1. health and fitness

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 159 (2014) 610 – 614
WCPCG 2014
An Exploratory Study of Adolescent’s Help-Seeking Sources
Firdevs Savi Cakara*, Sevil Savib,
a
Assistance Professor,Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Faculty of Education Department of Psychological Counseling and
Guidance.Burdur.Turkey
b
Middlesex University. London. England
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore the help seeking sources of adolescents. The corelational survey method was employed in
this study. The participants of the study consist of 252 high-school students, 132(%52,4) female, 120(%47,6) male. In the study,
General Help-Seeking Questionnaire were used as data collection tool and the scale was checked in terms of its Turkish
psychometric properties and factor structure of the scale. Chi-square test and descriptive statistics are were made for data analysis
of the research. As a consequence, it was determined that the proportions of adolescents in receiving help from informal sources
are much higher from professional sources. In addition, there is a significant relationship between the sources to which the
adolescents refer for psychological help and gender.
©
2014 The
The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published by
byElsevier
ElsevierLtd.
Ltd.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
© 2014
Peer-review
under responsibility of the Academic World Education and Research Center.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Academic World Education and Research Center.
Keywords: Adolescents, Help-Seeking, Sources of Help-Seeking
1. Main text
Puberty is a risky period in terms of subjective well-being and it is important for adolescents to reach the efficient
psychological sources of help when they are in need. It is a fragile period for its being the inception of mental illness
due to the fact that as well as a series of biological, interpersonal, cognitive and environmental changes experienced,
the number of stressful life events increases (Schoner-Reichl & Muller, 1996). It is agreed that seeking for proper
psychological help has a negative effect on social and emotinal problems and personal psychological stress (Tracey,
Sherry & Keitel, 1986). Help can be sought from a diversity of sources varying in their level of formality. Informal
help-seeking is from informal social relationships, such as friends and family. Formal help-seeking is from
* Firdevs Savi Cakar. Tel.: +90 2482134006,
E-mail address: [email protected]
1877-0428 © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Academic World Education and Research Center.
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.434
Firdevs Savi Cakar and Sevil Savi / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 159 (2014) 610 – 614
611
professional sources of help; that is, professionals who have a recognised role and appropriate training in providing
help and advice, such as mental health and health professionals, teachers, youth workers, and clergy. Increasingly,
however, help can be sought from sources that do not involve direct contact with other people, such as the internet
(Rickwood, et al., 2005). Seeking for professional psychological help is the effort of a person to look for
professional psychological help intended for the solution of problems in emotional, social, interpersonal and so on in
psychological content (Atkinson & Gim 1989; Ozbay, 1996). The act of seeking for help has a highly harmonising
function in the course of life (Lee, 1999), and as a coping method (Frydenberg & Lewis, 1993; Rickwood, et al.,
2005), it is a significant factor affecting the individuals’ mental health and subjective well-being (Rickwood, et al.,
2005). Seeking for help from a proffesional source or from the person facilitating the access to professional
psychological help has an effect that reduces and/or eliminates the risk factors. Seeking for professional help is
considered as an important protective factor against various mental problems including the risk factors for suicide
(Martin, 2002). Although the researches carried out demonstrate that adolescents experience psychological problems
and need help, it is stated that they receive far less mental helth services (Wu et al., 2001) and they are a resistant
group for seeking help (Wilson & Deane, 2002). Hence, effective psychological help to be provided for adoloscents
both is of importance for developmental respect and is very significant in terms of solving the problems experienced
in a sound way and of increasing their subjective well-being. Accordingly, it seems important examine who the
adoloscents receive help from and why they do not head towards professional help.
2. Method
The corelational survey method was employed in this study.
2.1.Participants
The sample consisted of 252 adolescents high-school students, including 132 females (%52,4) and 120 males
(%47,6), aged from 15 to 18 years old (M= 16,3, SD=.70). They were randomly selected from three high schools.
2.2. Instruments
In the study, General Help-Seeking Questionnaire and Information Sheet were used as data collection tools.
x
General Help-Seeking Questionnaire (GHSQ): Future help-seeking intentions are measured by listing a
number of potential help sources and asking participants to indicate how likely it is that they would seek
help from that source for a specified problem on a 7-point scale ranging from no intention to seek help to a
very high likelihood of seeking help. Help-seeking intentions can be reported as three sub-scales: level of
intention for seeking informal help; level of intention for seeking formal help; and level of intention to seek
help from no-one. However, information for individual sources of help may also be of interest. The
reliability was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha as .85, test-retest reliability was assessed over a three-week
period as .92 (Wilson, Deane, & Ciarroch, 2005). Within the scope of this study, the scale was checked in
terms of its Turkish psychometric properties and factor structure of the scale. The participants of the study
consist of 198 high-school students, 104 female (% 52,5) male 94 (% 47,5) and it was accepted to be three
sub-factors. The correlation between the scores in language equivalance study was determined as .91;
Cronbach’s alpha for the whole of the scale as .72; and test-retest reliability as .92.
x
Information Sheet: A brief questionnaire was prepared for this study which asked adolescents to supply
their gender, age.
