1. No category

LEVEL 2
BOOK
3
This book has been issued to ................................................. (First Name) ................................................ (Family Name)
of Session ............................................... on ............................................... (DD/MM/YY)
TODAY, I WILL
LOOK AROUND AND
ENJOY ALL THE
BEAUTIFUL THINGS THAT
ARE AROUND ME RATHER
THAN YEARN FOR THINGS
THAT ARE BEYOND MY
CONTROL AND BECOME
MISERABLE - RVM
LOOK IN THE
MIRROR.
THAT'S YOUR
COMPETITION.
WHY DO YOU WANT A
NEW TRUTH WHEN
YOU DO NOT PRACTICE
WHAT YOU ALREADY
KNOW? FAR BETTER TO
READ A FEW BOOKS
AND MAKE THEM YOUR
OWN THAN TO READ
MANY BOOKS QUICKLY
AND SUPERFICIALLY
- Eknath Easwaran
STUDENT WORKBOOK
REVISED - APRIL 22, 2015
PUT YOUR
HEART, MIND,
INTELLECT, AND
SOUL EVEN INTO
YOUR SMALLEST ACTS.
THIS IS THE SECRET OF
SUCCESS
- Swami Sivananda
WHAT YOU DO
MAKES A
DIFFERENCE, AND
YOU HAVE TO DECIDE
WHAT KIND OF
DIFFERENCE YOU
WANT TO MAKE
- Jane Goodall
WE ARE
WHAT WE
REPEATEDLY DO.
EXCELLENCE
THEREFORE IS NOT
AN ACT, BUT A HABIT
- Aristotle
FREE One - Year Intensive English Course
Prepared by Art of Learning
Student Workbook
About This Resource
The Free English Classes organized by the AAM Foundation are aimed at building comfort,
confidence and competence in oral communication. The one hour forty-five minute weekday class is
designed around a software where the students listen and imitate the language as spoken by native
speakers for thirty minutes. Thereafter, for one hour and fifteen minutes, with the Facilitator’s
guidance, the students practice the learnt concepts through Workbook and planned oral
communication activities.
Along with developing English Communication skills, AAM Foundation is also committed to
building critical thinking skills among its students, making them independent and reflective
thinkers. The language lessons are layered with activities to nurture a problem-solving mindset
among students who become active contributors in their communities.
The purpose of this Workbook is to serve as a comprehensive resource for first generation learners
of English language, organizing information to boost confidence in using the language at
Intermediate level (Level II).
At the end of every week, there is a review/consolidation lesson, where the students recapitulate the
learning of the week before moving on to new content. The facilitator is to ensure that the students
use a pencil to complete the workbook exercises as it will allow them to make changes, if required.
This Student Workbook comprises 48 lessons as a part of Level II (Book 1) to be completed in two
months. After the successful completion of Level II (Book 2) and regular attendance, the students
will be given Level III (Book 5).
The Student Workbook must be left behind at the Centre, after the completion of the 1 hour 45
minutes class. Students may be allowed to take the Workbook home at the end of the four months
after he/she completes Level II.
1
Student Workbook
Table of Content
Lesson #
Topic
Page #
Week 17 - Review
Lesson #
Topic
Page #
Week 21 - Sewage
97
Introduction - Review
5
121
Reflections on Action Plan
55
98
Phonics - Review
6
122
Grammar Review - 1
59
99
Safety & Good Health - Review
7
123
Grammar Review - 2
60
100
Shopping - Review
8
124
Grammar Review - 3
61
101
At the Office - Review
9
125
Grammar Review - 4
64
102
Learning Contract - 3
11
126
Consolidation
66
Week 18 - Community
Week 22 - Personal Hygiene
103
My Community
14
127
Simple Present Tense
67
104
Me & My Community
18
128
Present Continuous Tense
69
105
The Good Samaritan
19
129
Simple Past Tense
72
106
Short Messages
21
130
Future Tense
75
107
Problem-Solving
23
131
Conversation
76
108
Consolidation
24
132
Consolidation
77
Week 19 - Waste Management
Week 23 - Case Studies
109
Singular & Plural - 1
26
133
Direct Speech
78
110
Singular & Plural - 2
30
134
Reported Speech
80
111
Aʼ, ʻAnʼ & ʻTheʼ
33
135
Conversion of Speech
83
112
Letʼs Talk
36
136
Comparisons - 1
86
113
Problem-solving
37
137
Comparisons - 2
89
114
Consolidation
39
138
Consolidation
92
Week 20 - Water Logging
Week 24 - Possibilities
115
Subject Verb Agreement - 1
41
139
Review - 1
93
116
Subject Verb Agreement - 2
44
140
Review - 2
96
117
Phrases
46
141
Review - 3
99
118
Phrases - Usage
48
142
Review - 4
102
119
Proverbs & Idioms
49
143
Review - 5
103
120
Consolidation
53
144
Internal Evaluation
104
!
Appendix
#
Topic
Page #
#
Topic
Page #
1
Garbage Disposal - Articles
107
3
Story of Rahul
113
2
Water-logging - Article
112
4
Phrases
114
3
Week 17
LESSON 97
INTRODUCTION (REVIEW)
A. Write 10 sentences to introduce yourself.
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B.Write 5 sentences to introduce a famous person (dead or alive).
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5
Week 17
LESSON 98
PHONICS (REVIEW)
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6
Week 17
LESSON 99
SAFETY AND GOOD HEALTH (REVIEW)
A. Your younger brother has recently started riding his motor cycle. What 5 things will you
tell him so that he drives safely. Write in complete sentences.
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________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
B.Your friend has been very ill. The doctor says that he has been eating unhealthy food
from unhygienic places. Write a conversation of 10 sentences between you and your
friend advising him about healthy eating habits.
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7
Week 17
LESSON 100
SHOPPING (REVIEW)
A. Your friend from Germany is visiting India. He / she wants your help to go shopping for
gifts to take back with him / her. Write a brief conversation between you and your friend
using 5Ws and 1H.
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B. You and your family are visiting a restaurant and order your favorite food. When the
food is served, the quality of food and the service is very disappointing. You complain
to the restaurant manager about it. Write a brief conversation between you and the
restaurant manager in not less than 10 sentences.
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8
Week 17
LESSON 101
AT THE OFFICE (REVIEW)
A. The office secretary was absent and you have been asked to take over her
responsibilities. You take two calls in the morning. Fill up the telephone message cards
below giving all relevant information about the calls you received.
Telephone Message Card 1
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Telephone Message Card 2
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9
Week 17
B. You have been invited by the Principal of a school to make a presentation to the
students telling them about different professions.
i.
Make a list of items you need for the presentation
a. _______________________________________________________________
b. _______________________________________________________________
c. _______________________________________________________________
d. _______________________________________________________________
e. _______________________________________________________________
ii.
Write down the details of the professions you will talk about.
Profession
Details (at least 2)
________________________________________________
______________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
______________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
______________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
______________ ________________________________________________
________________________________________________
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______________ ________________________________________________
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10
Week 17
LESSON 102
LEARNING CONTRACT - 3
Tick the appropriate box:
How comfortable are you:
Not at all
Somewhat
Very
introducing yourself and others?
▢
▢
▢
describing people, places, objects and events?
▢
▢
▢
expressing your Likes and Dislikes?
▢
▢
▢
understanding instructions and directions?
▢
▢
▢
filling up personal information forms?
▢
▢
▢
framing questions?
▢
▢
▢
using polite phrases?
▢
▢
▢
By Level 1 standards, how comfortable are you:
Student
Facilitator
Not at all
Somewhat
Very
Not at all
Somewhat
Very
speaking in English?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
reading English ?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
understanding English?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
writing English?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
By Level 1 standards rate your (1 being the lowest and 5 being the highest):
Student
①
②
③
Facilitator
④
⑤
①
②
③
④
⑤
English vocabulary
Pronunciation
Grammar
Others:
Never
Rarely
Sometimes
Mostly
Always
Do you solve your own
problems?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
Do you help at home and in the
center?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
11
Week 17
▢ Yes
Are you working towards achievement of your goal/s?
▢ No
How successful have you been? Explain.
Have you revised your goals? Elaborate.
How much has Free English helped you achieve:
Not at all
Somewhat
Very
Language goals?
▢
▢
▢
Other goals ?
▢
▢
▢
Have you been:
Student
Facilitator
attending classes regularly?
▢ Yes
▢ No
▢ Yes
▢ No
participating in activities?
▢ Yes
▢ No
▢ Yes
▢ No
speaking in English in the
center?
▢ Yes
▢ No
▢ Yes
▢ No
speaking in English with your
friends/family?
▢ Yes
▢ No
▢ Yes
▢ No
Do you understand why a sentence is correct or not?
▢ Yes
▢ No
Are you aware of the problems in your own community?
▢ Yes
▢ No
Others:
Never
Rarely
Sometimes
Mostly
Always
Do the problems in your
community affect you?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
How often do you discuss these
issues/problems?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
Do you take any action to solve
these problems/issues?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
Do these problems have a single
solution?
▢
▢
▢
▢
▢
Can there be more than one view
about an issue/topic?
12
Week 17
Do you feel that you should be able to solve the problems of your
▢ friends only?
▢ family only?
▢ community only?
▢ friends and family?
▢ friends, family and community?
