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‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺗﻴﭗﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﺆاﻻت دركﻣﻄﻠﺐ زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ)ﻗﺴﻤﺖ اول(‬
‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ و ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ‪ :‬ﺟﻮاد ﻣﺆﻣﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺆاﻻت دركﻣﻄﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻼف ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﺘﻨﻮع و ﻧﺎآﺷﻨﺎﻳﺸﺎن‪ ،‬از ﺗﻴﭗﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺪاول و ﻣﻌﻴ‪‬ﻨﻲ ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از اﻳﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻴﭗﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺎزﻣﻨﺪ اﺗﺨﺎذ روﺷﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ و ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ دﺷﻮاري و زﻣﺎنﺑﺮي آنﻫﺎ راﻫﮕﺸﺎي داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان در ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ زﻣﺎن اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﻠﺐ‬
‫زﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﻮﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻣﻞ در ﺗﻴﭗﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺪاول اﻳﻦ ﺳﺆاﻻت در ﻛﻨﻜﻮرﻫﺎي ﺳﻪ ﺳﺎل اﺧﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ و ﺿﺮوريﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻜﺎت را ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺆاﻻت اداﻣﻪ دﻫﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻴﭗ اول ‪) Main Idea‬اﻳﺪهي اﺻﻠﻲ(‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع از ﺳﺆاﻻت ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻼت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪:‬‬
‫?‪A: What is the main idea of the passage‬‬
‫?‪B: What does the passage meinly discuss‬‬
‫?‪C: What is the best title for the passage‬‬
‫?‪D: What is the subject of the passage‬‬
‫… ‪E: The passage is mainly about‬‬
‫… ‪F: The passage mainly deals with‬‬
‫… ‪G: The passage is mainly concerned with‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪي اول‪ :‬واﺿﺤﺎً ﻋﺒﺎراﺗﻲ از ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ‪ mainly discuss ، the best title ، the main idea‬و … ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻨﺪهي اﻳﻦ ﺗﻴﭗ از‬
‫ﺳﺆاﻻتاﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪي دوم‪ :‬ﻫﺮﮔﺎه ﺳﺆال از اﻳﺪهي اﺻﻠﻲ )‪ (Main idea‬و ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺘﻦ )‪ (The best title‬ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺎﺳﺦﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻛﻠّﻲ ﻣﺘﻦ دﻗّﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ؛ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻛﻪ اﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﻤﻼت ﻣﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ آن ﻣﻲﭘﺮدازﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪي ﺳﻮم‪ :‬ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً اﻳﺪهي اﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﻦ در ﺟﻤﻼت اول ﻳﺎ دوم آن ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد؛ اﻣﺎ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮان آن را ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ روش ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮد‪ .‬در‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﭘﺲ از ﺧﻮاﻧﺪن ﺗﻤﺎم ﻣﺘﻦ از ﺧﻮد ﺑﭙﺮﺳﻴﺪ‪» :‬اﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﻤﻼت ﻣﺘﻦ درﺑﺎرهي ﭼﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ؟«‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳﺦ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺆال‪،‬‬
‫ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪي درﺳﺖ را ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪي ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ﺷﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﻴﺎن ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪاي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ دو ﺟﻤﻠﻪ از ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬دﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪي درﺳﺖ‬
‫ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪاي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ اﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﻤﻼت ﻣﺘﻦ را ﭘﻮﺷﺶ دﻫﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻪ اﻳﻦﻛﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ از ﻣﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ آن ﺑﭙﺮدازد‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
(89 ‫)ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ‬
Books that tell children about the lives of real people, or about real things in the world, are
nowadays not at all dull and not at all like lesson books. One of the best of the life stories, or
biographies, of famous people is Mother Teresa by Anne Sebba. Other similar books are A Hand
Upon Time (about Charles Dickens) and Mountbatten: Hero. Some books are a part of a series,
each title a separate biography of some famous persons. There are many books about people who
live ordinary lives but who represent the changing face of the world. There are books about people
who have led their countries through times of great stress, and about people who work for and
within a particular belief.
