. REFERENCES Akthar M (1994) The modification of acetate and propionate side chains during the biosynthesis of haem and chlorophylls : Mechanistic and stereochemical studies. In DJ Chadwick, K Ackrill, eds, Biosynthesis of the tetrapyrrole pigments. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, pp. 131-152. Amillet JM, Buisson N and Labbe-Bois R (1995) Positive and negative elements involved in differential regulation by heme and oxygen of the HEM13 gene (Coprox) in S. cerevisiae. Curr Genet 28 (6) : 503-511. Anderson PM and Desnick RJ ( 1979) Purification and properties of 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase from human erythrocytes. J Bioi Chem 254 : 6929-6930. Anderson PM and Desnick RJ ( 1980) Purification and properties of Uroporphyrinogen I synthase from human erythrocytes. Identification of stable enzyme substrate intermediates. J Biol Chern 25:5 : 1993-1999. Ape! K (1981) The protochlorophyllide holochrome of barley (Hordeum vulga~e L. ): phytochrome-induced decrease of translatable mRNA coding for the NADPH protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. Eur J Biochem 120 : 89-93. Armstrong GA, Runge S, Frick G, Sperling U and A pel K (1995) Identification of NADPH: protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases A and B :a branched pathway for lightdependent chlorophyll biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol108: 15051517. Arnon DI (1949) Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. vulgaris. Plant Physiol24: 1-15. Polyphenol oxidase in Beta Aronoff S, Houlson PR and Ellsworth RK (1971) Investigation on the biogenesis of ··chlorophyll. V. Ordering of submutants of ultraviolet chlorophyll mutants of Chlorella. Photosynthetica 5: 166-169. Averina NG, Yaronskaya EB, Rassadina VV and Walter G (1996) Response of magnesium chelatase activity in green pea ( Pisum sativum L.) leaves to light, 5-arninolevulinic acid and dipyridyl supply. Photochem Photobiol36 : 17-22. A vissar Y J and Beale SI ( 1990) Cloning and expression of a structural gene from Chlorobium. vibrioforme that complements the hemA mutation in E. coli. J Bacterial 172 : 16561659. Barnard GF, Itoh R, Honberger LH and Shemin D (1977) Mechanism of porphobilinogen synthase. Possible role of essential thiol groups. J Bioi Chern 522 : 8965-8974. 80 Barnes SA, Nishizawa NK, Quaggio RB, \Vhitelam GC and Chua NH (1996) Far-red light blocks greening of Arabidopsis seedlings via a phytochrome A-mediated change in plastid development. Plant Cell 8 : 601-615. Batschauer A and Apel K (1984) An inverse control by phytochrome of the expression of two nuclear genes in barley. Eur J Biochem 143: 593-597. Bauer CE, Bollivar DW and Suzuki JY (1993) Genetic analysis ofphotopigment biosynthesis in Eubacteria: A guiding light for algae and plants. J Bacterioll75 : 3919-3925. Beale SI, (1971) Studies on the biosynthesis and metabolism of delta-aminolevulinic acid in Chiarella. Plant Physiol 48 : 316-319. Beale SI, Gough SP and Granick S ( 1975) Biosynthesis of 8~aminolevulinic acid from the intact carbon skeleton of glutamic acid in greening barley. Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA 72: 2719-2723. Beale SI and Weinstein JD (1990) Tetrapyrrole metabolism in photosynthetic organisms. In H.A. Dailey, ed, Biosynthesis ofheme and chlorophyll. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 287-391. Beat.or J, Potter E and Kloppstech K (1992) The effect of heat shock on morphogenesis in barley. Plant Physiol100: 1780-1786. Benli M, Schulz Rand Apel K (1991) Effect of light on the NADPH-Pchlide oxidoreductase (POR) of A. thaliana. Plant Mol Biol16(4): 615-625. Benz J, Wolf C and Rudiger W (1980) Chlorophyll biosynthesis: Hydrogenation of geranyl geraniol. Plant Sci Lett 19 : 225-230. Berry-LoweS (1987) The chloroplast glutamate tRNA gene required for 8-aminolevulinate synthesis. Carlsberg Res Commun 52: 197-210. Berry J and Bjorkman 0 (1980) Photosynthetic response adaptation to temperature in higher plants. Annu Rev PlantPhysiol 31:491-543. Boddi B, Ryberg M and Sundqvist C (1992) Identification of four universal protochlorophyllide forms in dark-grown leaves by analyses of the 77K fluorescence emission spectra. J Photochem Photobiol B. Bioi 12 : 389-401. Boese QF, Spano AJ, Li JM and Timko MP (1991) Aminolevulinic aciddehydratase in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Identification of an unusual metal binding domain in the plant enzyme. 1 Biol Chern 266(26) : 17060-17066. Boffey SA, Ellis JR, Sellden G and Leech RM (1979) Chloroplast division and DNA synthesis in light-grown wheat leaves. Plant Physiol 64 : 502-505. Bogorad L (1962) Porphyrin synthesis. Methods Enzymol 5: 885-895. 81 Bollivar DW, Suzuki JY, Beatty JT, Dobrowolski JM and Bauer CE (1994) Directed mutational analysis of bacterio-chlorophyll· a biosynthesis in Rhodobacter capsulatus. J Mol Bioi 237 : 622-640. Bollivar DW, Wang S, Allen JP and Bauer CE (1994b) Molecular genetic analysis of terminal steps in bacteriochlorophyll a biosynthesis : characterization of a Rhodobacter capsulatus strain that synthesizes geranylgeraniol esterified bacteriochlorophyll a. Biochemistry 33 : 12763-12768 Bollivar DW and Beale SI (1995) Formation of the isocyclic ring of chlorophyll by isolated Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplasts. Photosynth Res 43: 113-124. Bollivar DW and Beale SI (1996) The chlorophyll biosynthetic enzyme Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (oxidative) cyclase. Plant Physioll12: 105-114. Bruyant P and Kannangara CG (1977) Biosynthesis of <5-aminolevulinate in greening barley leaves. VIII. Purification and characterization of the glutamate-tRNA ligase. Carlsberg Res Comm 52 : 99-1 09. Burke JJ, Hatfield JL, Klein RR, Mellet JE (1985) Accumulation of heat shock proteins in field grown cotton. Plant Physiol 78 : 394-398. Burke DH, Alberti M and Hearst JE (1993a) bchFNBH bacteriochlorophyll synthesis genes of Rhodobacter capsulatus and identification of the third subunit oflight-independent protochlorophyllide reductase in bacteria and plants. J Bacteriol175 : 2414-2422. Camadro JM, Chamba H, Jolles J and Labbe P ( 1986) Purification and properties of coproporphyrinogen oxidase from the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Eur J Biochem 156 : 579-587. Camadro 1M, Matringe M, Scalla R and Labbe P ( 1991) Kinetic studies on protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibition by diphenyl ether herbicides. Biochem J 277 : 17-21. Camadro JM, Thome F, Brouillet N and Labbe P ( 1994) Purification and properties of protoporphyrinogen oxidase from the yeast S. cerevisiae. 1 Bioi Chern 269 (51) : 32085-32091. Carey EE and Rebeiz CA (1985) Chloroplast biogenesis. 49. Differences among angiosperms in the biosynthesis and accumulation of monovinyl and divinyl protochlorophyllide during photoperiodic greening. Plant Physiol 79 : 1-6. Castel franco. P A and Beale SI ( 1981) Chlorophyll biosynthesis. In " The Biochemistry of Plants" (M.D. Hate!, ed.). Vol. 8: 375-421. Academic Press, New York. Castelfranco PA, Walker CJ and Weinstein 1 (1994) Biosynthetic studies on chlorophylls : From protoporphyrin IX to protochlorophyllide. In "The biosynthesis of the tetrapyrrole pigments", Ciba Foundation Symposium 180, (Chadwick and K Ackrill, eds), pp. 131-151, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, England. 82 Castelfranco P A and Zeng X (1991) Regulation of 5-aminolevulinic acid synthesis in developing chloroplasts. IV. An endogenous inhibitor from the thylakoid membranes. Plant Physiol 97 ( 1) 1-6. Cattivelli L andBartels D (1990) Molecular cloning and characterization of cold-regulated genes in barley. Plant Physiol 93 : 1504-151 0. Chakraborty N and Tripathy BC (1992) Involvement of singlet oxygen in 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced photodynamic damage of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 98 : 7-11. Chang TE, Wegmann B and Wang WY (1990) Purification and characterization of glutamyl tRNA synthetase: An enzyme involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Plant Physiol 93 : 1641-1649. Chauhan S and O'Brian MR (1993) Bradyrhizobium japonicum delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase is essential for symbiosis with soybean and cotains a novel metal-binding domain. J Bacteriol175 (22): 7222-7227. Cl1auhan S, O'Brian MR (1995) A mutant Bradyrhizobiumjaponicum delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase with an altered metal requirement functions in situ for tetrapyrrole synthesis in soybean root nodules. J Bioi Chem 270 (34) : 19823-19827. Chelstowska A, Zoladek T, Garey J, Kushner J, Rytka J and Labbe-Bois R (1992) Identification of amino acid changes affecting yeast UDC activity by sequence analysis ofhem12 mutant alleles. Biochem J 288: 753-757. Chen MW, Jahn D, 0' Neil GP and Soli D (1990a) Purification and characterization of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast glutamyl tRNA synthetase, a natural misacylating enzyme. J Bioi Chern 265 : 4054-4057. Chen MW, Jahn D, Sohon A, 0' Neil GP and Soil D (1990b) Purification of the glutamyltRNA reductase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii involved in 5-aminolevulinic acid formation during chlorophyll biosynthesis. J Bioi Chern 265 : 4058-4063. Chen TC and Miller G W ( 1974) Purification and characterization of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase from tobacco leaves. Plant Cell Physiol15 : 993-1005. Chereskin BA, Castelfranco PA, Dallas JL and Straub KM (1983) Mg-2,4 divinyl phaeoporphyrin a 5 : The product of a reaction catalyzed in vitro by developing chloroplasts. Arch Biochem Biophys 226 : 10-18. Choquet Y, Rahire M, Girard-Bascou J, Erickson J and Rochaix JD (1992) A chloroplast gene is required for the light-independent accumulation of chlorophyll in C. reinhardtii. EMBO J 11 {5): 1697-16704. Chory J (I 991) Light signals in leaf and chloroplast development : photoreceptor and downstream responses in search of a transduction pathway. New Biologist 3 : 538548. 