Socialization into Educational Success: Middle-­‐Class Parents and their Children in India For the past ten years, my research has examined the beliefs about parenting (Bronfenbrenner, 1979; Super & Harkness, 1986) held by middle-­‐class Asian Indian Hindu parents, both in India and the United States. In this paper, based on my ethnographic work, I offer my interpretations of the perspectives of 15 middle-­‐
income parents from the western city of Vadodara, in the state of Gujarat in India. I employed an array of ethnographic techniques, including participant observations, sentence completion tasks, in-­‐depth interviews and focus groups. Verbatim transcripts were uploaded into the qualitative software NVivo. Open, axial and selective coding was used to identify broad and specific themes, which were supplemented by coding notes and commentaries. Discourse analysis was employed to tease out the nuances of representative verbatim quotes. The middle class parents in my study tended to be extraordinarily ambitious on behalf of their children and considered education to be the most important objective of the years between eight and 18, possessing the power to make or break one’s life trajectory. Accordingly, they made available to their children a staggering variety of academic and career resources. Confident of their own status within society, they often visited the school to spiritedly advocate for their children and critique teachers. I offer insights into the particular culturally-­‐based parental beliefs and practices that serve as hidden curricula to socialize middle-­‐income Indian children to be successful and discuss the implications of these results in light of the fact that the middle class often acts as the standard bearer for ideas of success and failure in any society. Garcia, Aileen (University of Nebraska-­‐Lincoln, [email protected]), Maria Rosario T. de Guzman The Reconfiguration of Family in the Context of Domestic Work: Examining the Experiences of Yayas in the Philippines In the Philippines, internal migration from rural areas to metropolitan cities is undertaken by many low-­‐income families in order to alleviate poverty. Often, this necessitates difficult personal sacrifices, including the separation of the nuclear family and movement away from one’s broader community of support to seek employment. Using in-­‐depth interviews conducted among rural-­‐to-­‐urban migrants working as yayas (i.e., women hired as live-­‐in caregivers for children in affluent families) in Quezon City, this study examines how mothers migrating from rural-­‐to-­‐
urban areas reconfigure family life in the communities and households in which they are employed. Initial analyses of the data evoked themes suggesting a sense of deep personal loss as a consequence of being away from one’s immediate family; the P a g e | 31 perception that ‘family’ (including the expression of maternal duties) is a basic necessity that needs to be experienced; and the broadening of the definition of family to include one’s employers, charges, and other domestic workers within the same community of employment. Findings also revealed culturally embedded notions such as “utang na loob” (deep sense of debt of gratitude) towards the employers and “pakikisama” (loosely translated means engendering smooth interpersonal relations) among peers in order to further foster family and supportive relationships in their households and communities of employment. Findings lend support to the changing and broadening notion of family in the context of spatial distance and migration. Gauvain, Mary (University of California, Riverside, [email protected]), Robert Munroe How Cross-­‐Cultural Research Can Advance Understanding of Cultural Change and Child Development Differential cognitive performance across cultural contexts has been a standard result in comparative research. We will discuss how societal changes occurring when a small-­‐scale traditional community incorporates elements from industrialized society may contribute to cognitive development, and illustrate with analyses of the cognitive performances and everyday activities of children from four communities representing a range of such incorporations. We will propose several processes that may account for cultural and cognitive change as a society absorbs elements common in industrialized settings. Our perspective centers on the claim that changes in cultural features are inextricably linked to changes in human activity and cognition, and by extension child development. We also suggest that changes that align small-­‐scale traditional societies in this way provide certain patterns that show up in many measures that tap the types of cognitive skills conventionally valued and tested in Western-­‐based assessments. The types of changes we discuss are not unique, but represent a pervasive global force. As such it is important to understand how it penetrates child development and, in so doing, helps to change culture itself. The purpose of this research is to open discourse and study among researchers as to how changes to child development, or ontogenesis, ensue in relation to social changes, or sociogenesis. We will also stress that the difficult but essential issue in such investigation is to identify and describe these changes without taking an evaluative stance toward the individual or culture. Georgopoulos, Stacey (Creighton University, [email protected]), Marijo Lourdes Gabriel A Cultural Understanding of a "Good" Education: A Qualitative Study of Young Dominicans In the developing world, when the accessibility of effective resources and sufficient instructors is at times difficult, education can be a challenge. This study explores the views of education in the Dominican Republic. The central question of this study explores the meaning of a “good” education, based on twenty-­‐two structured P a g e | 32 interview from young adults ages sixteen to twenty-­‐eight. Several themes that emerged from the study will be discussed, including awareness of time, characteristics for success, utilization and application of internal processes and external resources, prestige and respect, and intrinsic improvement for the self and for others. The cultural implications of the meaning of education will be discussed. Gonzalez, Vivian (University of Alaska Anchorage, [email protected]) Cause and Consequence of the Firewater Myth The Firewater Myth (FWM) is the notion that American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) are more susceptible to the effects of alcohol and are more vulnerable to alcoholism due to biological or genetic differences (LeMarr, 2003; Mail, 2002). There currently is little evidence to support the notion that biological differences or genetics play a greater role in alcoholism among AI/ANs than other racial or ethnic groups. However, believing in the FWM may have negative effects on drinking expectancies and behavior among AI/ANs, as well as affect perceptions regarding treatment for alcohol problems. For this study, alcohol-­‐related measures and a revised version of the Firewater Myth Scale (LeMarr, 2003; Gonzalez & Skewes, 2012) were administered to 162 AI/AN college students who reported consuming at least one drink in the prior month. Correlation analyses revealed that ethnic identity, family history of alcoholism, and being from a village that prohibits alcohol were unrelated to the FWM endorsement. FWM endorsement was positively associated with belief in a disease model of alcoholism and that abstinence is the only way that a person with alcohol problems can change. Greater belief in the FWM was associated with greater: negative and positive alcohol-­‐related expectancies, temptation to drink, alcohol consumption, and alcohol-­‐related consequences. It also was associated with having less self-­‐efficacy to resist drinking. Although longitudinal studies are needed to examine cause-­‐and-­‐effect in these associations, the results of this study suggest that greater belief in the FWM has a negative impact on AI/ANs college students. Gottlieb, Alma (University of Illinois at Urbana-­‐Champaign, [email protected]) Jewish Cape Verdeans? Putting Jewish Studies and African Studies into Conversation The discipline of Religious Studies tends to draw specific geographic boundaries around the past and present communities of particular religions, then investigate specific religious traditions accordingly. Despite the more fluid nature inherent in its name, the same could be said of Diaspora Studies, which tends to focus on the major, tried-­‐and-­‐true diasporic trajectories, and to elide lesser-­‐known diasporas. Moreover, the same might equally be said of Border Studies, which—again, despite the mobility inherent in its name—tends to focus on certain kinds of borders (both geographic and conceptual) and not others. In this talk, I aim to bring Jewish Studies and African Studies into a productive conversation with one another by engaging theoretical strains of Religious Studies, Diaspora Studies, and Border Studies that are not typically combined by scholars. In P a g e | 33 bringing African Studies and Jewish Studies into conversation, can we ask new questions? Discover new realities? I take up this set of comparative questions by means of a case study of Cape Verde, a place where contemporary residents both on and off the islands of this island nation are themselves crossing new conceptual boundaries as they (re) discover their Jewish ancestry and, consequently, re-­‐
imagine their identity. Gray, Peter (University of Nevada, Las Vegas, [email protected]) and Eulynis Brown Fatherhood in St.Kitts: Patterns and Predictors of Partnership and Paternal Dynamics in a Caribbean Island While paternal investment is a defining feature of human behavioral biology, it is also considerably variable, with previous research on African Caribbean fatherhood pointing to a high prevalence of visiting relationships and blended families within which children are raised. The aims of the present study were to characterize key patterns of paternal behavior and to test three hypotheses concerning variation in fatherhood in the Caribbean island of St. Kitts. One hundred two fathers 21-­‐40 years of age completed a questionnaire providing sociodemographic, partnership and paternal data. Fathers varied in relationship status (e.g., married, common-­‐law, visiting), partnership quality (e.g., commitment) and paternal status (biological vs. stepfathering). The sample consisted of working fathers expressing generally favorable paternal attitudes and investments in a relatively low-­‐fertility context. Results revealed differences in partnership dyamics and paternal outcomes with respect to relationship status, with married men reporting higher quality partnerships and providing more paternal care than fathers in visiting relationships. Partnership quality predicted a number of paternal outcomes such as supportive paternal attitudes and paternal behavior. In both between-­‐and within-­‐subject analyses, biological fathers showed evidence of more favorable paternal attitudes and investments compared with stepfathers. Findings are discussed with respect to evolutionary theory, previous research on Caribbean fatherhood, and study limitations. Grazioso, María del Pilar (Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, [email protected]), Judith Gibbons, Sandra Luna, Francisco Ureta, Claudia García de la Cadena, Meri Lubina, Maricruz Alvarez and Gabriela González Ethnic identity in Guatemalan University Students: Relation to Material Circumstances and Values Guatemala is a multiethnic and socio-­‐economically diverse country where access to higher education is limited to a minority of the population that is identified as ¨Ladina¨. While there have been a number of international studies of cultural values and assumptions there have not been recent studies using more refined measures of these concepts in the Guatemalan population. Research that studies the relationship among cultural values, social axioms, gender attitudes, and ethnicity in university students in Guatemala is non-­‐existent. As part of a larger research project, we P a g e | 34 examined the relationship among those variables in 2134 university students emphasizing comprehension of the relationship between ethnic identity to ownership of material things as a sign of socio-­‐economic status. Research was conducted in university classrooms of 9 public and private universities within Guatemala and consisted of administration of anonymous questionnaires that contained a demographic page and five research instruments: Schwartz Value Survey (Schwartz, 1997), Social Axioms Scale (Bond, et al., 2004), Attitudes toward Women Scale for Adolescents (Galambos, Petersen, Richards, & Gitelson, 1985), Historico-­‐ Socio-­‐ Cultural Premises Scale (Diaz-­‐Guerrero, 1975), and Machismo Measure (Arciniega et al., 2008). The majority of university students reported a primarily ¨Ladino¨ identity, with a negative correlation between Ladino and Indigenous identities. Persons who endorsed a more Ladino identity reported having more material ¨objects¨ as opposed to those with a more Indigenous identity. There were also significant correlations between ethnic identity and values. This study will contribute significantly to a better understanding of the Guatemalan university population. Greenfield, Patricia (University of California, Los Angeles) Social Change, Cultural Evolution, and Human Development My theory of social change and human development aims to show how changing
sociodemographic ecologies alter cultural values and learning environments,
thereby shifting developmental pathways. Worldwide sociodemographic trends
include movement from rural residence, informal education at home, subsistence
economy, and low-technology environments to urban residence, formal
schooling, commerce, and high-technology environments. The former ecology is
summarized by the German term Gemeinschaft (“community”) and the latter by
the German term Gesellschaft (“society”). Through adaptive processes,
movement of any ecological variable in a Gesellschaft direction shifts cultural
values in an individualistic direction and developmental pathways toward more
independent social behavior. In contrast, the (much less frequent) movement of
any ecological variable in a Gemeinschaft direction moves cultural values and
developmental pathways in the opposite direction. Data from Mexico, China, the
United States, and Arab communities in Israel provide empirical support for this
theoretical framework, including both directions of cultural change. The
examples illustrate different time scales of cultural evolution: long-term (200
years), medium term (40 years) and short term (4 years).
Hall, Joseph (Lynn University, [email protected]) Whose Emic is it, anyway? Perspectives on Women's Status and Role in Early Lenape Culture-­‐Contact and Trade At the time of initial contact with European Cultures, the Lenape were a matrilineal, matrilocal society, with a hunting and gathering economy, supplemented by horticultural farming. As such, all the men in the hunt shot or trapped a range of fur-­‐
P a g e | 35 bearing game animals, and brought them back to their wives to do with as the women wished. The carcasses became the possessions of each wife. With her own labor, these were skinned and butchered, the meat cooked and the skins processed. Since, after contact, there was a large increase in demand for certain pelts by Swedish, Dutch and English traders, the wife could trade the furs away at her discretion, and to her benefit. The European goods obtained would have been redistributed within and between matrilineages, which would increase her status; but what did the White traders bring that was of any interest to these women? The Europeans assumed, of course, that the Lenape would fall all over themselves to get at exotic manufactured goods. This is a clear etic assumption on their part, which was not always true, and we researchers often fell into the same etic trap. It is suggested that the Lenape emic view of this may well have been quite different. In any case, transhumant, Algonquin cultures were non-­‐acquisitive, and their economic system of communitarian redistributive reciprocity would tend to minimize concentration of wealth. Hattori, Shiho (Tenri University, [email protected]) Knowledge and Use of Medicinal Plants: A Case Study of an Elderly Baka Hunter–
Gatherer Woman in Southeast Cameroon Ecological anthropologists and ethnobotanists have described the diverse and rich knowledge about plants of so-­‐called “Pygmy” hunter–gatherers, such as the Mbuti, Efe, Aka, and Baka in Central Africa. These studies have shown that Pygmy hunter–
gatherers have names for many plants and are very knowledgeable about how to use them, including for food, their material culture, medicine, trading, and so on. This study focuses on their knowledge about medicinal plants and previously neglected aspects of the ways in which they use such plants for homecare. Using the Baka language, I interviewed a Baka woman about 653 types of plant. The names of the Baka plants are based on the Baka classification system. My informant, who was aged approximately 55–60 years, considered 497 types of plant to be “useful” and 392 types to be “useful” for medicinal purposes. She divided medicinal plants into several subcategories related to digestion, general health, the respiratory system, pediatrics, dermatology, and five others. I also collected data about her daily use of medicinal plants over 8 months. During this time, she actively cured family members, including her grandchildren, daughter, son, and herself. She occasionally gave medicinal plants to a group member suffering from an extended illness. Based on these results, I discuss this woman’s role in Baka homecare and the characteristics of the Baka treatment system. P a g e | 36 Helfrecht, Courtney (Washington State University, [email protected]), Courtney Meehan Family Demographics and Children's Nutritional Status: A Case Study among Ngandu Horticulturalists: Family members in small-­‐scale societies frequently make important contributions to the well-­‐being of children through child care and other forms of assistance that offset parental investment and subsidize the rapid pace of human reproduction. However, siblings can also be a source of competition for limited resources. Here, we evaluate the nutritional status of Ngandu horticulturalist children in the Central African Republic and investigate the effects of family composition on children’s height-­‐, weight-­‐, and BMI-­‐for-­‐age. In light of previous data from Aka foragers on caregivers and children’s nutritional status, we hypothesize that as children become more competent at resource acquisition, additional siblings should not cause nutritional stress; however, these siblings will cause stress to younger children as they require significant investment by others. Results indicate that the majority of children fall within healthy ranges (+/-­‐2SD) of WHO standards, but there is extensive variation that may be explained by competency and family composition. Henry, Hani (American University in Cairo, Egypt, [email protected]) Internalized Homophobia and its Psychological Consequences: The Egyptian Gay Experience This qualitative study explored the problem of internalized homophobia, as experienced by some Egyptian gay men. Internalized homophobia was defined as the problematic acceptance of negative societal attitudes about homosexuality by gays and directing these attitudes towards one's self. Internalized homophobia may lead gay men to assume that heterosexuals are more superior and may cause them to have weak connections with, or negative perceptions of other gay peers. Guided by the literature on internalized homophobia, the study suggests that this problematic internalization may result from two cultural markers that heavily influence the Egyptian society: The first cultural marker is exposure to non-­‐
affirming religious settings which were defined as institutes that misuse a set of religious rules and doctrine to marginalize, control, and stigmatize members of this population. The second cultural marker is the prevalence of societal homophobia in Egypt, which was defined as a cultural phenomenon in which society collectively constructs heterosexuality as the prototype of being human and devalues any non-­‐