2.3. Data analysis
In this study, Chi-square test and descriptive statistics are were made for data analysis of the research.
612
Firdevs Savi Cakar and Sevil Savi / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 159 (2014) 610 – 614
3. Results
3.1. To examine the help seeking sources of adolescents
Preferences of females and males regarding the sources of help, and results of the Chi-square test are provided in
Table-1.
If you were having a personal or emotional problem, how likely is it that you would seek help from each of the
following sources?
The sources of help-seeking
Friend
(not related to you)
Mother
Father
Other relative / family
member
Mental health Professional
(e.g., school counsellor,
psychologist, psychiatrist
Doctor
Teacher (Year coordinator, classroom
teacher, principal…)
Information from an
internet web site
Someone else not listed
above (please describe
who this was).
I would not seek help from
anyone
*P<.05
** p<.01
Gender
Low
Moderate
High
Total
Girl n (%)
26(5,3)
11(45,8)
95(52,5)
132(52,4)
Boy n ( %)
21(44,7)
13(54,2)
86(47,5)
120(47,6)
Girl n (%)
40(45,5)
5(22,7)
87(61,3)
132(52,4)
Boy n ( %)
48(54,5)
17(77,3)
55(38,7)
120(47,6)
Girl n (%)
65(52,8)
15(32,6)
52(62,7)
132(52,4)
Boy n ( %)
58(47,2)
31(67,4)
31(37,3)
120(47,6)
Girl n (%)
52(50,5)
40(70,2)
40(43,5)
132(52,4)
Boy n ( %)
51(49,5)
17(29,8)
52(56,5)
120(47,6)
Girl n (%)
68(42,0)
23()79.3
41(67,2)
132(52,4)
Boy n ( %)
94(58,0)
6(20,7)
20(32,8)
120(47,6)
Girl n (%)
66(47,1)
53(66.3)
13(40.6)
132(52,4)
Boy n ( %)
74(52,9)
27(33,8)
19(59,4)
120(47,6)
Girl n (%)
64(45,4)
41(65,1)
27(56,3)
132(52,4)
Boy n ( %)
77(54,6)
22(34,9)
21(43,8)
120(47,6)
Girl n (%)
49(50,5)
57(57,6)
26(46,4)
132(52,4)
Boy n ( %)
48(49,5)
42(42,4)
30(53,6)
120(47,6)
Girl n (%)
106(50,23)
11(84,6)
15(53,6)
132(52,4)
Boy n ( %)
105(49,77)
2(15,4)
13(46,4)
120(47,6)
Girl n (%)
76(50,3)
29(65,9)
27(47,4)
132(52,4)
Boy n ( %)
75(49,7)
15(34,1)
30(52,6)
120(47,6)
Chi-Square
p
,576
,75
13,9
,001
10,7
,005
10,30
,006
20,84
,000
9.48
,009
7,12
,02
2,002
,368
6,91
,075
4,05
,132
*** p<.001
As is seen in Table 1, in adolescents’ preferences regarding their sources of help, the proportions of males and
females in receiving help from friend (not related to you) and from mother are much higher, while it was established
that the proportions in receiving help from father, other relative/family member, mental health professional (e.g.,
school counselor, psychologist, psychiatrist), teacher (year co-ordinator, classroom teacher, principal), doctor,
information from an internet web site, someone else not listed above (please describe who this was), I would not
seek help from anyone are low. When it was examined whether there is difference concerning gender, on the other
hand, it was found that proportion of receiving help from mother is higher in females than males, but receiving help
Firdevs Savi Cakar and Sevil Savi / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 159 (2014) 610 – 614
613
from father and other relative/family member is higher in males in comparison with females. Receiving help from
mental health professional (e.g., school counselor, psychologist, psychiatrist), doctor and teacher was discovered to
be lower in males when compared to females. In the Chi-square test carried out, it is seen that this difference
between males and females was meaningful. As a consequence, it was determined that the proportions of
adolescents in receiving help from informal social relationships such as friends and family as the sources of help are
much higher, while the proportions in receiving help from professional sources such as mental health and health
professionals, teachers, youth workers, and clergy are lower. In addition, there is a significant relationship between
the sources to which the adolescents refer for psychological help and gender.