83 Chrietien S, Duhart A, Beaupain D, Raich N, Grandchamp B, Rosa J, Goosens M and Romeo PH (1988) Alternative transcription and splicing of the human porphobilinogen deaminase gene result either in tissue-speciifc or in house keeping expression. Proc Nat! Acad Sci USA 85 : 6-1 0. Cohen CE, Bazzaz MB, Fullett SH and Rebeiz CA (1977) Chloroplast Biogenesis XX. Accumulation of porphyrin and phorbin pigments in cucumber cotyledons during photoperiodic greening. Plant Physiol 60 : 743-746. Coomber SA, Jones RM, Jordan PM and Hunter CN (1992) A putative anaerobic coprogenlll oxidase in R. sphaeroides. I. Molecular cloning, transposon, mutagenesis and sequence analysis ofthe gene. Mol Microbiol 6: 3159-3169. Cornford P (1964) Transformation of porphobilinogen into porphyrins by preparation from human erythrocytes. Biochem J 91 : 64-73. Dahlin C, Sundqvist C and Timko MP (1995) The in vitro assembly of the NADPH-Pchlide oxidoreductase in pea chloroplasts. Plant Mol Bioi 29 : 317-330. Dailey HA and Karr SW (1987) Purification ·and characterization protoporphyrinogen oxidase. Biochemistry 26 : 2697-2701. of munne Dailey TA, Meissner P and Dailey HA (1994) Expression of a cloned protoporphyrinqgen oxidase. J Bioi Chern 269: 813-815. Dailey TA, Dailey HA, Meissner P and Prasad AR (1995) Cloning, sequence and expression of mouse proporphyrinogen oxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 324: 379-384. Darrah PM, Kay SA, Teakle GR and Griffiths WT (1990) Cloning and sequencing of protochlorophyllide reductase. Biochem J 265 : 789-798. de Verneuil H, Sassa Sand Kappas A (1983) Purification and properties ofuroporphyrinogen decarboxylase from human erythrocytes. A single enzyme catalyzing the four sequential decarboxylation uroporphyrinogen I and III. J Bioi Chern 258 : 2454-2460. Delaunay AM, Huault C and Balange AP (1991) Molecular cloning of the 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase gene from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J Bacterial 173 : 2712-2715. Duman JG and Olsen TM (1993) Thermal hysteresis protein activity in bacteria, fungi and phylogenetically diverse plants. Cryobiology 30 : 322-328. .. . Dunn MA, Goddard NJ, Zhang L, Pearce RS and Hughes MA (1994) Low-temperatureresponsive barley genes have different control mechanisms. Plant Mol Bioi 24 : 879888. Ebbon JG and Tait GH (1969) Studies on S-adenosyl methionine magnesmm protoporphyrin methyl transferase in Euglena gracilis strain A. Biochem J 111 : 573582. 84 Elder GH (1976) Acquired disorders of haem synthesis. Essays Methods. Biochem 2 : 75114. Elliott T, A vissar JR, Rhie G and Beale SI (1990) Cloning and sequencing of the hemL gene from Salmonella !Jphinna-ium and identification of the missing enzyme· in hemL mutants as glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase. J Bacteriol172 : 7071-7084. Ellsworth RK, Dullaghan JP and St. Pierre ME (1974) The reaction of S-adenosyl Lmethionine magnesium protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase of wheat. Photosynthetica 8: 375-384. Falbel TG and Staehelin LA (1994) Characterization of a family of chlorophyll-deficient wheat (Triticum estivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mutants with defects in the magnesium insertion step of chlorophyll biosynthesis. Plant Physiol 104 (2) : 639-648. Feierabend J (1977) Capacity for chlorophyll synthesis in heat-bleached 70S ribosomedeficient rye leaves. Planta 135 : 83-88. Feierabend J and Mikus M ( 1976) Occurrence of a high temperature sensitivity of chloroplast ribosome formation in several higher plants. Plant Physiol59 : 863-867. Feierabend J and Schrader-Reichhardt U (1976) Biochemical differentiation of plastids and other organelles in rye leaves with a high-temperature-induced deficiency of plastid ribosomes. Planta 129: 133-145. Felix F and Brouillet N (1990) Purification and properties of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Eur J Biochem 188: 393-403. Fidai S, Dahl JA and Richards WR (1995) Effect ofPufQ protein on early steps in the pathway ofbacteriochlorophyH biosynthesis in Rhodobacter capsulatus. FEBS Lett 372(2-3) : 264-268. Fiedor L, Rosenbach-Belkin V and Scherz A (1992) The stereospecific interaction between chlorophylls and chlorophyllase. Possible implication for chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation. 1 Bioi Chern 267 (31): 22043-22047. Forreiter C, van Cleve B, Schmidt A and Ape! K (1990) Evidence for a general lightdependent negative control ofNADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase in angiosperms. Planta 183 : 126-132. Forreiter C and Apel K (1993) Light-independent and light-dependent Pchlide reducing activities and two distinct POR polypeptides in mountain pine (Pinus mugo ). Planta 190 (4): 536-545. Franck F and Strazalka K (1992) Detection of photoactive Pchlide-protein complex in the light during the greening of barley. FEBS Lett 309 ( 1) : 73-77. Fuesler TP, Wong YS and Castelfranco PA (1984b) Localization ofMg-chelatase and Mgprotoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (oxidative) cyclase activities within isolated, developing cucumber chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 75 : 662-664. Funk C, Adamska I, Green BR, Andersson B and Renger G ( 1995) The nuclear-encoded chlorophyll binding photosystem II protein is stable in the absence of pigments. J Bioi Chem 270: 30141-7. Gardner G, Gorton HL and Brown SA (1988) Inhibition of phytochrome synthesis by the transaminase inhibitor, 4-amino-5-fluoropentanoic acid. Plant Physiol 87 : 8-10 .. Garey JR, Labbe-Bois R, Chelstowska A, Rytka J, Harrison L, Kushner J and Labbe P (I 992) Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. HEM12 gene sequence and evidence for two conserved glycines essential for enzyme activity. Eur J Biochem 205: 1011-1016. Gaubier, P., Wu, H. J., Laudie, M., Delseny, M. and Grellet, F. (1995) A chlorophyll synthetase gene from Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol. Gen. Genet. 249 : 58-64. Gellerfors PL, Saltzgaber-Muller, J and Douglas MG ( 1986) Selection by genetic complementation and characterization of the gene coding for the yeast porphobilinogen deaminase. Biochem J 240: 673-676 . . Gibbs PNB, Chaudhary AG and Jordan PM (1985) Purification and properties of 5aminolevulinate dehydratase from human erythrocytes. Biochem 1230 : 25-34. Gibbs PNB and Jordan PM (1986) Identification of lysine at the active site of human 5aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Biochem J 236 : 44 7-451. Gibson LCD and Hunter CN (1994) The bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis gene, bchM, ·of Rhodobacter sphaeroides encodes S-adenosyl L-methionine : Mg-protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase~ FEBS Lett 352: 127-130. Gibson LCD, Willows RD, Kannangara CG and von Wettstein D (1995) Magnesiumprotoporphyrin che1atase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides : reconstitution of activity by combining the products of the bchH, -1 and -D genes expressed in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92 : 1941-1944. Gilmour SJ, Lin C and Thomashow MF (1996) Purification and properties of Arabidopsis thaliana COR (col-regulated) gene polypeptides COR15am and COR6.6 expressed in Escherichia coli. Plant Physiol 111 : 293-299. Gombos Z, Wada H, Hideg E and Murata N (1994) The unsaturation of membrane lipids stabilizes photosynthesis against heat stress. Plant Physiol104 : 563-567. Gough SP ( 1978) Light stimulated delta-aminolevulinate accumulation in levulinate treated barley seedlings. Carlsberg Res Commun 43 : 407-508. Gough SP, Kannangara CG and von Wettstein D (1992) Glutamate 1-semia1dehyde