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ArchiMate and TOGAF
Core concepts
Symbols (boxes & lines)
Concept framework
Relations
1. order and derivation
2. grouping
3. realisation
Diagram types
To avoid misunderstandings you
should read also “Core concepts”
and “Concept framework” shows
EA models the enterprise as a
system that is stateful and eventdriven.
System elements are interrelated.
Events trigger changes to system
state and/or the provision of services
to external entities.
Diagram types
Explanatory comments
Challenging comments
Mapping ArchiMate diagrams
to TOGAF diagram definitions
Including diagrams and definitions edited from the ArchiMate 2.1 standard.
Copyright © The Open Group, All Rights Reserved.
ArchiMate is a registered trademark of The Open Group.
Training at http://avancier.website
ArchiMate v 2.1 says
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► "TOGAF and ArchiMate can easily be used in conjunction“
► Yes.
► But the standard doesn’t make the diagram to diagram
correspondences clear.
► (And you should read the “Unified/ArchiMate Modelling Language”
slide show after this.)
Training at http://avancier.website
This slide show
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TOGAF/AM Vision diagrams
Business Footprint
► maps
■ each diagram (bar one) in
the ArchiMate v2.1
standard to
■ a diagram definition in the
TOGAF 9.1 “artefact
taxonomy”.
► It also provides a
reasonable illustration of
most of the TOGAF 9.1
diagram definitions
► but they could well be
illustrated by other kinds of
diagram.
TOGAF/AM Business diagrams
Business Use-case
Process Flow
Business Service/Information
Functional Decomposition
Organization Decomposition
TOGAF/AM Data diagrams
Conceptual Data (aka business data
model)
TOGAF/AM Application diagrams
Application Use Case
Application Communication
Process/Application Realization
Software Engineering
TOGAF/AM Technology diagrams
Platform Decomposition
Processing
Network Computing Hardware
Training at http://avancier.website
ArchiMate equivalent
Introductory Viewpoint, Layered
Viewpoint
ArchiMate equivalent
Product Viewpoint,
Service Realization Viewpoint
Business Process Co-operation
Viewpoint
Business Process Viewpoint
Business Function Viewpoint
Organization Viewpoint,
Actor Co-operation Viewpoint
ArchiMate equivalent
Information Structure Viewpoint
ArchiMate equivalent
Application Usage Viewpoint
Application Co-operation Viewpoint
Application Usage Viewpoint,
Application Behavior Viewpoint
Application Structure Viewpoint
ArchiMate equivalent
Infrastructure Viewpoint
Infrastructure Usage Viewpoint
Implementation and Deployment
Viewpoint
ArchiMate diagram examples
►
►
►
►
►
Context
Business
Data
Applications
Infrastructure
Avancier
Environment
Business layer
Application layer
Technology layer
TOGAF/AM Vision diagrams
Business Footprint
ArchiMate equivalent
Introductory Viewpoint,
Layered Viewpoint
Training at http://avancier.website
TOGAF: Business Footprint Diagram
► describes the links between business goals, organizational units,
business functions, and services,
► maps these functions to the technical components delivering the
required capability.
► provides a clear traceability between a technical component and
the business goal that it satisfies
► demonstrates ownership of the services identified.
► demonstrates only the key facts linking organization unit functions
to delivery services and is utilized as a communication platform for
senior-level (CxO) stakeholders.
Training at http://avancier.website
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Cf. Business footprint diagram
ArchiMate: Introductory Viewpoint
► Stakeholders: Enterprise architects, managers
► Concerns: Make design choices visible, convince stakeholders
Note this arrow does not
have the proper ArchiMate
meaning, so the diagram is a
cartoon
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Reserved. ArchiMate is a registered trademark
of The Open Group.
Training at http://avancier.website
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Cf. Business footprint diagram
ArchiMate: Layered Viewpoint
► Stakeholders: Enterprise, process,
application, infrastructure, and domain
architects
► Concerns: Consistency, reduction of
complexity, impact of change, flexibility
Look like application services
rather than platform services
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of The Open Group.
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No corresponding definition
in TOGAF?
ArchiMate: Landscape Map Viewpoint
► Stakeholders: Enterprise architects, top managers: CEO, CIO
► Concerns: Readability, management and reduction of complexity,
comparison of alternatives
Copyright The Open Group, All Rights
Reserved. ArchiMate is a registered trademark
of The Open Group.