Going forward, I will:
Continue -
Start -
Stop -
13
Week 18
LESSON 103
MY COMMUNITY
A. MY ROLES:
Write down the roles that you play in your house / family / community:
1. Student of Free English Class
4
2. Son / Daughter / Wife / Husband
5
3. Brother / Sister / Cousin
6
My Community: Take any 4 roles mentioned above and in the outer circle write who you
are connected with in that role:
1
AAM
FOUNDATION
CENTER:
SESSION:
ME:
Student of Free
English Class
Other students in the
session, my facilitator
Students in other sessions,
other facilitator
Compliance Supervisor, HO
Staff
14
Week 18
2
ME:
3
ME:
15
Week 18
4
ME:
B. Read the passage and complete the exercise that follows:
I said something mean to my friend. He got upset and ran home crying. When
his dad saw him crying, he got angry and broke a branch of a tree to beat him.
The branch had a birdʼs nest on it. The birdʼs egg fell out and cracked. Street
dogs started fighting over the egg. One of the dogs was badly injured.
1. Read the passage given above and mention the people affected by my action:
Me
Friend
16
Week 18
2. Think of an incident (real or imaginary) and explain the sequence of events that
followed:
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
Mention the people affected by your actions:
Me
17
Week 18
LESSON 104
ME AND MY COMMUNITY
A. Everybody, Anybody, Somebody and Nobody
This is a story about four people named Everybody, Somebody, Anybody and Nobody. There
was an important job to be done and Everybody was sure that Somebody would do it. Anybody could have done it, but Nobody did it. Somebody got angry, because it was
Everybodyʼs job. Everybody thought Anybody could do it, but Nobody realized that Everybody
wouldnʼt do it. It ended up that Everybody blamed Somebody when Nobody did what Anybody
could have done.
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18
Week 18
LESSON 105
THE GOOD SAMARITAN
A. Summarize (in 3 - 4 sentences)
i. A funny incident (real or imaginary).
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ii. Your dream job.
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iii. Most memorable day of your life.
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19
Week 18
B. The Good Samaritan
Summarize the story given below:
Once there was a man walking along a road.
The road was rocky and there were small hills all around. The man was just
humming to himself and enjoying the nice day when suddenly a group of men
jumped out from behind a hill. They took all his belongings and tore off his clothes.
They didn't want him to follow them so they beat him up very badly, and left him lying
and bleeding on the road.
A few minutes later a priest walked down the same path and noticed the man lying
on the side of the road. Do you know what he did? You'd think he would run over
and help the man. Instead he crossed the road and walked on the other side and
acted like he didn't see the man.
About an hour later, another man walked down the road. His family helped the
priests with their work. He slowed down and walked a little closer to the man, but
then kept walking without helping him at all.
We might think that maybe the man lying by the side of the road looked like he was
resting or something, that's why the priest and the other man didn't stop to help. But
it was easy to tell he was badly hurt. The man was bleeding, had most of his clothes
ripped off, he was bruised and hardly breathing.
Just a few minutes later, another man came walking. He was a poor, ordinary
man. As soon as he saw the man he went over to him and put bandages on his
sores and poured oil on the sores to prevent them from getting worse. Then he lifted
the man on his own donkey and took him to a hotel to take care of him.
The next day, the Samaritan earned enough money so the man could stay at the
hotel until he was well enough to leave. He paid the hotel manager and asked him
to take care of the man.
Summarize:
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20
Week 18
LESSON 106
SHORT MESSAGES
A. Birthday note
It is your brotherʼs birthday tomorrow. Write a short message to wish him on birthday:
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
B. Thank you note
Your uncle gave you a lovely present for New Years. Write a thank you note to him.
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21
Week 18
C. Congratulatory note
Your friend has passed his exams. Write a congratulatory note.
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________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
D. Get well soon note
Your aunt is unwell and hospitalised. Write a get well soon message for her.
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
22
Week 18
LESSON 107
PROBLEM SOLVING
Notes
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23
Week 18
LESSON 108
CONSOLIDATION
A. Read the advertisement given below and explain the message:
I
PIZZA DELIVERY BOY
Part time - Sat / Sun. Timings: 6 - 10 pm.
Drivers license must
Call Dominoes - 124 - 623 - 9331
_This advertisement is about the job/position of a Pizza Delivery Boy.________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
II
SALES PERSON
Full time. Minimum 3 years experience
Apply in person. Must speak good English
Call Furniture Mart - 124 - 623 - 9331
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_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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24
Week 18
III
HOUSE FOR RENT
1 bed; 1 bath; 1 Kitchen. Rent Rs. 10,000 pm.
AC. New Locality
Call - 124 - 623 - 9331
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_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
i. Would you like to rent this house? Give reasons for your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
IV
FOR SALE
2006 Red. Toyota Corolla. Excellent condition.
20,640 KMs. Rs. 5 lacs.
Call - 124 - 623 - 9331
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_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
i. Would you like to buy this car? Give reason/s for your answer.
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25
Week 19
LESSON 109
SINGULAR AND PLURAL - 1
A. Quantity of objects/ people/ places:
Singular means one of something while plural means more than one of something.
Singular
Plural
Brick
Bricks
Dog
Dogs
Boy
Boys
1. Changing singular to plural
i. Adding ʻsʼ :
Some words can be changed from singular to plural by adding ʻsʼ after the word.
Singular
Plural
A car
Four cars
A lamp
Six lamps
A hat
A cup
+s
A desk
A game
A pencil
A bike
Exercise
Change the underlined words into plural and rewrite the sentence:
Singular
Plural
I have a car.
Please serve tea in a cup.
I need to buy a sari.
26
Week 19
ii. Adding ʻesʼ:
Words that ends with s, sh, x, ch, j or z can be changed from singular to plural by
adding ʻesʼ after the word.
Singular
Plural
A box
Four boxes
A sandwich
Some
A dish
Many
+ es
A kiss
A bus
A few
A quiz
Exercise
Change the underlined words into plural and rewrite the sentence.
Singular
Plural
Rajat gave me a watch.
I have a wish.
The fox ran very fast.
B. Review the pictures below:
1.
Source: http://www.chrisjordan.com
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___________________________________________________________________
27
Week 19
2.
Source: http://www.chrisjordan.com
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3.
Source: Unknown
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
28
Week 19
4.
Source: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5.
Source: Unknown
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
29
Week 19
LESSON 110
SINGULAR AND PLURAL - 2
A. To change words ending with ʻyʼ into plural:
i. If there is a vowel before ʻyʼ, add ʻsʼ after the word:
Singular
Plural
A day
Seven days
A toy
+s
A guy
A key
ii. If there is a consonant before ʻyʼ, change ʻyʼ to ʻiʼ and add ʻesʼ
Singular
Plural
A body
A lot of bodies
A country
A story
A lady
A city
Change
ʻyʼ to ʻiʼ
+ ʻesʼ
A penny
A party
B. To change words ending with ʻfʼ or ʻfeʼ into plural:
i. For some words add ʻsʼ
Singular
Plural
A brief
Some briefs
A proof
A roof
+ ʻsʼ
A handkerchief
A dwarf
A giraffe
30
Week 19
ii. For some words change ʻfʼ or ʻfeʼ to ʻvʼ and add ʻesʼSingular
Plural
A calf
Five calves
Half
Change ʻfʼ
or ʻfeʼ to
ʻvʼ
A knife
A life
+ ʻesʼ
Self
A thief
C. Some words follow no rules:
Singular
Plural
Man
Men
Woman
Women
Foot
Feet
Child
Children
Tooth
Teeth
Mouse
Mice
D. Some words remain unchanged in their plural form:
Singular
Sheep
Plural
Three sheep
Deer
Fish
Hair
31
Week 19
E. Exercise
Write the plural of the following words:
Singular
Plural
Pen
Person
Home
Thirty
Fish
Tree
Branch
Man
Woman
Child
32
Week 19
LESSON 111
ʻAʼ, ʻANʼ AND ʻTHEʼ
A. A singular word, that is not specific, usually has ʻaʼ or ʻanʼ before it.
Rules:
1. If a singular countable noun starts with a consonant sound, write ʻaʼ before it.
Example:
a. This is a chair.
b. ____________________________________________________.
2. If a singular countable noun starts with a vowel sound, write ʻanʼ before it.
Example:
a. This is an apple.
b. ____________________________________________________.
Note - With ʻfewʼ use ʻaʼ - a few boy, a few chairs etc.
With ʻlot ofʼ use ʻaʼ - a lot of noise, a lot of love etc.
Exercises
i. Complete the following sentences using ʻaʼ or ʻanʼ:
1. We saw _________ elephant at the zoo.
2. Uttar Pradesh is _________ large state.
3. I use _________ umbrella when it rains.
4. It has been _________ hour since he left.
ii. Make 2 sentences about garbage and littering using ʻaʼ:
1.
2.
iii. Make 2 sentences about garbage and littering using ʻanʼ :
1.
2.
33
Week 19
iv. Look at the picture below and describe it by answering the questions given below:
1. What do you see on the top shelf?
2. What kind of dresses are the dolls wearing?
3. What do you see on the right side of the second shelf?
4. What is on the left side of the second shelf? What do you think they contain?
5. What is on the left side on the bottom shelf?
6. What do you see in the middle of the bottom shelf?
Begin your answer like this:
The top shelf is full of dolls. ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
34
Week 19
Use of ʻtheʼ
Sometimes ʻthe” is used before singular and sometimes before plural words.