People have differing interests in life, and there are a great many books available to cover most
hobbies and leisure activities. Subjects such as music, painting, camping and crafts are covered for
various age-groups, so that readers should always be able to find something of interest.
What is the subject of the passage?
1) Books
2) Real things in the world
3) Famous people
4) Biographies
«‫ »ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﺘﻦ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬:‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
«‫»ﻛﺘﺎبﻫﺎ‬
‫ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻦ اﻧﻮاع ﻛﺘﺎبﻫﺎ را ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬.‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﺘﻦ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪاي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً درﺑﺎره آن ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ‬.‫« ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻦ را ﭘﻮﺷﺶ دﻫﺪ‬4» ‫ ﭘﺲ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪي‬.‫ﻛﺮد و ﻳﻜﻲ از آنﻫﺎ زﻧﺪﮔﻴﻨﺎﻣﻪ )ﺑﻴﻮﮔﺮاﻓﻲ( ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
.‫« ﻧﻴﺰ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ از ﻣﺘﻦ را در ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ و ﺟﺰﺋﻲ از ﻣﻮﺿﻮع اﺻﻠﻲ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ»ﻛﺘﺎب« ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬3‫و‬2»‫ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎي‬
:‫ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ از اﻳﺪهي اﺻﻠﻲ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف ﻣﺸﺨﺺ در ﻣﺘﻦ ﺳﺆال ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‬:‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪي ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬
A: What is the main idea of paragraph X?
B: What is paragraph X mainly concerned with?
C: What does paragraph X mainly discuss?
‫ اﻳﺪهي اﺻﻠﻲ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً در‬.‫ در ﻣﻮرد ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺻﺎدق اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﻧﻜﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ در ﺑﺎﻻ در ﻣﻮرد ﻛﻞ ﻣﺘﻦ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﻛﻞ ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف را ﺑﻪ دﻗﺖ ﺑﺨﻮاﻧﻴﺪ و از ﺧﻮد ﺑﭙﺮﺳﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ »اﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﻤﻼت ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف‬،‫ﺟﻤﻼت اول و دوم آن اﺳﺖ؛ در ﻏﻴﺮ اﻳﻦﺻﻮرت‬
.‫ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪاي ﻛﻪ اﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﻤﻼت ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف را ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻲدﻫﺪ‬،«‫درﺑﺎرهي ﭼﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ؟‬
‫ دﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪاي‬،‫ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪاي ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ در ﻳﻚ ﻳﺎ دو ﺟﻤﻠﻪي ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬،‫ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ در ﻣﻴﺎن ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎ‬:‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪي ﺷﺸﻢ‬
.‫ﺟﺎﻣﻊﺗﺮ و ﺷﺎﻣﻞﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ‬،‫درﺳﺖ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ از ﺣﻴﺚ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف‬
2
89‫ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي رﻳﺎﺿﻲ‬
One of the reasons why human beings have become such a successful and dominant species in the
world is because of the ability we have to cooperate with each other to work in groups. Groups may
form for a wide variety of purposes; some informal, such as a gathering of friends, others formal,
such as a committee.
Formal groups often develop strict rules about procedure. A committee may appoint a chairperson,
a secretary, and a treasurer. The group will have rules about how a meeting is to be conducted.
After the meeting a formal record of what happened will be made and distributed to members.
Some groups of this sort, such as a commercial company, will have an order in which
communication conforms to rules, a person may be given orders by someone above, and then pass
orders down to someone below, people will communicate with those above them in the grading,
those below them, and those on the same level as themselves.
Even in an informal group, communication is always more complicated than it is between two
individuals. Some people feel very nervous when they are in a group; they might either keep quiet
and say nothing at all, or else they may start speaking and never want to stop. To work well in a
group, you have to learn to listen as well as to speak, and you must be prepared to change your
mind, or to agree to cooperate with other people present. No group works well if its members are
selfish and stubborn.
What is the best title for the passage?