aminotransferase as a target for herbicides. In "Target assays for modem herbicides 86 and related phytotoxic compounds", (P. Boger and G Sandmann, eds). Lewis publishers, Chelesa. pp.21-27. Granick S (1959) Magnesium porphyrin fom1ed by barley seedlings treated with oaminolevulicic acid (abstract). Plant Physiol 34 : S-xviii. Gray GR, Louis-Pierre C, Sarhan F and Norman PAH (1997) Cold-acclimation and Freezing tolerance. Plant Physiol114 : 467-474. Griffiths WT (1974) Source of reducing equivalents for the in vitro synthesis of chlorophylJ from protochlorophyll. FEBS Lett 46 : 301-304. Griffiths WT (1978) Reconstitution of chlorophyllide formation by isolated etioplast membranes. Biochem J 174: 681-692. Griffith M, Ala P, Yang DSC, Hon W-C and Moffat BA (1992) Antifreeze protein produced endogenously in winter rye leaves. Plant Physiol 100 : 593-596. Grimm B, Bull A, Welinder KG, Gough SP and Kannangara CG (1989) Purification and partial amino acid sequence of the glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase of barley and Synechococcus. Carlsberg Res Commun 54: 67-79. Grimm B ( 1990) Primary structure of a key enzyme in plant tetrapyrrole synthesis : glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87 : 41694173. Grimm B, Bull A and Breu V ( 1991) Structural genes of glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase for porphyrin synthesis in a cyanobacterium and E. coli. Mol Gen Genet 225: 1-10. Grimm B (1992) Identification of hemA gene Synechocystis by complementation of an E. coli hemA mutant. Hereditas 117 : 195-197. Gurba PE, Sennett RE and Kobes RD (1972) Studies on the mechanism of 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase from bovine and rat liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 150 : 130-136. Gume D, Chen J and Shemin D (1977) Dissociation and reassociation of immobilized porphobilinogen synthase, use of immobilized subunits for enzyme isolation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74: 1383-1387. Guy CL ( 1990) Cold acclimation and freezing stress tolerance. Ann Rev Plant Ph.ysiol-Plant Mol Bioi 41 : 187-223. Hansson M, Rut berg L, Schroder I and Hederstedt L ( 1991) The Bacillus subtilis hemAXCDBL gene cluster, which encodes enzymes of the biosynthetic pathway from glutamate to uroporphyrinogen III. J Bacteriol173 : 2590-2599. Harel E and Klein S (1972) Light dependent formation of o-aminolevulinic acid in etiolated leaves of higher plants. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 49 (2): 364-370. 87 Hart GJ and Battersby AR (1985) Purification and properties of uroporphyrinogen III synthase (co-synthase) from Euglena gracilis. Biochem J 232 : 151-160. Hasnain SS, Wardell EM, Garner CD, Schlosser M and Beyersmann D (1985) Extended Xray absorption fine structure investigations of Zinc in 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Biochem 1 230 : 625-633. Hauser I. Dehesh K and Ape! K (1984) The proteolytic degradation in vitro ofthe NADPHprotochlorophyllide oxidoreductase of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Arch Biochem Biophys 228: 577-586. Hauser I, Dehesh K and A pel K (1987) Light-induced changes in the amounts of the 36000M, polypeptide of NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase and its mRNA m barley plants grown under a diurnal light I dark cycle. Planta 170 : 453-460. Hazela RK, Horvath DP,Gilmour SJ and Thomashow MF (1990) Molecular cloning and expression of cor (cold-regulated) genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol 93 : 1246-1252. He ZH. Li J, Sundqviust C and Timko MP (1994) Leaf developmental age controls expression of genes encoding enzymes of chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Plant Physioll06 :. 537-546. Hendry GAF and Stobart AK (1978) The effect of haem on chlorophyll synthesis in Barley leaves. Phytochemistry 17 : 73-77. Henning M, Grimm B, Jenny M, Muller R and Jansonius JN (1994) Crystallization and premilinary X-ray analysis of wihl-type and K272A, mutant glutamate 1semialdehyde aminotransferase from Synechococcus. J Mol Biol242: 591-594. Hernandez LD and Vierling E (1993) Expression of low molecular weight heat shock proteins under field conditions. Plant Physiol 101 : 1209-1216. Hess WR, Blank-Huber M, Fieder B, Borner T and Rudiger W (1992) Chlorophyll synthetase and chloroplast tRNAglu are present in heat-bleached, ribosome-deficient plastids. 1 plant Physiol 139 : 427-430. Higuchi M and Bog orad L (1975) The purification and properties of uroporphyrinogen I synthase and uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase. Interactions between the enzymes. Ann N.Y. Acad Sci 244: 401-418. Hincha DK, Meins Jr F and Schmitt JM (1997) ~-1, 3-Glucanase is cryoprotective in vitro and is accumulated in leaves during cold acclimation. Plant Physiol 114 : 1077-1 083. Hinchigeri SB, Chan JCS and Richards WR (1981) Purification of S-adenosyl L-methionine magnesium protoporphyrin methyltransferase by affinity chromatography. Photosynthetica 15 : 351-359. Ho YK and Lascelles J (1971) 5-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase of Spirillum itersonii and the regulation oftetarpyrrole synthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 144 :. 734-740. 88 Hodgins RR and van Huystee RB (1985) Chilling induced chlorosis in maize (Zea mays L.). Can J Bot 63: 711-715. Hodgins R and van Huystee RB (1986) Porphyrin metabolism in chill stressed maize (Zea mays L.). J Plant Physiol125 : 325-336. Hodgins RR and van Huystee RB (1986) Delta-aminolevulinic acid metabolism in chillstressed maize ( Zea mays L.). J Plant Physiol126: 257-268. Hofen R, Axelsen KB, Kannangara CG, Schut1ke I, Pohlenz, Willmitzer L, Grimm B and von Wettstein D (1994) Avisible marker for antisense mRNA expression in plants : Inhibition of chlorophyll biosynthesis with a glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase antisense gene. Proc Nat! Acad Sci USA 91 : 1726-1730. Holtorf H, Reinbothe S, Reinbothe C, Bereza B and Ape! K (1995) Two routes of chlorophyllide synthesis that are differentially regulated by light in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Proc Nat! Acad Sci USA 92 : 3254-3258. Houde M, Daniel C, Lachapelle M, Allard F, Laliberte S and Sarhan F (1995) Immunolocalization of freezing-tolerance-associated proteins in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of wheat crown tissues. Plant J 8 : 583-593. Hsu WP and Miller GW (1970) Coproporphyrinogenase in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Biochem J 117: 215-220 Huang DO, Wang WY, Gough SP and Kannangara CG (1984) o-Aminolevulinic acid synthesizing enzymes need an RNA moiety for activity. Science 225 : 1482-1484. Huang Land Hoffman NE (1990) Evidence that isolated developing chloroplasts are capable of synthesizing chlorophyll b from 5-aminolevulinic acid. Plant Physiol94: 375-379. Huang L and Castelfranco PA (1989) Regulation 6f 5-ALA synthesis in developing chloroplasts. I. Effect of light/dark treatments in vivo and in organello. Plant Physiol 93 (3): 996-1002. Huang L and Castelfranco PA (1990) Regulation of 5-ALA synthesis in developing. chloroplasts. III. Evidence for functional heterogeneity of the ALA pool. Plant Physiol 92 (1) : 172-178. Hudson A, Carpenter R, Doyle S and Coen ES (1993) Olive : a key gene required for chlorophyll biosynthesis in Antirrhinum majus. EMBO J 12 : 3711-3719. Hugly S and Somerville C (1992) A role for membrane lipid polyunsaturation in chloroplast biogenesis at low temperature. Plant Physiol 99 ( 1) : 197-202. Hukmani P and Tripathy BC (1992) Spectrofluorometric estimation of intermediates of chlorophyll biosynthesis: Protoporphyrin IX, Mg-protoporphyrin, and Protochlorophyllide. Anal Biochem 206 : 125-130. 89 Hukmani P and Tripathy BC (1994) Chlorophyll biosynthetic reactions during senescence of excised barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv IB 65) leaves. Plant Physiol. 