Rules:
1. For something that has already been mentioned before:
Examples:
i) I saw a lovely red jacket yesterday. The jacket was very expensive.
ii) Boys climbed a guava tree. The tree was full of dirt. The boys got dirty.
2. For something that both the speaker and the listener know about:
Examples:
i) Where are my shoes? They are on the rack.
ii) How did you get here? I took the same train as you.
3. For some specific group of things:
Examples:
i) The boys of my class are going for a picnic.
ii) The Himalayas are in India.
iii) The giraffe in our resort is taller than all other animals.
Exercise:
Put ʻtheʼ in the correct place and rewrite the sentences:
1. He is best teacher in my school.
___________________________________________________________________
2. Hurry up! Movie starts in 15 minutes.
___________________________________________________________________
3. Red apples from this tree are sweet.
___________________________________________________________________
4. What time does party begin?
___________________________________________________________________
5. I have read book that won Pulitzer prize last year.
___________________________________________________________________
Incorrect usage of Articles - ʻAʼ, ʻAnʼ and ʻTheʼ
Do not use ʻaʼ, ʻanʼ or ʻtheʼ before the name of a particular person (Ravi), place (Delhi),
sport (Hockey), subject (Science) etc.
35
Week 19
LESSON 112
LETʼS TALK
Notes:
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36
Week 19
LESSON 113
PROBLEM - SOLVING
A. ʻThisʼ, ʻThatʼ, ʻThoseʼ and ʻTheseʼ
Words like ʻthisʼ, ʻthatʼ, ʻthoseʼ and ʻtheseʼ are used to point out things and people.
ʻThisʼ and ʻTheseʼ
ʻThatʼ and ʻThoseʼ
We use ʻthisʼ and ʻtheseʼ for things or
people that are near us.
We use ʻthatʼ and ʻthoseʼ for things or
people that are not near us.
ʻThisʼ - Singular#
ʻThatʼ - Singular#
ʻTheseʼ - Plural
ʻThoseʼ - Plural
Examples
Examples
This is my book.
These are my
books.
Where did that car
come from?
Where did those
cars come from?
This boy runs fast.
These boys run
fast.
That boy in the
corner is my friend.
Those boys in the
corner are my
friends.
B. Exercises:
1. Complete the sentences with ʻthisʼ, ʻthatʼ, ʻtheseʼ and ʻthoseʼ:
i.
How much are ________ hats? (near)
ii.
Look at ________ stars!
iii. Please bring ________ fan closer to me.
iv. ________ pens are mine. (near)
v. ________ boats sailed away.
vi. ________ is my house, and ________ is my uncleʼs house over there.
vii. How much do
viii. I have
apples cost? (far)
shirts (near) but I want
ix.
is not fair ! (near)
x.
was not my fault. (far)
(far).
37
Week 19
2. Make 2 sentences relating to proper garbage disposal using singular and near:
i)
ii)
3. Make 2 sentences relating to proper garbage disposal using plural and far:
i)
ii)
4. Make 2 sentences relating to proper garbage disposal using singular and far:
i)
ii)
5. Make 2 sentences relating to proper garbage disposal using plural and near:
i)
ii)
38
Week 19
LESSON 114
CONSOLIDATION
A. Fill the blank spaces with ʻaʼ, ʻanʼ and ʻtheʼ or leave blank if none is appropriate:
i)
______________ Paris is ______________ capital of France.
ii)
I have been playing ______________ football for three years.
iii)
I am ______________ only person in class who speaks ______________ English.
iv)
I have ______________ house.
v)
Can I have ______________ few candies?
vi)
Letʼs meet tomorrow to play ______________ cricket for ______________ hour.
B. Fill the blank spaces with ʻaʼ, ʻanʼ and ʻtheʼ:
Rahul, ______________ old friend of mine, used to work in Lucknow. He had
______________ good job in one of ______________ biggest restaurants in
______________ city. He was ______________ honest, hard-working chef, but
he hated his job. So he decided to resign and become ______________ cricketer
instead. Now Rahul spends his days playing cricket on ______________ banks of
River Gomti. It is not ______________ easy life, but it makes him happy.
C. Change the underlined words into plural and rewrite the sentence using ʻtheʼ at the
correct place:
Example:
Boy of my class are going home now.
The boys of my class are going home now.
1. Salman Khan and Hritik Roshan are main actor in movie.
___________________________________________________________________
2. Two knife that I bought yesterday, are very sharp.
___________________________________________________________________
3. Two deer were eating rice from yellow lunchbox.
___________________________________________________________________
39
Week 19
4. Ask man to stand near door and woman to stand near gate.
___________________________________________________________________
5. Country on east, see sunrise first.
___________________________________________________________________
6. Handkerchief on sale were faded.
___________________________________________________________________
7. I have lost key to my house.
___________________________________________________________________
8. Man who stole ladyʼs bag were in their thirty.
___________________________________________________________________
40
Week 20
LESSON 115
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT - 1
(ʻISʼ & ʻAREʼ)
A. Subject in a sentence
Subject is the thing or person that the sentence is about.
Example:
a. My brother wears a hat.
The sentence is about ʻmy brotherʼ and describes what he wears.
b. This book belongs to Kabir.
The sentence is about ʻthis bookʼ and describes its ownership.
c. These men in red shirts are from India.
The sentence is about ʻ__________________ʼ and describes where
they are from.
B. (i) Exercise - Underline the subject in the sentences below:
1.
Movie stars are very popular.
2.
Sahil put up a good performance in the movie.
3.
The piano keys are broken.
4.
Old Delhi shops are popular with tourists.
5.
The puppet show for children was a big success.
6.
The box of chocolates is broken.
7.
All students are late.
8.
Fifty percent of the Studentsʼ Union is against the rule.
9.
Ram or his sister has been given the award.
10. Sophia and her mother are planning to go for the movie tomorrow.
B. (ii) From the above write down the number of statement where the subject is
singular/plural:
Singular Subject
2,
Plural Subjects
1,
41
Week 20
B. (iii) Rules:
Subject
Verb
Sentence
I
am
I am very happy.
You
are
He/She/It
is
We
are
You
are
They
are
Some/All/Most/Many/A few
are
Either/Neither
is
Any one/Each
is
B. (iv) Exercise:
Make any of the 5 sentences given in exercise B. (i) into questions:
1. ________________________________________________________________.
2. ________________________________________________________________.
3. ________________________________________________________________.
4. ________________________________________________________________.
5. ________________________________________________________________.
42
Week 20
C. Discussion
Look at the images given below and discuss:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
43
Week 20
LESSON 116
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT - 2
A. Verb in a sentence:
Verbs are action words. E.g. run, eat, sleep, work, etc. They tell us what the subject
is doing.
Example:
a. Sandeep talks very fast.
b. Akeeb sleeps in the day and works at night.
B. Exercise:
Write the subject and verb for the given sentence:
Sentence
Subject
Verb
My brother runs in the morning.
I sing in competitions.
You eat a lot of junk food.
Subject
Verb
I
run/sing/eat
You (sing.)
run/sing/eat
He/She/It
runs/sings/eats
We
run/sing/eat
You (pl.)
run/sing/eat
They
run/sing/eat
Some/All
run/sing/eat
Sentence
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the action words (given in brackets):
1. Mrs. Singh ______________ (bake) tasty cakes.
2. I ______________ (write) a letter to my friend everyday.
3. My sister and I ______________ (need) more paint for her artwork.
4. We ______________ (love) your red dress.
5. Do you and your brothers______________ (work) in the hospital?
44
Week 20
Exercise:
Complete the following sentences with the correct action verb (given in the
brackets):
1. My kitchen drain ______________ (is / are) blocked.
2. A lot of water ______________ (has / have) accumulated in the cooler.
3. He ______________ (do / does) not throw garbage on the streets.
4. The rivers in our city ______________ (has / have) run dry.
5. Builders ______________ (build / builds) houses and shops over drains/
waterways.
6. Water-logging ______________ (become / becomes) a big problem during
the rainy season.
7. Low-lying areas ______________ (suffer / suffers) from heavy water-logging.
8. Potholes on roads ______________ (is / are) dangerous.
45
Week 20
LESSON 117
PHRASES
A. Subject verb agreement (Recap)
Everyone need calcium for health. Calcium are important for strong teeths and
bones. Shortage of calcium can be serious problems. Many woman in India have
less calcium in their body. This make bones weak and they breaks easily. Milk
and spinach is high in calcium. Childs who are growing up also needs lot of
calcium to grow strong bone and teeths.
Rewrite correctly:
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
B. What is a phrase?
Sometimes two or more words are used together to mean something. These are
called phrases.
Example:
a. Key words: main words.
b. Road signs: large board and banners on the road with a message.
46
Week 20
C. Common business phrases:
i)
For apologizing
! I am sorry for the delay in ...
! I regret the inconvenience caused by ...
! I would like to apologise for ...
ii) For ordering
! I would like to place an order for ...
! I would like to cancel my order for ...
! I confirm receipt of your order for ...
! Sorry, these items are out of stock.
iii) Attaching / enclosing documents
! I am enclosing / attaching ...
! Please find enclosed / attached ...
iv) Closing remarks
! For further details ...
! Thank you for your interest / assistance.
! I / We look forward to hearing from you.
! I would appreciate a reply at the earliest convenience.
! We will be in touch.
! Our best offer is...
v) Presentation
! The topic of my presentation today is...