heterosexual behavior, identity, relationship, or group. A theory-­‐based thematic analysis of interviews conducted with a convenient sample of nine Egyptian gay men, who scored high on an internalized homophobia scale, will be presented. Preliminary results of this analysis revealed that these participants suffered from minority stress, relational difficulties, a pervasive sense of religious guilt, and alienation. The clinical implications of this study for Egyptian gay men will also be discussed. P a g e | 37 Hernández Avitia, Román Obed (Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, [email protected]) and Rene Luna Perception of Public Transport The culture of the automobile has evolved as a fundamental feature of big cities, and Juarez, Mexico, is not the exception. However, a significant part of citizens in big cities use public transportation, which historically has suffered many problems in its development and quality. To measure the attitudes and knowledge of the public regarding public transportation, we compared the perceptions, attitudes and experiences of the users of both types of transportation, car and bus, considering them to be different cultures. A Likert-­‐type survey was applied to a student sample of 80, 50% male and 50% female, users and not users of public transportation. Results were analyzed using SPSS. Both groups, users and not users, have a negative perception of public transportation, in a way that there's no confidence about security, infrastructure, organizational structure and other issues of this service. Participants disagree that the adaptation of a program that seems to work in other countries, such as the Netherlands or U.S.A., would work in Juarez, because the infrastructure in this city is perceived as inappropriate and too complex for an optimal vehicular traffic. Herrera, Amanda (Northwestern University, [email protected]) and Doug Medin Epistemological Orientations to Sun and Moon: Folk Physical and Ecological Concepts of Seasonal Variation An important focus in the cognitive sciences is identifying how knowledge develops and how it is shaped by experience. According to cognitive science three core knowledge domains organize commonsense knowledge about the world: folk psychology, folk biology, and folk physics (Wellman & Gelman 1992). While a great deal of cultural work has respected these psychological dimensions, our work calls these divisions into question by probing the boundaries of these psychological dimensions. For example, in folk biology one needs not just plants and animals but all of nature’s entities for complete ecosystem functioning (including sun and soil). Current mental models of the sun, earth, and moon system (henceforth, SEM) primarily focus on the astronomical-­‐physical properties of the system without the inclusion of the biological outcomes (e.g., photosynthesis, climate, circadian rhythms) that result from the planet’s complex interaction with the sun. The present research investigates concepts of SEM across two groups: Kichwa of Ecuador and U.S. college students. Study 1 asks whether folk biological and folk physical explanations of seasonal change are culture-­‐specific. Study 2 explores the status of sun, earth, or moon as biotic or abiotic entities by examining participants’ explanations about what constitutes life. Together, the results indicate cultural variation in conceptual frameworks for interpreting astronomical phenomena. These findings suggest that the distinction between folk biological and folk physical theories of astronomy is based is a cultural one based in science education practices, P a g e | 38 and offers new perspectives on the cultural side of science communication (Medin and Bang 2014). Hewlett, Bonnie (Washington State University, [email protected]) and Jennifer Roulette Women and Children of the Congo Basin The research represented in this symposium was conducted with Aka foragers and Ngandu farmers associated with the forested regions of southwestern Central African Republic (CAR) and the northeastern part of the Republic of Congo. The diversity and uniformity of Congo Basin life is highlighted as the authors provide detailed research exploring local cultural, social, and environmental influences on the life course of the Congolese women and children. Hewlett, Bonnie (Washington State University, [email protected]) Voices of Pain and Passion: Egalitarianism, Hierarchy, and Gendered Relations among the Aka foragers and Ngandu farmers of Central African Republic This research examines sex, love, jealousy and intimacy in married couples in two central African ethnic groups, the Aka foragers and Ngandu farmers. The gendered roles of the Aka and Ngandu women, their activities, beliefs, behaviors, and ideas about what it means to be an Aka mother and wife and what it means to be a Ngandu mother and wife are determined by cultural subsistence patterns, rules of descent, postmarital residence patterns, local economies, and political systems. Social organization of the egalitarian Aka is based upon marriage and families (kinship). No individual has power over another: important decisions are made largely by the group, with the opinions of all (or most) adults collectively considered. Both men and women have considerable freedom and political power. Although the populations of Aka are small, egalitarian, and based upon a foraging mode of existence, small-­‐scale subsistence farming increasingly occurs as well. The Ngandu, as sedentarized horticulturalists, have a much larger and hierarchal population, more technology, and an informal economy with trade networks and surplus goods. Political authority and power are organized in a ranked hierarchy of people. Individuals, particularly females, have less personal freedom. Women wield less power than men within political, community, and household spheres. For both populations, social and political organization informed by shared beliefs and values sanction what is proper and what is not in terms of power in political affaires, power in daily life, household equity, gender roles, and husband-­‐wife relations. Heying, Shirley, A. (Western Oregon University, [email protected]) Learning from Youth: What Teens Offer to Improving and Enhancing Qualitative and Quantitative Research Working with youth in communities can offer vital and often overlooked insights into pressing community issues and needs. In this presentation, I discuss a youth-­‐
focused community participatory research project operating in four colonias (or P a g e | 39 unincorporated communities) situated in the El Paso, U.S./Ciudad Juarez, Mexico borderlands. The project brought together undergraduate college students and colonia youth to establish a joint community project designed to seek youth perspectives on the issues they feel most important to address in their communities and to begin working on ways to effectively and appropriately address these issues in order to help improve the quality of life for all residents in the frequently marginalized colonia neighborhoods. After highlighting the project and its initial findings, I discuss the overall value and potential of working with youth in conducting qualitative and quantitative research and encourage other researchers to consider the vast potential of incorporating youth into their own research agendas and projects. Heying, Shirley A (Western Oregon University, [email protected]) and Judith L. Gibbons Adolescents across Borders: Teen Perspectives on Health, Environment, and Community in Guatemala and the U.S./Mexico Borderlands – PART I & II Adolescence is a time of increased youth awareness of the very social and cultural milieu that surrounds them and of greater agency regarding life choices. As a result, youth experiences offer important and unique perspectives of social and cultural values, beliefs, and practices that can serve to illuminate issues often overlooked and even undervalued by adults. This symposium explores the beliefs, attitudes, and opinions of youth living in Guatemala and the U.S./Mexico borderlands regarding sex and gender, emotions, health, identity, environment, and community in order to gain more expansive and better-­‐informed insights into social and cultural life in an ever-­‐changing world of rapid globalization. The result is a presentation of rich qualitative and quantitative data that underscores the importance of including youth not only in research, but also in its design and implementation. Youth are often an untapped resource in collaborative research that if more fully included, will advance the future of cross-­‐cultural research in new and creative ways. Hodorek, Sylwia (Ball State University, [email protected]) Female Long-­‐term Survivors of HIV/AIDS: Stigma, Family, and Love The experience of living with a chronic illness such as HIV/AIDS is complex. Although the longevity of people living with HIV/AIDS is increasing and changing the medical and mental health care provision for these individuals, studies with long-­‐term survivors of HIV/AIDS are less frequently conducted. Consequently, qualitative methodology guided by the constructivist paradigm and biopsychosocial approach was used to explore the lived experiences of long-­‐term survivors of HIV/AIDS along three factors: (a) uncertainties, (b) stigma, and (c) coping. The stigma and uncertainties associated with HIV/AIDS have negative emotional effects on individuals, especially on women. As a result, women tend to experience more symptoms of stress and anxiety, and feel blame for becoming infected or infecting others. As such, effective coping is crucial to managing life’s uncertainties. Through the use of semi-­‐structured interviews conducted with 10 participants living in south P a g e | 40 Florida, six of whom were women living with HIV/AIDS for an average of 13 years, the findings of this study revealed that living as a long-­‐term survivor of HIV/AIDS entails an ongoing process of acceptance and living with this chronic illness. Such a process is facilitated by four interacting values of autonomy, belonging, resiliency, and hope. Accordingly, the objectives for this paper presentation are to (a) learn about what the process of acceptance and living with HIV/AIDS was like for six women, (b) identify the importance of decision making in regard to sexual behaviors and pregnancy, and (c) to understand the course of disclosure of HIV-­‐
positive status in relationships over time. Hodorek, Sylwia (Ball State University, [email protected]) Living as a Long-­‐Term Survivor of HIV/AIDS: Experiences of Four African American Males The experience of living with a chronic illness such as HIV/AIDS is complex. Although the longevity of people living with HIV/AIDS is increasing and changing the medical and mental health care provision for these individuals, studies with long-­‐term survivors of HIV/AIDS are less frequently conducted. Consequently, a qualitative approach was used to explore the lived experiences of long-­‐term survivors of HIV/AIDS along three factors: (a) uncertainties, (b) stigma, and (c) coping. The research was guided by the constructivist paradigm and biopsychosocial approach. Semi-­‐structured interviews were conducted with 10 participants living in south Florida, four of whom were African American men living with HIV/AIDS for an average of 20 years. The findings revealed that living as a long-­‐term survivor of HIV/AIDS entails an ongoing process of acceptance and living with this chronic illness. Such a process is often challenging and entails a constant reconstruction of goals, identity, and relationships that is facilitated by four interacting values of autonomy, belonging, resiliency, and hope. Those who are able to continue to manage this process are able to live constructive, long lives with this chronic illness. Accordingly, the objectives for this paper presentation are to (a) learn about the lived experience of four long-­‐term, African American male, survivors of HIV/AIDS, (b) identify the impact of substance use, incarceration and low socio-­‐
economic status on navigating life with HIV/AIDS, and (c) to understand the process of how these four men reconstructed their relationships, life plans, and self-­‐
concepts. Hossain, Ziarat (University of New Mexico, [email protected]), Giovanna Eisberg, and Hadeel Al-­‐Essa Perceived Parental Involvement in Children's Care in Bangladesh: A Rural-­‐Urban Comparison The primary objectives of this paper were to examine the differences between mothers’ and fathers’ perceived involvement with their school-­‐age children's care, and whether socioeconomic and support variables were associated with fathers’ involvement with their children's care in two-­‐parent rural and urban families in Bangladesh. Mother and father dyads from 40 rural and 41 urban families P a g e | 41 participated in the study. Mothers and fathers were separately interviewed to collect the data. Multivariate analyses revealed that mothers spent more time in children’s routine care and care on demand than fathers did in both rural and urban families. Mothers’ and fathers’ perceived involvement in caregiving with their children did not vary as a function of the gender of the child. Fathers’ age and number of children negatively and length of marriage positively predicted fathers’ involvement in children’s routine care. Findings are discussed in relation to fathers’ changing roles in children’s care in rural and urban families in Bangladesh. Hwang, Hyisung (San Francisco State University, [email protected]) and David Matsumoto Cultural Variation in Appraisals Related to Triumph-­‐Eliciting Events Recent studies (Matsumoto & Hwang, 2012; Hwang & Matsumoto, 2014a, b) have suggested the existence of the emotion of triumph. These studies have documented how the nonverbal signals of triumph are displayed and identified across cultures. However, how triumph is elicited in the first place has not been tested so far. This study examined the role of culture in the appraisal processes related to the elicitation of the emotional experience of triumph, using a series of questionnaires (Scherer, 1997). Self-­‐report data were collected from India, Japan, Russia, Serbia, and USA. One-­‐way ANOVAs were computed, and specific country differences were examined in post hoc analyses. The results indicated that participants across cultures reported different levels of four types of appraisal processes concerning triumph-­‐eliciting events that they actually experienced in their lives. The findings demonstrated that culture plays an important role in the elicitation of emotional events and experiences related to triumph. Issaev, Leonid (National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia, [email protected]) and Andrey Korotayev “Afrasian” Instability Zone: A Cross-­‐Cultural Analysis: In our studies of 2013 (Korotayev, Issaev 2013; 2014), it was found that the boundaries of the "Afrasian" zone accurately coincide with the boundaries of the zone of parallel cousine marriage. The preliminary research has shown that a causal link between the socio-­‐political instability and parallel cousin marriage cannot be traced, and an identified correlation could be explained by the fact that parallel cousin marriage is a marker of the Arab-­‐Islamic civilization. It is empirically found that in today's world there is an increased level of instability in countries where a high level of Islamization is combined with the presence of the complex elements of Arab culture. A combination of strict prohibitions on extramarital sexual relations with a set of marriage and family customs, which in terms of modernization led to a sharp increase in the age at marriage for men can be considered as one of these characteristics. In this regard, the idea that unmarried men are more prone to radicalization and extremist political actions (including direct terrorism) than married men of the same age seems relevant, it has been shown with the use of direct empirical data on Egypt. Thus, over the last decades in most Arab countries a P a g e | 42 significant increase in the average age of marriage among men can be considered as a significant factor of the socio-­‐political instability in this part of the globe. Indeed, there are several studies that suggest that violence and social disorder is higher among (young) unmarried men. M. Marx believes that unmarried men in Egypt are more willing to be politically active with a higher risk than married. Jankowiak, William (University of Nevada, [email protected]) and Shelly Volsche Kissing: A Near Universal? Scholars from a wide range of human sciences have become interested in the romantic/sexual kiss. This research, and its public dissemination, often include statements about the ubiquity of kissing, particularly romantic/sexual kissing, across cultures. Yet, to date there is no evidence to support this claim. Employing standard cross-­‐cultural methods, this paper is the first attempt to use a large sample set (N = 168) to document the presence or absence of the romantic/sexual kiss. We defined kissing as lip-­‐to-­‐lip contact lasting long enough for exchange of saliva. Despite frequent depictions of kissing in a wide range of material culture, we found no evidence that the romantic/sexual kiss is a human universal or even a near universal. The romantic/sexual kiss was present in a minority of cultures sampled (45.8%). Moreover, there is strong correlation between the frequency of the romantic/sexual kiss and a society’s relative social complexity: the more socially complex the higher frequency of romantic kissing. Putative biobehavioral responses to romantic/sexual kissing are likely contingent on cultural contexts that have come to enjoy, and not reject in disgust, the romantic/sexual kiss as a pleasurable experience. Jiménez Gracia, Maria Loreti (Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, [email protected]), Gabriela Candela Castañon, Perla Ivonne Segura
Ibarra, and Jesús Rene Luna Hernández Attitudes Towards Homosexuality: A Cross-­‐Cultural Comparison Homosexuality is a sexual orientation that can be defined as the attraction to individuals of the same sex. However they are attacked by society, which limits the freedom of their human rights and affect their mental health. It is important to understand the attitudes of the students toward this issue, as they could give a vision, contrast or approach on how the homosexual population can be treated in the future, which could influence their quality of life. The discriminatory attitudes of heterosexual people emerge or develop under the influence of different factors such as gender, degree of religiosity, education level, the positions of thought and especially the beliefs held about homosexuality. Today in many states of the American Union and in many cities of Mexico there are laws that protect the rights of homosexual individuals. However, in many parts of the world, such as in Russia and some Arab countries, there are still laws against homosexuality. The aim of this work is to see attitudes about homosexuality in people from diverse ethnic origins P a g e | 43 residing in Ciudad Juarez. One-­‐hundred participants of various ethnicities were given the scale of Attitude toward Homosexuality. An analysis of variance to measure differences in the groups found that men generally hold more negative attitudes toward homosexuals than women. It was also found that the interaction with these people has positive effects on attitudes, such as the reduction of prejudice and stereotypes. People with friends or family have less negative attitudes than those who do not have any social contact. It is very likely that gender differences are due to cultural influence. Jolie, Ruth (Mercyhurst University, [email protected]) Encouraging Paternal Participation at Home through Paid Paternal Leave from Work Dual worker middle class urban fathers with whom I work while conducting ethnographic research decried the lack of paid parental leave available to them in the United States. Many fathers claimed that informal time off after the birth of their child encouraged them to be “better,” more involved, fathers. European examples show that government-­‐funded paternal leave stimulates increased paternal involvement by promoting active family engagement through the sharing of childcare responsibilities. Employing Grounded Theory, this paper reviews key social science research on parental leave in multiple European countries and North American counties, as well as my own ethnographic work, to argue that increased paternal involvement at home should be encouraged through federally-­‐funded maternal and paternal leave programs. Consultation with labor and employment attorneys suggests that legislation designed to supplement the Family Medical Leave Act is the best course of action to achieve paid paternal leave that will encourage greater paternal involvement at home. Kaboli-­‐Nejad, Sahra (Creighton University, [email protected]) and Ozioma Aloziem A Cross Cultural Phenomenological Analysis of the Impact of Religion among Africans Living with HIV/AIDS Cultural meaning and stigma attached to HIV/AIDS color and frame people’s experiences more substantially than other diseases (Bolton, 1995). Researchers like Dageid & Duckert (2008) are beginning to explore the experience from a more humanistic framework, searching for meaning in the lived experiences of people diagnosed with HIV in South Africa. Coping was understood as avoidance of, escaping from, or minimizing HIV/AIDS and its accompanying emotional distress. The role of religion within this process is integral to the overall experience of those suffering from HIV/AIDS. The purpose of this study was to better understand the lived experience of Africans living with HIV/AIDS and the impact of their respective religion(s) in the coping process. Twenty in-­‐depth interviews were conducted with people of African descent living with HIV/AIDS in Kano, Nigeria and in Omaha, Nebraska. Analysis followed phenomenological principles (Moustakas, 2003) with P a g e | 44 the essence of the experience is discussed in light of Dageid & Duckert (2008) hypothesis of adaptive coping strategies in resource poor communities. Kalyanpur, Maya (University of San Diego, [email protected]) Contextual and Temporal Gaps in Transferring Inclusive Education Policies and Practices in the Context of Globalization and International Development: An Analysis of Cambodia and India This paper identifies and examines conceptual and temporal gaps that have occurred in the cross-­‐cultural transfer of concepts and services for children with disabilities from the Global North to the South, with specific reference to Cambodia and India. International standards established by the UN have created a universalized framework for disability. However, conceptual gaps occur in the meaning of terms or application of practices caused by differences in historical, political, and socio-­‐economic contexts between the Global North and South, while temporal gaps occur when practices are brought to the Global South even as they are being debunked in the North. Further, Global South disability is virtually excluded from Western-­‐centric disability studies (Campbell, 2011; Grech, 2011; Urwick & Elliott, 2010). Based on two sets of qualitative data collected in India and in Cambodia, including formal and informal interviews with a variety of stakeholders, classroom observations, and document analysis, which were analyzed using the constant comparison method (Glaser & Strauss, 1967), the study identified these gaps in relation to four themes: the meaning of inclusive education, the language of disability, the meaning of self-­‐advocacy, and perceptions of who is disabled. The paper argues for the need to move away from a “one-­‐size-­‐fits-­‐all” mentality and to consider indigenous understandings of disability towards developing educational services for children with disabilities with a better cultural fit in the context of the international aid agenda. Kamal Uddin, Muhammad (University of Dhaka, [email protected]), Anjuman Shirin, Rumana Aktar, Samsad Afrin Himi, Abdul Khaleque and Ronald Rohner Cognitive and Contextual Factors Mediating the Relation Between Interparental Conflict and Psychological Maladjustment of Bangladeshi Adolescents The present study tested whether interparental conflict affects children’s psychological adjustment indirectly through intervening variables or mediators, namely cognitive factors (threat, self-­‐blame, and triangulation) and contextual factors (maternal and paternal rejection). A total of 524 high school students (52% girls) ranging in age from 11 through 18 years (M = 13.28 years, SD = 1.14) were selected from 19 schools in three major cities in Bangladesh. Data were collected using a package of self-­‐report measures that included, (1) The Children’s Perception of Interparental Conflict Scale; (2 and 3) the Child version (short form) of the Parental Acceptance-­‐ Rejection Questionnaire for Mothers and for Fathers; (4) the Child version of the Personality Assessment Questionnaire; and (5), the Personal Information Form, for demographic information. Results of Bootstrapping Multiple P a g e | 45 Mediation Analysis showed that interparental conflict did affect children’s psychological adjustment indirectly through both cognitive and contextual factors. Karnilowicz, Wally (Victoria University, [email protected]) Mixed Methods!!! Why? Considering the Epistemological, Theoretical and Methodological Perspective Mixed methods incorporates the use of quantitative and qualitative methods but is often used without due consideration given to theory, epistemology and methodology. Nonetheless, combining elements from the quantitative and the qualitative research paradigm has long been accepted as common practice in the social sciences. Over many years researchers have collected quantitative and qualitative data in the same studies. The superdiverse cultural groups in this era of globalization due to the growth in migration (including refugees) resulted in a more intense focus on social justice. Despite this focus on social justice and the complexities and varied tapestries