Training at http://avancier.website
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ArchiMate diagram examples
►
►
►
►
►
Context
Business
Data
Applications
Infrastructure
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Environment
Business layer
usually a human activity system, with
people/actors playing roles in processes
Application layer
Technology layer
Training at http://avancier.website
Business architects are
concerned with the structure
and behaviour of human
activity systems.
Business architecture diagrams in ADM Phase B
TOGAF/AM Business diagrams
Business Use-case
Process Flow
Business Service/Information
Functional Decomposition
Organization Decomposition
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ArchiMate equivalent
Product Viewpoint,
Service Realization Viewpoint
Business Process Co-operation Viewpoint
Business Process Viewpoint
Business Function Viewpoint
Organization Viewpoint,
Actor Co-operation Viewpoint
Aim
Business
Event or
Service
Business
Process
Data Entity
Business
Function
Activity
Organisation
Role
Training at http://avancier.website
Actor
TOGAF: Business Use-case Diagram
► displays the relationships between consumers
and providers of business services.
► Business services are consumed by actors or
other business services
► The diagram provides added richness in
describing business capability by illustrating how
and when that capability is used.
► The purpose is to help to describe and validate
the interaction between actors and their roles to
processes and functions.
► As architecture progresses, use-cases can evolve
from the business level to include data,
application, and technology details.
► Architectural business use-cases can also be reData Entity
used in systems design work.
Find UML examples
on the web!
Aim
Business
Event or
Service
Business
Process
Business
Function
Activity
Organisation
Role
Training at http://avancier.website
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Actor
This example is a kin to a Business Use Case diagram
ArchiMate: Product Viewpoint
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► Stakeholders: Product developers, product managers, process and domain
architects
► Concerns: Product development, value offered by the products of the
enterprise
Product used by Actor
Better Role
than Actor
Product defined as a
group of services,
supported by business
(information) object
Subtype product
extends super type
Training at http://avancier.website
Copyright The Open Group, All Rights
Reserved. ArchiMate is a registered
trademark of The Open Group.
ArchiMate: Service Realization Viewpoint
Cf. Business Scenario or
Use Case diagram
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► Stakeholders: Process and domain architects, product and
operational managers
► Concerns: Added-value of business processes, consistency and
completeness, responsibilities
Role
Copyright The Open Group, All Rights
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of The Open Group.
Role uses Service
Service realised by Process
Training at http://avancier.website
TOGAF: Process Flow Diagram
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► to depict all models and mappings related to the
process metamodel entity.
► show sequential flow of control between activities
► may utilize swimlane techniques to represent
ownership and realization of process steps. can be
used to detail the
■ controls that apply to a process,
■ events that trigger or result from of a process
■ products generated from process execution.
► useful in elaborating the architecture with subject
specialists, as they allow the specialist to describe
‘‘how the job is done’’ for a particular function.
► each process step can become a more fine-grained
function and can then in turn be elaborated as a
Data Entity
process.
Aim
Business
Event or
Service
Business
Process
Business
Function
Activity
Organisation
Role
Training at http://avancier.website
Actor
Cf. Process flow diagram
ArchiMate: Business Process Co-operation Viewpoint
► Stakeholders: Process and domain architects, operational managers
► Concerns: Dependencies between business processes, consistency and
completeness, responsibilities
Role uses Service
Service realised by Process
Service used by Process
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Reserved. ArchiMate is a registered trademark
of The Open Group.
Training at http://avancier.website
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Note on process granularity and logic
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► ArchiMate standard diagrams show straight-thru processes
► The symbols may show coarse-grained processes/steps/activities
Organise
conference
Manage event
Run
conference
Process
comments
► And/or fine-grained processes/steps/activities
Apply for seat
Book seat
Apply
for seat
Obtain
booking
form
Complete
form
Check
application
Put form in
letter box
► But the notation is not designed to show process logic
Training at http://avancier.website
Accept
booking
Graphical symbols for business rules and logic 1
Process flow rules: conditions and parallel paths
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[No]
Drink coffee
UML
activity
diagram
notation
Cup
empty
[Yes]
Get up
Got to work
Do crossword
Complete
[Yes]
[No]
ArchiMate
(note solid arrow head)
(not empty]
Drink coffee
[empty]
Get up
Got to work
Do crossword
[complete]
(incomplete]
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TOGAF: Business Service/Information Diagram
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► shows the information needed to support
one or more business services.