! The purpose of this presentation is to...
! Letʼs start with...
! I would like to show you...
! Letʼs move on.
! I would like to explain...
! I would like to end my presentation with...
! I would like to invite any questions that you may have.
47
Week 20
LESSON 118
PHRASES - USAGE
A. Exercise
You are a leading industrialist and you have been informed about the problem of water
logging in the area where your factory is located. Your workers are falling ill. The
production for the month is at an all time low. You have called a meeting with your board
members to come up with possible solutions to the problem of water logging.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
48
Week 20
LESSON 119
PROVERBS AND IDIOMS
A. What is a proverb?
Proverbs are short statements of wisdom and advise have been passed on from
one generation to another.
Example:
a. A friend in need is a friend indeed.
b. A rotten apple spoils the barrel.
Examples:
Proverbs
Meaning
1
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
2
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
3
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
4
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
5
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
6
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
7
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
8
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
9
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
10
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
49
Week 20
B. Idioms
What are idioms?
Idioms are words or phrases the meaning for which cannot be taken literally.
Idiom
Meaning
A hot potato
To abandon someone or something quickly.
A penny for your thoughts
A way of asking what someone is thinking.
Actions speak louder than
words
People's intentions can be judged better by what they do than
what they say.
Add insult to injury
To make fun / humiliate someone in unfavorable condition
At the drop of a hat
Without any hesitation; instantly.
Back to the drawing board
To start all over again.
Ball is in your court
It is up to you to make the next decision or step.
Barking up the wrong tree
Looking in the wrong place. Accusing the wrong person.
Be glad to see the back of
Be happy when a person leaves.
Beat around the bush
Avoiding the main topic. Not speaking directly about the issue.
Best of both worlds
To have all the advantages.
Best thing since sliced bread
A good invention or innovation. A good idea or plan.
Bite off more than you can
chew
To take on a task that is way to big
Blessing in disguise
Something good that isn't recognized at first.
Burn the midnight oil
To work late into the night.
Can't judge a book by its
cover
Cannot judge something primarily on appearance.
Caught between two stools
When someone finds it difficult to choose between two
alternatives.
Costs an arm and a leg
When something is very expensive.
Cross that bridge when you
come to it
Deal with a problem, if and, when it becomes necessary.
Cry over spilt milk
When you complain about a loss from the past.
Curiosity killed the cat
Being inquisitive can lead you into an unpleasant situation.
Cut corners
When something is done badly to save money/time/effort.
50
Week 20
Idiom
Meaning
Cut the mustard
To succeed; to come up to expectations.
Devil's Advocate
To present a counter argument.
Don't count your chickens
before the eggs have hatched
This idiom is used to express "Don't make plans for something
that might not happen".
Don't give up the day job
You are not very good at something.
Don't put all your eggs in one
basket
Do not put all your resources in one possibility.
Drastic times call for drastic
measures
When you are desperate, you need to take extreme actions.
Elvis has left the building
The show has come to an end. It's all over.
Every cloud has a silver lining
Be optimistic, even difficult times will lead to better days.
Far cry from
Very different from.
Feel a bit under the weather
Feeling slightly ill.
Give the benefit of doubt
Believe someone's statement.
Hear it on the grapevine
To hear rumors about something or someone.
Hit the nail on the head
Do or say something exactly right.
Hit the sack / sheets / hay
To go to bed.
In the heat of the moment
Overwhelmed by what is happening in the moment.
It takes two to tango
Actions or communications need more than one person.
Jump on the bandwagon
Join a popular trend or activity.
Keep something at bay
Keep something away.
Kill two birds with one stone
To accomplish two different things at the same time.
Last straw
The final problem in a series of problems.
Let sleeping dogs lie
Do not disturb a situation. It would result in trouble or
complications.
Let the cat out of the bag
To share information that was previously concealed.
Make a long story short
Come to the point - leave out details.
Method to madness
There can be structure in a random situation.
Miss the boat
Missed your chance.
Not a spark of decency
No manners at all.
Not playing with a full deck
Someone who lacks intelligence.
51
Week 20
Idiom
Meaning
Off one's rocker
Crazy, demented, out of one's mind.
On the ball
When someone understands the situation well.
Once in a blue moon
Happens very rarely.
Picture paints a thousand
words
A visual presentation is far more descriptive than words.
Piece of cake
A job, task or other activity that is easy or simple.
Put wool over other people's
eyes
This means to deceive someone into thinking well of them.
See eye to eye
This idiom is used to say that two (or more people) agree on
something.
Sit on the fence
This is used when someone does not want to choose or make
a decision.
Speak of the devil!
This expression is used when the person you have just been
talking about arrives.
Steal someone's thunder
To take the credit for something someone else did.
Take with a grain of salt
This means not to take what someone says too seriously.
Taste of your own medicine
Means that something happens to you, or is done to you, that
you have done to someone else.
Straight from the horse's
mouth
To hear something from a reliable source.
Whole nine yards
Everything. All of it.
Wouldn't be caught dead
Would never be seen doing it.
Your guess is as good as
mine
To have no idea, do not know the answer to a question
52
Week 20
LESSON 120
CONSOLIDATION
Inept drains cause water-logging: LU study
LUCKNOW: Close to 60% water logging in Lucknow is due to improper drainage
system. Blockage in existing drains is the major cause of water logging, concludes
study by a research scholar of department of Geology, Lucknow University. The study
finds that low lying areas report 20% water logging while remaining 20% is due to loss
of water bodies, rainfall pattern, unplanned development, encroachment of low-lying
areas and lack of public awareness.
According to the study carried out over three years - 2010, 2011, 2012 - there is
improper drainage in the low-lying areas. In other localities there is absolutely no
drainage system, thus making life hell for the residents. Blockage in canals due to
accumulation of garbage and silt leads to water logging in some areas. "It seems that
the canal has not been cleaned for many years,'' said Purnima Sharma, the researcher.
Another cause of water logging is open field with accumulated water and no drainage
system. Overflowing of nullahs in slums also leads to water logging.
Loss of water bodies that would drain the water off is also a major cause of water
logging in some areas. “Water bodies have a natural tendency to store water, but in
Alambagh, all five water bodies are converted into concrete areas thus leading to water
logging,'' said Purnima. Old city areas like Chowk and Aminabad are comparatively not
water logged because they are formed on raised areas, says the report.
The study recommends that a detailed mapping for both natural and man made drains,
having a solid waste management system, removal of obstructions, unauthorized
constructions and encroachments from the existing natural drainage system by Nagar
Nigam. Regular cleaning-up of the nullahs and drains, not only during the pre-monsoon
period but throughout the year will go a long way to ease the problem.
Source (adapted from): http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/
Group 1: Problem of water logging:
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
53
Week 20
Group 2: Causes for water-logging:
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Group 3: Suggestions to address the problem:
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Group 4: Summarize the discussion:
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
54
Week 21
LESSON 121
REFLECTIONS ON ACTION PLAN
A. Personal Pledge - Garbage Disposal (Refer to Lesson 108):
What was your pledge? _________________________________________________
Did you prepare this pledge yourself?! !
!
Yes!!
No
Did you take any action based on your pledge?!
Yes!!
No
IF YES, what action did you take?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Did it help in reducing the problem of garbage in your surroundings? If yes, how?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
How do you feel about it?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
IF NOT, then why not?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Did it help in reducing the problem of garbage in your surroundings? Explain.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
How do you feel about it?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
How would you rate your fulfillment of the pledge? Circle number of stars. !!!!!
55
Week 21
B. Action Plan - Water-logging (Refer to Lesson 113):
What was your plan?_____________________________________________________
!
Yes!!
No
Did you take any action based on your plan?! !
Yes!!
No
Did you prepare this plan yourself?!
!
IF YES, what action did you take?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Did it help in reducing the problem of water-logging in your surroundings? If yes, how?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
How do you feel about it?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
IF NOT, then why not?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Did it help in reducing the problem of water-logging in your surroundings? Explain.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
How do you feel about it?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
How would you rate your fulfillment of the pledge? Circle number of stars. !!!!!
56
Week 21
C. Read the adapted article given below and answer the questions that follow:
Indian holy river more toxic than ever despite £600m make-over
The Yamuna, a holy river for the Hindus, is
now a sewage drain by the time it reaches
Delhi, according to a report by the Indian
parliament.
The Indian government has spent more than
£600 million on schemes to clean up the
Yamuna River but it is now more toxic than at
any other time in its long history, according to
Indian Members of Parliament.
The Yamuna is worshipped along with the Ganges as a holy river. For Hindus, it is a living
goddess that flows from the Yamunotri glacier in the Himalayas down through Haryana to
Delhi and on to Agra, past the Taj Mahal. But before it reaches the Indian capital, most of its
water is used for irrigation and drinking.
The growth in Delhiʼs population to 22 million and the rise of illegal slums has led to a great
increase in human waste and rubbish, much of which is dumped in the river. More than 400
million gallons of sewage enters the river from Delhiʼs drains without passing through the
cityʼs treatment plants. Human ashes, leather tanning chemicals, pesticides and painted
religious idols all add to the toxicity.
Its black, foaming water has long been an embarrassment to the Indian government. More
than £600 million has been spent on sewage treatment plants, toilets, waste pipes and plans
have been drawn up to transform it from a large latrine into an urban parkland with waterside
paths and playgrounds. But according to the Indian parliamentʼs Standing Committee on
Urban Development, despite the money spent on saving the Yamuna, the river is more toxic
than ever before.