of life associated with diverse cultural groups, research has been and continues to be dominated by the positivist paradigm and the onus on factual and value free research. The exclusive use of the qualitative method is less regular. More recently the mixed-­‐method has been increasingly and enthusiastically adopted with the interpretive paradigm and associated qualitative methods used in combination with quantitative methods particularly in areas of funded health research, cross-­‐cultural community research and associated evaluation based studies. There is a need for fresh debate and discussion in the role of mixed method research, especially considering the cross-­‐cultural context within epistemology, theory and methodology. Kelly, Robyn (University of Minnesota, [email protected]) and Jill Brown The Effects of Media, Gender Representation, Ability to Earn Money, Beauty Standards, and Parental Influence on Career Selection in South Korean Academy The current study examined the effects of media, gender representation, ability to earn money and family influences on career selection. Participants consisted of 80 female and 57 male elementary and middle school children with a mean age of 9.8 at an afterschool private academy in Seoul, South Korea-­‐ Espirit Academy. Students completed a questionnaire consisting of demographic information, questions about his/her dream job, parental influence on career selection, importance of making a lot of money, gender representation seen in the media, influence of perceived gender representation on career selection if isolated by gender, pressure to conform to beauty standards and parental career modeling. The results indicated that there was no significant pattern of relationship between any of the following: gender and the choice to continue with career path without parental fiscal support, high and low prestige paid jobs and whether children perceived parents wanting them to select high-­‐income careers, whether or not mothers worked and how children perceived their parents wanting them to select lucrative careers, gender and whether they would choose the same career if isolated by gender, gender and the need to cease his/her career after children are born, gender and the need to be P a g e | 46 beautiful for a career. Boys and girls did not differentially express willingness to get plastic surgery. There was also no significant pattern of relationship between gender and whether children want to have a family with children in the future; however, there was a high selection of ‘maybe’ amongst the girls. While there was not a significant pattern of relationship, there was a trend where when mothers do not work, children identified less high status dream jobs. There was a significant pattern of relationship between gender and choosing the career for its moneymaking ability. Whereas boys indicated it was very important or picked career for money, girls picked not at all or a little bit. Khan, Shaila (Tougaloo College, [email protected]) Grandparental Acceptance and Psychological Adjustment of African American Students in Single and Dual Parent Homes Relationships between perceptions of grandparental acceptance/rejection and psychological adjustment of 127 African American college students in Mississippi were investigated. A comparison between students who grew up in single-­‐parent (N=74) and those in dual-­‐parent (N=53) households was done. Majority perceived their grandmothers to be “Very Important” (91%) compared to grandfathers (62%). Grandmothers were more accepting compared to grandfathers (t=2.96, p<.01) for dual-­‐parent household, while no difference was found in single-­‐parent households. Results of simple bivariate correlations suggested that psychological adjustment was associated with perceptions of acceptance by grandmother (r=.560, p<.01) and grandfather (r=.327, p<.05) for dual-­‐parent households, and only for grandmother (r=.333, p<.01) but not for grandfather (r=.185, p=.143) for single-­‐parent households. Simple multiple linear regression analysis found that only acceptance by grandmother (b=.518, t=4.22, p<.001 for dual-­‐parent, b=.260, t=2.01, p=.04 for single-­‐parent) but not by grandfather contributed significantly to psychological adjustment. Even when effects of parental acceptance were removed, only acceptance by grandmother was found to contribute significantly to psychological adjustment. No statistical difference in regression relations were found between single parent and dual parent households. It may be concluded that while perceived acceptance/rejection by grandmother significantly impacts psychological adjustments of African American students for both dual and single parent households, perceived acceptance/rejection by grandfather does not. Perhaps the unique nature of growing up family structure, and closeness to grandmothers play a role in such relationship. Ki, Ppudah (University of Connecticut, [email protected]) and Ronald Rohner Characteristics of Affective Copers in IPARTheory’s Coping Subtheory: Individuals who experience parental acceptance tend worldwide to be fairly well adjusted psychologically whereas people who experience parental rejection generally suffer from varying degrees of psychological maladjustment. A small minority of seriously rejected individuals—identified as affective copers—however, tend to be fairly well adjusted. Drawing from a sample of 17,828 people (5,882 P a g e | 47 children and 11,946 adults in 13 societies), this study explored the characteristics of affective copers as an initial step toward discovering factors that might be associated with coping and resilience process. Affective coping is determined by scoring individuals’ responses to the Child or Adult forms of the Parental Acceptance-­‐Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ): Mother and Father Versions, and to the Child or Adult forms of the Personality Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ). Individuals with low acceptance on the PARQ and high adjustment on the PAQ are designated as affective copers. Results of descriptive and correlational analysis will be discussed in this presentation. Additionally, results of hierarchical multiple regression will be discussed to show the extent to which perceived maternal versus paternal acceptance-­‐rejection contributed uniquely (i.e., independently) to the coping capability of males versus females, as well as to the coping capabilities of adults versus children. Finally, the presentation will discuss the way in which this information may be useful to mental health practitioners and other service providers who work with people who have experienced low level of parental acceptance. Kleiner, Robert (Temple University, [email protected]), Andreas Sørensen, Tom Sørensen, Paul Ngo and Berit Øygard Socio-­‐Cultural Integration in Rural Communities and Mental Health Promotion: Comparing the Impact of a Fishing-­‐Agricultural Region and a Mountainous Region In developing the research and applied significance of mental health promotion, we have emphasized the importance of a multiple realities model which includes the continuous interaction of psychological realities of individuals, the collective social realities of their community (or subculture) and important social networks, and the objective reality in which this process actually occurs. In this paper, we want to demonstrate the impact of different objective realities, that is, of communities differing in landscape, economic life, and patterns of settlement. Seven local communities took part in a mental health promotion project (1991-­‐1994) in Lofoten, a coastal fishing-­‐agricultural region in northern Norway. Surveys of their total adult population (18 years and above) were carried out in the beginning of the project period (1991) to determine the psychological and social properties of each community at the beginning of the project and how these would influence the success of the intervention program. (There were follow-­‐up evaluation surveys in 2000 and 2010.). In 2010, using the same methods, and for the same reasons, the data from twelve communities in Valdres provided information on the psychological and social realities of each of the communities. Valdres is a mountainous region in southern Norway. The nineteen communities were scored on the same eight dimensions related to the qualities of community integration, perceived social support, well-­‐being and distress. The surveys were supplemented with other observation methods. P a g e | 48 Korotayev, Audrey (National Research University Higher School of Economics, [email protected]) Socioanthropological Background of the Current Fertility Stall in Tropical Africa: A Cross-­‐Cultural Investigation Sub-­‐Saharan Africa is known to be lagging far behind the rest of the world in terms of fertility transition. Various attempts have been made to specify the factors stipulating its resistance to fertility transition; however, no systemic explanation for the interaction of the mechanisms underlying the SSA’s “pro-­‐natalist culture” and defining the region’s stubbornly high fertility has been presented in cross-­‐cultural perspective. In this paper we propose a hypothesis revealing how a complex of anthropological factors provides both social and economic foundation for the preservation of high fertility in SSA. Cross-­‐cultural tests demonstrate that the most important anthropology-­‐related determinants of high fertility are (1) an exceptionally high ideal family size an, (2) a huge potential to absorb increases in female labor participation rate without any substantial decreases in fertility through extended family structures well suited (through supplying alternative caretakers within the household) to provide a woman with an opportunity to combine childrearing with working activities outside her home, (3) a very remarkable potential to increase fertility at the early stages of transition through the abolition of postpartum sex taboos, and (4) exceptionally low potential for the increase in the birth spacing to contribute to fertility decline. In the last section we proceed to discuss how the results obtained could be useful for policy recommendations aimed at accelerating the fertility decline in SSA and mitigating the forecasted explosive population growth. Kostina-­‐Ritchey, Erin (Texas Tech University, [email protected]) and Jacki Fitzpatrick Fate and Mutuality: Depictions (in children’s literature) of US Parents’ Attributions for Adoption of Chinese Girls The goal of this qualitative study was to identify whether parents’ self-­‐attributions for the adoption of Chinese girls were evident in children’s storybooks (n=38). Attributions represent the explanations for individuals’ decisions and/or actions (Bradbury & Fincham, 1990). Adoptive parents often use books as a primary source in explaining issues to their children (Song, 2004). Thus, it is important to analyze relational themes within Chinese adoptive children’s books (Satz, 2007), including US parents’ attributions. Two researchers independently coded all books. The researchers engaged in a directional coding technique, in which they utilized concepts from prior research to guide the analysis of children’s stories (e.g., Fitzpatrick & Kostina-­‐Ritchey, 2012). Two attributional categories were identified (Cohen’s kappa [interrater agreement]=.70). The fate/destiny category focused on (a) God as an intervening force, or (b) circumstances which joined parents with adoptees. The mutual/children’s needs category concentrated on (a) seeking balanced gains for parents and adoptees [e.g., whole family formation], or (b) altruistically enhancing children’s quality of life. These literary depictions were in P a g e | 49 confluence with previous studies on parental attributions (Montemayor & Ranganathan, 2012) and adoptive families (Louie, 2009). Literary portrayals of attributional processes matter because they reflect issues such as biculturalism and adoptive parents’ cultural imperialism/advantages (Grice, 2005; Jerome & Sweeney, 2014). Given that stories can impact children’s attitudes toward ethnic diversity (Rodman & Hildreth, 2002) and transnational families (Beck, 2009), further research on themes within storybooks should be pursued. Kripiene, Ieva (Mykolas Romeris University, Lithuania, [email protected]) Lithuanian Migrants (Don’t) Return from the USA to a Home Country Historically, emigration and re-­‐emigration of Lithuanians is not a new phenomenon. Contemporary/ economic wave of emigration is distinct from the XIX century wave of emigration because of the long term goals of emigrants. Even though recent migrants give up on the financial push – pull factors to emigrate, only very few have a realistic plans for returning, investing in Lithuania, starting an innovative business in a home country or contributing to the Lithuanian‘s development projects. So, immigrants from Lithuania in the USA are not coming back to live in their home country, even though they claim “tomorrow we will return”. Therefore, the main goal of my presentation is to give a comprehensive overview of the explanations why immigrants in the USA are and are not coming back to live to their home country Lithuania and explore the potential reasons for their decisions to re-­‐
emigrate. Empirical data for this presentation was collected in 2006, 2007 and 2013 in the USA. Anthropological fieldwork consisted of qualitative open -­‐ ended questions interviews, participant observations, and informal conversations. Analysis of data, following theoretical insights on the concepts of transmigrants, identity, migration, and return migration leads to the conclusion, that re-­‐emigration from the USA to Lithuania mostly is happening because of the inability to adapt to a new culture or because of trouble with the law. “Successful” re -­‐ emigration cases are very seldom. Generally, when the flows of return migration becomes visible and numerous, this phenomenon attracts attention of the scientists, and researchers. In the case of Lithuania, we have considerably small number of returnees from the USA, and I assume it is quite interesting and important to try to evaluate the potential of return migration, and to look at the obstacles, reasoning of the unwillingness to return to a home country. Kuyumcu, Behire (Gazi University, Turkey, [email protected]) and Ronald Rohner The Relation between Remembered Parental Acceptance in Childhood and Self-­‐
Acceptance among Young Turkish Adults The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between remembered parental acceptance in childhood and adults’ self-­‐acceptance. The study was based on a sample of 236 college students in Turkey (139 women and 97 men). Men in the sample ranged in age from 19 through 37 years; women ranged in age from 19 through 24 years. Two self-­‐report questionnaires were used. These were (a) the P a g e | 50 Adult Parental Acceptance-­‐Rejection/Control Questionnaire: Mother and Father versions, and (b) the Self-­‐Acceptance subscale of the Psychological Well-­‐Being Scale. Results showed that both men and women tended to remember having been accepted in childhood by their mothers and fathers. Women, however, reported more maternal and paternal acceptance in childhood than did men. Similarly, the level of self-­‐acceptance was high among both men and women. However, women’s self-­‐acceptance was higher than men’s. Correlational analyses showed that self-­‐
acceptance was positively related to maternal and paternal acceptance among both women and men. Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that age and remembered paternal acceptance (but not maternal acceptance) significantly predicted women’s self-­‐acceptance. Age and remembered maternal acceptance made significant and independent contributions to men’s self-­‐
acceptance. Men’s remembrances of paternal acceptance in childhood made only a marginally significant contribution to their self-­‐acceptance. Lamorey, Suzanne (University of North Carolina at Charlotte, [email protected]) Perceptions of “The Good Teacher” in Two Cultures Using surveys and focus groups, 44 public school teachers in urban and rural regions of India as well as 58 public school teachers in urban and rural regions in the U.S. were asked to describe at least 5 qualities that make them effective with their students. The results yielded concerns on the part of teachers that represented cultural values and realities. The teachers from the U.S. voiced concerns about their effectiveness in terms of (a) institutional demands in light of the emphasis on accountability, (b) concerns about pedagogy in light of their training and the reality of their school settings, (c) concerns about the impact of family risk factors on child outcomes, and (d) clashes with administration. Alternatively, the teachers in urban Indian government school were concerned about (a) do my students love and respect me? (b) can I maintain order in the classroom? (c) are the students learning to share? (d) how can I talk with parents about their children’s performance in school without families using corporeal punishment? Teachers in some of India’s rural government schools voiced concerns such as (a) poor salaries, (b) students who don’t make an effort in school work, (c) the impact of the Right to Education Initiative on their role as teachers, (d) lack of teaching resources, and (e) problems of early marriage for the girl students. In this presentation, these topics will be explored in to relationship to the national educational policies and community values. Lee, Justin (University of North Carolina at Greensboro, [email protected]) Hispanic/Latino Access to Healthcare in the United States: Identifying Strategies to Overcome Barriers In the United States, Hispanic/Latino populations have limited access to healthcare. A growing body of literature identified several barriers that preclude these patients from receiving care. Barriers include language, transportation, and cultural differences (Heyman, Nuñez and Talavera, 2009; Nalini-­‐Junko, 2011). Little P a g e | 51 research, however, has focused on cases where individuals have overcome those barriers and successfully accessed healthcare services. The central aim of this study was to use a positive deviance approach to discover those strategies that are most effective in overcoming barriers, and to discover the most pressing health or mental health need in a South East region of the United States. Focus groups were conducted in Spanish with (N=26) Hispanic/Latino people who had received some form of healthcare within the past 12 months. An additional focus group and interviews were conducted with healthcare providers (N=14) on the same topic. Through thematic analysis of the transcriptions of the focus groups and interviews, patients and providers identified several common strategies that allowed this sample to overcome the common barriers, which included the following: (a) Access to formal and semi-­‐formal healthcare outreach providers such as social workers; (b) Finding of culturally competent providers (doctors and nurses) who were able to provide interpreters; (c) Use of informal ethnic community networks to find childcare and transportation; and (d) The responsiveness of the community to provide culturally appropriate care for free or reduced cost. Further research is needed, particularly on culturally appropriate mental healthcare, which was identified as the most pressing health or mental health need for this community. Lee, Shuo (Chaoyang University of Technology, Taiwan, [email protected]) Discipline the Bad Women: Punishments for Adultery in the Ming Dynasty: The Ming Law of the Ming Dynasty (1368-­‐1644) has been known for its strict restrictions on gender roles and discipline of sexualities. Chaste heterosexuality was upheld and regulated by neo-­‐Confucian discourses, and sexualities of other kinds were either discarded or hidden during this period of time. The disappearance of the desire of "the other" from the public, along with severe penalties for sexual practices forbidden by the government, seemed to consolidate the historical fact that the Ming Dynasty had one of the most repressive mechanisms of sex, gender, and sexuality in the history of China. From a Foucauldian feminist perspective, this essay examines the discourse on women’s social role and the legal documents on female adultery during the Ming Dynasty. The author argues that although pre-­‐
modern power in the form of the Ming Law exercises itself through restriction, prohibition, and punishment, discourse that serves the power of gender construction has real effects on individuals and, because of the effects it produces and reproduces, indicates the mechanism of power in a modern shape. Moreover, this essay offers a critical reading of From Men’s Hats to Ladies’ Hairpins, a piece of gay literature published during the late Ming Dynasty, as a tentative move to depict how practices against heterosexual norms may be realized then and now. Li, Xuan (University of Cambridge, [email protected]) and Ronald Rohner Interpersonal Acceptance-­‐Rejection Research in Chinese Populations The present paper provides an overview of the existing literature pertaining to issues on interpersonal acceptance-­‐rejection (IAR) in Chinese populations. Current IAR-­‐related studies in Chinese populations focus on three main areas: parent-­‐child P a g e | 52 interactions; intimate partner violence; and children’s and adolescents’ peer relationship. Existing literature renders support for IPARTheory’s personality sub-­‐
