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ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 5
The Kuroko and Related
Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits
I-IIROSHI OHM OTO AN D BRIA N
J. SKI NNER,
EDITOHS
T il E ECONOMIC GEOLOGY PUI3LISIIINC COMPA NY
© 1983 by The Economic Geology Publishing Company
Library of Congress
Catalog -Card No. 84-80046
Brian J. Skinner , EDITOR, Economic Geology, 91-A Yale Station,
New Haven, CT 06520
'
Graded bedding in ore from the Furutobe mine, Akita Prefecture, Japan . The llame·shapcd structure at t he top of
the graded unit is the product of soft sediment d eforma tion. Most of the clasts are individual crystals of pyrite, barite,
and q uartz or are a ltered footwa ll fragments, but a few are crystal aggregates conta ining sphalerite or chalcopyrite.
The specimen is about 6 em high; it was collected by the geological staff of the mine and given to P. Barton in 1970.
Photograph by W illiam Sacco, Peabody Museum.• Yale University.
Contents
Preface:
The Kuroko and Related Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits: Introduction and Summary of New
Findings .... ...... ........ ........ .. ...... .. ................................ Hiroshi Ohmoto and Brian ]. Skinner
Geological, Paleontological, and Tectonic Studies:
Geologic Setting of the Kuroko Deposits, Japan:
Part I. Geologic History of the Green Tuff Region .. ....... .. ..... ... ......... ...... ..... Hiroshi Ohmoto
9
Part II. Stratigraphy and Structure of the Hokuroku District ...... .. .......................................... .
. . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . . . .. Shojiro Tariimura, ]iro Date, Toshio Takahashi, and Hiroshi Ohmoto
Part III. Submarine Calderas and Kuroko Genesis ........ Hiroshi Ohmoto and Toshio Takahashi
24
39
Paleobathymetric Significance of the Foraminifera from the Hokuroku District·· ······· ······· ·· ····· ··: ···
....... ........ .. ...... .. .. .... ................ ............................... . Albert L. Guber and Samuel Merrill III
Aspects of the Sedimentologic and Structural Development of the Eastern Hokuroku District,
Japan ............................................................ ............ Albert L . Guber and Geoffrey R. Green
Kuroko-Type Massive Sulfide Deposits of Japan: Products of an Aborted Island-Arc Rift ............... .
.. . ..... ... ..... ........ .. . ... . ... .. .. .. ... ... ... L. M. Cathles, A. L. Guber, T. C. Lenagh; and F. 6 . Dudas
Petrological Studies of Igneous Rocks:
Geochemistry of Igneous Rocks· in the Hokuroku District, Northern Japan ................. .. .............. .. .
. .. . ..... ... ..... ... ..... ... ..... .. . ..... ... ..... ... ... .. .. ... .. .. . F. 6. Dudas, I. H. Campbell, and M. P. Gorton
The Effect of Volatile Content on the Vesiculation of Submarine Basalts ......... :.......... F. 6. Dudas
Deep Submarine Pyroclastic Eruptions ..... .. ....................................... ....... ... C. Wayne Burnham
Structural Studies of Kuroko Deposits:
Geologic Characteristics and Formation Environments of the Furutobe and Matsuki Kuroko Deposits,
Akita Prefecture, Northeast Japan ................. ...... .. ..... ...... ....... ....... .................. Hideo Kuroda
Penecontemporaneous Deformation of Kuroko Ore at the Kosaka Mine, Akita, Japan ................... .
. . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . Hironori Hashiguchi
Mineralogical Studies of Ores:
The Genesis of Hot Spring Deposits on the East Pacific Rise, 21 °N ... ........... ........... ... .... ............ .
... .. . . ..... .. . .... ... . ..... ........ .. M. S. Goldfarb, D. R. Converse, H. D. Holland, and ]. M. Edmond
Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Ore Genesis of Hydrothermal Sediments from the Atlantis II Deep,
Red Sea ...................................................................... .... ...... R. ]. Pottorf and H. L. Barnes
Some Textures of the Ores from the Ezuri Kuroko Deposits, Akita Prefecture, Japan .. ... ......... ...... .
········ ·.·· ·············· ·· ······· ·· ···································· ······ ······· ·· Shunzo Yui and Kimihide Ishitoya
Textures of ~orne Japanese Besshi-Type Ores and Their Implications for Kuroko Deposits ............. .
.......... .. ...... . :: ..... .. ....... ....... .. ...... .. ..... .. ...... ................... ... ........... ....... ...... .. ...... .. Shunzo Yui
Mineral Textures and Their Bearing on Formation of the Kuroko Orebodies .. ....... ........ ............... .