“[The] Yamuna is dirtier than ever, even after a huge amount of Rupees ... 6,500 crore (£620
million) has already been spent to clean the river,” MPs said in a review of schemes to save
the river. “The Committee came to know that more than 1,500 crore (£145 million) has been
spent on cleaning the Yamuna river in the last two decades under the Yamuna Action Plan ...
By now, the Yamunaʼs water - polluted and black - should have been cleaner. However, that
has not happened,” their report added.
The committee called on the government to speed up work on new “interceptor pipes” to take
waste from the capital to sewage treatment plants before being returned to the Yamuna. It
also highlighted that less water should be diverted into canals to increase the flow – much of
the solid waste which makes Delhi smell would be washed away if the river flowed faster.
Manoj Mishra, a leading environmentalist and campaigner to save the river, said government
officials had created the problem by allowing so much of the Yamunaʼs water to be diverted
into canals. Haryana state takes 60 per cent before it reaches Delhi, the capital draws 10 per
cent, and Uttar Pradesh, Indiaʼs most populous state, takes 20 per cent. The remaining 10
per cent is “100 per cent sewage, waste water in the city,” Mishra said. “The hundreds of
millions of pounds spent on cleaning the river have been lost to corruption and wasted on
flawed treatment plants, awareness schemes, toilets and beautification - activities where the
kickbacks are good.”
By Dean Nelson, New Delhi
24 Feb 2014
57
Week 21
Answer the following questions:
What is sewage? (Use singular and plural correctly)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Where does it come from?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Is this a problem in your area?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
How does it affect those living around?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
58
Week 21
LESSON 122
GRAMMAR REVIEW - 1
Notes:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
59
Week 21
LESSON 123
GRAMMAR REVIEW - 2
Notes:
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
60
Week 21
LESSON 124
GRAMMAR REVIEW - 3
A. Review the table given below and answer the questions that follow:
Sl.No
Name of Sewage Treatment
Plant (STPs)
Capacity (Million
Gallons per Day)
Actual Treatment
as on 31.3.2012
% of Utilization
1
Okhla
140.0
112.1
80.09
2
Keshopur
72.0
46.00
63.89
3
Timarpur
46.00
7.63
16.59
4
Rithala
80.00
42.03
52.54
5
Kondli I, II, III & IV
45.00
56.40
125.33
6
Yamuna Vihar I, II
20.00
10.95
54.75
7
Vasant Kunj
5.00
4.10
82.00
8
Ghitorni
5.00
----
----
9
Pappankalan
20.00
17.73
88.65
10
Narela
10.00
1.10
11.00
11
Najafgarh
5.00
0.90
18.00
12
Delhi Gate
2.20
2.37
107.73
13
Sen Nursing Home
2.20
2.54
115.45
14
Rohini
15.00
----
----
15
Nilothi
40.00
14.58
36.45
16
Mehrauli
5.00
2.74
54.80
17
CWG Village
1.00
0.09
9.00
18
Molarbad
0.65
0.50
76.92
19
Bakkerwala
0.70
0.13
18.57
514.75
321.92
62.54
Total
Source:Delhi Jal Board
Q.1. How much sewage water can the treatment plants in Delhi purify?
___________________________________________________________________
Q.2. How much are they actually purifying?
___________________________________________________________________
Q.3. Is that enough?
___________________________________________________________________
Q.4. Why do you think they are not used to full capacity?
___________________________________________________________________
Q.5. How does that affect residents of Delhi?
___________________________________________________________________
61
Week 21
B. Read the article together with a friend:
An ecologically-friendly and profitable technology could revolutionise the way Indian
cities recycle sewer water
Hardly 10 per cent of sewage generated in the country is treated to recycle water. The rest
normally finds its way to rivers, ponds and other water bodies, including underground water
and pollutes them. In most cases, water becomes unfit even for bathing and irrigation.
Unsurprisingly, most Indian rivers, including the Ganga, are now heavily polluted.
A key reason for civic authorities' lack of interest in refining sewer water is the high
installation, running and maintenance cost of sewage treatment plants. Besides, these
require technical manpower and high amounts of energy to operate. As a result, many
sewage treatment plants are dysfunctional for long intervals due to power disruptions and
breakdowns.
There is a new, environment-friendly and cheaper wastewater purification technology
developed by the Water Technology Centre (WTC) of the New Delhi-based Indian
Agricultural Research Institute (IARI). Significantly, the new technology uses a plant, Typha
latifolia, which grows naturally in wetlands, instead of chemicals, as the cleansing agent to
purify dirty water. The technology also does not require much power to operate and it
improves the quality of wastewater to levels comparable with Delhi's groundwater. More
importantly, it can also make profit in the long-run. The WTC has appropriately termed it the
"Cash from Trash" business model of wastewater treatment.
Typha latifolia has some handy special traits for wastewater purification. The most
significant of these is its ability to transfer oxygen gathered by its leaves to its roots which, in
turn, release it in the water around them. It creates conditions conducive to the emergence
and growth of water-cleansing micro-organisms around the roots and in the medium in
which these roots grow. These organisms remove pollutants, including heavy metals,
present in sewer water, or modify them into relatively less hazardous types. The treated
water is, thus, safe for irrigation and several other uses without further purification.
The effectiveness of this pioneering technology has been validated by setting up a sewage
treatment unit at the IARI campus, with a capacity to handle 2.2 million litres of sewage
every day. Designed by WTC project director Ravinder Kaur, this unit, which costs around
Rs 1.2 crore, has the potential to supply adequate treated wastewater to irrigate 132
hectares of farmland.
This technique is claimed to require just one per cent of the energy normally consumed by
conventional wastewater treatment plants. Besides, it does not need skilled people to
operate it.
Given such valuable aspects of this sewage treatment technology, there is merit in
promoting it. The per capita wastewater generation in big cities, is around 98 litres per day.
This figure is as high as 220 litres a day in Delhi. All the installed water treatment capacity in
these cities, on the other hand, can handle just about 30 per cent of the wastewater
generated in these cities.
By Surinder Sud
Business Standard, July 7, 2014.
62
Week 21
C. Pair up with a friend and think what can be done to recycle sewage water
effectively in Delhi. You may write or draw.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
63
Week 21
LESSON 125
GRAMMAR REVIEW - 4
A. My Language Goals
While speaking in English, I struggle with ______________________________________.
To correct this, I will ______________________________________________________.
________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
B. Read the information given below and answer the following questions:
From Drain to Drink
When we turn on the taps at home, we expect the water to be clean drinkable water, yet it
isnʼt. Raw sewage from homes and businesses is being pumped directly into rivers and
lakes. It is true that nature is capable of cleaning water, but pollution created by millions of
people and industry has overwhelmed natureʼs cleaning ability.
Clean drinking water does not happen by accident. It can take quite a bit of work to get our
water ready for drinking. And the waste water we send down the drain has to have a great
deal of clean- ing performed on it before that waste water is clean enough to drink/reuse.
Water Treatment Process:
Step 1: Filtration
Big solids are removed from the waste water. 40%-50% waste can be removed at this stage.
Step 2: Chemical decomposition
Microorganisms are added to waste water to remove waste. 80%-90% waste can be removed by this stage.
Step 3:
Safe, disinfecting chemicals are added to purify wa
Step 4: Testing
Water is tested for presence of bacteria and harmful chemicals.
List the drains in your house.
____________________________!
____________________________
____________________________!
____________________________
64
Week 21
What materials do you send down/pour into these drains?
Drain 1 : ________________________________________________________________
Drain 2 : ________________________________________________________________
Drain 3 : ________________________________________________________________
Drain 4 : ________________________________________________________________
Your job is to clean this water. What can you do to ensure that you do not contribute to
polluting water?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
65
Week 21
LESSON 126
CONSOLIDATION
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
66
Week 22
LESSON 127
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
A. Read the story:
This is Bobby.
He used to have dirty habits. Bobby would see a
sweet on the floor, he would pick it up and eat it.
But Bobbyʼs mum would shout, “No, Bobby! Thatʼs
dirty, Bobby.” If Bobby had a boogie up his nose, he
would try to pick it out. But Bobbyʼs dad would
shout, “No, Bobby! Thatʼs dirty, Bobby.” Bobby liked
to go hunting for slugs and worms in the garden
and play with them…but Bobbyʼs big sister Sonia
would shout, “No Bobby!…Thatʼs dirty, Bobby.”
Sometimes, Bobbyʼs dog would lick his face so
Bobby would lick him back. But Bobbyʼs
grandmother would shout, “No Bobby!…Thatʼs dirty,
Bobby.” If Bobby would see his cat pee on the flowerbed… Bobby would pee on the
flowerbed too..and the everyone would shout, “No Bobby!....Thatʼs dirty, Bobby!”
So he stopped.
B. Past, Present, Future:
Past
... last year, last week, yesterday
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
now
Future
tomorrow, next week, next year...
C. Simple Present Tense:
Rule
For actions that are generally true or repetitive, we use the action word as it is
or in its plural form.
Examples:
1. My friends study English everyday.
2. He studies English everyday.
67
Week 22
Exercise:
Recall: Subject-verb agreement (Lesson 115 and 116)
I sing! !
!
He sings!
!
They sing
You sing!
!
She sings!
!