3. Discussion
The purpose of this study was to explore the help seeking sources of adolescents. The research results show
parallelism with the results of the researches in literature, Accordingly, only a small number of adolescents head
towards seeking for psychological help for mental problems, while it was observed that they rarely refer to formal
sources (Whitaker et al., 1990), first they refer to informal sources (Wilson et al., 2005; Erkan, et al., 2012), and
they generally prefer family members and friends (Boldero & Fallon, 1995; Setivan, 2006). It is reported in some
studies that of the informal sources, adolescents primarily prefer their friends and mothers (Ashley & Foshee, 2005;
Hunter et al., 2004). Increasingly, help can be sought from sources that do not involve direct contact with other
people, such as the internet (Rickwood, et al., 2005). The other result, there is a relationship between gender and
psychological sources of help. Females are more prone to receiving help than males. On the other hand, another
discovery of the research is that proportions related to adolescents’ referring to informal sources as sources of help
are higher, while the proportions in receiving help from formal sources are lower. This result is supported by the
results of the other researches (Rickwood, et al., 2005). In conclusion this research, when considered, emphasizes
that the act of seeking for psychological help in adolescents in Turkey should be studied in a more comprehensive
way with the new studies to be carried out in theoretical framework and the factors as to seeking for help be
revealed.
References
Ashley, O. S., & Foshee, V. A. (2005). Adolescent help-seeking for dating violence: prevalence, sociodemographic correlates, and sources of
help. Journal Of Adolescent Health, 36 (1),25-31.
Atkinson, R. D., & Gim, H. R. (1989). Asian-American cultural identity and attitudes toward mental healt services. Journal of Counseling
Psychology, 36, 209-212.
Boldero, J., & Fallon, B. (1995). Adolescent help-seeking: What do they get help for and from whom? Journal of Adolescence, 18, 193-209.
Erkan, S., Özbay, Y., Cihangir-Çankaya, Z., & Terzi, Ş. (2012). University Students’ Problem Areas and Psychological Help-Seeking
Willingness. Education and Science. Vol. 37(164).
Frydenberg, H. L., & Lewis, R. (1993). Boys play sport and girls turn to others: age, gender, and ethnicity as determinants of coping. Journal of
Adolescence, 16, 253-266.
Hunter, S. C., Boyle, J. M., & Warden, D. (2004). Help-seeking amongst child and adolescent victims of peer aggression and bullying. British
Journal Of Educational Psycho. 74,375-390.
Lee, F. (1999). Verbal strategies for seeking help in organizations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(7), 1472-1496.
Martin, G. (2002). Australian Network for Promotion, Prevention and Early Intervention for Mental Health, Adelaide. Australian Journal for the
Advancement of Mental Health. 1(3),1446-7984.
Ozbay, Y. (1996). Universite öğrencilerinin problem alanları ile yardım arama tutumları arasındaki ilişki. IV. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi Bilimsel
Calısmalar, Boğaziçi Universitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, 175-189.
Rickwood, D., Deane, F. P., Wilson, C. J., & Ciarrochi, J. (2005). Young people’s help seeking for mental health problems. Australian e-Journal
for Advancement of Mental Health. http://www.auseinet.com/journal/vol4iss3suppl/rickwood.
Schonert-Reichl, K. A., & Muller, J. R. (1996). Correlates of help-seeking in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 25(6), 705-731.
Setiawan, J. L. (2006). Willingness to seek counselling, and factors that facilitate and inhibit the seeking of counselling in indonesian
undergraduate students. British Journal Of Guidance & Counselling, 34, 403-419.
Tracey, T. J., Sherry, P., & Keitel, M. (1986). Distress and help-seeking as a function of person-environment fit and self-efficacy: A causal
model. American Journal of Community Psychology, 14(6), 657-676.
Whitaker, A., Johnson, J., Shaffer, D., Rappaport, J., Kalikow, K., Walsh, B. T., Davies, M.,Braiman, S., & Dolinsky, A. (1990). Uncommon
troubles in young people. Arch. Gen. Psychiat. 47, 487-496.
Wilson, C. J., & Deane, F.P. (2002). Adolescent opinions about reducing help-seeking barriers and increasing engagement. Journal of
Educational and Psychological Consultation, 12(4),345-364.
614
Firdevs Savi Cakar and Sevil Savi / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 159 (2014) 610 – 614
Wilson, C. J., Deane, F .P., Ciarrochi, J., & Rickwood, D. (2005). Measuring help-seeking intentions: Properties of the General Help-Seeking
Questionnaire. Canadian Journal of Counselling, 39, 15-28.
Wilson, C. J., Deane, F. P., & Ciarroch, J. (2005). Measuring Help-Seeking Intentions: Properties of the General Help-Seeking Questionnaire.
Canadian Journal of Counselling/Revue canadienne de counseling. Vol. 39,(1),15-27.
Wu, P, Hoven, C. W., Cohen, P., Liu, X., Moore, R.E., Tiet, Q., Okezie, N., Wicks, J., & Bird, H. (2001). Factors associated with children and
adolescents receiving treatment for depression. Psychiatric Services, 52, 189-195.