1) Secrets of Social Life
2) Formal and Informal Groups
3) Human Relations in Groups
4) Communication of Dominant Species
«‫ »ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺑﺮاي اﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﻦ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬:‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
«‫»ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎي رﺳﻤﻲ و ﻏﻴﺮرﺳﻤﻲ‬
What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
1) people should learn how to hold a meeting.
2) In companies, orders are given to people in a strict way.
3) Members of formal groups cooperate with each other according to certain rules.
4) In formal groups, people only communicate with those above them.
«‫ »اﻳﺪهي اﺻﻠﻲ ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف دوم ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬:‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
«.‫»اﻋﻀﺎي ﮔﺮوهﻫﺎي رﺳﻤﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﻗﻮاﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚدﻳﮕﺮ ارﺗﺒﺎط دارﻧﺪ‬
3
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪي ﻫﻔﺘﻢ‪ :‬ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف ﻣﻮرد ﺳﺆال ﺑﺎ رﺑﻂدﻫﻨﺪ آﻏﺎز ﻣﻲﺷﻮد؛ ﺑﻪﺧﺼﻮص اﻧﻮاع رﺑﻂدﻫﻨﺪهﻫﺎي ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮت‪ ،‬ﺗﻀﺎد‪ ،‬اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬
‫)‪) (Addition‬ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل ‪ But ،Furthermore ،However‬و …( در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺮاي ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺘﻮاي ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف‬
‫ﻗﺒﻠﻲ و ارﺗﺒﺎط ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ آن ﺑﺎ ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف ﻣﻮرد ﺳﺆال دﻗﺖ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪي ﻫﺸﺘﻢ‪ :‬اﻳﻦ ﺗﻴﭗ ﺟﺰو راﺣﺖﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺗﻴﭗﻫﺎي ﺳﺆاﻻت دركﻣﻄﻠﺐ اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺪاوم ﺑﻪ راﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ آن ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﭘﻴﺪا‬
‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻴﭗ دوم ‪) Guessing‬ﺣﺪسِ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ(‬
‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع از ﺳﺆاﻻت ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻼت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮد‪:‬‬
‫… ‪A: The (underlined) word … in line x is closest in meaning to‬‬
‫… ‪B: The (underlined) word … in paragraph x is closest in meaning to‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪي اول‪ :‬واﺿﺤﺎً ﻋﺒﺎرت ‪) closest in meaning‬از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﺰدﻳﻚﺗﺮﻳﻦ( ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﻨﻨﺪهي اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع از ﺳﺆاﻻت اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪي دوم‪ :‬ﺑﺮاي ﭘﺎﺳﺦﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺳﺆاﻻت ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﻛﻠﻤﻪ را از زﻣﻴﻨﻪي ﻣﺘﻦ )‪ (context‬ﺣﺪس زده در ﻣﻴﺎن ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪاي‬
‫درﺳﺖ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪون ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ دادن ﻣﻌﻨﺎي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ در ﻣﺘﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪي ﺳﻮم‪ :‬واژهﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي آنﻫﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﭘﺮﺳﺶ واﻗﻊ ﺷﺪه و ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً در ﻛﺘﺎبﻫﺎي درﺳﻲ ﻣﻄﺮح ﻧﺸﺪهاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل اﮔﺮ‬
‫داﻧﺶآﻣﻮزان ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻛﻠﻲ ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف ﻳﺎ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻮرد ﺳﺆال را ﺑﻔﻬﻤﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ راﺣﺘﻲ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪي ﺻﺤﻴﺢ را اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪي ﭼﻬﺎرم‪ :‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ و ﻣﺎﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪي ﻣﻄﺮح ﺷﺪه در ﺳﺆال را ﺑﻪ دﻗﺖ ﺑﺨﻮاﻧﻴﺪ‪ ،‬اﻳﻦ دو ﺟﻤﻠﻪ زﻣﻴﻨﻪي ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﻪي ﻣﻮرد ﺳﺆال را‬
‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
89 ‫ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي رﻳﺎﺿﻲ‬
One of the reasons why human beings have become such a successful and dominant species in the
world is because of the ability we have to cooperate with each other to work in groups. Groups may
form for a wide variety of purposes; some informal, such as a gathering of friends, others formal,
such as a committee.