105: 12951300. Hum beck K, Melis A and Krupinska K (1994) Effects of chilling on chloroplast development in barley primary foliage leaves. J Plant Physioll43: 744-749. Iba K, Takamiya K, Toh Y, Satoh Hand Nishimura M (1991) Formation of functionally active chloroplasts is detem1ined at a limited stage of leaf development in virescent mutants of rice. Dev Genet 12: 342-348. Ignatov NV, Belayeva OB and Litvin FF (1993) Low temperature phototransformations of protochlorophy ll(ide) in etiolated leaves. Photosynth Res 38 : 117-124. Ilag LL, Kumar AM and Soli D ( 1994) Lght reduction of chlorophyll biosynthesis at the level of 5-aminolevulinate formation in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 6 (2) : 265-275. Im CS, Matters GLand Beale SI (1996) Calcium and calmodulin are involved in blue light induction of the gsa gene gor an early chlorophyll biosynthetic step in chlamydomonas. Plant cellS: 2245-2253. Ito H, -Tanaka Y, Tsuji Hand Tanaka A (1993) Conversion of Chi b to Chi a in isolated cucumber etioplasts. Arch Biochem Biophys 306 : 148-151. Ito H, Takaichi S, Tsuji Hand Tanaka A (1994) Properties of synthesis of chlorophyll a from chlorophyll b in cucumber etioplasts. J Bioi Chern 269 : 22034-22038. Ito H; Ohtsuka T and Tanaka A (1996) Conversion of chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a via 7hydroxymethyl chlorophyll. J Bioi Chern 271: 1475-1479. Jacobs NJ and Jacobs JM (1979) Microbial oxidation of protoporphyrinogen : an intermediate in heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 197: 396-403. Jacobs NJ and Jacobs JM (1982) Assy for enzymatic protoporphyrinogen oxidation, a late step in heme synthesis. Enzyme 28 : 862-866 . .Jacobs JM and Jacobs NJ (1987) Oxidation of protoporphyrinogen to protoporphyrin, a step in chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis : Purification and partial characterization of the enzyme from barley organelles. Biochem J 244 : 219-224. --Jaffe KE, Ali· S, Mitchell LW, Taylor KM, Valin M and Markhom GD (1995) Characterization of the role of stimulatory magnesium on Escherichia coli . porphobilinogen synthase. Biochemistry 34 : 244-251 . .Jahn D, Michelsen U and Soli D (1991) Two glutamyl-tRNA reductase activities m Escherichia coli . J Bioi Chern 266 : 2542-2548. Jalm D. O'Neil GP, Verkamp E and SoliD (1992a) Glutamate tRNA: involvement in protein synthesis and aminolevulinate formation in chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol 30 : 245-253. 90 Jalm D, Verkamp E ans Soli D (1992b) Glutamyl-transfer-RNA: A precursor of heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Trends Biochem Sci 17 : 2 I 5-2 I 8. Jensen PE, Willows RD, Petersen BL, Vothknecht UC, Stummann BM, Kannangara GC, von Wettstein D and Henningsen KW (1996) Structural genes for Mg-chelatase subunits in barley : xantha-F, -G and -H. Mol Genet 250 : 383-394. Jilani A, Kar S, Bose S and Tripathy BC (1996) Regulation of the carotenoid content and chloroplast development by levulinic acid. Physiol Plant 96 : 139-145. Jones RM and Jordan PM (1993) Purification and properties of uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Biochem J 293: 703-712. · Jones RM and Jordan PM (1994) Purification and properties of porphobobilinogen deaminase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem J 299 : 895-902. Jones MC, Jenkins JM, Smith AG and Howe CJ (1994) Cloning and characterization of genes for tetrapyrrole biosynthesis from the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans R2. Plant Mol Biol24 : 435-448. Jordan PM, Mgbeje BIA, Thmas SD and Alwan AF ( 1988) Nucleotide sequence for the hemD gene of Escherichia coli encoding uroporphyrinogen III synthase and initial evidence for a hem operon. Biochem J 249 : 613-616. Jordan PM (1990) The biosynthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid and its transformation into coproporphyrinogen in animals and bacteria. In : "Biosynthesis of heme and chlorophylls" (HA Dailey, ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York. pp. 55-121. Jordan PM and Seehra JS ( 1980) Mechanism of action of 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase Stepwise order of addition of the two molecules of 5-aminolevulinic acid m the enzymic synthesis of porphobilinogen. J Chern Soc Chern Comm 240-242. Jordan PM and Shemin D (1973) Purification and properties of uroporphyrinogen synthetase from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. J Bioi Chern 248: 1019-1024. Jordan PM and Warren MJ (1987) Evidence for a dipyrromethane cofactor at the catalytic site of E. coli porphobilinogen deaminase. FEBS Lett 225 : 87-92. Jordan PM, Magbej BIA, Thomas SD and A1wan AF ( 1988) Nucleotide sequence for the hemD gene of Escherichia coli encoding uroporphyrinogen III synthase and initial evidence for a hem operon. Biochem J 249: 613-616. Joyard J, Block M, Pineau B, Albrieux C and Douce R (1990) Envelope membranes from mature spinach chloroplasts contain a NADPH : protochlorophyllide reductase on the cytosolic side of the outer membrane. J Bioi Chern 265 : 21820-21827. Jukant AA, Seubert A, Seubert S and Ippen H (1989) Studies on uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase from Rhodobacter ~phaeroides. Biochem J 179 : 423-428. 91 Kaczor CM, Smith MW, Sangwan I and 0' Brian MR (1994) Plant 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. Expression in soybean root nodules and evidence for a bacterial lineage of the A lad gene. Plant Physiol 104 : 1411-1417. Kanervo E, Tasaka Y, Murata N and Eva-Mari A (1997) Membrane lipid unsaturation modulates processing of the photosystem II reaction-center protein D 1 at low temperatures. Plant Physiol 114 : 841-849. Kannangara CG and Gough SP (1977) Synthesis of 8-aminolevulinic acid and chlorophyll by isolated chloroplasts. Carlsberg Res Commun 42 : 441-457. Kannangara CG and Gough SP (1978) Biosynthesis of 8-aminolevulinate in greening barley leaves : Glutamate 1-semialdehyde aminotransferase. Carlsberg Res Comm. 43 : 185194. Kannangara CG, Gough SP and Gimth (1981) 8-Aminolevulinate synthesis in greening barley. 2. Purification of enzymes, Proc Fifth International Photosynthesis Congress (G. Akoyunoglou, Ed.), Balaban, Philadelphia, pp. 117-127. Kannangara CG, Gough SP, Bruyant P, Hoober JK, Kahn A and van Wettstein D (1988) tRNA GJu as a cofactor in S-aminolevulinate biosynthesis. Trends Biochem Sci 13 : 139-143. Kannangara CG, Gough SP, Oliver RP and Rasmussen SK (1984) Biosynthesis of 8aminolevulinate in greening barley leaves. VI: Activation of glutamate by ligation to RNA. Carlsberg Res Comm 49:417-437. Kannangara CG, Andersen RV, Pontoppidan B, Willows R and von Wettstein D (1994) Enzymic and mechanistic studies on the conversion of glutamate to 5aminolevulinate. In the biosynthesis of the tetrapyrrole pigments, Ciba Foundation Symposium 180, D.J. Chadwick and K. J\.ckrill, eds (Chichester, England : John Wiley and Sons), pp. 3-20. Kay SA and Griffiths WT (1983) Light-induced breakdown ofNADPH: protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase in vitro. Plant Physiol 72 : 229-236. Kedy P, Bruyant P and Balange AP (1994) Inhibition of 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity by Gabaculine. Phytochemistry 36 (5) : 1169-1175. Keithly JH and Nadler KD (1983) Proporphyrin formation in Rhizobium japonicum. Bacterioll54 : 838-945. J Keng T (1992) HAP1 and Roxl form a regulatory pathwayin in the repression of HEM 13 transcription inS. cerevisiae. Mol Cell Bioll2 (6): 2616-2623. Kiel JAKW, Ten Berg AM and Venema G (1992) Nucleotide sequence of the Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 hemE gene encoding the honologue of mammalian uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. J DNA Sequencing Mapping 2 : 415-418. 92 Kim l Eichacker LA, Rudiger Wand Mullet JE (1994) Chlorophyll reguiates accumulation of the plastid-encoded chlorophyll proteins P700 and Dl by increasing apoprotein stability. Plant Physioll04: 907-916. Kimpel JA and Kay JL (1985) Presence of heat-shock mRNAs in field grown soybeans. Plant Physiol 79 : 672-678. Kingston-Smith AS, Harbinson J, Williams J and Foyer CH (1997) Effect of chilling on carbon assimilation, enzyme activation and photosynthetic electron transport in the absence of photoinhibition in maize leaves. Plant Physiol 114 : 1039-1046. Klein S. Harel E, Ne'eman E, Katz E and Meller E (1975) Accumulation of cS-aminolevulinic acid and its ralation to chlorophyll synthesis and development of plastid structure in greening leaves. Plant Physiol 56 : 486-496. Knaust R, Seyfried B, Schmidt L, Schulz R and Senger H ( 1993) Phototransformation of MY and DV Pchlide by POR of barley expressed in E. coli. J Photochem Photobiol20 (23): 161-166. Kohno H, Furukawa T, Yoshinaga T, Tokunaga Rand Taketani S (1993) Coprogen oxidase: Purification, molecular cloning and induction of mRNA during erythroid differentiation. J Biol Chern 268 (28) : 21359-21363. Kohno H, Furukawa T, Tokunaga R, Taketani S and Yashinaga T (1996) Mouse coproporphyrinogen oxidase is a copper-containing enzyme : Expression in E. coli and site directed mutagenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1292 (1) : 156-162. Koncz C, Mayerhofer R, Koncz-Kalman Z, Nawrath C, Reiss B, Redei GP and Schell J ( 1990) Isolation of a gene encoding a novel chloroplast protein by T -DNA tagging in Arabidopsis thaliana. EMBO J 9: 1337-1346. Koncz C, Nemeth K and Schell J (1992) T-DNA insertional mutagenesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Mol Biol 20 : 963-976. Kotler ML, Fumgalli SA, Jukant AA. and Battle AMC (1987) Porphyrin biosynthesis in Rhodopseudomonas palustris VIII. Purification and properties of deaminase. Comp Biochem Physiol 87b : 601-606. Krol M, Griffith M and Huner NP A ( 1984) An appropriate physiological control for environmental temperature studies: comparative growth kinetics of winter rye. Can J Bot 62 : 1062-1068. Kruse E, Mock HP and Grimm B (1995a) Coproporphyrinogen III oxidase from barley and tobacco. Sequence analysis and initial expression studies. Planta 196 : 746-803 Kruse E, Mock HP and Grimm B ( 1995b) Reduction of coproporphyrinogen oxidase level by antisense RNA synthesis leads to deregulated gene expression of plastid proteins and affects the oxidative defense system. EMBO J 14: 3712-3720. 