► shows what data is consumed by or
produced by a business service and may
also show the source of information.
► shows an initial representation of the
information present within the architecture
and therefore forms a basis for
elaboration and refinement within Phase
C (Data Architecture).
Aim
Business
Event or
Service
Business
Process
Data Entity
Business
Function
Activity
Organisation
Role
Training at http://avancier.website
Actor
ArchiMate: Business Process Viewpoint
Cf. Business
Service/Information
Diagram
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► Stakeholders: Process and domain architects, operational managers
► Concerns: Structure of business processes, consistency and completeness,
responsibilities
Transition
arrow
This access arrow
shows direction of
flow (not access)
Note: process rather than
function symbol
Copyright The Open Group, All Rights
Reserved. ArchiMate is a registered trademark
of The Open Group.
Training at http://avancier.website
TOGAF: Functional Decomposition Diagram
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► to show on a single page the capabilities of an
organization that are relevant to the consideration of
an architecture.
► By examining the capabilities of an organization from
a functional perspective, it is possible to quickly
develop models of what the organization does
without being dragged into extended debate on how
the organization does it.
Aim
► Once a basic Functional Decomposition diagram has
been developed, it becomes possible to layer heatmaps on top of this diagram to show scope and
decisions.
► For example, the capabilities to be implemented in
Data Entity
different phases of a change program.
Business
Event or
Service
Business
Process
Business
Function
Activity
Organisation
Role
Training at http://avancier.website
Actor
ArchiMate: Business Function Viewpoint
Could show goods and
service flows between
logical business functions
► Stakeholders: Enterprise, process, and domain architects
► Concerns: Identification of competencies, identification of main
activities, reduction of complexity
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Reserved. ArchiMate is a registered trademark
of The Open Group.
Training at http://avancier.website
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TOGAF: Organization Decomposition Diagram
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► describes the links between actor, roles,
and location within an organization tree.
► should provide a chain of command of
owners and decision-makers in the
organization.
► Although it is not the intent to link goal to
organization, it should be possible to
intuitively link the goals to the
stakeholders from the Organization
Decomposition diagram.
Aim
Business
Event or
Service
Business
Process
Data Entity
Business
Function
Activity
Organisation
Role
Training at http://avancier.website
Actor
ArchiMate: Organization Viewpoint
Organisation decomposition
Or management structure
► Stakeholders: Enterprise,
process and domain
architects, managers,
employees, shareholders
► Concerns: Identification of
competencies, authority, and
responsibilities
Copyright The Open Group, All Rights
Reserved. ArchiMate is a registered trademark
of The Open Group.
Training at http://avancier.website
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Actor = Org Unit
ArchiMate: Actor Co-operation Viewpoint
Could show goods and
service flows between
physical org units
► Stakeholders: Enterprise, process, and domain architects
► Concerns: Relationships of actors with their environment
Copyright The Open Group, All Rights
Reserved. ArchiMate is a registered trademark
of The Open Group.
Training at http://avancier.website
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ArchiMate diagram examples
►
►
►
►
►
Context
Business
Data
Applications
Infrastructure
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Environment
External entities
and activities
Business entities
and events
Business layer
Application layer
Digital data
The data architect is
concerned with data at rest,
data in motion, and data
qualities (meta data)
Technology layer
TOGAF/AM Data diagrams
Conceptual Data (aka business data model)
ArchiMate equivalent
Information Structure Viewpoint
Training at http://avancier.website
TOGAF: Conceptual Data Diagram (aka business data model)
► to depict the relationships between critical data entities within the
enterprise.
► developed to address the concerns of business stakeholders.
Training at http://avancier.website
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ArchiMate: Information Structure Viewpoint
A strange kind of
Business Data Model
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► Stakeholders: Domain and information architects
► Concerns: Structure and dependencies of the used data and
information, consistency and completeness
Redundant
relationship?