theory in that rejection in parent-­‐child and intimate partner relationships has been shown to lead to adverse effects on the physical health, mental health, and psychological adjustment of Chinese children, adolescents, and adults. Evidence specific to each domain indicates that: 1) Even though early research in Chinese populations often portrayed Chinese parents as harsher, more controlling, and less expressive in affection than their European American counterparts, recent investigations reveal gradual shifts in parenting ideals and practices toward more overt parental acceptance; 2) Intimate partner violence of varied forms is prevalent among Chinese couples. This violence exerts enormously detrimental influences on victims and their families, as it does in other societies; 3) Peer acceptance, often measured in school contexts, is not only related to Chinese children’s social competence, but is closely associated with children’s academic performance. Methodological issues in these studies and possible future directions are discussed. Lewis, Denise (University of Georgia, [email protected]) Journeys across Borders This symposium reaches across multiple borders: Israeli healthcare providers who provide care to Syrian patients across ideological divides; Cambodian grandparents who reach across intergenerational relations to provide care and teach resilience to grandchildren whose parents were victims of trauma; and Filipino families who, as migrants and returnees, have straddled the borders of the United States and the Philippines. These papers use qualitative and mixed-­‐methods approaches in understanding the lives of marginalized populations. This symposium provides opportunities for discussing the challenges and solutions to conducting research with marginalized populations. It also provides opportunities for dialogue on developing and incorporating responsive methods and culturally sensitive theories. Lewis, Denise (University of Georgia, [email protected]), Danielle Augustine and Dianne Tolentino Perceptions of a Transnational Journey: Migration from the Philippines and Back This paper on Filipino families’ migration to the United States and return to the Philippines examines the decisions, experiences and perceptions of Filipino families who had immigrated to the United States and have returned to the Philippines upon retirement. Class, generation, age hierarchy and gender can create micro-­‐level differences and rifts between returnees and people in sending nations. Migration influences social status, social exchange and reciprocity between returnees and people who are left behind. When processes of modernization and transnationalism are examined in relation to people’s complex lives, existing theories of modernization and age are inadequate to the task of understanding the aging process in a global context. Nine participants engaged in semi-­‐structured, in-­‐depth interviews were over a period of two months. Participant-­‐observation also took place during this time. Interviews were conducted in English and/or in Tagalog by a P a g e | 53 bilingual researcher. Interviews in Tagalog were translated into English and back translated into Tagalog. All interviews took place in the Philippines. Interviews lasted between 1 and 5 hours. Family Engagement Theoretical perspective provides the structure for the analysis of family relations across instrumental, affective, and symbolic domains. Analysis of data reveals back-­‐and-­‐forth struggles with gender inequalities, long-­‐distance intimacy, chain migration, and family resiliency. This paper contributes to a better understanding of the migration process from immigrants’ and returnees’ perspectives, which, in turn, could lead to the development, implementation, and improvement of support systems and outreach for Filipino families as they navigate across transnational boundaries. Liu, Chu-­‐Li (Tunghai University, Taiwan, [email protected]) Mental Health Problems in Taiwan from a Gender and Anti-­‐Oppressive Perspective: A Human Right Issue In the perspectives of social model for disability and mental health, anti-­‐oppression and human rights are emphasized; the rights of persons with disabilities and mental health problems to equality, freedom, safety and social inclusions should be ensured and protected. How can social model be implemented in patriarchal social context? It needs more research. This study aims to examine the gender issues of disability and mental health problems in Asian cultures (Taiwan) that are patriarchal and gender inequality are still prevalent. Case study was adopted. One case was a Taiwanese female suffered from Schizophrenia; the other case was a female career who came from a south Asian country to care for a Taiwanese man with multiple disabilities. In-­‐depth interviews, observations and documents were adopted to collect data. A holistic analysis was adopted to analyze data. In Taiwanese context which is characterized by patriarchal values mental health problems are considered to be different from physical illnesses. The ways of dealing with disability or mental health problems are different across genders. I will firstly present the care paradigms of disabilities and mental health in Taiwan. Follows the illustration of how Taiwanese women who experience mental health problems are trapped in an oppressive system constituted by gender inequalities, economic difficulties and mentalism. How migration and transnational marriage profoundly impacted the care work for people with mental health and disabilities in Taiwan will be demonstrated. Implications for future actions to enhance the well-­‐being of women in Asian cultures (Taiwan) will be addressed. Liu, Chu-­‐Li (Tunghai University, Taiwan, [email protected]) The Paradox of Culture As populations are aging around the world, research attentions had focused on the needs of elder survivors of intimate partner violence. Literature revealed that female elder intimate partner violence survivors are facing complex situations than those of female young survivors, including economic vulnerability and professionals’ attitudes. However, cultural diversity is rare in understanding these issues. Taking the case of Taiwanese female elder intimate partner violence P a g e | 54 survivors as an example, the paradox of culture is illustrated. A narrative research method was adopted to interview 8 female elder long-­‐term intimate partner violence survivors, aged 55 to 72, in Taiwan. Data analysis included abstract, orientation, complicating action, evaluation, resolution and coda. I will present how participants experienced inequality interlocked by gender, age and culture. I also will particularly present how participants both suffered and gained resilience from Taiwanese culture. Taiwanese culture is predominantly a patriarchal culture that female gender norms include women’s subordination to men and sacrificing themselves to care for men and family. The female gender norms become oppressive factors for participants because the norms made them accumulate vulnerabilities in their life course. However, Taiwanese culture also contains rich coping resources for participants and provides them with meanings to the sufferings. For example, participants adopted the cultural beliefs that suffering cultivates humanity and would promise them better lives in their next lives. How the practitioners identify the oppressive and the resilient factors embedded in female survivors’ cultures thus help survivors navigate the resilience in their cultures will be addressed. Luna, Jesus (Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, [email protected]), Daniel Ceballos Luján, and Jesús René Luna Hernández Attitudes toward the Death Penalty in Mexico and to North American Culture Even though the death penalty is not considered in the Mexican Constitution, a significant percentage of Mexico’s population considers it as a viable punitive option in cases of violent crimes, such as homicide and kidnapping. Several studies have measured attitudes toward the death penalty. However, most of them do not consider cross-­‐cultural variance, nor do they take into account the influence of culture on such attitudes. Ciudad Juárez is located next to El Paso, a city of the state of Texas, where death penalty is legal. Violence has been a dramatic feature in the daily life of the border, especially in the Mexican side of the frontier. Thus, an investigation on how people in both cities may react to death penalty proposals based on their knowledge and attitudes towards it seems to be appropriate. Culture, in this context, looks like a determinant factor for the adoption of a particular point of view regarding ideology, in this case, attitudes toward capital punishment. One-­‐
hundred and twenty-­‐one students answered the Scale of Attitudes toward the Death Penalty in Mexico, and a semantic differential scale developed by the authors designed to measure attitudes toward North American culture. This scale produced five factors, three of them similar to those found in other semantic differential research, with the other two named Positive and Negative Attitudes toward North American Culture, PATNAC, and NATNAC, respectively. Significant correlations arose between Moral Reserves toward Death Penalty and PATNAC, and Activism for the Right to Life and PATNAC. We hope these findings will help understand the cultural dynamics between our societies. P a g e | 55 Luna, Jesus (Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, [email protected]), Rocío Ureña Gómez, Karla Puente, Dalia Garcia Cruz and Ricardo R. Bolivar Indigenous Women’s Perception of their Role in Everyday Politics: A Comparison between Tarahumara and Inuit Women Historically, indigenous communities in Mexico have been relegated from having active roles in political and social development processes. This has been especially notorious in the case of the roles that indigenous women have inside their society. This study seeks to inquire about the conceptualization that Tarahumara and Inuit women have about their place inside their communities, as well as to understand how they approach diverse political and social issues. Interviews were made to nine women, seven Tarahumara women in Ciudad Juarez, México, and two Inuit women in Winnipeg, Canada, were interviewed. Through the Grounded Theory approach the interviews were analyzed/codified using Atlas.ti. The Inuit-­‐Canadian women were questioned individually, using semi-­‐structured interviews, while five out of the seven interviews of Tarahumara women were obtained during a focus group session. Results show that the Tarahumara women, both individually and through the focus group, are distrustful of the government at all levels. They feel being used by politicians in times of elections, then abandoned after they gather their vote. They prefer to work with foreign religious institutions, having higher confidence in them for social and institutional support. Many of such concerns are shared by Inuit women. For them gender roles are fundamental for the preservation of their culture, while perceiving that they are being colonized by Western-­‐style ideologies. It is important to consider the views of indigenous women to understand their organizational processes, their fears, and the opportunities for interaction with mestizo communities, which are often ignored by most politicians. Malihialzackerini, Saied (Islamic Azad University -­‐ Karaj Branch-­‐ Iran, [email protected]), Khosrow Parsa, Hassan Ashayeri and Mehdi Rahgozar Meta Cognitive Training (MCT) to Improve Neuropsychological Functioning in Patients with Surgically Treated Frontal Lobe Tumor and in Patients Affected by Schizophrenia Recently, several studies have shown that Meta Cognitive Training (MCT) may enhance neurocognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia. This paper describes a randomized controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of MCT to improve neuropsychological and cognitive functioning in patients treated for a brain tumor and schizophrenia. We compared the performance of patients with frontal lobe surgery in meta cognitive training, with the performance of people with schizophrenia. A total of 30 brain tumor survivors and 30 schizophrenic patients in the age range of 22 to 40 years are recruited. Also a group of 30 healthy subjects be included as the control group. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS), Wechsler Memory Scales (WMS) and Subjective Neurocognitive Inventory (SNI) administered to the patients to evaluate pre-­‐ and post-­‐ intervention functioning. We found similar cognitive profile between patients with prefrontal lobe lesions and schizophrenic subjects in terms of understanding of cognitive-­‐ intellectual , executive functions P a g e | 56 and in using metacognitive training intervention. We suggest effectiveness of meta cognitive training (MCT) in cognitive – executive functioning in patients with frontal lobe lesions and schizophrenia; this can be a valuable addition to the scarce interventions available to improve neurocognitive and neuropsychological functioning of brain tumor survivors and schizophrenics. Marsh, Benjamin (Azusa Pacific University, [email protected]) Priming Cultural Representations Facilitates Processing of the Associated Language Bicultural bilinguals develop an asymmetrical relationship between cultural representations in their bicultural network and the lexical structures of their dominant (L1) and secondary (L2) languages. In effect, L1 structures become strongly linked to one set of cultural representations, and L2 becomes strongly linked to a different set of cultural representations. Past research has found evidence for this relationship in language production, but not in a language reception task like lexical decision. Using Spanish-­‐English bilingual Latino-­‐
Americans, this study tested whether priming Latino or American cultural representations facilitated the accessibility of the Spanish meaning or English meaning of Spanish-­‐English homographs. Fifty-­‐nine participants were randomly assigned to a Latino prime, American prime, or no prime condition. After being primed, subjects performed an English lexical decision task wherein they indicated whether a letter string formed an English word. Homographs, English control words, and non-­‐words were included in the array. As predicted, there was a significant prime condition by word type interaction, F(2, 50) = 3.31, p = .044, η_p^2 = .117. In the No prime condition, reaction times to homographs were significantly slower than English controls. In contrast, in the American prime condition, reaction times to homographs were faster than English controls, but this trend was not statistically significant. The results suggest that priming cultural representations may modulate excitatory processes in the bilingual language system and that nonlinguistic cultural cues may be a factor in resolving competition for activation between L1 and L2. Mathur, Smita (James Madison University, [email protected]) and Kanika Shirole “In America, I feel like Helen Keller” Voices of Culturally Competent but Linguistically Vulnerable Teachers Nearly 3.1 million migrant seasonal farm workers and their families live in the United States (NCFH, August 2012). Many migrant farm-­‐workers have teaching experience from their native countries and take up positions in rural early childhood centers. Cultural congruence between migrant children and these teachers enhances the quality of instruction and builds strong home, school, and community partnerships. Once hired, the immigrant teachers earn the required minimum credentialing (CDA) to retain employment as early childhood teachers. Using a socio-­‐ecological approach, this presentation aims to provide visibility to the issues faced by immigrant early childhood teachers who have limited proficiency in P a g e | 57 Standard English. Empirical evidence obtained through ethnographic interviews with the teachers reveal a host of psychological, emotional, financial, and social challenges that emerge due to lack of English Language proficiency and linguistic isolation. In our study, sixty-­‐three teachers were interviewed over a period of 18 months. All the teachers were women aged between 26 -­‐56 years; were first generation immigrants to the United States, and born mainly in Mexico (91%) or other Latin American countries like Columbia, Peru, and Guatemala. All teachers had limited proficiency in written and spoken Standard English as measured by the Complete Language Assessment System–English (TABE-­‐Clas E), a test designed to assess the reading, listening, writing, and speaking skills of adult English language learners. Structured open-­‐ended interviews were conducted biweekly in individual and group meetings conducted in Spanish. Teacher voices, strengths, challenges, and intervention strategies will be discussed in an interactive forum. Mazumdar, Ketoki (Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India, [email protected]) Search for Meaningful Work and Pursuit of Well-­‐Being: Narratives of Youth Social Entrepreneurs in India and Norway The present study was undertaken within a social constructionist paradigm in an attempt to cross-­‐culturally compare the search for meaning in work (occupation) and the pursuit for well-­‐being of young adult social entrepreneurs, living in two different socio-­‐cultural contexts (India and Norway). The study endeavoured at understanding the construction of “meaningful work” and individual well-­‐being against the larger context of the kind of society and cultural context that an individual inhabits. Specifically, the study focused upon how the youth living in different cultural/societal complexes, such as India and Norway, constructed/found and got engaged in meaningful work, the cultural values that drove this meaning making process, and the subjectively felt satisfaction with the meaning that was woven through connections, understandings and interpretations which helped the youth in understanding their experiences. The current study was also interested to look at the process of young people becoming social entrepreneurs or choosing social entrepreneurship as a career over some economically viable career options, like engineering, teaching or physician. This was a qualitative study conducted on ten Indian and seven Norwegian individuals. The key stakeholders of the study were young social entrepreneurs who have professionally engaged themselves with their own social ventures, which were setup in response to certain social needs of the system, like education, healthcare, and drug addiction in youth. It has been observed that cultural values such as individualism and collectivism are intricately linked to the structure of societies and mediate the relationship between meaning in life and well-­‐being, thus laying the basis for a cross-­‐cultural study. Also, most cross-­‐cultural research has been conducted under the purview of survey research, thus becoming oblivious to the intricacies of the self-­‐society dialogue. Hence, the application of qualitative methodology has added an in-­‐depth dimension to this kind of research. Interview data in the form of narratives was analyzed using NVivo. Themes emerged from the data were used to come to the following conclusions. These young social P a g e | 58 entrepreneurs could be said to possess a Protean Career Orientation (Hall, 1976). Their search for autonomy as well as the desire to do something for the society -­‐ creating social value, pushed them to choosing a career of social entrepreneurship. They also reported finding a deep sense of purpose in their careers as social entrepreneurs and thus also described feeling more happy, content and satisfied. Mendez, Maria (University of New Mexico) and Shirley Heying Adolescent Resiliency and Perspectives of Colonia Life in the El Paso/Ciudad Juarez Borderlands Individuals living in communities along the U.S./Mexico borderlands often face a multitude of life challenges such as immigration issues, food scarcity, limited access to health care, discrimination, marginalization, unemployment, poor access to quality education, and substandard living conditions. For individuals living in colonias, these challenges are often exacerbated. A colonia—generally defined as an unincorporated residential community located in borderlands (lands adjacent to a national border)—commonly lacks basic infrastructure such as paved roads, electricity, running water, and proper sewage systems. The aim of this research project is to examine and better understand the particular living experiences of colonia residents and the challenges they face by exploring the perspectives of primarily Mexican and Mexican American colonia youth who reside in one of four colonias located within the United States, just east of El Paso, Texas. In order to achieve that aim, we worked with youth to directly solicit their perspectives on colonia life and the challenges they face and also administered the Children and Youth Resilience Measure (CYRM) to examine youth experiences with resiliency. Our quantitative and qualitative findings reveal that Mexican and Mexican American youth living in colonias near El Paso, Texas demonstrate resiliency in the face of heightened familial, social, and community risks that surround them. These findings inform our current direction in this research project, which seeks to continue to fully explore youth experiences in the colonias and to work with youth to develop strategies to help effectively address risk factors and further strengthen youth resiliency. Menon, Usha (Drexel University, [email protected]) Women and Wellbeing: An Alternative Perspective Do women living in societies that do not necessarily embrace the values of liberalism lead lives that have meaning, power and a sense of purpose? The present lecture addresses this question and suggests that liberal formulations, despite what many secular liberals may claim, do not exhaust the possibility of living life fully and satisfyingly. It is based on data about a group of upper-­‐caste Hindu women living in the temple town of Bhubaneswar in the eastern Indian state of Odisha and their understandings and experiences of wellbeing. While the focus will be on women who live in a very different cultural world with its own highly developed moral order, the lecture will have relevance to contemporary debates in the United States P a g e | 59 about the deep and persistent connections between work, family and women’s identity. Msall, Kyle (The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, [email protected]) Developing Culturally Specific Humanitarian Programs for Internally Displaced Yezidis in Iraqi Kurdistan With the recent influx of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) into Iraqi Kurdistan due to the Islamic State of Syria and al-­‐Sham (ISIS), nongovernment organizations (NGOs) and the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) have implemented many humanitarian programs throughout the region to help the people taking refuge in the region. Unlike the period before August where the region’s refugee population of 200,000 was mainly Syrian Muslims, the current situation of around 1.5 million people consists of many minority populations such as the Yezidi population. The poster presentation is about my current dissertation which involves a mixed-­‐method design. The study involves interviews with Yezidi IDPs currently living in Iraqi Kurdistan to understand the cultural aspects of the Yezidi culture they believe are essential for humanitarian programs implemented in the region. Current programs will then be evaluated in order to understand if they are culturally sensitive to the Yezidi culture. If not, suggestions, based on those cultural aspects obtained from the Yezidi IDPs, will be developed for humanitarian programs that can be implemented in order to make the programs more culturally sensitive to the Yezidi population. Muruthi, James (University of Georgia, [email protected]), Andrea Farnham and Denise Lewis Cultural and Family Protective Factors Buffering Transmission of Trauma in Cambodian Refugees Many families were influenced by the Khmer Rouge ethnic genocide in Cambodia between 1975–1979 causing trauma and severe disruption of family members and their interactions. The current study was conducted to explore the intergenerational transmission or lack of transmission of trauma among Cambodian refugee families (victims of the genocide) living in Alabama. Previous work by Lewis (2008, 2009, 2010) and other scholars have highlighted that socio-­‐cultural changes to Cambodian refugees’ lives led to a myriad of shifts in intergenerational interactions among these families. There is a clear divide in the literature as pertains to secondary traumatization between generations. For example holocaust researchers, such as Schart (2007), found evidence in support of secondary traumatization while other, such as Sagi-­‐Schwartz et al., (2008), did not find evidence for transmission. The current study seeks to understand family trauma (specifically transmission and lack thereof) through a strengths-­‐based approach that elucidates family protective factors. A phenomenological qualitative analysis was conducted on data collected from 6 Cambodian families. In-­‐depth interviews were conducted with grandparents, parents, and grandchildren/children in each family unit. The first phase of data analysis was done using ATLASti to deduce themes and patterns in the data. A P a g e | 60 second phase included a team of trained researchers, who read the data for further themes and or confirmed existing ones. Four themes of resilience emerged from the process: Keen parenting, cultural beliefs and values, proximity to family, and informal community support networks. Ngo, Dung (University of Texas at Tyler, [email protected]) and Dhara Shah Willingness to seek mental health services among Vietnamese Americans Studies are consistent in reporting the underutilization of mental health services among the Asian American population. However, past studies have not examined the impact of psycho-­‐education as a tool to increase mental health service utilization among Asian Americans. The present study examined the effectiveness of psycho-­‐