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . C. Stewart Eldridge, Paul B. Barton, Jr., and Hiroshi Ohmoto
Isotopic and Trace Element Studies of Sulfates:
Stable Isotope Geochemistry of Sulfates from the Neogene Ore Deposits in the Green Tuff Region,
Japan ........ ................................. .......... ............... ......... Makoto Watanabe and Hitoshi Sakai
1
55
71
96
115
134
142
i49
167
184
198
224
231
241
282
Oxygen and Sulfur Isotope Composition of Barite and Anhydrite from t he Fukazawa Deposit,
Japan ........................................................................... Minoru Kusakabe and Hitoshi Chiba
Strontium Isotope Geochemistry of the Kuroko Deposits ............................................................ ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .. .. Clifton W. Farrell and Heinrich D . Holland
The Partitioning of Strontium between Anhydrite and Aqueous Solutions from 150° to 250°C .......
...................................................................... Naotatsu Shikazono and Heinrich D. Holland
Anhydrite in Kuroko Deposits: Mode of Occurrence and Depositional Mechanisms ....................... .
· ............................................ Naotatsu Shikazono, Heinrich D. Holland, and Robert F. Quirk
292
302
320
329
Studies on Alteration Halos and Hydrology:
A Comparison of Footwall-Rock Alteration and Geothermal Systems beneath Some Japanese and
Canadian Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits .. .............. .. ................................................. ..
.. . .. . .. . .. . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. ... . . . . . . .. .. . .. ... . . . .. . .. . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . . Tetsuro Urabe, S. D. Scott, and Keiko Hattori
345
Zonal Alterat ion around the Fukazawa Kuroko Deposits, Akita Prefecture, Northern Japan ........... .
.................................................... .. .............. ]iro Date, Yoshihiro Watanabe, and Yuji Saeki
Practical Application of Low Na20 Anomalies in Footwall Acid Lava for Delimiting Promising Areas
around the Kosaka and Fukazawa Kuroko Deposits, Akita Prefecture, Japan ............................. .
365
........... ....................................... Hironori Hashiguchi, Ryoichi Yamada, and Tsuneshi Inoue
387
Whole-Rock Oxygen Isotope Distribution in the Fukazawa-Kosaka Area, Hokuroku District, Japan,
and Its Potential Application to Mineral Exploration ........................ ... ... ..................... .. ......... ..
.. . . . . .. .. . . . .. .. . . . . ... . . .. . .. .. . . Geoffrey R. Green, Hiroshi Ohmoto, ] iro Date, and Toshio Takahashi 395 .
Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Tuffaceous Exhalites (Tetsusekiei) of the F ukazawa Mine, Hokuroku
District, Japan ....... ... ....................................... Stavros I. Kalogeropoulos and Steven D. Scott
412
A Preliminary Oxygen Isotope Study of T etsusekiei Ores Associated with the Kuroko Deposits in the
Hokuroku District, Japan ............................................ Makoto Tsutsumi and Hiroshi Ohmoto
433
An Analysis of the Hydrothermal System Responsible fo r Massive Sulfide Deposition in t he H okuroku
Basin of Japan ............................... ... ...... .. .... .......... .......... ............ ................. . L. M. Cathles · 439
Studies on Compositions and Sources of Ore-Forming Fluids:
The Distribution of Lead Isotopes and the Origin of Kuroko Ore Deposits in the H okuroku District,
Japan ........... ....................................................... Udo Fehn, B. R. Doe, and M. H. Delevaux
488
Mineralogy, Geoche mistry, and Mineral Chemistry of Siliceous Ore and Altered Footwall Rocks in
the Uwamuki 2 and 4 Deposits, Kosaka Mine, Hokuroku District, Japan ............. ..................... .
.... ................ ................................ L. Taras Bryndzia, Steven D. Scott, and ]. Elizabeth Farr
507
Thermal History, and C hemical and Isotopic Compositions of the Ore-Forming Fluids Responsible
for the Kuroko Massive Sulfide Deposits in the Hokuroku District of Japan .... ....... .................. ..
.. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. . . . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. Visut Pisutha-Arnond and Hiroshi Ohmoto 523
Controlling Mechanisms for ' the Major Element Chemistry of Aqueous Solutions in Tuff-Rich Environments .......................................................... Masakatsu Mizukami and Hiroshi Ohmoto
Chemical ·Processes of Kuroko Formation .......................................... H. Ohmoto, M. Mizukami,
................ :.............. S. E. Drummond, C. S. Eldridge, V. Pisutha-Arnond, .and T . C. Lenagh
559
570