Application
data object
Naive use of
aggregation
Business
object
Data object realises
abstract business
object
Abstraction of
paper form
Copyright The Open Group, All Rights
Reserved. ArchiMate is a registered trademark
of The Open Group.
Training at http://avancier.website
ArchiMate diagram examples
►
►
►
►
►
Context
Business
Data
Applications
Infrastructure
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Environment
Business layer
Application layer
contains digital information systems
Technology layer
TOGAF/AM Application diagrams
Application Use Case
Application Communication
Process/Application Realization
Software Engineering
ArchiMate equivalent
Application Usage Viewpoint
Application Co-operation Viewpoint
Application Usage Viewpoint,
Application Behavior Viewpoint
Application Structure Viewpoint
Training at http://avancier.website
Applications architects focus
on business apps, inc.
rationalisation
integration
applications road map
TOGAF: Application Use Case Diagram
Find UML examples
on the web!
► displays the relationships between consumers and providers of
application services.
► Application services are consumed by actors or other application
services and the Application Use-Case diagram provides added
richness in describing application functionality by illustrating how
and when that functionality is used.
► to help to describe and validate the interaction between actors and
their roles with applications.
► As the architecture progresses, the use-case can evolve from
functional information to include technical realization detail.
► Application use-cases can also be re-used in more detailed
systems design work.
Training at http://avancier.website
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Cf. Application Use Case diagram
ArchiMate: Application Usage Viewpoint
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► Stakeholders: Enterprise, process, and application architects, operational
managers
► Concerns: Consistency and completeness, reduction of complexity
Business
process
Process uses
App Service
Service realised
by Component
Copyright The Open Group,
All Rights Reserved.
ArchiMate is a registered
trademark of The Open
Group.
1 component provides >
1 service
Training at http://avancier.website
TOGAF: Application Communication Diagram
► to depict all models and mappings related to communication between
applications in the metamodel entity.
► shows application components and interfaces between components.
► Interfaces may be associated with data entities where appropriate.
► Applications may be associated with business services where
appropriate.
► Communication should be logical and should only show intermediary
technology where it is architecturally relevant..
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ArchiMate: Application Co-operation Viewpoint
Cf. Application
communication
diagram
► Stakeholders: Enterprise ,
process, application, and
domain architects
► Concerns: Relationships and
dependencies between
applications,
orchestration/choreography of
services, consistency and
completeness, reduction of
complexity
Used by
Could be
data flow?
Composed of
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of The Open Group.
Training at http://avancier.website
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You can find plenty of UML sequence diagram examples on the web
TOGAF: Process/Application Realization Diagram
► to clearly depict the sequence of events when multiple applications
are involved in executing a business process.
► enhances the Application Communication diagram by augmenting it
with any sequencing constraints, and hand-off points between
batch and real-time processing.
► It would identify complex sequences that could be simplified, and
identify possible rationalization points in the architecture in order to
provide more timely information to business users. It may
► also identify process efficiency improvements that may reduce
interaction traffic between applications.
Training at http://avancier.website
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Cf. Process/Application Realization diagram. Or Application Use Case diagram?
ArchiMate: Application Usage Viewpoint
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► Stakeholders: Enterprise, process, and application architects, operational
managers
► Concerns: Consistency and completeness, reduction of complexity
Business
process
Process uses
App Service
Service realised
by Component
Copyright The Open Group,
All Rights Reserved.
ArchiMate is a registered
trademark of The Open
Group.
1 component provides >
1 service
Training at http://avancier.website
Cf. Process/Application Realization diagram?
ArchiMate: Application Behavior Viewpoint
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► Stakeholders: Enterprise, process, application, and domain architects
► Concerns: Structure, relationships and dependencies between applications,
consistency and completeness, reduction of complexity
A kin to a use case header
In the application domain,
process step shown using
function symbol
Function
accesses data
Service realised by Process
Transition arrow
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of The Open Group.
Training at http://avancier.website
Software Engineering Diagram
► breaks applications into packages, modules, services, and
operations from a development perspective.
► enables more detailed impact analysis when planning migration
stages, and analyzing opportunities and solutions.
► ideal for application development teams and application
management teams when managing complex development
environments.