We sing
a. Complete the following sentences in simple present tense:
i. Does he _______________?
ii. He _______________ his breakfast at 8:00 am everyday.
iii. Sometimes I _______________ my father in his work.
iv. I must __________ everyday for 30 minutes.
v. The box of chocolates _______________ Rs. 100.
b. Rewrite the following sentences correctly:
i. Everyday Mr. Batra clean his house.
__________________________________________________________
ii. Raju work in the bank.
__________________________________________________________
iii) The students completes their work regularly.
__________________________________________________________
68
Week 22
LESSON 128
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Past
... last year, last week, yesterday
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
now
Future
tomorrow, next week, next year...
Rule
For actions that are happening right now as we speak (not in the past, nor in
the future), we add “ing” to the action word.
Examples:
1. I am learning English.
2. The teacher is teaching English.
3. My friends are playing in the park, but I am sitting in the class.
Exercise:
Write the verb on the line and add “ing” at the end. Write a sentence for each word:
play ! ___playing_______. ____I am playing with my friends right now___.
climb ! ______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
look ! ______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
draw ! ______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
jump ! ______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
cry !
______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
see ! ______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
69
Week 22
Rule
If the letters of action word are in the sequence consonant+stressed vowel
+consonant, double the last letter of the word before adding ʻingʼ to the action
word.
Examples:
1. Please believe me, I am begging you.
2. Samir was speeding and he had no intention of stopping the car.
3. Seema for punished for hitting her friend Radha.
Exercise:
Add “ing” to the verbs. Donʼt forget to double the last consonant. Write a sentence
for each word:
Run # ___running_____. The dog is running away with my shoe in his mouth.
sit #
______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
plan # ______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
begin #______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
get #
______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
hum # ______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
kid #
______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
swim # ______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
Rule
If the letters of the action word are in the sequence vowel+consonant+ʼeʼ,
drop the ʻeʼ and add ʻingʼ.
70
Week 22
Examples:
1. Are you coming to the college tomorrow?
2. Samir is having a party for his birthday next month.
3. My friend Shamsher is making a special dinner this evening.
Exercise:
Add “ing” to the verbs. Donʼt forget to drop the silent ʻeʼ. Write a sentence for each
word:
ride #
riding
.
I am riding a horse at the farm
_____________________________________________________________.
joke # ______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
take # ______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
bite # ______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
smile # ______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
love # ______________. _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
71
Week 22
LESSON 129
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
A. My Habits
Good Habits
Bad Habits
Causes
B. Past Tense:
For actions that happened and finished before now are written using past tense.
Past
... last year, last week, yesterday
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
now
Future
tomorrow, next week, next year...
Examples:
1. I learned English last year.
2. The teacher taught till 10:00 p.m. yesterday.
3. My friends played a soccer match last week.
Rule:
For some action words, we add ʻedʼ after the word to use it in past tense.
72
Week 22
Exercise:
Read the story. Make the past tense of the verbs by adding ʻedʼ and write them on
the line to complete the story.
Last year for my birthday, my mother __________ a cake. She also __________
!
bake!
organize
a secret birthday party for me. My friends __________ the secret and _________
!
guard!
knock
on the door in the evening. Then they __________ for a place to hide.
!
look
I __________ the door. They __________ “Surprise!”. I __________.
!
open!
shout!
scream
Everyone __________. Then we __________ games.
It was time for cutting the cake. Everyone __________. I __________.
!
enjoy!
smile
Rule:
For some action words, we change the word when using in past tense. For
example, ʻgoʼ changes to ʻwentʼ when used in past tense.
Word
Past tense
Word
Past tense
Word
Past tense
begin
_________
get
_________
run
_________
bite
_________
give
_________
say
_________
blow
_________
go
_________
see
_________
break
_________
grow
_________
sell
_________
build
_________
have
_________
shake
_________
bring
_________
hide
_________
sing
_________
buy
_________
hear
_________
shoot
_________
catch
_________
hold
_________
sit
_________
can
_________
hurt
_________
speak
_________
choose
_________
keep
_________
stand
_________
come
_________
know
_________
sleep
_________
dig
_________
lay
_________
spend
_________
73
Week 22
Word
Past tense
Word
Past tense
Word
Past tense
do
_________
lead
_________
steal
_________
drink
_________
leave
_________
swim
_________
drive
_________
lie
_________
smell
_________
draw
_________
light
_________
take
_________
eat
_________
lose
_________
teach
_________
fall
_________
make
_________
tell
_________
fit
_________
mean
_________
think
_________
feed
_________
meet
_________
throw
_________
find
_________
mistake
_________
wear
_________
feel
_________
pay
_________
wake
_________
fly
_________
put
_________
win
_________
forget
_________
read
_________
write
_________
forgive
_________
ride
_________
understand
_________
freeze
_________
ring
_________
fight
_________
rise
_________
74
Week 22
LESSON 130
FUTURE TENSE
A. Future Tense:
For action that has not happened or is happening, but will happen after now, we use
future tense:
Past
... last year, last week, yesterday
P
R
E
S
E
N
T
now
Future
tomorrow, next week, next year...
Examples:
1. I will learn English next year.
2. The teacher will teach me a new lesson tomorrow.
3. My friends will play a soccer match next Monday.
B. Exercise:
Read the story. Use the verbs in future tense by adding the helping verb ʻwillʼ to the
main verb to complete the story.
Next month, the space craft ____________ off! It ____________ on Mars. The
!
blast!
land
astronauts ____________ out of the spaceship. They ____________ in space.
!
get!
walk
They ____________ weightless. One astronaut ____________ information,
!
be!
gather
second ____________ the rover and the third ____________ for Martians! Do
!
drive!
look
you think the astronaut ____________ them? Then the astronauts ___________
!
find!
come
back to earth. Their families ____________ them.
!
greet
75
Week 22
LESSON 131
CONVERSATION
A. Checklist:
My bad habit: ________________________
____________________________________
I will:
Lesson 139
Yes
No
Lesson 144
Yes
No
1
2
3
My bad habit: ________________________
____________________________________
I will:
Lesson 139
Yes
No
Lesson 144
Yes
No
1
2
3
76
Week 22
LESSON 132
CONSOLIDATION
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
77
Week 23
LESSON 133
DIRECT SPEECH
A. Read the poster given below:
78
Week 23
B. Direct speech
There are two ways to report what someone says or thinks:
1. We use exact words that the person spoke and put them in quotation marks “...”.
Example:
Direct speech
Madan: Where are you going?
Madan asked, “Where are you going?”
Mohan: Iʼm going home.
Mohan replied, “Iʼm going home.”
2. We use our own words, with no quotation marks, to report conversation.
Example:
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
Madan: Where are you going?
Madan asked Mohan where he was going.
Mohan: Iʼm going home.
Mohan said that he was going home.
C. Exercise
Match the direct speech to the reported speech:
Direct speech
Reported speech
1. “I am hungry”
a. She said that she couldnʼt remember
my name.
2. “I saw them leave”
b. I asked Ravi if he would help me.
3. “Where have they gone?”
c. She said that she was hungry.
4. “Will you help me?”
d. Sita wondered where they had gone.
5. “I canʼt remember your name”
e. He said that he had seen them leave.
79
Week 23
LESSON 134
REPORTED SPEECH
A. Reported Speech
Since the person who is reporting what someone said is usually different from
the person who originally said it, ʻIʼ, ʻyouʼ, ʻmyʼ etc often change in reported
speech.
Examples:
Example 1
Example 2
1. “I am hungry” said Rohit.
“Have you seen my glasses?” she said.
2. Rohit said that he was hungry.
She asked me if I had seen her glasses.
Exercise
Write the following direct speech into reported speech:
1. “Can you help me?”
She asked me if I could help her.________________________________
2. “My book is torn”.
________________________________________________________________
3. “Your mother is my aunt”
________________________________________________________________
Words telling about place and time also change in reported speech.
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
This
That
Here
There
Tomorrow
The next day
Yesterday
The day before
Next week
Following week
Last week
Previous week
Today
That day
80
Week 23
Exercise:
Change the following direct speech into reported speech:
1. “I will see you here tomorrow”, she said.
She said that she would see me there the next day._______________________
2. “I saw him today”, he said.
________________________________________________________________
3. “Iʼll see you tomorrow”, Ravi told Rani.
________________________________________________________________
4. “I was on a holiday last week”, said the boss.
________________________________________________________________
5. “I am buying a new car next month”, said Ria.
________________________________________________________________
B. Questions in reported speech:
Questions are written just as statements in reported speech with no question
mark at the end.
Example:
Question in direct speech
Question: Are you ready?
Question in reported speech
She wanted to know if I was ready.
Question: What did you think of the She asked me what I thought of the new
new movie?
movie.
81
Week 23
C. Read the article from the Wall Street Journal and tell your friend one thing that
you found interesting/surprising/strange:
May 11, 2010
Indiaʼs cities seem to be in the news for
the wrong reasons. On Tuesday, Indiaʼs
urban development ministry released a
list that ranked cities with at least
100,000 people on how well theyʼre
handling sanitation. The unsurprising
answer is — not very well at all.
According to the rating system, cities
that get more than 90 points are
“green” (“healthy and clean”), while
those that get between 67 and 90
points are “blue” (“recovering but still
diseased”).
AFP/Getty Images
Water from a drain in the northern Indian city of Kanpur
flows into the Ganges river.