Formal groups often develop strict rules about procedure. A committee may appoint a chairperson,
a secretary, and a treasurer. The group will have rules about how a meeting is to be conducted.
After the meeting a formal record of what happened will be made and distributed to members.
Some groups of this sort, such as a commercial company, will have an order in which
communication conforms to rules, a person may be given orders by someone above, and then pass
orders down to someone below, people will communicate with those above them in the grading,
those below them, and those on the same level as themselves.
Even in an informal group, communication is always more complicated than it is between two
individuals. Some people feel very nervous when they are in a group; they might either keep quiet
and say nothing at all, or else they may start speaking and never want to stop. To work well in a
group, you have to learn to listen as well as to speak, and you must be prepared to change your
mind, or to agree to cooperate with other people present. No group works well if its members are
selfish and stubborn.
The word “strict” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to ……… .
1) correct
2) exact
3) private
4) perfect
«.‫“ »دﻗﻴﻖ« اﺳﺖ‬exact” ‫ي« از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﻧﺰدﻳﻚﺗﺮﻳﻦ )ﻛﻠﻤﻪ( ﺑﻪ‬‫ ﺟﺪ‬،‫“ »دﻗﻴﻖ‬strict” ‫ »ﻛﻠﻤﻪي‬:‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
89‫ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ‬
Books that tell children about the lives of real people, or about real things in the world, are
nowadays not at all dull and not at all like lesson books. One of the best of the life stories, or
biographies, of famous people is Mother Teresa by Anne Sebba. Other similar books are A Hand
Upon Time (about Charles Dickens) and Mountbatten: Hero. Some books are a part of a series,
each title a separate biography of some famous persons. There are many books about people who
live ordinary lives but who represent the changing face of the world. There are books about people
who have led their countries through times of great stress, and about people who work for and
within a particular belief.
People have differing interests in life, and there are a great many books available to cover most
hobbies and leisure activities. Subjects such as music, painting, camping and crafts are covered for
various age-groups, so that readers should always be able to find something of interest.
The word “represent” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to ……… .
1) enhance
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2) include
3) produce
4) show
‫ ﺑﻴﺎن ﻛﺮدن« ﻧﺰدﻳﻚﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬،‫“ »ﻧﺸﺎن دادن‬show” ‫“ در ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف اول از ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﻪي‬represent” ‫ »ﻛﻠﻤﻪي‬:‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
«.‫اﺳﺖ‬
89 ‫ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬
The pre-Raphaelites wanted to paint naturally and study every detail carefully, as the early
Netherlands painters had done; but they mostly turned away from the life around them. If they
painted landscape, for instance, they were apt to go to distant places where no railways or factories
were to be seen. Holman Hunt, for example, went to the Holy Land in order to paint scenes from the
Bible with perfect accuracy. In France the more revolutionary painters did the opposite. Instead of
painting in great detail, they painted broadly, with great sweeps of the brush, and increasingly, they
painted the life of France in their day. Gustavo Courbet, for instance, painted landscape, still-life,
and every kind of scene from the life both of well-to-do farmers and of peasants. Jean Francois
Millet painted mostly peasants, often working in the fields. A school of landscape painters settled at
Barbizon, not far from Paris, and painted scenes in the forest around them. They were known as the
Barbizon painters.
The word “apt” in line 2 is closest in meaning to …….. .
