1. food and drink
2. food
3. fruits and vegetables

Jackfruit and Its Many Functional Components
as Related to Human Health: A Review
Shrikant Baslingappa Swami, N. J. Thakor, P. M. Haldankar, and S. B. Kalse
Abstract: Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is an ancient fruit that is widely consumed as a fresh fruit. The use
of jackfruit bulbs and its parts has also been reported since ancient times for their therapeutic qualities. The beneficial
physiological effects may also have preventive application in a variety of pathologies. The health benefits of jackfruit have
been attributed to its wide range of physicochemical applications. This review presents an overview of the functional,
medicinal, and physiological properties of this fruit.
Introduction
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) trees belong to the family
Moraceae. They grow abundantly in India, Bangladesh, and in
many parts of Southeast Asia (Rahaman and others 1999). It is one
the most significant evergreen trees in tropical areas and widely
grown in Asia including India. It is a medium-size tree typically
reaching 28 to 80 ft in height that is easily accessible for its fruit.
The fruit is borne on side branches and main branches of the tree.
Average weight of a fruit is 3.5 to 10 kg and sometimes a fruit
may reach up to 25 kg. Different parts of jackfruit are shown in
Figure 1. There are 2 main varieties of jackfruits: one is small,
fibrous, soft, and mushy, and the carpels are sweet, with a texture
like that of a raw oyster the other variety is crisp and crunchy, but
not very sweet. The large seeds from this nonleguminous plant
are also edible, even though they are difficult to digest (Siddappa
1957). A single seed is enclosed in a white aril encircling a thin
brown spermoderm, which covers the fleshy white cotyledon.
Jackfruit cotyledons are fairly rich in starch and protein (Singh
and others 1991). The search for lesser known and underutilized
crops, many of which are potentially valuable as human and animal
food has included jackfruits which have been the focus of research
in recent years.
The fruit provides about 2 MJ of energy per kg/wet weight
of ripe perianth (Ahmed and others 1986). Jackfruit has been
reported to contain high levels of protein, starch, calcium, and
thiamine (Burkill 1997). The seeds may be boiled, or roasted and
eaten or boiled and preserved in syrup like chestnuts. Roasted,
dried seeds are ground to make flour that is blended with
MS 20120660 Submitted 5/9/2012, Accepted 7/30/2012. Author Swami,
Thakor, and Kalse are with the Dept. of Agricultural Process Engineering, College
of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi
Vidyapeeth, Dapoli-415 712, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India. Author Haldankar is
with the Dept. of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan
Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli-415 712, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India. Direct inquiries
to author Swami (E-mail: [email protected]).
c 2012 Institute of Food Technologists®
doi: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00210.x
wheat flour for baking (Morton 1987). The composition of jackfruit perianth and seed has been reported (Bobbio and others
1978; Morton 1987; Selvaraj and Pal 1989; Hossain and others
1990; Rahman and others 1999). At least one study has reported on functional properties of jackfruit flour (Odoemelam
2005).
In addition to its ripe fruit, which has a unique flavor, the
jackfruit seed is widely consumed as a dessert or an ingredient in
Asian culinary preparations. The jackfruit seeds are used in cooked
dishes and its flour is used for baking. Jackfruit seeds are fairly rich
in starch (Singh and others 1991). Mature jackfruits are cooked
as vegetables, and used in curries or salads (Narasimham 1990).
Ripe fruits can be eaten raw, or cooked in creamy coconut milk
as dessert, made into candied jackfruit or edible jackfruit leather.
In India, the seeds are boiled in sugar and eaten as dessert (Roy
and Joshi 1995). Jackfruit is also used for further processing. For
instance, jackfruit leather and jackfruit chips can be made from
dried jackfruit pulp (Nakasone and Paull 1998). Pureed jackfruit
is also manufactured into baby food, juice, jam, jelly, and base for
cordials (Roy and Joshi 1995). Jackfruits are made into candies,
fruit-rolls, marmalades, and ice cream. Other than canning, advances in processing technologies too, have pushed toward more
new products (Narasimham 1990). Freeze-dried, vacuum-fried,
and cryogenic processing are new preservation methods for modern jackfruit-based products. Various parts of the jackfruit tree
have been used in medicine and its wood as an important source
in the timber industries (Roy and Joshi 1995).
It is now widely accepted that the beneficial effects of fruits
and vegetables for the prevention of certain diseases are due to the
bioactive compounds they contain (Galaverna and others 2008).
Recent years have seen increased interest on the part of consumers,
researchers, and the food industries into how food products can
help maintain health; and the role that diet plays in the prevention and treatment of many illnesses has become widely accepted
(Vinuda-Martos and others 2010). The aim of this review was to
present an overview of the functional, medicinal, and physiological
properties of the jackfruit.