On the bottom end, cities that get from 34 to 66 points are “black” (“needing considerable
improvements”), while red cities (“on the brink of public health and environmental
ʻemergencyʼ”) manage to get only 33 points or less. Points were awarded after looking at a
number of different indicators, including whether cities have been able to get rid of open-air
defecation and improve the quality of drinking water.
No city scored more than 75 points. And only four cities managed to squeeze into the
“blue” category. With around 74 points, Chandigarh, capital of Punjab and Haryana, was
the cleanest city in India. Churu in Rajasthan, was dead last on the list of 423 cities.
Bangalore, Indiaʼs IT capital came in at 12th place with around 53 points, while Kolkata
came in 25th and greater Mumbai was at 45th place, both with less than 50 points. Up in
the Himalayan region, Srinagar in Kashmir came in at 420.
Capital city Delhi got three different rankings, since parts of the city are managed by
different administrations. The tiny central part of Delhi that is administered by the New
Delhi Municipal Council and home to VIPs got around 68 points and was number four on
the list. Delhiʼs cantonment area, administered by an agency that answers to the Ministry of
Defence , was in the number five spot. Trailing far, far was the rest of Delhi, administered
by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi, in 168th place with just under 37 points.
82
Week 23
LESSON 135
CONVERSION OF SPEECH
A. Exercise
Change the following reported speech into direct speech:
1. The doctor said that I had to stay in bed until the following week.
The doctor said, “Stay in bed until next week.”____________________________
2. Raj told me that he had met Anu that day.
________________________________________________________________
3. Dr. Khan asked me if I slept well.
________________________________________________________________
4. I asked her why the baby was crying.
________________________________________________________________
5. Mona said that she hadnʼt read the book.
________________________________________________________________
6. He said that he was late for work.
________________________________________________________________
7. She said that her mother was writing a letter.
________________________________________________________________
8. She told me that German was easy to learn.
________________________________________________________________
9. The policeman told me to wear a helmet when I drive my bike.
________________________________________________________________
10.My mother asked me to help the kids cross the road.
________________________________________________________________
83
Week 23
B. Read the following article and answer the questions that follow:
Seepage from pit latrines may also be affecting the underground water. Kharoudi
village in Hoshiarpur district of Punjab received the first Nirmal Gram Puraskars as a
“model” village that understood the necessity of clean drinking water, sanitation, solid
and liquid waste management and hygiene as a method to foster public health of the
village community. The NRIs of the village have done enough in bringing about
dramatic improvement in its sewage disposal system, the maintenance of roads,
computers, schools, parks and libraries in Kharoudi village of Punjab.
Kharoudi has a population of 800 persons living in 150 households. The village has a
large NRI population. Dr Raghbir Singh Bassi and Dr Gurdev Singh Gill of Canada
decided to take things in their own hands. Both of them on one of their trips back home,
were appalled at the squalor and filth around the village. The village practically floats in
sewage. During the monsoons, it was impossible to cross the street. Stagnant water,
overflowing drains and waste piling up ankle deep, made the village a health hazard.
''We didn't know our efforts would be so special that the President would visit our
village, "says Dr Gurdev Gill of Canada, one of the brains behind the effort.
''Being a doctor, I realised that the future of developing countries lay in safe drinking
water and proper sanitation. Today through the efforts of many NRIs of the village, who
set up the Kharodi Village Life Style Improvement Trust, and with the help of the
government that eventually participated in the project as an equal partner in investment,
the village has a fully automated sewage treatment plant,'' he added.
A total of Rs 79 lakh have been spent on the development of the village with the NRIs
contributing approximately Rs 52 lakh and the rest coming from the government
through a special NRI scheme, he said.
NRIs along with the help of state government has laid the underground sewerage
system with a stabilization tank and activated sludge system. With the availability of this
underground sewerage system the whole village has been able to have household
toilets and toilets in schools, hospitals and other public places. Kharoudi village also
boasts of concrete paved roads along with primary schools with computer education.
Four new parks have been added and one exclusively for children. Solar street lights, a
new cemetery, Internet kiosk, and an ultra modern Panchayat Ghar with residential
facilities are the other highlights. Kharoudi has changed the face of the Indian village
largely due to an efficient system of sanitation and wastewater management.
The practice of open defecation
has been totally eliminated and
all the schools, households,
hospitals, public places have
toilets and are being put to use.
In addition, all the toilets have
functional water supply as the
village has a 1,50,000 ltr capacity
27.43 mtr Over Head Service
Reservoir with 8 hours of daily pumping. A 30-foot deep pond that overflowed every
monsoon has now been converted into an open space. In addition, the marshy land has
been converted into beautiful parks, concrete lanes have replaced the muddy and dirty
roads with open drains, solar lights at common places light-up the entire village.
84
Week 23
1. What do you think about efforts at Kharoudi?
_____________________________________________________________________
2. Can this be adopted in your neighborhood/city?
_____________________________________________________________________
3. While the money came from NRIs and government, what kind of help did the people
living in Kharoudi offer?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Do you think people in Kharoudi have maintained the cleanliness of the city? If yes,
how? If not, why not?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
85
Week 23
LESSON 136
COMPARISONS - 1
A. Comparison of two persons, things and actions:
For short (one syllable words) like old, small, big, tall etc, we add ʻerʼ after the
word.
Examples (comparing Reena and Juhi):
1. Reena is taller than Juhi.
2. Juhi is shorter than Reena.
3. My bag is smaller than yours.
For longer (more than one syllable) words like beautiful, interesting, intelligent,
etc, we add ʻmoreʼ before the word.
Examples:
1. Mrs. Singh is more graceful than Mrs. Kumar.
2. Chimpanzees are more intelligent than birds.
3. This examination was more difficult than the previous examination.
For some words, the last consonant is sometimes doubled during comparison
and ʻerʼ added to the word.
Examples:
1. Rohit is bigger than Rahul.
2. This movie by Rehman is sadder than the previous one.
3. This apple is redder than the one you are holding.
For words ending with ʻyʼ, ʻiʼ replaces ʻyʼ during comparison and ʻerʼ is added to
the word.
Examples:
1. The clothes coming out of this machine are drier than the ones from that machine.
2. Sunita looks happier after marriage than she did before.
86
Week 23
Some words are exceptional when used for comparing objects / people / events.
Examples:
1. ʻGoodʼ becomes ʻbetterʼ when used in comparison.
2. ʻBadʼ becomes ʻworseʼ when used in comparison.
3. ʻFarʼ becomes ʻfartherʼ when used in comparison.
B. Exercise
Make comparative sentences:
1. Tom - tall - Jerry
Tom is taller than Jerry._____________________________________________
2. Europe - small - Asia
________________________________________________________________
3. Vegetable - good - sweets
________________________________________________________________
4. English - interesting - Chemistry
________________________________________________________________
5. Gold - valuable - silver
________________________________________________________________
87
Week 23
C. Read the case study:
The place of birth of a famous poet saint Tukaram, Dehu is an old city on the banks
of River Indravati about an hourʼs drive from Pune, Maharashtra.
As per the 2001 census, Dehu had a population of 5340. Dehu has settlements from
huts to constructed buildings also including educational institutes like schools and
colleges.
Dr. SV Mapuskar (a medical doctor) started to work in the village of Dehu, and
found that the village did not have any toilets at all. Thus, the main motivation to
install toilets in Dehu village was the rampant practice of open defecation. After
spending a few days in Dehu, Dr. Mapuskar was convinced that the illnesses and
deaths in the village were due to various infectious diseases caused by inadequate
sanitation facilities and bad water supply.
Dr. Mapuskar felt that the only remedy to this situation was improving sanitary
conditions. Dr. Mapuskar executed awareness programmes to improve sanitary
conditions in Dehu. He started a ʻlatrine construction programmeʼ in 1960 by
constructing 10 toilets. These toilets collapsed in the monsoons and villagers
became more negative about toilets and Dr. Mapuskar became unpopular among
people.
After 4 years he showed to the villagers a stool sample and a mud sample of Dehu
under a microscope. Both samples contained roundworms. He told the people that
by open defecation, the soil is getting polluted by harmful pathogens, which in turn
is ingested by us through food leading to spread of infectious diseases all around.
He suggested that a sanitized surrounding will reduce the spread of diseases and
develop a positive attitude to building of toilets in Dehu for better sanitation.
He then came across Apparao Patwardhanʻs “Sopa sandas” – a 2 pit latrine design.
Thus, he constructed a few ʻ2 pit latrinesʼ in Dehu. After researching, he developed
the design of Malaprabha technology. Malaprabha technology basically is a ʻtoilet –
linked biogas plantʼ where human excreta are converted to biogas in a specially
designed digester chambers. This gas can then be used for cooking and other
purposes.
SOURCE: www.susana.org
88
Week 23
LESSON 137
COMPARISON - 2
A. Comparison of more than two persons, things and actions.
For short (single syllable) words like small, tall, etc we add ʻestʼ after the word.
Examples:
1. Reena is the tallest girl in the class.
2. Juhi is the oldest sister in the Sharma family.
3. Sumita is the fastest runner in the team.
For longer (more than one syllable) words like beautiful, interesting, expensive
etc, we use ʻmostʼ before the word.
Examples:
1. Mrs Singh is the most beautiful lady in the club.
2. This was the most difficult examination that I have ever taken in my life.
3. India is the most interesting country in the world.
For some words, like sad, red, etc the last consonant is doubled before adding
ʻestʼ to the word.