educational workshops on willingness to seeking mental health services among the Vietnamese Gulf Coast community following the Gulf Coast BP Oil Spill. A total of 229 Vietnamese Gulf Coast residents from Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana participated in a mental health workshop. The workshop lasted about two hours was delivered in Vietnamese by a professional. Participation was voluntary and participants were free to withdraw at any time. Fifty eight percent were females (42 % males) with ages ranging from 23 to 72 years (M = 54; SD 6.6). Post-­‐
workshop findings indicated a significant increase in willingness to seek help and an increase in general knowledge regarding mental health problems and services. Clinical implications will be discussed along with recommendations on how to increase mental health service utilization among the underserved population. Ngo, Paul (St. Norbert College, [email protected]), Robert Kleiner, Tom Sorensen and Andreas Sorensen Analyzing the Psychological Consequences of Various Physical and Sociocultural Realities via a Multi-­‐Level, Mixed-­‐Method Systems Approach In this presentation, we describe how a multi-­‐level, multi-­‐method systems approach was used to elucidate the nature of relationships between the psychology of individuals (e.g., perceived quality of life, psychological health) and their physical and sociocultural environments (Kleiner, R., Sørensen, T., Ngo, P. Y. L., & Sørensen, A., 2014). A systems-­‐oriented approach fostered the use of mixed methods as we worked to draw meaning from different levels of analysis, e.g., when reconciling quantitative survey data with qualitative field and process notes. It also engendered fruitful interdisciplinary collaboration, by bringing together different theoretical and methodological perspectives from sociology, psychology, and psychiatry, which in turn generated alternative means of testing our hypotheses re. the impact of population-­‐level changes on the individual-­‐level characteristics of several Norwegian communities’ inhabitants. However, the very strength of this approach in terms of how it can more richly represent the intricacies of the system under investigation within a model can also make the latter more difficult to interpret. Consequently, it can be challenging to precisely assess how sociocultural interventions impact individuals within a community, given that the effectiveness of a mental health promotion campaign is influenced by relationships among multiple P a g e | 61 realities (i.e., the objective physical-­‐level properties of an environment, the sociological-­‐level characteristics of a community, and the psychological-­‐level attributes of the person within that community) that can also change over time. We will help those interested in using mixed methods to understand phenomena across-­‐levels by presenting analytical strategies that can be used to make sense of such data. Nyong, Emmanuel (Indiana State University, [email protected]) An Application of Cultural Values as Interventions for Grieving Ibibio People of Nigeria Bereavement is an issue of serious concern among any group of people, triggering grief which can be damaging to surviving family members or friends. Death creates an un-­‐fillable gap, leaving survivors with prolonged grief and yearning for their dear ones. This presentation draws from a cultural psychological research that is currently in progress, on post-­‐bereavement grief among Ibibio people of Nigeria. Ibibio people predominantly live in Akwa Ibom and Cross River States of Nigeria. This qualitative research, which uses grounded theory, data were collected from 14 men and women of Ibibio origin between 18 and 50 years of age, who were bereaved of a family member between 6 months-­‐2 years ago. Participants were interviewed using semi-­‐structured interviews, which were transcribed verbatim. Axial coding followed by focused coding was used to sort and organize data. Reflective memos were used as an analytic tool to explain the categories. Theoretical sampling and theoretical coding led to theoretical saturation. I am currently generating abstractions, and looking at the relationship between categories. Preliminary results indicate that Ibibio people utilize several cultural measures to cushion the effects of bereavement on family members including particular conceptions of death (e.g., death as a transition, not an end); use of bereavement, grief, burial and funeral practices including organization of the “mourning house” (ufok-­‐ikpo); reorganization of family structure to accommodate bereavement as a special event that includes family and community support; and measures for continuous support for the bereaved family members. Although there is scholarship on bereavement and grief among Euro-­‐American, Hispanic, African-­‐American and other African cultures, there is no psychological research on bereavement and grief about Ibibio people. Hence, results from this study will provide knowledge about Ibibio cultural values thus offering insights to mental health professionals on caring for grieving Ibibio individuals and family members. Ultimately, this study emphasizes the importance of mental health professionals learning about their culturally diverse clients in order to help them to successfully resolve their grief. P a g e | 62 Oliver, Lisa (San Jose State University, [email protected]) Student Success and Retention in Higher Education Though access to higher education has more than doubled from 1980 to 2011 (from almost 9 million to approximately 20 million), there has only been a slight increase in overall college completion rates (Supiano, 2011). The disparity in graduation rates between low-­‐income and high-­‐income students is even more noticeable since fewer low-­‐income students ever begin college (Tinto, 2012). A child whose family’s income is in the lowest quartile has less than an 8% chance of earning a college degree whereas a child whose family’s income is in the highest quartile has about an 85% chance of earning a college degree (Kirwan, 2013). There are certain conditions that can be developed on university campuses that can promote student success. The four conditions that have emerged from research to enhance student retention have focused on: 1) expectations, 2) support, 3) assessment and feedback, and 4) involvement (Tinto, 2010). The goal of this presentation is to share more about the experiences of undergraduate students (with an emphasis on under represented, first-­‐generation, and transfer students) so that their success and retention can be increased Olvera, Karla Gabriela (Universidad Autonoma de Ciudad Juarez, [email protected]) , Karla Gabriela Olvera, Karina Imelda Escárzaga Durán and Edgar Carbajal Sandoval Indice de Felicidad en los Paises con Psicologos y Psiquiatras La psicología y la psiquiatría tienen el discurso de que surgen en el mundo para dar una mejor calidad de vida, sin embargo los intereses de estas no siempre están dirigidos a esta cuestión. Se supone, entonces, que entre más psicólogos y psiquiatras tenga un país habrá un mayor índice de felicidad nacional. Por lo cual proponemos la siguiente hipótesis: la cantidad de psicólogos formados en una determinada zona geográfica influye en el índice de felicidad de la región donde radican. Tomando datos de la OMS y de un informe de índice de felicidad mundial. A través de la investigación se llevó a cabo a la revisión de datos, de los cuales se obtuvieron los índices estadísticos de los niveles de felicidad en los países tanto tercermundistas como primermundistas, correlacionando datos y comparando perspectivas de vida respecto a la salud mental, ya que se difiere a que la psicología positiva conlleva a un mejor nivel de vida. Los resultados obtenidos fueron diversos ya que en los países que se conoce como pobres, en algunos casos se encuentran muy estudiados, dando una perspectiva completamente diferente a la concepción del país en sí. El objetivo de la siguiente investigación se realizó con el fin de comprender los estándares e índices de felicidad en los países del mundo, ya que se encuentra relacionada la felicidad con la cantidad de psicólogos y psiquiatras egresados a nivel mundial. Se dice que el rango alto de felicidad con lleva la psicología positiva, y algunos países aun no la utilizan, pero se conoce por el gran cambio que ha efectuado en las personas, en su comportamiento y en el desarrollo a nivel social que desempeñan. A través de la metodología explicada en clase y utilizando el SPSS nos dimos a la tarea de investigar en equipo que tanto influían P a g e | 63 estos estándares e índices de felicidad en la sociedad, encontrando, por ejemplo que los países suramericanos son países que se encuentran en desarrollo potencial, ya que cada vez son más personas preparadas, dando lugar a un mejor ámbito de vida. Con este tipo de casos nos damos cuenta que a nivel social el Psicólogo y el Psiquiatra si tienen cierto peso y plusvalía en la sociedad, y que la salud mental es importante para un mejor desarrollo entre los habitantes, ya que, si una persona se encuentra equilibrada en sus ámbitos de vida podrá desenvolverse mejor para su país, ya que tiende a tener cierto sentido de pertenencia. Las personas hoy en día, debido a los niveles de calidad de vida más demandantes estamos olvidando darle importancia no nada más a nuestra salud física, si no también emocional y psicológica, olvidando quienes somos como individuos en una sociedad y que tipo de papel tendemos a desarrollar. En cambio los países que trabajan en su salud mental y se empeñan en desarrollarse mejor, tienen una mejor calidad de vida, referente a que la persona es más feliz y positiva y da mayor nivel de porcentaje a las actividades que desarrollan día con día. A lo que concluimos que la actividad mental si es importante para desarrollar un mejor nivel y calidad de vida. Ortega, Issac (Autonomous University of Yucatan, Mexico, [email protected]) Exploring Meanings of Democracy and Citizenship among Mexican College Students with Practices of Citizen Participation The importance of enhancing understanding of the citizen formation processes at college is widely recognized through mexican universities development plans. In times of political turbulence like those we are living in Mexico, this is important to comprehend how those students who are choosing to be responsible for taking action to solve social problems develop this sense of responsibility and those citizen practices. Numerous studies has been developed to explore citizenship quality of mexican college students but most of them have chosen quantitative surveys as their technique to obtain information. This study explores subjective meaning of democracy and citizenship by means of open interviews through the Social Construction of Reality Theory in order to pay attention to inter-­‐subjectives points of view instead of the usual preconceived structures of survey methods. Informants were selected from the Social Studies Campus of Autonomous University of Yucatan and all of them satisfy the criteria of being involved on civil associations, community work volunteer movements or political parties youth wings. Results will be used to conduct future discussion groups to explore how the constructed meanings shape citizen participation practices. Parameswaran, Gowri (State University of New York at New Paltz, [email protected]) A Cross-­‐cultural and Historical Critique of the Basic Assumptions in Evolutionary Psychology The field of evolutionary psychology is built on the assumption that much of the sexual behavioral mechanisms that we evidence today were formed during the Pleistocene period. The lynch-­‐pin of evolutionary psychology rests on their notion of P a g e | 64 reproductive success as a determinant of survival of specific behaviors; hence sexuality, sexual behaviors and mating are central and recurring themes in the studies conducted by researchers in the field. Researchers in the field assert that there is significant sex differences in the mating patterns then and now based on survival and reproductive pressures. As evidence they offer the uniformity in sexual arrangements that are found today across cultures and contexts. A common evidence that is used repeatedly by EP psychologists for the promiscuous man and the clinging woman hypothesis is based on predominant family arrangements today. I will explore several common myths about sexuality, family life, gender roles within families and child-­‐rearing that seems to fuel many of the main assumptions made by evolutionary psychologists and examine the evidence that the current gender, sexual and family arrangement is evolutionarily shaped rather than historically driven. An examination of historical records across societies reveals the impact of European colonialism and Judeo-­‐Christian attitudes on transformations in marriage and mating practices. The presentation will provide evidence that communities across the world underwent rapid transformations in mating practices with colonial rule. Parmar, Parminder (Pennsylvania State University WS, [email protected]) and Marcus Lemoncelli Grand Parent Acceptance and Parental Acceptance, and Psychological Adjustment among College Students IPARTheory (previously known as PARTheory) has moved further than looking at parental acceptance and its’ effect on the psychological adjustment of Human beings. The step forward is to document how interpersonal acceptance rejection by significant others in our life affects our development and relationships everywhere in the world regardless of differences in gender, SES, age, race, ethnicity, culture or any other defining conditions. The research provides such a powerful evidence for positive outcomes of acceptance as opposed to rejection (Rohner & Veneziono 2001, Khaleque & Rohner, 2002, Khaleque & Rohner, 2011, Erkman,Carrasco, & Rohner 2013, Parmar & Rohner, 2011, & Rohner, 2014). This presentation explores for the first time to look at relationship of Grand Parent’s acceptance in addition to parents and its impact on psychological adjustment in youth. The results are discussed in relation to gender, age, and culture of the respondents. Poelker, Katelyn (Saint Louis University, [email protected]), Judith Gibbons, Ingrid Lorena Elizondo Quintanilla, Colleen Maxwell and Julia Thomas La Gratitud y la Envidia: Guatemalan Adolescents’ Experiences with Gratitude and Envy Despite their ubiquity in the everyday life of adolescents, the social emotions of gratitude and envy are not well understood, particularly outside Western cultures. In adolescents, most research on gratitude has focused on interventions to enhance well-­‐being and research on envy is nearly non-­‐existent (e.g., Poelker, Gibbons, Hughes, & Powlishta, 2014). As emotions with opposite valences, they are likely P a g e | 65 experienced for different reasons; correlational evidence supports this idea (Froh, Emmons, Card, Bono, & Wilson, 2011). Specifically, feelings of gratitude encourage reflection on what one already has, while envy, due to comparison, focuses on feelings about things that one does not have, but wants. The limited research on these emotions in other cultures has revealed that they may be experienced differently depending on cultural context and might be particularly important in collectivistic cultures (Foster, 1972; Layous, Lee, Choi, & Lyubomirsky, 2013). Using a qualitative approach with 14-­‐16-­‐year-­‐old Guatemalan youth, “La Gratitud y la Envidia: Guatemalan Adolescents’ Experiences with Gratitude and Envy” investigated the daily lived experiences of these social emotions. Twenty-­‐two adolescents (12 females; Mage = 14.55 years) were interviewed individually in Spanish about their experiences with gratitude and envy. Coding of participant responses about their gratitude and envy experiences revealed the antecedents and consequences of these emotions, along with for what or of whom participants were envious or grateful. Their responses provided rich examples of these phenomena and will be useful in conducting future investigations on gratitude and envy internationally, as well as situating these emotions in a developmental perspective. Rashid, Uzma (University of Maryland, Baltimore County, [email protected]) American Muslim Women: Understanding the Politics of Diversity Within and Outside This presentation will share the complexities of the struggles faced by young Muslim women who navigate through the diverse cultural setting of the United States. Data is part of a study aimed at understanding the ways in which the gendered religious identities of Muslim women are constructed in the US. This work seeks to address the dearth of research on the lives of Muslim women, and to identify and enhance an understanding of the issues and challenges they face during the process. Participants include fifteen 18-­‐22 year old women who graduated from an Islamic school in the mid-­‐Atlantic region. Two phenomenological interviews were conducted with each participant. Data was analyzed using critical discourse and content analyses techniques. Findings point towards the tension that existence in a non-­‐Muslim majority setting poses to the Muslim population. However, not only are there issues related to the members of the Muslim community interacting with the social milieu around them, including confusions about socializing with non-­‐Muslims, data also points towards conflicts within, including those related to the rich racial and ethnic diversity in the community. Some of these perceptions and experiences of American Muslims will be shared, and will be located within a larger discussion on how the obstacles towards their contribution to this diverse social setting can be dealt with. P a g e | 66 Raj, Stacey (Miami University, Ohio, [email protected]), Vaishali Raval and Ashwin Jansari A Cross-­‐Cultural Study of Factors Influencing the Relationship between Parenting and Student Well-­‐Being There is growing evidence in developmental and family psychology showing both universality and cultural variation in parenting. Interestingly, a number of studies have found that seemingly similar parenting behaviors in different societies may be associated with very different child/ youth outcomes (e.g., Lansford et al., 2005). Possible factors contributing to differential outcomes include perceived normativeness by the child/ youth (i.e., how ‘normal’ or ‘common’ youths' perceive their parents’ behavior to be relative to other parents in their community), causal attributions (i.e., what do youth attribute their parents' behavior to), and youths’ subjective experience of parenting they received (i.e., their emotional experience in response to their parents’ behavior). This study sought to examine the possible mediating and moderating influences of these three factors on the relationship between parenting experienced and well-­‐being of college students in India and the United States (US). College students in India (n = 373) and the US (n = 396) completed a measure assessing their reports and perceptions of parenting they experienced (i.e., the Implicit and Explicit Parenting Behaviors Questionnaire), as well as subscales from the College Adjustment Scales and the Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale. Data collection is complete and analyses are expected to be completed by December 2014. This paper will provide a summary of findings, including potential cross-­‐ cultural differences in the relationship between study variables. Implications of findings for professionals involved in cross-­‐cultural research and practice will also be presented. Redding, Carly (University of North Georgia, [email protected]) and Melinda Johnson "Their Faces Will Always Remind Me of the Hearts that Changed Me Forever": Addressing Human Trafficking Through Education and Community Development Over five weeks during the summer of 2014, faculty members and students from the University of North Georgia had the opportunity to access one of the highly trafficked communities of Goa, India in order to conduct research and provide services as part of a multi-­‐year cooperative agreement between the university and a local NGO. For most of the generationally impoverished children in India, the only chance to avoid becoming victims of human trafficking is to increase the length of time in school. Therefore, our research has the primary objective of increasing the potential of children from this community to stay in school beyond the average drop out age of seven. This process is achieved through both educational development initiatives and community development activities that aim to increase the quality of maternal interactions within these slums. Our presentation will provide an overview of our research findings from the field, and present information on how to integrate effective research and service learning opportunities into other programs. P a g e | 67 Reyes Ruiz, Norma Elena (National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico, [email protected]) and Rolando Díaz Loving Psychometric Validation of Traditional Premises of the Family in Mexico Today The work carried out since psychology in Mexico, has focused on different cognitive, behavioral and emotional aspects of Mexican (Diaz Guerrero 1995). One aspect that encompasses the study of Mexican culture is the Historical and Socio-­‐Cultural Premises (PHSC's) representing the roles played by members of Mexican families. The premises generate inferences about family, social and sexual roles of interpersonal reality of Mexican. Therefore, the objective of this study was the validation of the premises at present, for which he worked with a non-­‐probabilistic, intentional quota sample, total participants was 1623 distributed by men (48.6%) and women (51.3%). Of the original 123 premises, the instrument was composed of 68, determined from the theoretical review and interrater evaluation. The statistical treatment of data was following the psychometric analysis of previous studies Diaz Guerrero (2003). In this sample 10 factors were found. 