1) safe
2) calm
3) aware
4) ready
«.‫“ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎي »آﻣﺎده« دارد‬ready” ‫ “در ﺳﻄﺮ دوم ﻧﺰدﻳﻚﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻌﻨﺎ را ﺑﻪ‬apt ”‫»ﻟﻐﺖ‬:‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
.‫ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻲ دﻗﺖ ﺑﻪ راﺣﺘﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮاﻧﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ آن ﺗﺴﻠّﻂ ﭘﻴﺪا ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬،‫ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻴﭗ راﺣﺖﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺳﺆاﻻت دركﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬:‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪي ﭘﻨﺠﻢ‬
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(‫ )ارﺟﺎع‬Reference ‫ﺗﻴﭗ ﺳﻮم‬
:‫اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع از ﺳﺆاﻻت ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً ﺑﺎ ﺟﻤﻼت زﻳﺮ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬
A: The word … in line x refers to …
B: The word … in paragraph x refers to …
.‫ )ارﺟﺎع دادن( اﺳﺖ‬refer ‫ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪي اﺻﻠﻲ اﻳﻦ ﺗﻴﭗ از ﺳﺆاﻻت ﻛﻠﻤﻪي‬:‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪي اول‬
‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎً در اﻳﻦ ﺗﻴﭗ از ﺳﺆاﻻت از ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻳﻚ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﺪه ﻣﻲﺷﻮد؛ اﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً ﻧﺰدﻳﻚﺗﺮﻳﻦ اﺳﻢ ﻗﺒﻞ از ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻮرد‬:‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪي دوم‬
.‫ﻧﻈﺮ اﺳﺖ‬
89 ‫ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي رﻳﺎﺿﻲ‬
One of the reasons why human beings have become such a successful and dominant species in the
world is because of the ability we have to cooperate with each other to work in groups. Groups may
form for a wide variety of purposes; some informal, such as a gathering of friends, others formal,
such as a committee.
Formal groups often develop strict rules about procedure. A committee may appoint a chairperson,
a secretary, and a treasurer. The group will have rules about how a meeting is to be conducted.
After the meeting a formal record of what happened will be made and distributed to members.
Some groups of this sort, such as a commercial company, will have an order in which
communication conforms to rules, a person may be given orders by someone above, and then pass
orders down to someone below, people will communicate with those above them in the grading,
those below them, and those on the same level as themselves.
Even in an informal group, communication is always more complicated than it is between two
individuals. Some people feel very nervous when they are in a group; they might either keep quiet
and say nothing at all, or else they may start speaking and never want to stop. To work well in a
group, you have to learn to listen as well as to speak, and you must be prepared to change your
mind, or to agree to cooperate with other people present. No group works well if its members are
selfish and stubborn.
The word “it” in paragraph 3 refers to …….. .
1) formal group
2) individual
3) informal group
4) communication
«.‫“ در ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف ﺳﻮم ﺑﻪ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت اﺷﺎره ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬it” ‫ »ﻛﻠﻤﻪي‬:‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
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‫ در اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪي ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ و ﺟﻤﻠﻪي ﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‬.‫ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻳﻚ اﺳﻢ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ ﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﻪي ﻣﻮرد ﺳﺆال ﻳﻚ ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‬:‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪي ﺳﻮم‬
‫ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ و ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎي اﺻﻠﻲ اﺳﻢ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ را ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬،‫ ﺑﻪ دﻗﺖ ﺑﺨﻮاﻧﻴﺪ؛ ﻣﺼﺪاقﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﺟﻤﻠﻪي ﻣﻮرد ﺳﺆال‬،‫ﻛﻠﻤﻪي ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ را‬
.‫ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ و ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪﻫﺎي اﺳﻢ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ اﺷﺎره ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬،‫ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﻪاي ﻛﻪ از ﻫﻤﻪ دﻗﻴﻖﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺪاقﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‬
90 ‫ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي رﻳﺎﺿﻲ‬
The Moon is the Earth’s only natural satellite. As the Earth moves round the Sun, so the Moon in
turn revolves round the Earth. As it orbits the Earth, the Moon also turns on its axis. The time
taken to complete one rotation is the same as that taken for one orbit ‫ ـ‬about 29.5 days. So the same
side of the Moon always faces the Earth. Photographs taken by space probes have shown that the
far side is similar to the familiar near side.