Examples:
1. The day my mother died was the saddest day of my life.
2. This is the reddest apple in the basket.
3. In area, Russia is the biggest country of the world.
For words ending with ʻyʼ, ʻiʼ replaces ʻyʼ during comparison and ʻestʼ is added
after the word.
Examples:
1. Egypt is the driest country in the world, even drier than Chile in South America
2. As per the survey, the Danish people are the happiest in the world.
89
Week 23
Some words are exceptional when used for comparing more than 2 objects /
people / events.
Examples:
1. ʻGoodʼ becomes ʻbestʼ when used in comparison.
2. ʻBadʼ becomes ʻworstʼ when used in comparison.
3. ʻFarʼ becomes ʻfarthestʼ when used in comparison.
B. Exercises
Complete the table:
Word
1
Bad
2
Beautiful
3
Big
4
Fast
5
Friendly
6
Good
7
Loud
8
Popular
9
Slow
Comparison of 2
Comparison of more than 2
Worse
Worst
10 Strange
90
Week 23
C. Decomposition chart for waste materials
Material
Decomposition time
Bus ticket!
2-4 weeks
Banana
3 to 4 weeks
Paper bag
1 month
Cotton fabric
1-5 months
Rope
3-14 months
Woolen fabric
1 year
Cigarette butt
2 to 5 years
Painted wood
13 years
Leather boot
40 to 50 years
Rubber sole (of the boot)
50 to 80 years
Tin
50-100 years
Aluminum can
100-200 years
Plastic bottle
Around 450 years (depending on its chemical
characteristics)
Glass bottle
Unknown (glass items made 3000-4000 years ago
survive to our day)
Plastic jug
1 million years
See more at: http://www.educationworld.com/a_lesson/03/lp308-04.shtml#sthash.dzW4J3cp.dpuf
91
Week 23
LESSON 138
CONSOLIDATION
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92
Week 24
LESSON 139
REVIEW - 1
A. Journey of a Plastic Bottle
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93
Week 24
B. Plastic Possibilities - 1
1
Plastic drink bottles that are lit from inside with
colored lights. They make up a wall-sized display
at the Light Up the Night exhibit on New Year's
Eve 2010 in Raleigh, North Carolina.
3
The Plastiki is a 60-foot sailboat made from
12,500 plastic bottles. British environmentalist
David de Rothschild arrived in Sydney harbor on
June 26, 2010, after a 12,860-kilometer (8,000mile) journey from San Francisco.
5
Pictured are two plastic fish, each made of
thousands of discarded water bottles, rising from
Botafogo beach in Rio de Janeiro.
2
Walls of recycled plastic bottles line this pavilion
at a 2010 flower show in Taipei. Plastic bottles
trap heat, which makes them useful for building
inexpensive greenhouses.
4
A group of men paddle a boat made of plastic
bottles, on Lake Amatitlan in Guatemala.
6
Bottles trap moisture and make useful minigreenhouses that help small plants grow.
94
Week 24
7
8
Yahaya Musa, a 19-year-old mason, builds a
home from earth-filled plastic bottles in the village
of Sabongarin Yelwa, in northern Nigeria.
In Bolivia, a wall of sand-filled plastic bottles
protects a farmer's field from wind and dust.
What do you think about these?
9
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Ponce, 76, stands inside her home made almost
entirely from plastic bottles and bottle caps, in the
village of El Borbollon, El Salvador, in 2007.
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Source :http://www.bloomberg.com/slideshow/2012-10-02/the-life-of-a-plastic-water-bottle.html
95
Week 24
LESSON 140
REVIEW - 2
A. Journey of a Plastic Bag
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96
Week 24
B. Plastic Possibilities - 2:
Give a catchy title to the photographs below:
1
Title: __________________________________
3
Title: __________________________________
5
Title: __________________________________
2
Title: __________________________________
4
Title: __________________________________
6
Title: __________________________________
97
Week 24
7
8
Title: __________________________________
9
Title: __________________________________
Title: __________________________________
10
What do you think about these?
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
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Title: __________________________________
________________________________
SOURCE: http://www.designswan.com/?s=plastic+bags
98
Week 24
LESSON 141
REVIEW - 3
A. Journey of a _________________:
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99
Week 24
B. Plastic Possibilities - 3:
1
Photo-frame
2
Coasters
3
Candle Holders
4
Note Pad
5
Wall Display
Clock
100
Week 24
Ear Rings
Newspaper Basket
Photo frame
Newspaper Lamp
What do you think about these?
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Source: http://www.kwikdeko.com/, http://www.instructables.com/, http://bestoutofwaste.org/
101
Week 24
LESSON 142
REVIEW - 4
A. Plan your Best out of Waste possibility:
What materials will you use?
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What will the finished product look like?
102
Week 24
LESSON 143
REVIEW - 5
A. Create the product:
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103
Week 24
LESSON 144
INTERNAL EVALUATION
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104
Student Workbook
Appendix
105
APPENDIX 1
GARBAGE DISPOSAL - ARTICLES
Article 1
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Source: http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/
107
Article 2
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Source: http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/
108
Article 3
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110
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111
APPENDIX 2
WATER LOGGING - ARTICLE
DELHI GOVT TO PENALISE OFFICIALS FOR WATER-LOGGING
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112
APPENDIX 3
STORY OF RAHUL
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113
APPENDIX 4
PHRASES
Phrase
Meaning
Example
1
Abide by
Respect or obey
If you want to join the center, you must
abide by the rules.
2
Agree with
Say / think the same thing as
someone else
I agree with you that English is an
important language.
3
Brush up on
Improve
You must brush up on your English.
4
Carry on
Continue
Donʼt stop. Carry on with your work.
5
Close down
Stop operating
The center closed down due to damage to
the building.
6
Deal with
Take care of (person, problem
or situation)
The facilitator helps me deal with my poor
pronunciation.
7
Drop in
Visit
I drop in to see my grand parents on my
way home everyday.
8
Drop out
Leave school / classes /
college without finishing
If you drop out of class, you will find it
difficult to speak English.
9
Find out
Get information
Please find out why Reema is absent.
10
Figure out
Understand or find the answer
I am trying to figure out the location of the
center.
11
Get along with
Have a good relationship
Students and facilitator get along well in
the center.
12
Get off
Leave (bus, train, plane)
Get off the bus at Chandni Chowk.
13
Get rid of
Remove / give away
Do not get rid of your books after you have
completed Level 1.
14
Hand out
Distribute
Hand out the test paper to the students.
15
Hang up
End phone call
Do not hang up the phone as I am still
talking.
16
Hold on
i. Wait
ii. Hold tightly
i. Hold on! I will go with you.
ii. Hold onto something or else you will fall.
17
Hurry up
Be quick
Hurry up! I do not want to be late for class.
18
Keep on
Continue doing something
Keep on working hard and you will do well.
19
Left out
Not added
If your name is left out during attendance,
inform the facilitator.
20
Look after
Take care of
Look after the laptops and other items in
the center.
114
Phrase
Meaning
Example
21
Look for
Try to find something
I am looking for students who are
interested in learning English.
22
Look forward to
Wait with pleasure
I look forward to seeing you soon.
23
Make fun of
Laugh at something /
someone
Do not make fun of your fellow students at
the center.
24
Pass out
i. Finish the class / school /
college.
ii. Faint
i. When you pass out of Level 3, you will
get a certificate.
ii. She passed out when she heard the bad
news.
25
Set up
Start a business
She set up her own company 10 years
ago.
26
Take care of
Look after something/
someone
I will take care of your books when you go
out for some work.
27
Work out
i. Physical exercise
ii. Find a solution
i. I work out twice a week in the gym.
ii. I need to work out the cost of buying a
house.
115
IF YOU THINK YOU
ARE TOO SMALL TO
MAKE A DIFFERENCE,
TRY SLEEPING WITH
A MOSQUITO
- Dalai Lama
IF YOU HAD STARTED
DOING ANYTHING TWO
WEEKS AGO, BY TODAY
YOU WOULD HAVE BEEN
TWO WEEKS
BETTER AT IT
IN A GENTLE
WAY, YOU CAN
SHAKE THE
WORLD
- John Mayer
- Mahatma Gandhi
FREEDOM ENGLISH ACADEMY
INTERNATIONALLY-BENCHMARKED FREE ONE-YEAR TRAINING IN:
ORAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS
COGNITIVE SKILLS
WE MUST EXPERIENCE
HEAVEN ON
EARTH,MAY YOUR
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PORTRAY A SAFE.
CLEAN ENVIRONMENT
- Lailah Gifty Akita
TOUCH – TYPING
SENSE OF COMMUNITY
WORK SKILLS & VALUES
WHEN YOU ARISE IN
THE MORNING, THINK
OF WHAT A PRECIOUS
PRIVILEGE IT IS TO
BE ALIVE - TO
BREATHE, TO THINK, TO
ENJOY, TO LOVE - THEN
SURROUND YOURSELF
WITH POSITIVE
ENERGY. GOOD VIBES
TRANSLATES INTO
GOOD MOODS AND
BETTER HEALTH
MAKE THAT DAY
COUNT.
ALL AROUND.
- Unknown
FREE One - Year Intensive English Course
AAM Foundation - Valmiki Temple One, Vasant Gaon, Near C8/8 Vasant Vihar
www.feaindia.org
New Delhi 110 057 T: +91 11 2615 3809