1F: Machismo, 2F. Rating women, 3F. Affiliative obedience, 4F. Abnegation, 5F. Respect and obedience, 6F. Need for protection, 7F. Fear of authority, 8F. Infidelity, 9F. Equity and 10F. Male superiority. Finally it is concluded that the premises are passed from one generation to another, through authority figures, these are predominantly parents, and will be reinforced by all adults in the sociocultural group: by older brothers and sisters and social institutions, educational, religious, governmental (Diaz-­‐Guerrero, 1967). Robers, Aki (University of Wisconsin-­‐Milwaukee, [email protected]) and Christopher Lyons Social Context and Clearance of Crimes Involving Hispanic Victims As the United States Hispanic population increases, it is important to study how the criminal justice system responds to crime incidents involving Hispanics. Crime clearance by arrest is the first stage of criminal justice processing. Scholars have argued that crime incidents with Hispanic victims are less likely to be cleared by arrest due to investigation difficulty associated with language barriers between police and victim/witnesses, distrust toward police, and fear of revealing illegal immigration status. However, characteristics of the community and police agency in which the incident took place may mitigate this difficulty. Using a multi-­‐level approach, the current study examines the effects of community, police agency, and incident characteristics on arrest outcomes of crime incidents involving Hispanic victims. Roberts, John (University of Wisconsin-­‐Milwaukee, [email protected]) Race and Spousal Homicide in the United States Homicide between heterosexual spouses is an important component of the general problem of intimate partner violence. While recent decades have seen significant changes in some aspects of the spousal homicide problem in the United States, such as overall rates and the ratio of male to female offenders, one persistent feature is P a g e | 68 the presence of substantial disparities in spousal homicide rates across married couples of different racial compositions. This paper uses recent data on spousal homicide in the United States to describe different racial combinations' spousal homicide rates and explore possible explanations for existing disparities; explanations consider cultural, economic, and social characteristics of different racial couple types. The paper discusses quantitative data analyses and interpretations of results, as well as data challenges involved in studying spousal homicide. Rodeghiero, Carolina (Universidade Católica de Pelotas, [email protected]) and Raquel Recuero Social Networks on Promotion of Learning: A Model for LwB Program Languages without Borders (EwB) is a program running by the Ministry of Education in Brazil with the collaboration of a series of partners in the world to offer online and presential courses of English, French, Spanish, German, Italian, Mandarin and Japanese language for public universities students, as well as official proficiency tests in these languages for free. This paper is about learning on online social networks environments, specifically about how LwB program is using social media to promote connected learning of additional languages in 120 higher educational institutions in Brazil, and how it could be improved, by our suggestion of a new model of learning by using social network sites. Rose, Hilary (Concordia University, Canada, [email protected]) International Policy Considerations with Respect to Aging Populations Worldwide Worldwide, we are experiencing increased life expectancies. While many view this demographic trend positively, governments around the world are concerned about problems related to aging populations, such as increased health costs and greater demands on government pensions. Within a decade, many western countries will have more senior citizens over the age of 65 than children under the age of 15; this is already the case in Japan and some European countries. Governments around the world are therefore looking seriously at dependency ratios (i.e., the ratio of those not in the work force to those in the work force) as well as mortality or actuarial tables (indicating life expectancy) in order to inform policy. For example, all OECD member countries, including the US, Canada, and Mexico, have recently implemented pension reforms. By 2050, almost all OECD countries will have increased the retirement age to 67 years, up from the current 65 years. Family policy scholars, however, put little if any emphasis on the aging population and its implications for family life. In this paper, we present a systematic examination of how various countries worldwide are creating or adapting family policy to reflect aging populations, and how those policies will ultimately impact families and family life around the world. P a g e | 69 Roulette, Jennifer (Washington State University, [email protected]) and Courtney Meehan Aka Forager Children’s Emic Perspectives of Illness and Medicine Children’s conceptions of disease and illness are not well understood. Although it has been extensively studied in Western populations, there is surprisingly little cross-­‐cultural research on the topic. Moreover, there are even fewer studies of children’s medical knowledge among the populations whose children are most at risk of infant and child mortality, such as the numerous small-­‐scale cultures throughout much of the developing and under-­‐developed world. The Aka, a group of forest foragers of the Central African Republic, are a population with high infant and child mortality rates. Throughout their lives the Aka are exposed to numerous diseases and illnesses, as well as their debilitating effects. In order to better understand Aka children’s ethnomedical knowledge and beliefs we utilized cross-­‐
sectional free-­‐lists and semi-­‐structured individual and group interviews with children aged 4-­‐17 years. Salience scores for illness terms and the emergent themes of their causes, signs/symptoms, consequences, and preventative and therapeutic measures are reported. The three most common sicknesses were headaches, diarrhea, and stomach ailments, although numerous cultural categories were also mentioned. The types of illnesses mentioned are perhaps related to the high infant and child mortality rate in this population. Children reported both naturalistic and personalistic reasons for illnesses. Older children offered more medicines than younger children, but both had knowledge of their local pluralistic medical system. Illnesses and medicines were learned by observing others or by being treated oneself. The implications of these results for the development of children’s medical knowledge are discussed. Sabloff, Paula (Santa Fe Institute, New Mexico, [email protected]) A Network Analysis of Kings and Slaves Network analysis of an archaic king's roles reveals a cluster of behaviors shared across the spectrum (Inca to Mesopotamia to China). However, there is greater variability in the roles of slaves. This analysis may help archaeologists and others define an archaic state. Sanchez, Joseph (University of New Mexico, [email protected]) Obamacare in New Mexico-­‐ The New Mexico Health Insurance Exchange: Who or What Influences and Motivates Hispanics Individuals to Enroll This study seeks to explore the phenomenon of what drives individuals to enroll into the Affordable Care Act also known as the New Mexico Health Insurance Exchange (NMHIX). The research will be focused in San Miguel County (SMC) in Northern New Mexico (NM). The population of Northern NM is predominately Hispanic (or Latino), and SMC has a population that is nearly 80% Hispanic. Nearly 60% of the SMC population speaks a language other than English at home compared to the State’s 36% and 21.3% of the SMC population is uninsured compared to the P a g e | 70 state average of 19.6%. There is a strong need to inform minorities about the availability and implications of the NMHIX as minorities with less income, education, and limited English language competency lack access to health insurance. This research will employ a hermeneutic phenomenology qualitative design and employ non-­‐structured interviews to uncover their experience on their path to enrolling into the NMHIX. The interviews will be conducted in an office setting with limited interruption. Participants in this study will include sixteen individuals 18 – 64 years of age. Participant will all be Hispanics and reside in SMC. This study will be examined through the theoretical lens of the Elaboration Likelihood Model. The research results will help inform local, state, and federal policy makers as well as groups who collectively hold authority over health insurance programs targeted at Hispanic persons. Sánchez, Rebecca (University of New Mexico, [email protected]) and Mia Angelica Sosa-­‐Provencio Leading Transformation: Perspectives on Fostering Collaborative School-­‐University Relationships in Culturally Complex Settings This paper describes the background and history of a redesign initiative at a major research university to transform teacher education programs through the cooperation and collaboration of a diverse and comprehensive faculty. This interdisciplinary effort is part of a larger College of Education plan, intent on supporting faculty development and research in discrete fields, while at the same time, integrating the varied expertise of the faculty into teacher preparation programs. The long-­‐term goal of the College of Education is to recommit to supporting and nurturing a research based culture of innovation while providing university students with excellent preparation in a variety of fields. Faculty groups representing the many departments and programs from across the COE have organized into Transformational Action Groups (TAGs). The TAGs aim to use the expertise of faculty from the many different fields to modify the curriculum and instruction delivered to pre-­‐service teachers and to develop more significant working relationships with culturally and linguistically schools and communities in the surrounding areas. A further purpose of the TAGs is to generate and incubate ideas among the faculty members, thereby fostering new working relationships and interdisciplinary collaborations to promote long-­‐term innovation and a vibrant college culture of inquiry, action, and responsiveness. Sánchez, Rebecca (University of New Mexico, [email protected]), Carlos Lopez Leiva, Amanda Parker and Nancy Pauly Rethinking the Teacher Preparation Curriculum: Cultural Competencies for Twenty-­‐
First Century Educators This paper describes the effort of a Transformative Action Group established within a College of Education as part of a larger college redesign project. An immediate focus of the project is to address teacher preparation, a signature task of the College of Education. To address this focus, faculty from across the College of Education, P a g e | 71 from a multitude of fields (educational psychology, counseling, nutrition, art education, teacher education, literacy and language education, educational thought, physical education, etc.) will redesign course and field experiences that support the development of cultural competency. The faculty in the Elementary Education TAG redesign group have proposed to move beyond competence based models of multicultural education. The group is exploring how development of critical cultural consciousness is a more comprehensive approach to dealing with diversity and oppression. The group has the added task of operationalizing the theoretical stance associated with culture, language, and power to implement a revised program for future teachers. This paper describes the opportunity and challenge associated with the journey to redesign a teacher education program utilizing a collaborative, interdisciplinary model while addressing cultural and linguistic diversity. The paper will address the multiple perspectives and positionalities that have shaped the work. Schnute, Marion (University of Hildesheim, Germany, schnute@uni-­‐hildesheim.de) Participation of Adolescent Family Members in Mental Health Promotion in Germany and Canada Networks of collaborative healthcare between consumers, family members, communities, healthcare-­‐, and social service providers play an increasing role for mental health promotion. At the same time the risks and challenges of family members (FM) have largely been failed to be addressed by health and social care systems. To generate a grounded theory on the coping strategies and support needs of young FMs during their transition to adulthood. Art-­‐based social network visualizations and biographic-­‐narrative interviews were collected with 49 young Germans and Canadians and analyzed in accordance with the grounded theory methodology. Outcomes suggest the close intertwinement between personal, organizational and contextual factors in regard to barriers and potentials for FM participation in mental health promotion. On the personal level FMs’ shared concern to ensure the well-­‐being of their affected relatives is embedded in an inverse relationship with the developmental demands of being a young agent negotiating the transition to adulthood. At the organizational level of healthcare provision, exclusionary practices and a perceived lack of professionals’ confidence towards working with FMs shapes FMs’ roles as participants and potential recipients of care and support. The contextual level goes beyond the realm of the healthcare system and includes employment and social services. Cumulative effects between support gaps in the healthcare and social service system create FMs’ experiences of mutual exclusivity with regards to caring about an affected loved one and life organization. Schrauf, Robert (Pennsylvania State University, [email protected]) Mixed Methods Cross-­‐Cultural Research: Reflections and Results The use of both qualitative and quantitative methods by cross-­‐cultural researchers has a long history that pre-­‐dates the movement now known as 'mixed methods research.' However, what marks the MMR approach is explicit reflection on the P a g e | 72 integration of data types (colloquially: words vs. numbers), analytic methods (qualitative vs. statistical), and underlying epistemologies and ontologies (e.g. constructionism vs. post-­‐positivism). The four presentations in this session address these issues in turn. Brown & Bartholomew examine mixed methods research in the career of one of our best known ancestors, Beatrice Whiting. Based on their participation in a common mixed methods project, Paul Ngo and colleaugues and Kleiner and colleagues present separate sets of reflections that explore the ways in which a multi-­‐method approach facilitates the integration of multiple psychological, social, and objective data. Finally, Schrauf develops a foundational, language-­‐based paradigm that frames both qualitative and quantitative data as deriving from discursive interaction. Schrauf, Robert (Pennsylvania State University, [email protected]) The Discursivist Paradigm in Mixed Methods Cross-­‐Cultural Research Standard treatments of mixed methods research present a “potted history” of paradigm differences, with qualitative methods marked by constructionist, interpretivist, hermeneutic epistemologies, and quantitative methods marked by post-­‐positivist, objectivist epistemologies. More recently, some scholars have argued that within mixed methods research itself there are a variety of theoretico-­‐
methodological paradigms that provide more coherent accounts for integrating data types (Denscombe, 2008; Feilzer, 2010; Fries, 2009; Harrits, 2011). In this talk, I take a language-­‐based view of mixed methods research by framing both methods of data collection as essentially conversational and discursive productions. I argue that all data derive from interactive discourse, and all data are ultimately transformed into discursive representations (whether as transcripts or items on spreadsheets). Further at the level of analysis, quantitative analyses address shared, but unevenly distributed, discourse(s) at the group level, and qualitative analyses examine dyadic or small group discursive interaction as culture-­‐in-­‐action. Such an approach requires that we attend to the real world language(s) in which we collect our data. I illustrate this approach with cross-­‐cultural data on beliefs about Alzheimer’s disease among African American, Mexican, and refugees/immigrants from the Former Soviet Union in the United States Serpell, Robert (University of Zambia, [email protected]) Cross-­‐cultural Communication for Progressive Social Change: Interface Between Individual Competence and Societal Norms Communication lies at the heart of human experience, at the cutting edge of cross-­‐
cultural relationships, and as a leading theme of child development. Processes of human development are deeply embedded in cultural context, and each generation of youths pioneers social change. If theoretical accounts of ontogenesis are to contribute to progressive social change, they must engage with the interface between individual competence and social norms. Children and youth play a crucial role in bicultural mediation, not only for immigrant families in the world’s centres of power, but also in the majority world, where the young are often more active and P a g e | 73 less self-­‐conscious in appropriating multiple cultural practices and systems of meaning, and have international opportunities unknown to their parents in their youth. This presentation will focus on three dimensions of multilingual communication in contemporary Zambian society and explore how cultural sensitivity arising from interactions between different cultural meaning-­‐systems gives rise to distinctive patterns of discourse, dimensions of competence and challenges for educational planning. I shall argue that, in the current period of history, public education needs to (1) acknowledge bilingual communicative competence as an African advantage and promote it as an educational goal; (2) pay closer attention to actual patterns of usage of English, acknowledging the benefits of creative innovation in a localized version of the language; and (3) adopt orthographic reform of the indigenous languages as a culturally sensitive strategy for educational planning. Sewasew, Daniel (Jeonju University, South Korea, [email protected]), Birhanu Mekonnen Woldemeskel, Gebeyehu Begashaw Abate and Mengesha Endalew Shebabaw Indigenous Conflict Resolution Mechanism in Ethiopia: The Case of Negede Wayto Community This study focuses on indigenous conflict resolution mechanism practiced by Negede Wayto community, which lies at the shores of Lake Tana in Ethiopia. Despite their widespread utility and social acceptance and implication, indigenous conflict resolution methods have not been given the appropriate attention they deserve in Ethiopia in general and in Negede Wayto community in particular. In addition, the problem faced with indigenous conflict resolution methods is that they are often taken for granted and hardly documented as contributing to peace. This is an obvious evidence of the little attention they have been given in previous conflict resolution researches. The research design was qualitative case study. Purposive sampling technique was used. 60 informants were purposefully selected to conduct interview and focus group discussions. Data were collected using focus group discussions, semi-­‐structured interviews and naturalistic observation to triangulate the data. It was found that indigenous conflict resolution process involves culturally unique strategies and procedures deeply rooted in the social system that transcends time. Social interactions, competitions over scare resources, ethnocentrism, prejudice and stereotype towards out-­‐group members and inequalities (social, economic and political) give rise to serious disagreements and rampant conflicts. Intra-­‐personal and inter-­‐personal conflicts are the most common types of conflicts. Indigenous conflict resolution mechanisms are more preferred to litigation to resolve intra-­‐ and inter-­‐communal conflicts as they focus on reinstating spoiled social interaction and coexistence between disputants. Court litigation is an alternative conflict resolution strategy when people are dissatisfied with indigenous systems. P a g e | 74 Sewasew, Daniel (Jeonju University, South Korea, [email protected]) Traditional Parental Practices of Disciplining Children: Implications for Intervention The main purpose of this was investigating parental practice of disciplining children. Though the researchers do not have universal knowledge, there are no sufficient local studies specifically related to disciplining methods. There are abundant researches on parenting styles. Nevertheless, none of the previous studies has shown the specific discipline methods employed by parents. All these issues, undoubtedly, necessitates a study. Ninety-­‐four students were randomly selected to respond on different child disciplining techniques used by their parents. Data were collected using questionnaire having eighteen items that are intended to measure parents’ disciplining methods classified under the non-­‐aggressive discipline strategies, psychologically aggressive discipline strategies and physical punishment. The result showed that parents used non-­‐ aggressive child disciplining technique more than use of psychologically aggressive disciplining technique and physical punishment to discipline their children. There was no significant mean difference in using non-­‐aggressive techniques, psychologically aggressive method and physical punishment to discipline male and female children. Similarly, there was no significant mean difference in use of non-­‐aggressive techniques, psychologically aggressive method and physical punishment between educated and illiterate parents or caregivers. Finally, there was no significant mean difference in using the three child disciplining techniques (nonaggressive, physical punishment and psychologically aggressive) among the different caregivers (both parents, mother only, father only and grandparents). Shishkina, Alisa (National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia, [email protected]) and Leonid M. Isaev Seduced by the Revolution: Fitna as a Form of Social Interaction The phenomenon of fitna could be traced throughout the history in different regions and cultures. The Arab spring events of 2011-­‐2012 are not an exception in this context. The next outburst of protest activity occurred there where it was not expected in the near future at all – in Ukraine. If we compare the events in the Arab countries in 2011 and Ukraine in 2013-­‐2014, it can be concluded that in essence they very well fit the characteristics of fitna, which are attributed to it by the Arabic political culture. In both cases, the fitna acquired permanent character turning into anarchy and chaos (fouda). The power found itself unprepared for such manifestations of fitna and miscalculated threat from protesters. From our perspective, in the modern world, this can be explained by the rapid development of Internet technologies that give the opposition an opportunity to prepare a protest virtually, in the area not totally controlled by the government. In our paper, we test this hypothesis and the results of correlation analysis of Internet-­‐technologies and protest activity in the countries under review. P a g e | 75 Shwalb, David W. (Southern Utah University, [email protected]) Fathers in Cultural Contexts This panel will focus on contextual and cultural influences on fathering in the Caribbean (St. Kitts), the United States, Europe, and South Asia (Bangladesh). The presentations will represent a variety of disciplines (human behavioral biology, socio-­‐cultural anthropology, family studies, psychology), methods (ethnography, self-­‐report questionnaire surveys); and theoretical approaches (evolutionary theory, bioecological systems theory, Grounded Theory), and compare fathering across different SES groups and between rural and urban settings. Variations in partnership and paternal dynamics, and applied implications of the research, will also be discussed. Shweder, Richard A. (University of Chicago, [email protected]) The Moral Challenge of Robust Cultural Pluralism Is it possible to be a robust cultural pluralist and a dedicated liberal at the same time? How are anthropologists and psychologists steeped in a liberal ethics of autonomy able to fairly represent the moral thinking of others whose moral judgments are rooted in an illiberal ethics of community and divinity? The main objectives of this lecture on the cultural psychology of morality are (1) to highlight the limits of liberal moral concepts for judging the moral foundations of diverse cultural traditions; (2) to ask what a highly developed social intelligence should look like in a complex multicultural society; and (3) to open a long overdue conversation about the provocative equality-­‐difference paradox, which suggests that embracing cultural diversity and promoting economic equality are not harmonious social policy goals. Skewes, Monica (Montana State University, [email protected]) and Vivian Gonzalez Addressing Health Disparities in Indian Country: History, Challenges, and Future Directions There are 566 federally recognized American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) tribes in the US, representing distinct cultural and linguistic groups. Tribes are sovereign nations with authority to make autonomous decisions regarding laws, policies, and whether or not to allow and participate in research. The history of colonization has resulted in extreme distrust of entities perceived to be associated with the US government, including academic researchers. Recent ethics violations in health-­‐