0'1 Kuhno H, Furukawa T, Tokunaga R, Taketani Sand Yoshinaga T (1996) Mouse coprogen oxidase is a copper containing enzyme: expression in E. coli and site directed mutagenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1292 ( 1) : 156-162. Kumar AM, Csankovszki G and Soli D (1996) A second and differentially expressed glutamyl-tRNA reductase gene from A. thaliana. Plant Mol Biol30 (3): 419-426. Kusumi K, Inada H, Kawabata S, Iba K and Nishimura M (1994) Chlorophyll deficiency caused by a specific blockage of the C-5 pathway in seedlings ofvirescent mutant rice. Plant Cell Physiol 35 : 445-449. Labbe-Bois R and Labbe P (1990) Tetrapynole and heme biosynthesis in yeast. In HA Dailey, ed, Biosynthesis ofheme and chlorophylls. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 235285. Lebedev N, van Cleve B, Armstrong G and Ape! K (1995) Chlorophyll synthesis in a deetiolated (det340) mutant of Arabidopsis without NADPH-protchlorophyllide (pchlide) oxidoreductase (POR) A and photoactive pchlide-F655 • Plant Cell 7: 20812090. Lee HJ, Duke MV and Duke SO (1993) Cellular localization of protoporphyrinogen oxidizing activities of etiolated barley (H. vulgare L.) leaves. Relationship to mechanism of action of protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibiting herbicides. Plant Physiol 103 (3): 881-889. Lee T-M (1997) Ploy amine regulation of growth and chilling tolerance of rice ( 01yza sativa L.) roots cultured in vitro. Plant Sci 122: 111-117. Lee T -M, Lur H-S and Chu C ( 1997) Role of abscisic acid in chilling tolerance of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. II. Modulation of free polyamines levels. Plant Sci 126 : 1-10. Levitt J ( 1980) Chilling, freezing and high temperature stress. Responses of plants to environmental stresses, Ed 2, Vol 1. Academic Press, New York. Li J, Spano AJ and Timko MP (1991) Isolation and characrerization of nuclear genes encoding the ALA dehydratase of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Plant Physiol 96 : 125127. Li J, Goldschmidt-Clermont M and Timko MP (1993) Chloroplast-encoded chlB is required for light-independent protochlorophyllide reductase activity in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Cell 5: 1817-1~Q9. Liedgens W, Grutzmann Rand Schneider HAW (1980) Highly efficient purification of the labile plant enzyme 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase (EC 4.2.1.24) by means of monoclonal antibodies. Z Naturforsch 35c : 958-962. Liedgens W, Lutz C and Schneider HAW (1983) Molecular properties of 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase from Spinacia oleracea. Eur J Biochem 135: 75-79. 94 Lien LF and Beattie DS (1982) Comparisons and modifications of the colorimetric assay for delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase. Enzyme 28 : 120-132. Lim SH, Witty M, Wallace-Cook ADM, Ilag LI and Smith AG (1994) Porphobilinogen deaminase is encoded by a single gene in Arabidopsis thaliana and is targeted to the chloroplasts. Plant Mol Bioi 26 : 863-872. Lin C. Guo WW, Everson E and Thomashow MF (1990) Cold acclimation in Arabidopsis and wheat. A response associated with expression of related genes encoding " boiling-stable" polypeptides. Plant Physiol 94 : 1078-1083. Lin JM, Grandchamp Band Abraham NG (1991) Quantitation of human erythroid-specific PBGD mRNA by the polymerase chain reaction. Exp Hematol19(8) : 817-822. Louie GV, Brownlie PD, Lambert R, Cooper JB, Blundell TL, Wood SP, Warren MJ, Woodcock SC and Jordan PM (1992) Structure of porphobilinogen deaminase reveals a flexible multidomain polymerase with a single catalytic site. Nature 359: 33-39. Lowry OR Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL and Randall RJ (1951) Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Bioi Chem 193 : 265-275. Louie GV, Brownlie PD, Lambert R, Cooper JB, Blundell TL, Wood SP, Warren MJ, Woodcock SC and Jordan PM (1992) Structure of porphobilinogen deaminase reveals a flexible multi domain polymerase with a single catalytic site. Nture (London) 359 : 33-39. Luo J and Lim CK (1993) Order of urogeniii decarboxylation on incubation of PBG and · urogeniii with erythrocyte UDC. Biochem J 289 : 529-532. Madsen 0, Sandal L, Sandal NN and Mercaber KA (1993) A soybean coproporphyrinogen oxidase gene is highly expressed in root nodules. Plant Mol Bioi 23 : 35-43. Maloney MA, Hoober JK and Marks DB (1989) Kinetics of chlorophyll accumulation and formation of chlorophyll-protein complexes during greening of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii y-1 at 38°C. Plant Physiol 91: 1100-1106. Manetas Y and Akoyunoglou G (1981) Turnover of chlorophyllous pigments during the dark and early stages of greening. Photosynthetica 15 : 534-539. Mapleston RE and Griffiths WI (1980) Light modulation ofthe activity of protochlorophyllide reductase. Biochem J189: 125-133. Martinge M, Camadro JM, Block MA, Joyard J, Scalla R, Labbe P and Douce R (1992a) Localization within chloroplasts of protoporphyrinogen oxidase, the target enzyme for Diphenylether like herbicides. 1 Bioi Chern 267: 4646-4651. Mascia PN and Robertson DS (t 978) Studies of chloroplast development in four maize mutants defective in chlorophyll biosynthesis. Planta 143: 207-211.. Matringe M, Camadro JM, Block MA, Joyard J, Scalia R, Labbe P and Douce R (1992a) Localization within chloroplasts of protoporphyrinogen oxidase, the target enzyme for diphenylether like herbicides. J Bioi Chern 267 : 4646-4651. Matringe M, Momet Rand Scalla R (1992b) Characterization of [3H] acifluorfen binding to purified pea etioplasts and evidence that protogen oxidase specifically binds acifluorfen. Eur J Biochem 209(3): 861-868. Matters GLand Beale Sl (1995) Structure and expression ofthe Chlamydomonas reinhardtii a lad gene encoding the chlorophyll biosynthetic enzyme, delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (PBG synthase). Plant Mol Biol27(3): 607-617. Mayer SM, Riehle S and Beale SI (1994) Metal requirements of the enzymes catalyzing conversion of glutamate to 5-aminolevulinic acid in extracts of Chlorella vulgaris and. ,~}:nechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Arch Biochem Biophys 312 : 203-209. McWilliam Jr and Naylor AW (1967) Temperature and plant adaptation. I. Interaction of temperature and light in the synthesis of chlorophyll in com. Plant Physiol 42 : 17111715. Meller E, Belkin S and Harel E (1975) The biosynthesis of 8-aminolevulinic acid in greening maize leaves. Phytochemistry 14 : 2399-2402. Millerd A and Me William JR (1968) Studies on a maize mutant sensitive to low temperature. I. Influence of temperature and light on the production of chloroplast pigments. Plant Physiol 43 : 1967-1972. Mitchell L W, Volin M and Jaffe EK (1995) The physiologically conserved histidines of E. coli PBG synthase are not required for catalysis. J Bioi Chern 270 (41) : 2405424059. Mock HP, Trainotti L, Kruse E and Grimm B (1995) Isolation, sequencing and expression of eDNA sequences encoding Urogen decarboxylase from tobacco and barley. Plant Mol Bioi 28(2) : 245-256. Mohr CD, Sonesteby SK and Deretic V (1994) The Pseudomonas aeruginosa homologs of hemC and hemD are linked to teh gene encoding the regulator of mucoidy AlaD. Mol Gen Genet 242 : 177-184. Monroy AF, Castonguay Y, Laberge S, Sarhan F, Vezina LP and Dhindsa RS (1993) A new cold-induced alfalfa gene is associated with enhance hardening,· at ·"subzero temperatures. Plant Physioll02 : 873-879. Moon BY, Higashi SI, Gombos Z and Murata N (1995) Unsaturation of the membrane lipids of chloroplasts stabilizes the photosynthetic machinery against low-temperature photoinhibition in transgenic tobacco plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA 92 : 62196223. Murphy E (1985) Nucleotide sequence of ermA, a macrolidelincosamide-streptogramin B detem1immt in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacterial 162 : 633-640. 96 Murata N (1983) Molecular species composition of phosphatidyl glycerols from chillingsensitive and chilling-resistant plants. Plant Cell Physiol 24 : 81-86. Muthukrishnan S, Malathi K and Padmanaban (1972) o-aminolevulinic dehydratase, the regulatory enzyme of the haem-biosynthetic pathway in Neurospora crassa. Biochem 1129:31-37. Nakayama M, Masuda T, Sato N, Yamagata H< Bowler C, Ohta H, Shioi Y and Takamiya K ( 1995) Cloning, subcellular localization and expression of CHLl, a subunit of magnesium chelatase in soybean. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 215 (1) : 422-428. Nandi DL (1978) Lysine as the substrate binding site of porpphobilinogen synthase of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Z Naturforsch 33: 799-800. Nandi DL and Waygood ER (1967) Biosynthesis of porphyrins in wheat leaves. II. 5Aminolevulinate hydro-lyase. Canad J Biochem 45 : 327-336. Nandi DL and Shemin D (1968) 5-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. I. Isolation and properties. J Bioi Chem 243 : 1224-1230. Nandi DL and Shemin D (1973) 5-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Arch Biochem Biophys 158 : 305-311. Nash D, Miyao M and Murata N (1985) Heat inactivation of oxygen evolution m photosystem II from spinach chloroplasts. Biochim Biophys Acta 807: 127-133. Neven LG, Haskell DW, Hofig A, Li Q-B and Guy CL (1993) Characterization of a spinach gene responsive to low temperature and water stress. Plant Mol Biol21 : 291-305. Nishimura K, Nakayashi T and Inokuchi H ( 1993) Cloning and sequencing of the hemE gene encoding uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UPD) from Escherichia coli K-12. Gene 133 : 109-113. Nishimura K, Taketani S and Inokuchi H (1995) Cloning of a human eDNA for protoporphyrinogen oxidase by complementation in vivo of a hemG of Escherichia coli. J Bioi Chern 270 : 8076-8080. Ohtsuka T, Ito Hand Tanaka A (1997) Conversion of chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a and the assembly of chlorophyll with apoproteins by isolated chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 113 : 137-147. ,. ~- Oquist G, Hurry VM and Huner NPA (1993) Low-temperature effects on photosynthesis and correlation with freezing tolerance in spring and winter cultivars of wheat and rye. Plant Physiol101 : 245-250. O'Neill GP and Soil D (1990) Expression of the Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 tRNA (Glu) gene provides tRNA for protein and chlorophyll biosynthesis. J Bacterial 172 : 6363-6371. 97 Oster U, Brunner Hand Rudiger W (1996) The greening process iri cress seedlings. V. Possible interference of chlorophyll precursors, accumulated after thujaplicin treatment, with light-regulated expression ofLhc genes. Photochem Photobiol36: 255-261. Otto B, Ohad I and Kloppstech K (1992) Temperature treatments of dark grown pea seedlings cause an accelerated greening in the light at different levels of gene expression. Plant Mol Biol18: 887-896. Pardo AD, Chereskin BM, Castelfranco PA, Franceschi VR and Wezelman BE (1980) ATP requirement for Mg-chelatase in developing chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 65 : 956-960. Parham R and Rebeiz CA (1992) Chloroplast biogenesis : [4-vinyl] chlide a reductase is a divinyl chlide a specific, NADPH-dependent .enzyme. Biochemistry 31(36) : 84608464). Pastenes C and Horton P (l996a) Effect of high temperature on photosynthesis in beans. II. C0 2 aasimilation and Metabolic contents. Plant Physiol112: 1253-1260. Pastenes C and Horton P (l996b) Effect of high temperature on photosynthesis in beans I. Oxygen evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence. Plant Physiol112 : 1245-1251. Pearce RS and Willison JHM (1985) Wheta tissues freeze-etched during exposure to extracellular freezing : distribution of ice. Planta 163 : 295-303. Pearcy R ( 1978) Effect of growth temperature on the fatty acid composition of the leaf lipids in A triplex lentiformis (Torr.). Plant Physiol 61 : 484-486. Pollack RW and Davies PJ (1970) Kinetic studies on chloroplastic ribosomal RNA and chlorophyll development during greening of pea buds. Phytochemistry 9: 471-476. Pontoppidan B and Kannangara CG ( 1994) Purification and characterization of barley glutamyl-tRNA reductase, the enzyme that directs glutamate to chlorophyll biosynthesis. Eur J Biochem 225: 529-537. Porra RJ, Schafer W, Cmiel E, Katheder I and Scheer H (1994) The derivation of the formylgroup oxygen of chlorophyll b .in higher plants from molecular oxygen : Achievement of high enrichment of the 7 formyl group oxygen from 180 2 in greening maize leaves. Eur J Biochem 219: 671-679. Pon·a RJ, SchafeF W, Katheder I and Scheer H (l995)The derivation of.the oxygen atoms.of._ the 13' -oxo and 3-acetyl groups ofbacterio-chlorophyll a from water in Rhodobacter sphaeroides cells adapting from respiratory to photosynthetic conditions : evidence for an anaerobic pathway for the formation of isocyclic ring E. FEBS Lett 371 : 2124. Poulson R and Polglasse WJ (1974) Aerobic and anaerobic Coproporphyrinogen oxidase activities in extracts from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Bioi Chern 249: 6367-6371. 98 Pringsheim EG and Pringsheim 0 (1952) Experimental elimination of chromatophores and eye spot in Euglena gracilis. New Phytol 51 : 65-76. Rademacher E and Feierabend J (1976) Formation of chloroplast pigments and sterols in rye leaves deficient in plastid ribosomes. Planta 129: 147-153. Raich N, Romeo PH, Dubart A, Beaupain D, Cohen-Soli, M and Gossens M (1986) Molecular cloning and complete primary sequence of human erythrocyte porphobilinogen deaminase. Nucleic Acid Res 14 : 5955-5958. Raison JK, Roberts JKM and Berry JA ( 1982) Correlation between the thermal stability of chloroplast (thylakoid) membranes and the composition and fluidity of their polar lipids upon acclimation of the higher plant, Nerium oleander, to growth temperature. Biochim Biophys Acta 688 : 218-228. Rascio N, Mariani P and Casadoro G (1984) Etioplast-chloroplast transformation in maize leaves: effects of tissue age and light intensity. Protoplasma 119: 110-120. Rebeiz CA, Haider MA, Yaghi M and Castelfranco P A ( 1970) Porphyrin biosynthesis in cellfree homogenates from higher plants. Plant Physiol 46 : 543-549. Rebeiz CA, Tripathy BC, Wa SW, Montazer-Zouhoor A and Carey EE (1986) Chloroplast biogenesis 52. Demonstration in toto of monovinyl and divinyl monocarboxylic chlorophyll biosynthetic routes in higher plants. In . " Regulation of chloroplast differentiation". (G. Akoyunoglou and H. Senger, ed), pp. 13-24. A.R. Liss, New York. Reinbothe C, Ape! K and Reinbothe S (1995a) A light-induced protease from barley plastids degrades NADPH: protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase complexed with chlorophyllide. Mol Cell Biol15 : 6206-6212. Reinbotl'ie S and Reinbothe C (1996) Regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis in angiosperms. Plant Physiollll : 1-7. Reinbothe S, Reinbothe C, HoltorfH and Apel K (1995b) Two NADPH-protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases in barley : evidence for the selective disappearance of PORA during the light-induced greening of etiolated seedlings. Plant Cell 7 : 1933-1940. Reinbothe S, Reinbothe C, Lebedev Nand Ape! K (1996) PORA and PORB, two lightdependent protochlorophyllide-reducing enzymes of angiosperm chlorophyll biosynthesis. Plant-CellS: 763-769. Reinbothe S, Runge S, Reinbothe C, Cleve B and Apel K (1995) Substrate-dependent transport of the NADPH: Pchlide oxidoreductase into isolated plastids. Plant Cell 7 (2):161-172. Richards WR, Chan JCS and Hinchigeri SB (1981) Affinity chromatographic purification of an enzyme of chlorophyll synthesis. In "Photosynthesis " (G. Ak.oyunog1ou, ed. ). vol V. pp 243-252, Balban, Philadelphia. 99 Richter ML and Rienits KG (1982) The synthesis of magnesium-protoporphyrin IX by etiochloroplast membrane preparations. Biochim Biophys Acta 717: 255-264. Riehle S and Beale SI (1989) Separation of the enzymes required for transformation of glutamate to 5-aminolevulinic acid in extracts of Synechocystis sp PCC 6803. Plant Physiol 89: Riehle S and Beale SI (1991) Separation and partial characterization of enzymes catalyzing delta-aminolevulinic acid formation in Synechosystis sp. PCC 6803. Arch Biochem Biophys 289(2): 289-297. Rienbothe S, Runge S and Apel K (1995) Enzymatic product formation impairs both the chloroplast receptor-binding functions as well as translocation competence of the NADPH : protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase, a nuclear-encoded plastid precursor protein. 1 Cell Biol129(2) : 299-308. Romeo G and Lenin EY (1971) Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase from mouse spleen. Biochim Biophys Acta 230 : 330-341. Roper W, Prinz H and Lutz C (1987) Amino acid composition of the enzyme NADPH : Protochlorophyllide oxido-reductase. Plant Sci 52 : 15-19. Rossi E, Attwood PV; Garcia Webb P (1992) Inhibition of human lymphocy1e coprogen oxidase activity by metals, bilirubin and haemin. Biochim Biophys Acta 1135(3) : 262-268. Rowe JD and Griffiths WT (1995) Pchlide reductase in photosynthetic prokaryotes and its role in chlorophyll synthesis. Bichem J 311 : 417-424. Rudiger W, Benz J and Guthoff C ( 1980) Detection and partial characterization of activity of chlorophyll synthetase in etioplasts membranes. Eur J Biochem 109 : 193-200. Rudiger W and Benz J (1984) Synthesis of chloroplast pigments. In: " Chloroplast biogenesis" (H. Scheer, ed.), 451-464. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. ·., Rudiger W (1987) Chlorophyll synthetase and its implication for regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis. Progress in Photosynthesis Research (J. Biggins ed.) vol 4 : 461-467, Martinus Nijhoff, Boston. Runge S, Sperling U, Frick G, Apel K and Armstrong GA (J 996) Distinct roles for light. dependent NADPH : protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases (POR) A and B during greening in higher plants. Plant J 9 (4): 513-523. Sanovich HA, Battle AMDC and Grinstein M ( 1969) Seaparation and purification of porphobilinogen isomerase from cow liver. Porphobilinogen isomerase and allosteric enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta X91 : 130-143. San tel HJ and Apel K (1981} The prtochlorophyllide holochrome of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) : The effect oflight on the NADPH : protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. Eur J Biochem 120: 95-103. 100 Sasarnan A, Letowski J, Czaika G, Ramirez V, Nead MA, Jacobs JM and Morais R(1993) Nucleotide sequence of the hemG gene involved in the protox activity of E. coli KI2. Can J Microbial 39 (12): 1155-1161. Schaumberg A, Schneider-Poetsch HAW and Eckerskorn C (1992) Characterization of plastid 5-aminolevuli~ate dehydratase . (/ AL~D; EC4.2.1.24) spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) sequencmg and comparis;Jn with non-plant ALAD enzymes. Z Naturforsch 47c : 77-84. f I Schendel R. Dornemann D, Rudiger W cind Sineshchekov V (1996) Comparative , investigations of the effect of 5-am,inolevulinate feeding on phytochrome and protochlorophyll(ide) content in dark-g1.!own seedlings of barley, cucumber and cress. ' Photochem Photobiol 36 : 245-253. , Schneegurt MA and Beale SI (1992) Origin of the chlorophyll b formyl oxygen in Chlorella nt!garis. Biochemistry 31 : 11677-11683. Schoch S, Lempert U and Rudiger W ( 1977) On the last steps of chlorophyll biosynthesis. Intermediates between chlorophyllide and phytol containing chlorophyll. Z N aturforsch 33c : 408-412. Schoch S, Hehlein C and Rudiger W (1980) Influence of anaerobiosis on chlorophyll biosynthesis in greening oat seedlings, Avena sativa L. Plant Physiol 66 : 576-579. Schoefs B, Henri-Pierre G and Bertrand M (1994) Comparison of the phtoredudion of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide in leaves and cotyledons from dark-grown bean as a function of age. Photosynth Res 41 : 405-41 7. Schon A. Kannangara CG, Gough S and Soil D (1988) Protein biosynthesis in organelles requires misaminoacylation oftRNA. Nature 331: 187-190. Schon A, Krupp G, Gough SP, Berry-LowES, Kannangara CG and Soil D (1986) The RNA required in the first step of chlorophyll biosynthesis is a chloroplast glutamate tRNA. Nature 322 : 281-284. Schreiber U and Armond PA (1978) Heat-induced changes of chlorophyll fluorescence in isolated chloroplasts and related heat-damage at the pigment level. Biochim Biophys Acta 502: 138-151. Seehra JS, Jordan PM and Akhtar M (1983) Anaerobic and aerobic coproporphyrinogen III · oxidase of Rhodopseudomonas sphaerotdes. Biochem J 209 : 709-718. · Sharief AL, Smith AG and Abell C (1989) Isolation and characterization of a eDNA clone for a chlorophyll synthesis enzyme from Euglena gracilis : The chlroplast enzyme hydoxymethylbilane synthase (porphobilinogen deaminase) is synthesized with a very long transit peptide in Euglena. Eur J Biochem 184 : 353-359. Shashidhara LS and Smith AG (1991) Expression and sub-cellular location of the tetrapyrrrole synthesis enzyme porphobilinogen deaminase in light-grown Euglena gracilis and three nonchlorophyllous cell lines. Proc Nat! Acad Sci USA 88: 63-67. 101 Shashidhara LS, Lim SH, Shckleton JB, Robinson C and Smith AG (1992) Protein targeting across the membranes of Euglena chloroplast envelope. J Bioi Chern 267(18) : I 2885-12891. Shedbalkar VP, Joannides IM ans Rebeiz CA (1991) Chloroplast biogenesis : Detection of monovinyl protochlorophyll(ide) bin plnants. J Bioi Chern 266(26): 17151-17157. Shemin D (1962) 5-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Methods Enzymol 5 : 883-884. Shemin D (1976) 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase : Structure, function and mechanism. Phi los Trans R Soc London 273 : I 09- I 15. Shetty AS and Miller GW (1969) Purification and general properties of 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase from Nicotiana tabacum L.. Biochem J 114 : 331-337. Shibata H and Ochiai H (1977) Purification and properties of 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase from radish cotyledons. Plant Cell Physiol18: 421-429. . .... Shioi Y, Nagamine M, Kuroki M and Sasa T (1980) Purification by affinity chromatography and properties of uroporphyrinogen I synthetase from Chiarella regularis. Biochim Biophys Acta 616: 300-309. Slack CR, Roughan PG and Bassett HCM (1974) Selective inhibition of mesophyll chloroplast development in some C-4 pathway species by low night temperature. Planta118: 57-73. Smillie RM, Critchley C, Bain JM and Nott R (1978) Effect· of growth temperature on chloroplast structure and activity in barley. Plant Physiol 62 : 191-196. Smith AG and Francis JE (1981) Investigations of rat liver uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. Comparisons of porphyrinogens I and III as substrates and the inhibition by porphyrins. Biochem J 195: 241-250. Smith AG (1988) Subcellular localization of two porphyrin synthesis enzymes in Pisum sativum (pea) and Arum (cuckoo-pint) species. Biochem J 249 : 423-428. Smith AG, Santana MA, Wallace-Cook AD, Roper JM and Labbe-Rois R (1994) Isolation of a eDNA encoding ferrochelatase from Arabidopsis thaliana by functional complementation of a yeast mutant. J Bioi Chern 269: 13405-13413. Soli J, Schultz G, Rudiger Wand Benz J (1983) Hydrogenation of geranylgeraniol. Two pathways exist in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 71 : 849-854. Soli J and Schultz G (I 981) Phytol synthesis from geranylgeraniol in spinach chloroplasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 99: 907-912. Somerville C (1995) Direct tests of the role of membrane lipid composition m lowtemperature-induced photoinhibition and chilling sensitivity in plants and cyanobacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 63I5-6218. 10? Spano AJ and Timko MP (1991) Isolation, characterization and partial amino acid sequence of a chloroplast localized porphobilinogen deaminase from pea (Pisum sativum L.). Biochem Biophys Acta 1076 : 29-36. Spano AJ, He Z and Timko MP (1992) NADPH: Pchlide oxidoreductases in white pine (Pinus strobus) and loblolly pine (P. taeda). Evidence for light and developmental regulation of expression and conservation in gene organizations and protein structure between angiosperms and gymnosperms. Mol G.en Genet 236 (1): 86-95. Spano AJ, He Z, Michel H, Hunt DF and Timko MP (1992) Molecular cloning, nuclear gene structure and developmental expression ofPOR in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Plant Mol Biol 18 (5) : 967-972. Spencer P and Jordan PM (1994) 5-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase: Characterization of the a and J3 metal-binding sites of the Escherichia coli enzyme. In the biosynthesis of tetrapyrrole pigments. Ciba Foundation Symposium 180, D.J. Chadwick and K. Ackrill, eds (Chichester, England :John Wiley and Sons), pp. 50-64. Spencer P and Jordan PM (1995) Characterization of the two 5-aminolevulinic acid binding sites of 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase from Escherichia coli. Biochem J 305 : 151-158. Stobart AK and Ameen-Bukhad I (1984) Regulation of delta-aminolevulinic acid synthesis and protochlorophyllide regeneration of the leaves of dark-grown barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings. Biochem J 222:419-426. Straka JG and Kushner JP (1983) Purification and characterization of bovine hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase. Biochemistry 22 : 4664-4672. Strange-Thomann N, Thomann HU, Lloyd AJ, Lyman Hand SoliD (1994) A point mutation in Euglena gracilis chloroplast tRNA Glu uncouples protein and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91 (17): 7947-7951. Suzuki JY and Bauer CE (1992) Light independent chlorophyll biosynthesis: involvement of the chloroplast gene chlL (frxC). Plant Cell 4(8) : 929-940. Suzuki JY and Bauer CE (1995) A prokaryotic origin of light-dependent chlorophyll biosynthesis of plants. Proc Nat! Acad Sci USA 92: 3749-3753. Tait GH (1972) Coproporphyrinogenase activity in extracts from Rhodopseudomonas -- sphaffroides and Chromatium strain D. Biochem J 128 :-1159-1169. Tarnai H, Shioi Y and Sasa T (1979) Purification and characterization o-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase from Chiarella regularis. Plant Cell Physiol 20 : 435-444. Taylor DP, Cohen SN, Clark WG and Marrs BL (1983) Alignment of the genetic and restriction maps of the photosynthetic region of the Rhodobacter capsulata chromosome by a conjugation mediated marker rescue technique. J B-aderiol 154 : 580-590. 