The Moon releases no light of its own and shines only because it reflects the Sun’s light. As it turns
on its axis only once in a journey round the Earth, each part of its surface has first about two weeks
of darkness and then about two weeks of sunlight. When the Moon comes between the Earth and
the Sun it is invisible because the face turned towards the Earth is in darkness and sunlight is falling
on the far side. This is the time of “new Moon”. A few days later, a thin crescent Moon is seen low in
the western sky, as the Moon advances along its orbit and the Sun begins to light up the side turned
towards the Earth. Occasionally, during this crescent phase, the whole disc may be seen faintly lit
by Earthshine (light reflected from the Earth).
What does the passage mainly discuss?
1) The Moon’s source of movements
2) Different parts of the Moon
3) New discoveries about the Moon
4) Some aspects of the Earth’s satellite
«‫ »ﻣﺘﻦ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً راﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ؟‬:‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
«‫»ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎي ﻗﻤﺮ ﻛﺮهي زﻣﻴﻦ‬
The word “that” in line 3 refers to ………. .
1) time
2) rotation
3) orbit
4) axis
«.‫“ )زﻣﺎن( اﺷﺎره ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬time” ‫“ در ﺳﻄﺮ ﺳﻮم ﺑﻪ‬that” ‫ »ﻛﻠﻤﻪي‬:‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
The journey referred to in paragraph 2 (line 7) ………. .
1) is the one made by astronauts
2) takes about four weeks to complete
3) happens half through darkness and half through sunlight
4) is the Moon ’s turning on its axis every four weeks
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‫ ﺣﺪود ﭼﻬﺎر ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻃﻮل ﻣﻲﻛﺸﺪ ﺗﺎ‬،‫“ )ﺳﻔﺮ( در ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف دوم )ﺧﻂ ﻫﻔﺘﻢ( ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ آن اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ‬journey”» :‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
«.‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻮد‬
«.‫“ در ﭘﺎراﮔﺮاف ﺳﻮم ﺑﻪ ارﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎت اﺷﺎره ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬it” ‫ »ﻛﻠﻤﻪي‬:‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
90 ‫ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي اﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬
The Eskimos’ way of life has changed much over the past hundred years, although many traditional
customs do persist. And despite the geographical separation between different Eskimo groups, all
Eskimos have preserved a similar culture. They are still mainly coastal people who journey inland
in the short summers to hunt caribou and birds, and to fish. The major exceptions are some North
Alaskan Eskimos and the Caribou Eskimos, who live inland all the year round. The North Alaskan
Eskimos are famous for hunting the enormous bowhead whale, weighing 54 tonnes (60 US tons).
Elsewhere on the coast, Eskimos hunt seals, walruses, and smaller whales such as the white whale.
Fishing for cod is popular among the Eskimos in Greenland and Labrador. What is the passage mainly about?
1) Eskimos’ hunting skills
2) How old Eskimos’ customs are
3) Why Eskimos live near oceans
4) Some common features among Eskimos
«‫ »ﻣﺘﻦ ﻋﻤﺪﺗﺎً درﺑﺎره ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬:‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
«‫»ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﺸﺘﺮك در ﻣﻴﺎن اﺳﻜﻴﻤﻮﻫﺎ‬
The word “exceptions” in line 4 refers to …….. .
1) two groups of Eskimos
2) geographical locations
3) the animals some Eskimos hunt for food
4) the ways some Eskimo groups get their food
«.‫ ﺑﻪ دو ﮔﺮوه از اﺳﻜﻴﻤﻮﻫﺎ اﺷﺎره ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‬4 ‫“ در ﺳﻄﺮ‬exceptions” ‫ »واژهي‬:‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪي ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬
‫ در ﺳﺎلﻫﺎي اﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻴﺶﺗﺮي واﻗﻊ‬،‫“ ﻛﻪ در ﻧﻜﺘﻪي ﺳﻮم ﺑﻪ آن اﺷﺎره ﺷﺪ‬reference” ‫ ﻧﻮع ﺧﺎﺻﻲ از ﺳﺆاﻻت‬:‫ﻧﻜﺘﻪي ﭼﻬﺎرم‬
.‫“ اﺳﺖ‬reference” ‫ ﺳﺨﺖﺗﺮﻳﻦِ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺳﺆاﻻت‬،‫ﺷﺪه؛ اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع‬
9