related research studies have further eroded trust and inhibited research progress. However, behavioral health research is needed to address the notable disparities in Indian Country, especially surrounding the priority areas of mental health and substance use. Age-­‐adjusted mortality rates for AI/ANs per 100,000 people are 45 for alcohol-­‐related deaths (vs. 6.9 for all races) and 19.0 for suicide (vs. 10.9 for all races). Of all races, AI/ANs have the highest rates of heavy drinking, binge drinking, alcohol dependence, and need for treatment services. Yet there are notable barriers P a g e | 76 to mental health/substance use treatment and research. Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR) is a respectful and ethical framework for conducting health research with AI/AN communities. CBPR requires an equitable partnership between communities and academic researchers and takes into account the needs, priorities, and worldviews of the community partners. AI/AN tribes require CBPR approaches, and funding agencies are now specifically requesting CBPR proposals. This presentation will focus on the benefits and challenges of CBPR research on mental health and substance use with AI/AN communities. Sørensen, Tom (University of Oslo, Norway, [email protected]), Andreas Sorensen, Robert Kleiner, Nils Boe, and Paul Ngo Community Role in Community Intervention Programs for Quality of Life and Stress Management: Planning Implications of Age of Target Populations In the Multiple Reality Model we are using for intervention programs, the interaction effects of psychological evaluations made by individuals of themselves and of their community, the collective (or community) evaluations of the same communities, and the objective properties of the situation must be considered. That objective reality includes the way people of different ages in those communities relate to and evaluate their communities. In 2000, seven communities in Lofoten (Northern Norway) were studied. The universe of the adult population (1057) and the universe of youth (166) in three junior high schools were interviewed on the same evaluative issues about their self-­‐concepts, their communities, and the larger municipalities they were part of. Initially, in the total populations, the youth showed higher well-­‐being, and were more positive on two of four indexes measuring community integration. Parallel patterns are seen with other measures of self-­‐
image. The analyses support the view that the local communities have greater significance for the youths. This raises the question of whether there is a region wide difference between the adult and youth worlds, or whether it is a function of the particular community, its subculture, and its youth. The answer has implications for community intervention programs designed for mental health enhancement. This paper will sharpen the focus on the similarities and differences between the youth and adults from the same communities and their implications. Two of the schools that serviced children from among the seven communities were compared with the adults in those same communities that send their children to the two schools. The survey results are supplemented with other observation methods. Spivey, Savannah (University of Georgia, [email protected]) and Jacqueline DiStefano Conflict and Care: Israeli Healthcare Providers and Syrian Refugee Patients With conflict in the Middle East continually shifting, refugees continue to flee to neighboring countries, some of which may be historically discordant. Despite being in a state of war since 1967, Israel has provided immediate healthcare to children, civilians and fighters from Syria since early 2013. This research was conducted to understand how Israel and Syria’s geopolitical history influences health care P a g e | 77 providers and Syrian patients in northern Israel. Mirroring Israel’s diverse population, healthcare providers identify with many different ethnic and religious backgrounds including Jewish, Arab Christian, Arab Muslim, and Arab Druze. Nonetheless, medical ethics dictate equal treatment of patients, disregarding differences in political, racial, or religious affiliation. Researchers will elaborate on the paradox of healthcare providers who received and treated wounded Syrian refugees in Israeli hospitals: How did they balance their medical ethical obligation to treat wounded Syrians with their personal beliefs regarding Syrians as a whole, considering the two countries’ contentious relationship? In turn, researchers also examined how Syrian caregivers of wounded patients perceived the care and overall experience of healthcare in Israel. This presentation will focus on three researchers' careful analyses of qualitative data in this mixed-­‐methods study using Atlas TI, themes and subthemes emerged related to a variety of dissonant and consonant experiences among healthcare providers and Syrians. By incorporating perspectives of both healthcare providers and Syrian caregivers, this study illuminates the pressing issue of seeking healthcare faced by refugees as families are continually displaced due to war, famine and other forms of persecution. Srivastava, Deepa (University of Nebraska-­‐Lincoln, [email protected]) and Maria Rosario T. de Guzman “Why I Sent My Child Away": Satellite Parenting among Asian Indian Immigrants in the Midwest In recent years, there has been heightened scholarly interest in examining the experiences of migrants engaging in long-­‐distance parenting. This work has highlighted the challenges associated with long-­‐distance parenting and the economic difficulties that typically serve as an impetus for family separation. Less is known about long-­‐distance parenting that is undertaken voluntarily as a normative cultural practice. In this study, Asian Indian immigrant parents who have sent their children back to India to live with extended family were interviewed about their reasons for engaging in this practice as well as their experiences of separation and unification. Interviews were processed using thematic analysis-­‐ identifying and collapsing together all relevant statements and subsuming them under broader themes. Themes culled from the interviews suggested multiple reasons for engaging in this practice, including culturally embedded notions of childrearing (e.g., the need to include extended family in the child’s early experiences) conflicting with shifts in the traditional caregiving context (i.e., migrating to a new country, unfamiliar institutionalized daycare systems). Findings also revealed ways by which parents navigated the spatial distance through electronically mediated communication (e.g., Skype), emotional challenges around separation, familial expectations, concerns about children’s re-­‐adjustment to U.S. culture, and apprehensions about parent-­‐
child reunification. This study provides preliminary information about the practice of satellite parenting in Asian Indian immigrants and highlights the need to broaden scholarly conceptions of family functioning to include various practices such as those examined here. P a g e | 78 Stiles, Deborah (Webster University, [email protected]), Nadja Cajic and Selma Kostic Changes in the Values and Attitudes of Immigrant, Refugee, and Nordic Youth Living in Norway In Norway, a total of 866 adolescents from 1993, 2003, and 2013-­‐14 answered identical questionnaires about their views towards gender roles and the ideal man and ideal woman. These views are important because adolescence is the stage of identity formation and adolescents living in Norway are growing up in an environment where gender equity is a cherished ideal and national priority. It is posited that a projection of the values of a culture can be found in how that culture describes the ideal person and that most adolescents living in Norway embrace the Norwegian values of gender equity. In all, 523 adolescents of Nordic Norwegian descent, 223 adolescents from immigrant families, and 120 adolescents from refugee families completed (in Norwegian) the Attitudes Towards Women Scale for Adolescents, rated the importance of ten qualities of the ideal man or woman, and drew pictures of the ideal man or woman. In 2013-­‐14, after the adolescents answered the questionnaires, the researcher returned to discuss the study with the participants. When participants from 2013-­‐14 were asked about their hypotheses regarding changes in responses between 1993 and 2014, most youth predicted that their generation would be “completely different” from the past. Data entry and data analyses are not complete yet, but thus far it seems that the values and attitudes of the current generation are only slightly different from the past. In 1993 through 2014, adolescents from all family backgrounds drew many pictures of the ideal man doing housework and the ideal woman playing sports. Sugai, Maree (Tohoku University of Community Service and Science, Japan, [email protected]) Hikikomori, Culture Bound Theory In answer to areas of doubt that surface in the ongoing debate as to whether or not ‘hikikomori’ can or cannot be defined as a culture bound or culture reactive syndrome, this paper looks very briefly but closely at five important core differences in characteristics that vary in hikikomori in Japan vis-­‐a-­‐vis social withdrawal in other countries; and in doing so draws from psychiatric definitions, observations from clinical psychiatrists worldwide, and touches on how societal attitude and treatment approaches differ, in an attempt at continuity of support to the claim that hikikomori is indeed a culture reactive symptom. P a g e | 79 Summers, Nicole (Saint Louis University, [email protected]) and Katelyn Poelker Putting Culture on the Table: An Examination of the Unites States’ Contribution to Cultural Research Previous research indicated that APA journals focused on less than 5% of the world’s population (Arnett, 2008). While most research emerges at the university level, there are few graduate degrees available in cultural psychology (Lonner, 2011). Potential students must follow the apprenticeship model and identify faculty specializing in cultural research. However, no one has examined the prevalence of cultural studies in psychology departments across the U.S. The presence of cultural research in APA journals cannot rise until we first understand how widespread this research is and which regions are studied. Faculty profiles from psychology departments in N = 404 universities and colleges across all 50 United States were analyzed. A “state” school was defined as any public university or college financially supported by the state government. All community colleges and specialty universities were excluded from the sample. The term “culture” included any cross-­‐
cultural, cultural, ethnic, bicultural, ethnic, aboriginal, cultural diversity, and multiculturalism studies. Psychology department faculty profiles were coded for frequency of cultural research interests described, cultures (i.e., Sub-­‐Saharan African, Central American) studied, and specialization (i.e., developmental, clinical). Results show that less than 15% of U.S. universities and colleges have psychology faculty who specialize in cultural studies. Moreover, cultural studies are unevenly dispersed across specializations. Certain fields, such as neurological and industrial/organizational, are severely lacking cultural research. Similarly, particular areas around the world are disproportionally understudied (i.e., Arab States) in comparison to others (i.e., East Asia). These results speak for a need to increase cultural research in U.S. universities and to create more opportunities for students to explore. Summers, Nicole (Saint Louis University, [email protected]), Sara D. Baban, Elizabeth A. Milad, Judith L. Gibbons and Ramadan Ahmed Taufel or Kitab: Kuwaiti Adolescent's Drawings of Adults as a Parent or Educator Since drawings of the ideal person can reveal adolescents’ cultural attitudes and beliefs (Gibbons & Stiles, 2004), we used the drawings of Kuwaiti adolescents to examine qualities associated with the ideal adult depicted as a parent or educator. Nine-­‐hundred and ninety-­‐one Kuwaiti adolescents (ages 11-­‐22) completed questionnaires in which they drew pictures and rated the importance of 10 qualities of the ideal man and the ideal woman. Based on a similar study among Egyptian adolescents, we predicted that Kuwaiti adolescents who drew the ideal as a teacher would be more likely to draw the person in Western clothes, whereas drawings of the ideal person as parents or homemakers would be smiling, helpful, and dressed more traditionally. Results suggested that fathers were depicted as mature but not helpful, wealthy, and educated. Mothers were also depicted as mature and engaged in homemaking tasks but they were also not helpful, wealthy, or educated. Fathers P a g e | 80 were more often drawn in traditional dress (e.g., dishdasha) while mothers were depicted in more modern clothing. Adolescents often drew the ideal man or woman as a teacher if their parent was not a teacher. Although the findings differed from those of Egyptian adolescents, they suggest that Kuwaiti adolescents’ may have more diverse conceptions about family life. Moreover, similar to the Egyptian adolescents, choosing to become a teacher in Kuwait may involve pursing a different life from that of one's parents. Szabo, Agnes (Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, [email protected]) and Colleen Ward Renewal of the Self as an Immigrant: The Impact of Social-­‐Cognitive Strategies on the Identity Reconstruction of Immigrants Immigrants frequently experience identity conflict as they negotiate the demands and expectations of the heritage culture and that of the receiving society. However, little is known about how people reconstruct their identities to overcome a normative acculturation identity crisis. The current study investigated the differential effects of strategic information processing and decision making strategies on identity reconstruction in newly arrived immigrants. Participants were 218 recent immigrants from diverse cultural backgrounds who completed an online survey including questions about immigrant identity strategies, immigrant commitment, and measures of positive and negative identity outcomes. Structural equation modeling was applied to identify social-­‐cognitive strategies that either facilitate or hinder the development of a positively evaluated and coherent immigrant identity. Results revealed two positive and two negative pathways to identity outcomes, which were mediated by immigrant commitment. More specifically, consideration of alternatives and normative orientation to the host society predicted stronger immigrant commitment, which, in turn, led to higher levels of self-­‐esteem and self-­‐concept clarity, and lower levels of identity conflict. In contrast, the intensive use of diffuse-­‐avoidant and information seeking strategies resulted in low levels of commitment, which predicted decrements in self-­‐esteem and self-­‐concept clarity as well as increased levels of ethno-­‐cultural identity conflict. In conclusion, findings call attention to the central role of immigrant commitment in the development of a positive immigrant identity. Tababa, David-­‐Ren (California State University, Long Beach, [email protected]), Christopher Warren and Martin Fiebert Factors for Utilizing Social Networking Websites among Stressed Users With online interactions becoming part of everyday life and the development of social networking websites (SNWs) rapidly growing, knowledge about non face-­‐to-­‐
face communication and the relationship with coping behaviors is scarce. It was hypothesized that those lower in Self-­‐Esteem, higher in online Reassurance Seeking behaviors, and greater intensity of SNW use would have higher propensities to utilize SNWs when stressed, and lower levels of perceived stress after usage. A sample of 311 individuals currently using a SNW (i.e. Facebook) from a P a g e | 81 southwestern university were surveyed using a self-­‐report, online questionnaire using Likert-­‐type rating scales for each of the constructs being investigated. A correlational analysis revealed that those who exhibited lower levels of Self-­‐Esteem (r = -­‐.164, p = .004), higher levels of Reassurance Seeking behaviors (r = .350, p < .001), and greater intensity of SNW use (r = .521, p < .001) reported a higher likelihood to go onto SNWs when feeling stressed. In regards to perceived stress after SNW usage, the findings mirrored those with lower levels of Self-­‐Esteem (r = -­‐
.127, p = .024) and stronger intensity of use (r = .198, p < .001) were more likely to feel less stressed, while those who display higher Reassurance Seeking behaviors (r = .108, p = .058) showed a marginally significant relationship with lower perceived stress after SNW use. The present findings yield a better foundation for comprehending online behaviors and insight about coping strategies utilized on SNWs. Tahir, Muhammad Azam (University of Balochisan, Pakistan, [email protected]) Bullying among Youth Offenders: Inmates' Self-­‐Reported Behavior in Pakistan Recently the greater emphases of studies have been on the nature and extent of bullying and victimization among prison settings. In an effort to demonstrate differences between groups involved. Research using inmate self-­‐reports from UK, Canada and North America have attempted to reveal characteristics of those inmates involved in incidents of bullying, both as a bully and a victim. Self-­‐reported questionnaires, DIPC (Urdu Version) were distributed to young inmates in two of Borstal Jail situated at Bahawalpur and Faisalabad, Pakistan. The ages of the inmates ranged from 15 to 21 years (mean=18.6 years, SD=1.34). The institutions examined in this study all housed male young offenders. Purposive sampling technique was used involving a total of 300 young offenders from both the prisons, indicating a response rate of 94%. Inclusively, 49% of inmates reported having been bullied during their current period of sentence. Verbal threats and spreading rumors emerged as the most common method of bullying. On self-­‐reported measure, inmates self-­‐identified themselves in one of the four categories, as either bully, bully and victim, victim and neither bully nor victim. Bullies group included those who have spent a greater total amount of time in prison in comparison to self-­‐reported victims who revealed to be less likely to have a history for violent offences. Irrespective of prison location, prison administration, serving a short-­‐ or long-­‐term sentence, inmates who stayed longer in prison were more likely to emerge as bullies. Regarding the main characteristic identified by inmates, the type of offence, physique, family background and socioeconomic have been found to be the indicators for identification as bully/victim. Concerning the types of bullying, frequent reported by inmates were threats, demanding, rumors and name-­‐calling, and unpaid labour. These emerged to be more prevalent than physical bullying. This suggests that although young offenders report bullying more frequently than adults (Fuller and Orsach, 1977; Cooley, 1993), however, they mostly report less about its severity as the victims has scare chances to escape the bully. P a g e | 82 Tajdini, Saeed (The University of Texas, El Paso, [email protected]) and Fernando Jimenez Antecedents of Consumer World-­‐Mindedness: A Hierarchical Approach Consumer world-­‐mindedness – an individual's interest in, openness to, and adoption of consumer products, services, and ideas from other cultures or parts of the world and accepting these cultures' norms and values completely and without nationalistic bias or prejudice– has been found to predict consumer attitudes and behaviors towards foreign products. However, little is known about how consumers become world-­‐minded. In this article, the authors propose a nomological net including the antecedents of world-­‐mindedness. To accomplish this goal, the authors rely on the hierarchical approach of the 3M model of personality and motivation. Theoretical and managerial implications as well as directions for future research are also discussed. Testerman, Janet (Gulf University for Science and Technology, Kuwait, [email protected]) and Kathleen M. Park Improving Kuwaiti L2 Student Writing Using Computer Aided Instruction: An Analysis of Concomitant Teaching Styles The present analysis examines whether differences in instructional approaches—