103 Tchuinmogne SJ, Bruyant P and Balange AP (1992) Immunological characterization of two 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase in radish leaves. Plant Physiol Biochem 30 : 255-261. Teakle GR and Griffiths WT (1993) Cloning, characterization and import studies on Pchlide reductase from wheat (Triticum aestivum). Biochem 1296: 225-230. Thomas SD and Jordan PM (1986) Nuceotide sequence of the heme C locus encoding porphobilinogen deaminase of Escherichia coli. Nucleic Acid Res 14: 6215-6225. Thomas EJ and 01iiz W (1995) Loss of chloroplast transcripts for proteins associated with PSII: an early event during heat-bleaching in Euglena gracilis. Plant Mol Bioi 27 (2) : 317-325. Thomson LK, Blaylock R, Sturtevant JM and Brudvig GW (1989) Molecular basis of heat denaturation of photosystem II. Biochemistry 28 : 6686-6696. Thomson WF and White MJ (1991) Physiological and molecular studies of light-regulated nuclear genes in higher plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 42 : 423-466. Timko MP (1993) Structure and expression of genes encoding enzymes of chlorophyll biosynthesis in higher plants. Current Topics in Mol Genet (Life Sci Adv) l : 159171. Tomio 1 M, Garcia RC, San Martin De Viale LC and Grinstein M (1970) Porphyrin biosynthesis. VII. Porphyrinogen carboxylase from avian erythrocytes. Purification and properties. Biochim Biophys Acta 198 : 353-363. Tripathy BC and Mohanty P (1980) Zinc-inhibited electron transport of photosynthesis in isolated barley chloroplasts. Plant Physiol 66 : 1174-1178. Tripathy BC and Rebeiz CA (1986) Chloroplast Biogenesis: Demonstration of the monovinyl and divinyl monocarboxylic routes of chlorophyll biosynthesis in higher plants. 1 Bioi Chem 231(29) : 13556-13564. Tripathy BC and Rebeiz CA (1988) Chloroplast biogenesis 60 1: Conversion of divinyl protochlorophyllide to monovinyl protochlorophyllide in green(ing) barley, a dark monovinyl I light divinyl plant species. Plant Physiol 87 : 89-94. Tripathy BC and Brown CS (1995) Root-shoot interaction in the greening of wheat seedlings grown under red light. Plant Physiol107 (2) : 407-411. Tsai S, Bishop DF and Desnick RJ (1987} Purification and properties of Uroporphyrinogen III synthase from human erythrocytes. 1 Bioi Chem 262: 1268-1273. van Hassett PR and Strikwerda JT (1976) Pigment degradation in discs of the thermophilic cucumis sativus as affected by light, temperature, sugar application and inhibitors. Plant Physiol 37 ; 253-257. van Heyningen S and Shemin 0 (1971) Quaternary structure of 3-aminolevulinate dehydratase from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Biochemistry 10: 4676-4682. 104 van Huystee RB and Hodgins RR (1989) Chlorophyll synthesis from protochlorophyll (ide) in chi11-stressed maize (Zea mays L.). J Expt Bot 40: 213:431-435. Verkamp E and Chelm BK (1989) Isolation, nucleotide sequence and preliminary characterization of E. coli K-12 bemA gene. J Bacteriol 171 : 4 728-4 73 5. von Wettstein D, Kahn A, Nielsen OF and Gough S (1974) Genetic regulation of chlorophyll synthesis analyzed with mutan~s of barley. Science 184: 800-802. von Wettstein, Gough S and Kannangara CG (1995) Chlorophyll biosynthesis. Plant Cell 7 1039-1057. Walker CJ and Griffiths WT (1986) Light independent proteolysis of protochlorophyllide redur.::taes. In : "Regulation. of chloroplast differentiation", (Akoyunoglou, G and Senger H eds.), pp. 99-104, Alan R. Liss, New York. Walker CJ, Mansfield KE, Rezzano IN, Hanamoto CM, Smith KM and Castelfranco PA (1988) The magnesium-protoporphyrin IX (oxidative) cyclase system. Studies on the mechanism and specificity of the reaction sequence. Biochem J 255 : 685-692. Walker CJ, Castelfranco PA and Whyte BJ (1991) Synthesis of divinyl protochlorophyllide. Enzymological properties of the Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester oxidative cyclase system. Biochem J 276 : 691-697. Walker CJ, ·Mansfield KE, Smith KM amd Castelfranco PA (1989) Incorporation of atmospheric oxygen into the carboxyl functionality of the protochlorophyllide isocyclic ring. Biochem J 257 : 599-602. Walker CJ and Weinstein JD (199la) Further charact_erization of the magnesium chelatase in isolated developing cucumber chloroplasts : substrate specificity, regulation, intactness and A TP requirements. Plant Physiol 95 : 1189-1196. Walker CJ and Weinstein JD ( 1991 b) In vitro assay of the chlorophy II biosynthetic enzyme Mg-chelatase : resolution of the activity into soluble and membrane-bound fractions. Proc Nat! Acad Sci. USA 88 : 5789-5793. Walker CJ and Weinstein JD (1994) The magnesium insertion step of chlorophyll biosynthesis is a two-stage reaction. Biochem J 299 : 277-284. Walker CJ and Weinstein JD (1995) Re-examination of the localization of Mg-chelatase within the chloroplast. Plant Physiol 94: 419-424 .. Wang WY, Gough SP and Kannangara CG (1981) Biosynthesis of 8-aminolevulinate in greening barley leaves. IV. Isolation of three soluble enzymes required for the conversion of glutamate to 8-aminolevulinate. Carlsberg Res Comm 46 : 243-257. Weinstein JD and Beale SI (1985b) RNA is required for enzymatic conversion of glutamate Biophys to 8-aminolevulinic acid by extracts of Chiorella vulgaris. Arch Biochem 239: 87-93. 105 Weinstein JD, Mayer SM and Beale SI (1987) Formation of 8-aminolevulinic acid from glutamic acid in algal extracts. Separation into an RNA and three required enzyme components by serial affinity chromatography. Plant Physiol84: 244-250. Weretilnyk E, Orr W, White TC, Iu B and Singh J (1993) Characterization of three related low-temperature-regulated cDNAs from winter Brassica napus. Plant Physiol 101 : 171-177. Whyte BJ, Vijayan P and Castelfranco PA (1992) In vitro synthesis of protochlorophyllide : effects of Mg 2+ and other cations on the reconstituted (oxidative) cyclase. Plant Physiol Biochem 30 : 279-284. Whyte BJ and Castelfranco PA (1993) Further observations on the Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (oxidative) cyclase system. Biochem J 290: 355-359. Williams DC, Morgan GS, McDonald E and Battersby AR (1981) Purification of porphobilinogen deaminase from Euglena gracilis and studies of its kinetics. Biochem J 193: 301-310. Wilson EL, Burger PE and Dowdle EB (1972) Beef-liver 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase purification and properties. Eur J Biochem 29 : 563-571. Witkowski DA and Halling BP (1989) Inhibition of plant protoporphyrinogen oxidase by the herbicide acifluorfen-methyl. Plant Physiol 90 (40): 1239-1242. Witty M, Wallace-Cook ADM, Albrecht H, Spano AJ, Michel H, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Timko MP and Smith AG (1993) Structure and expression of chloroplast-localized porphobilinogen deaminase from pea (Pisum sativum L.) isolated by redundant polymerase chain reaction. Plant Physiol103: 139-147. Wong YS and Castelfranco PA (1984) Resolution and reconstitution of Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (oxidative) cyclase, the enzyme system responsible for the formation of the chlorophyll isocyclic ring. Plant Physio1 75 : 658-661. Wong YS, Castelfranco PA, Goff DA and Smith KM (1985) Inte.nnediates in the formation of the chlorophyll isocyclic ring. Plant Physiol 79 : 725-729. Wu Q and Vermaas WF (1995) Light-dependent chlorophyll biosynthesis upon chlL deletion in wild-type and PSI-less strains of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Plant Mol Bioi 29 (5) : 933-45 . .. Wu.J, Lightner J, Warwick Nand Browse J (1997) Low-temperature damage and subsequent recovery offabl mutantArabidopsis exposed to 2°C. Plant Physiol113: 347-356. Xu K, Delling J and Elliott T (1992) The genes required for heme synthesis in Salmonella typhimurium include those encoding alternative functions for aerobic and anaerobic coprogen oxidation. J Bacteriol174 (12): 3963-3963. Xu K and Elliott T (1993) An oxygen-dependent coprox encoded by the hemF gene of S. typhimurium. J Bacterial 175 (16) : 4990-4999. 106 Yamato S, Katagiri M and Ohkawa H (1994) Purification and characterization of a protoporphyrinogcn oxidizing enzyme with peroxidase activity and light-dependent herbicide resistance in tobacco cultured cells. Pesticide l3iochem Physiol 50 ( 1) : 7282. Yoshida R, Kanno A, Sato T and Kameya T ( 1996) Cool-temperature-induced chlorosis in rice plants. Plant Physiol110: 997-1005. Yoshinaga T and Sano S ( 1980) Coproporphyrinogen oxidase I. Purification properties and activation by phospholipids. J Bioi Chern 255: 4722-4726. 107
© Copyright 2024