Training at http://avancier.website
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ArchiMate: Application Structure Viewpoint
Cf. SW engineering OR
Application
communication
diagrams
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► Stakeholders: Enterprise, process, application, and domain architects
► Concerns: Application structure, consistency and completeness, reduction of
complexity
Accesses
data
Provides
interface
Requires
interface
Could be used by
or data flow?
Copyright The Open Group, All Rights
Reserved. ArchiMate is a registered trademark
of The Open Group.
Training at http://avancier.website
ArchiMate diagram examples
►
►
►
►
►
Context
Business
Data
Applications
Infrastructure
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Environment
Business layer
Application layer
Technology layer
contains infrastructure or platform
applications used by business applications
TOGAF/AM Technology diagrams
Platform Decomposition
Processing
Network Computing Hardware
Deployment of business
applications to
Platform applications,
computers and networks
Standardisation
The technology road map
ArchiMate equivalent
Infrastructure Viewpoint
Infrastructure Usage Viewpoint
Implementation and Deployment Viewpoint
Training at http://avancier.website
TOGAF/AM: Platform Decomposition Diagram
► depicts the technology platform that
supports the operations of the IS
Architecture.
► covers all aspects of the infrastructure
platform
► an overview of the enterprise’s technology
platform
► can be expanded to map the technology
platform to appropriate application
components within a specific functional or
process area.
► may show details such as product
versions, number of CPUs, etc.
► or simply an informal ‘‘eye-chart’’ - an
overview of the technical environment.
Training at http://avancier.website
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Load
Balancer
Load
Balancer
DR
SAN
Cf. Platform Decomposition Diagram
ArchiMate: Infrastructure Viewpoint
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► Stakeholders: Infrastructure architects, operational managers
► Concerns: Stability, security, dependencies, costs of the infrastructure
Are these Services, Interfaces or
Network Connections?
Training at http://avancier.website
TOGAF/AM: Processing Diagram
► focuses on deployable units of code/configuration
and how these are deployed onto the technology
platform.
► addresses the following:
■ Which set of application components need to be
grouped to form a deployment unit
■ How one deployment unit connects/interacts with
another (LAN, WAN, and the applicable
protocols)
■ How application configuration and usage patterns
generate load or capacity requirements for
different technology components
► The organization of deployment units depends on
separation concerns of the presentation, business
logic, and data store layers and service-level
requirements of the components.
Training at http://avancier.website
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ArchiMate: Infrastructure Usage Viewpoint
Cf. Processing diagram
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► Stakeholders: Application, infrastructure architects, operational
managers
► Concerns: Dependencies, performance, scalability
Should be Interface?
Looks redundant anyway?
Application uses
platform service
Service realised by
system software
System Software
(Platform App)
Copyright The Open Group,
All Rights Reserved.
ArchiMate is a registered
trademark of The Open
Group.
Training at http://avancier.website
Ambiguities in basic terms and concepts
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► There confusion between Service and Interface.
► Also between Process/Functions and Component
Interface
Service
Data Object
Location
Process
Component
Read also Concept Framework slide show
Training at http://avancier.website
TOGAF: Network Computing Hardware Diagram
► to show the "as deployed" logical view of logical application
components in a distributed network computing environment.
► The diagram is useful for the following reasons:
■ Enable understanding of which application is deployed where
■ Establishing authorization, security, and access to these technology
components
■ Understand the Technology Architecture that support the applications
during problem resolution and troubleshooting
■ Isolate performance problems encountered and perform necessary
upgrade to specific physical technology components
■ Identify areas of optimization
■ Enable application/technology auditing and prove compliance
■ Serve as an important tool supporting effective change management
Training at http://avancier.website
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Cf. Networked Computing Hardware Diagram
ArchiMate: Implementation and Deployment Viewpoint
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► Stakeholders: Application and infrastructure architects, operational
managers
► Concerns: Dependencies, security, risks
Several challenges to this
diagram are listed in the
Conceptual Framework
slide show
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of The Open Group.
Training at http://avancier.website
EA domains and entities
► Avancier Methods
are useful with all
architecture
frameworks that share
similar domains and
entities
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BCS E&SA
reference model
ArchiMate
Language
Framework
TOGAF
The Open Group
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Methods
► http://avancier.website
CSC’s domains
of change
(POLDAT)
IBM’s view EA
“EA as
Strategy” MIT
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