specifically, whether and how Achieve 3000 (Achieve 3000 and Empower 3000 are used interchangeably in this paper) has been used as part of the total course—relate to differences in acquisition of the spectrum of English language skills. A control instructor devised non-­‐Achieve oriented lessons toward attaining the same course objectives. Variations occurred in the extent to which nine instructors used all components of Achieve3000 and related educational methods for writing and article selection. These variations tallied with differential levels of student achievement measured by Achieve3000 Lexile gains and Accuplacer reading comprehension and writing score increases. Instructors using all five components of Achieve3000 (pre-­‐
reading poll and writing, article reading, multiple choice questions, post-­‐article poll and writing, and thought question) had students experiencing greater increases in Lexile scores. Additionally, instructors using a comprehensive structured instructional style—including all five components of Achieve3000 in conjunction with frequent or timed writing exercises and instructor-­‐guided article selections—
had students with greater Lexile gains. Differences in instructional style can be associated with theories of reinforcement, authoritarianism and cultural understanding. The greater increases determined in the present study especially match the tenets of reinforcement theory, suggesting that the more opportunities for learning occur and are practiced within a given time frame, the greater are the advances in learning. The more highly structured instructional style (using all Achieve components, frequent and timed writing in-­‐class writing exercises, and instructor-­‐guided article selections) appears to provide fundamentally more learning reinforcement, corresponding to greater gains in Lexile scores and Accuplacer results. Implications could be to encourage instructors toward the more highly structured style, while maintaining recognition of the need for professional P a g e | 83 pedagogical discretion for all highly qualified, experienced and committed instructors at the classroom helm. Thagunna, Narendra (Transcultural Psychosocial Organization, Nepal, [email protected]) Perceived Parenting and Personality: A Cross-­‐Cultural Study The purpose of this article is to provide cross-­‐cultural impact of Parental acceptance–rejection and control for life span development. Parental control is an important aspect of parenting having significant influence on child development and adult. It generally appears not to have a great deal of development impact by itself but does have its effect mostly in the context of varying degrees of perceived parental acceptance and rejection. The negative effect of parental rejection and parental control are specifically reflected in life span behavior and problems including all conduct disorders, substance abuse , delinquency, emotional disturbance ,emotional instability and other behavioral deviational that lead a person to words abnormality. It was assumed that (i) Pattern of perceived parenting would be matured with grade. (ii) Boys and girls would differ in relation to their tendency on perceived parenting. (iii) Variation in cultural setting would exhibit its’ impact on perceived parenting. Two hundred forty viii-­‐ XII graders served as participants. They were placed according to the requirements of 3x2x2 factorial design with 3 levels of grade (VIII, X and XII) 2 types of sex (boys and girls) and 2 levels of cultural variation (Tharu and Vyanshi). Parental Acceptance-­‐Rejection Questionnaires (PARQ) was used as tools. It was found that parenting practices varied with variation in grade. Tribal and nontribal were almost equal in relation to their scenes on parenting perception. Boys and girls were almost different. All interactions were significant. Tilviste, Tiia (University of Tartu, [email protected]) and Kenn Konstabel Stability and Change in Qualities Desired in Children: A Comparison of Ethnic Estonians and Russian-­‐speaking Minority The paper compares socialization values held by ethnic Estonians and Russian-­‐
speaking minority in three rounds of European Social Survey (in years 2006, 2008, and 2012). The respondents in Estonia filled out the Socialization Value Questionnaire (Tulviste, 2012). They were given a list of 17 qualities that children might be encouraged to learn at home, and asked to mark five that they consider the most important. The study found that although the consensus between socialization values of two social groups has been in three rounds relatively high and stable, it was bigger in older people (40 years and older) than younger ones. In both samples, being 10 years older increases the odds to select hardworking and respect for elders, and decreases the odds of selecting self-­‐confidence, creativity and smartness. Russian-­‐speaking respondents valued self-­‐confidence, creativity, and politeness less highly, and independence, determination, and trustworthyness more highly than ethnic Estonians. At the same time, during the investigated 6 year periood, the changes in socialization values have been not extensive. In 2012, respondents from both social groups were more likely to select imagination and politeness, and less P a g e | 84 likely to select hardworking and smartness than in 2006. Findings were discussed in light of current debates over the relationships between cultural hange, on one hand, and values introduced in the process of socialization, on the ohter hand. Triplett, Tralonda (University of Miami Leonard, [email protected]) Intra-­‐Racial Contrasts in Praying Hands: Influences of Religiosity and Spirituality on Sexual Risk-­‐ Taking among Black, College-­‐ Attending Emerging Adults Understanding ethnicity and cultures above race as predictors of population level behaviors is pivotal in designing effective health promotion and disease prevention interventions. My dissertation entitled Praying Hands: Influences of Religiosity and Spirituality on Sexual Risk-­‐Taking among Black, College-­‐Attending Emerging Adults utilized structural equation modeling in a national sample to contrast African American and Black Immigrant college-­‐attending emerging adults in terms of differences in religiosity and spirituality, and their associations with subsequent socio-­‐sexual networks and behaviors contributing to HIV/AIDS risks. In so doing, the concept of cultural differences within racial constructs was examined, and exemplified the ongoing responsibility of scientists not to portray racial groups as monolithic. Resulting outcomes contributed richer analyses contrasting religiosity and spirituality particularly among cultures in which these constructs are so prevalent. Further, through this study, a more robust illustration of HIV risks profiles among this unique sub-­‐ population was developed and can contribute to subsequent study in diverse disciplines Tyson, Kersti (University of New Mexico, [email protected]) Enhancing Well-­‐being in Schools and Communities: Taking the Human Sciences ‘into the field’ There are many questions that can be asked about the role of education in society, but perhaps the most important question, is “How is our children’s well-­‐being?” This question is at the heart of the work the Early Childhood Transformative Action Group (ECTAG) at UNM is embarking on in partnership with the early childhood educators in our focus community. As we work together to re-­‐think about how best to prepare our future educators, we realize that in order to respond to this question, we must incorporate good early childhood practice that promotes the establishment of relationships and partnerships with the community. These partnerships are essential to understanding wellness from the perspectives of community members, educators, and the children themselves. From there, our interdisciplinary group, which includes a health educator, a special educator, early childhood educators, a counselor educator, a family studies educator, a native language educator, and a teacher educator, has the potential to bring our different frames together to listen and respond from multiple perspectives as we learn from community and school members. It helps us to think beyond our individual perspectives to hear the interests, desires, challenges and hopes that a community has for its children. This listening in turn, can help us to re-­‐examine how we prepare our future teachers while at the same time it offers the opportunity to examine the constraints and P a g e | 85 affordances that support children’s well-­‐being – and to imagine new possibilities together to ensure the well-­‐being of children through their experiences in education. Watson, Izzie (University of New Mexico, [email protected]) and Dr. Lani Gunawardena Informal Science Education through Digital Cultural Collaboration The Internet allows students to participate in international collaborative projects with an emphasis on STEM. Schools from around the globe can partner with peers in real world experiential learning to combine their knowledge as a community of learners. In the spring of 2014, an international project succeeded in using just such a collaborative approach. Middle and high school students from Nepal and the USA collected local river water samples, and shared the data using digital tools. Water samples allowed students to better understand the health of their local rivers, and to learn about causes of water imbalance. They shared their findings about water issues in their respective countries with the intent to develop solutions for preserving precious water resources around the globe. Students learned about virtual science collaboration, but more importantly, they opened a window to cultural exchange. This poster examines how informal science education through digital cross-­‐cultural collaboration prepares students for STEM careers using 21st century skills. Welles-­‐Nystrom, Barbara (Fairfield University, bwelles-­‐[email protected]) The Rhetorical Dilemma: How to Decide Which Story to Tell about Russian Mothers Perceptions of Newborn Behavior This comparative, experimental study was conducted in St Petersburg by a multi-­‐
disciplinary, international research team of pediatricians, midwives, psychologists and one anthropologist to assess how 153 healthy Russian mothers perceived newborn behavior. Newly delivered women of healthy newborns were randomly assigned to one of 8 groups dependent on two factors: baby’s location at hospital birth, and apparel (clothed or swaddled). Mothers were asked 4 days postpartum to fill in a Newborn Behavior Inventory (NBI) that included 19 statements about infant behavior (translated into Russian). The aim of the study was to explore the effects of Russian maternity home practices on maternal perceptions and interpretation of her infant’s behavior. Regression analysis was conducted to compare maternal responses on the instrument within and across groups regarding maternal experience (parity). Analyses presented elsewhere suggested that there were important differences between research and control groups in regard to degrees of “Westernized” thinking about possible infant behaviors. The purpose of this paper will be to identify and elaborate upon how qualitative meaning was made of quantitative findings from the study, and how the professional stance of the international team contributed to the conversations and conclusions about diverse narratives developed for a range of journals. A particular example will be highlighted using the most recent analyses concerning Russian women’s P a g e | 86 appreciation of innate newborn behaviors; specific ward practices in Russian hospitals and contemporary and traditional infant care practices. Wilder, Sue (University of New Mexico, [email protected]) and Steve Tetrev Brushing Up on Social and Intellectual Capital: The Navajo Area Dental Assistant Supervisors’ Community of Practice Dental assistant (DA) supervisors are part of the administrative function of federal and tribal dental clinics in the eight Indian Health Service (IHS) regional areas across the Navajo Reservation. Unlike their superiors who have a well-­‐established peer network, DA supervisors are loosely connected and communicate infrequently, if at all. An administrative management evaluation was conducted to determine the feasibility of setting up a community of practice (CoP) for the DA supervisors to develop their social and intellectual capital by providing opportunities for problem solving, sharing resources, and alerting each other to changes in dental practice or mandatory administrative requirements. Based on concepts from organizational learning and social network theories, a model is proposed for establishing the CoP that is structured around cycles of value at three key phases of development. In the first phase, which we term “potential value,” the DA supervisors begin to recognize their group’s potential through activities that are focused on developing social capital. In the second phase, “applied value,” the focus shifts to the development of intellectual capital through activities designed to draw upon the DA supervisors’ tacit and explicit knowledge to effect changes in practice. As the community gradually develops its social and intellectual capital, it achieves “realized value” during the third phase of development that results ultimately in improved performance of the individual DA supervisors and their respective clinics. Methods and supporting activities are described for developing the CoP according to the proposed model. Williams, Sheri (University of New Mexico, [email protected]), Tyson Marsh, and Robin Starr Minthorn Transformation, Preservation, and Intervention to Strengthen Communities through School/University/Community Collaborations This session focuses on the cultural complexities inherent within school, university, and community collaborations in New Mexico. Such collaboration involves high levels of trust and a shared value orientation to the learning and futures of urban, rural, and tribal youth. The work is ambitious and requires a cohesive plan to assess needs, align resources, and develop structures for collaboration across multiple sectors. We are laying the groundwork to incorporate critical cultural consciousness in our work with the schools and communities we serve. We view the work as a transformative approach for universities and communities to jointly address issues of inclusiveness, collaboration, and validation of multiple sources of knowledge and experience. Our work is informed by a Community Partners Advisory Committee, a group of thought leaders in education from the state’s diverse communities. The advisory committee articulated a strong vision of the university’s role in creating P a g e | 87 new mental models for education and deeper connections among stakeholders for the advancement of public and tribal education statewide. To build capacity for the long term, some immediate innovation has begun during the current academic year including clinical training in majority-­‐minority schools beyond the metro area in small city, rural, and tribal settings; innovative instructor-­‐developed materials; and tighter integration with community contexts to effectively serve diverse learners. Together in collaboration with school, university, and community, we aim to interrupt patterns of inequity and create more equitable and socially just futures for students, their families, and their communities. Wu, Michael Shengato (Xiamen University, China, [email protected]
Yuting Tan (Arizona State University) & Chan Zhou (Beijing Normal University) Talk about Love in the City: Culture Change and Affectionate Communication in an Urbanizing Society Humans are born with the ability and the need for affection, but communicating affection as a social behavior is historically bound. Three studies examined the association of affectionate communication (AC) with cultural changes from rural community/gemeinschaft (e.g., subsistence, self-­‐contained, intergenerational relationships, collectivist environments) to urban society/gesellschaft (e.g., commerce, regular-­‐contact, couple relationships, individualistic environments). The first study examined the frequency in terms of verbal (e.g, love you, care about you), non-­‐verbal (e.g., hug, kiss), and supportive affection (e.g., help, share) in seven language versions of Google Ngram (in English, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Russian, and Spanish), and revealed a convergent increasing trend of them from 1800 through 2000. The second and third studies focused on Chinese societies, a crucial part of global urbanization over the last few decades. As expected, participants born in urban (vs. rural) area reported more affectionate traits and behaviors, and AC of boys to their girlfriends was higher compared that of their fathers to mothers while the AC of girls to their boyfriends was higher compared that of their mothers to fathers. These findings demonstrate the effect of cultural changes on AC, in which affection exchange becomes more and more important in adaptation to urban environments. Ximena, María (Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, [email protected]), Judith L. Gibbons and Katelyn E. Poelker Guatemalan Adolescents’ Ideals: 25 Years Later Values associated with descriptions of the ideal man and the ideal woman reveal adolescents’ beliefs and views of the future (Gibbons & Stiles, 2004). Urban Guatemalan adolescents (ages 11 through 17) surveyed in 1988-­‐1990 (N = 488) and in 2014 (N = 393) valued kindness and honesty, liking children, and intelligence in the ideal woman and man. In the recent (2014) sample, having money and being fun and sexy were significantly more important than in the earlier time frame. Being P a g e | 88 popular and liking children were less important for current day teens. Some relations between gender of rater and gender of the ideal were identical for both time frames. For example, it was more important that the ideal woman be good looking than the ideal man. There was also an interaction in that both genders rated attractiveness as more important for the opposite-­‐sex ideal. With respect to the importance of being sexy, boys rated it as more important than did girls and an interaction revealed that although neither gender rated sexiness as very important for the ideal man, boys rated it highly for the ideal woman. In sum, like their peers of 25 years earlier, urban Guatemalan teenagers today valued kindness, honesty, intelligence, and affection for children; however, they placed greater importance on values typically depicted in the international media, such as affluence, sexiness, and an outgoing personality Yun, Hye-­‐Jung (Florida State University, [email protected]) and Ming Cui The Influence of Deviant Peers on Adolescents’ Alcohol Use: A Cross-­‐Cultural Study of the United States and South Korea This study examines how the relationships between deviant peer association and adolescent’s alcohol use differ in the U.S. and South Korea. Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological theory suggests that delinquent behaviors could be influenced by multi-­‐
level factors from microsystem (e.g., parents and peers) to macrosystem (e.g., cultural contexts). For example, due to family centered culture in Asian parenting, the effect of deviant peer association would be stronger for U.S. adolescents than Korean adolescents. Based on the theoretical perspective, we propose that (1) deviant peer association is positively associated with adolescents’ alcohol use, and (2) the magnitude of the associations varies by country (i.e., a moderating effect by country). The sample of U.S. adolescents was obtained from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health; N = 5,665 U.S. adolescents aged 14 and 15 years at Wave I). Korean data were drawn from the Korea Youth Panel Survey (KYPS; N = 3,438 Korean adolescents aged 14 and 15 years at Wave I). All variables including deviant peer association and adolescents’ alcohol use were assessed the same way for the U.S. and Korean samples. Using logistic regression, findings supported our hypotheses in general. Specifically, the significant interaction between deviant peer association and country suggests that the effect of deviant peer association on adolescents’ alcohol use is stronger for U.S. adolescents. These findings suggest cultural differences in the association between deviant peer association and adolescents’ alcohol use and provide cross-­‐cultural information for effective prevention programs against adolescents’ alcohol use. Zang, Xiaowei (City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, [email protected]) Gender Role Traditionalism and Ethnic Variation in Schooling in Ürümchi, China Using interviews and survey data (n = 1,600) on Han Chinese and Uyghur Muslims collected in Ürümchi in Xinjiang, this paper examines why Uyghur Muslims are less educated than Han Chinese in China. Data analysis shows that the difference in schooling between Han men and Uyghur men fades away when background P a g e | 89 characteristics are controlled for, whereas no similar patterns are found among women. Interview data suggest that Han Chinese have moved to gender equalitarianism thanks to post-­‐1978 socioeconomic development and the one child birth control policy, whereas Uyghurs have upheld gender role traditionalism due to social, religious, and ethnic reasons. The inter-­‐group difference in gender roles explains relative gender parity in schooling among Han Chinese and gender inequality in schooling among Uyghur Muslims. Zhan, Ginny (Kennesaw State University, [email protected]) A Cross-­‐Cultural Examination of American and Chinese College Students’ Mate Preferences Research by Buss (1990; 1994) suggests there are major differences between western modern and non-­‐western countries in young people’s mate preferences. The United States and China have very different philosophical and ideological perspectives and research (Toro-­‐Morn & Sprecher, 2003) showed that American and Chinese college students’ mate preferences reflected their respective cultural roots. However, with the rapid speed of globalization, it’s reasonable to expect that the young people in these two countries would move closer in their mate preferences rather than remaining wide apart. A total of 527 (219 Chinese, 308 Americans) college students participated in this study. In both samples, women outnumbered men (70% vs. 30%). Buss’s Mate Selection Scale was used as the instrument. The inventory asked the participants to indicate the importance of each of the 18 characteristic in selecting a mate, and also to rank order 13 traits in their desirability. The instrument was translated into Chinese by a bilingual professional in China. We compared the two groups on their partner preferences. Results show that the two cultural groups converged in some areas but diverged in others. For example, out of 18 characteristics, the two groups’ responses differed significantly on 10; and out of 13 traits, 10 were rank ordered differently. We believe these findings not only indicate effects of globalization and modernization, but also reflect each culture’s traditional beliefs and values. Gender differences found in the current study will also be presented and discussed.