Vol. 11, 2012 r Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 565
Jackfruit and its functional components . . .
Phytochemistry
A. heterophyllus contains various chemical constituents as several flavone colorings, morin, dihydromorin, cynomacurin, artocarpin, isoartocarpin, cyloartocarpin, artocarpesin, oxydihydroartocarpesin, artocarpetin, norartocarpetin, cycloartinone, and
artocarpanone (Rama Rao and others 1973). The heartwood of
jackfruit on analysis yields moisture (6.7%), glucosides (38.0%),
lipids (0.7%), protein (1.7%), and cellulose (59.0 %) (Perkin and
Cope 1895). The jackfruit also contains free sugar (sucrose), fatty
acids, ellagic acid, and amino acids like arginine, cystine, histidine,
leucine, lysine, metheonine, theonine, tryptophan, and others.
(Pavanasasivam and Sultanbawa 1973). Bark from the main trunk
contains betullic acid and two new flavone pigments including
cycloheterophyllin (C30 H30 O7 ) (Chawdhary and Raman 1997).
Heterophylol, a phenolic compound with a novel skeleton, was
obtained from A. heterophyllus (Chun-Nan and Chai-Ming 1993).
The leaves and stem have shown the presence of sapogenins,
cycloartenone, cycloartenol, β-sitosterol (Nath and Chaturvedi
1989), and tannins, and they have shown estrogenic activity. The
root contains β-sitosterol, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, and cycloartenone (Dayal and Seshadri 1974).
Jacalin, the major protein from A. heterophyllus seeds, is a
tetrameric two-chain lectin combining a heavy chain of 133
amino acid residues with a light β chain of 20 to 21 amino
acid residues. It is highly specific for the O-glycoside of the
disaccharide Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen (Galβ1-3GalNAc),
even in its sialylated form. This property has made jacalin suitable for studying various O-linked glycoproteins, particularly
human IgA1 (Suresh Kumar and others 1982). Jacalin’s uniqueness in being strongly mitogenic for human CD4 +T lymphocytes has made it a useful tool for the evaluation of the immune
status of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus
HIV-1 (Pereira-da-Silva and others 2006). Two novel 2 ,4 ,6 trioxygenated flavanones, heteroflavanones A and B, were isolated from the root bark of A. heterophyllus. Their structures
were elucidated as 5-hydroxy-7,2 ,4 ,6 -tetra methoxyflavanone
and 8-(γ ,γ -dimethylallyl) 5-hydroxy-7,2 ,4 ,6 -tetra methoxyflavanone (Chai-Ming and Chun-Nan 1993; Chun-Nan and others
1995). Three phenolic compounds were characterized as artocarpesin [(5,7,2 ,4 -tetrahydroxy-6-β-methylbut-3-enyl) flavone],
norartocarpetin (5,7,2 ,4 -tetrahydroxyflavone), and oxyresveratrol (trans-2,4,3 ,5 -tetrahydroxystilbene) by spectroscopic methods (Venkataraman 2001) . The anti-inflammatory effects of these
isolated compounds were evaluated by determining their inhibitory effects on the production of proinflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 murine
macrophage cells. These 3 compounds exhibited potent antiinflammatory activity (Jha and others 1997). The carotenoids
of A. heterophyllus were identified as the carotenes β-carotene,
α-carotene, β-zeacarotene, α-zeacarotene, and β-carotene-5,6epoxide, as well as a dicarboxylic carotenoid, crocetin (Chandrika
and others 2004).
Chemical Composition of Jackfruit
Jackfruit contains vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, calcium, potassium, iron, sodium, zinc, and niacin among many other
nutrients. Jackfruit has a low caloric content: 100 g of jackfruit
only contains 94 calories (Mukprasirt and Sajjaanantakul 2004).
Jackfruit is a rich source of potassium with 303 mg found in 100 g
of jackfruit. Studies show that food rich in potassium helps to
lower blood pressure.
Another benefit of eating jackfruit is that it is a good source of
vitamin C. The human body does not make vitamin C so one
must eat food that contains vitamin C to reap its health benefits. The health benefits of vitamin C are that it is an antioxidant that protects the body against free radicals, strengthens the
immune system, and keeps our gums healthy (Umesh and others
2010).
Jackfruit contains phytonutrients: lignans, isoflavones, and
saponins that have health benefits that are wide ranging. These
phytonutrients have anticancer, antihypertensive, antiulcer and antiaging properties. The phytonutrients found in jackfruit, therefore, can prevent forming of cancer cells in the body, can lower
blood pressure, can fight against stomach ulcers, and can slow
down the degeneration of cells that make the skin look young and
vitae. Jackfruit also contains niacin that is known as vitamin B3 and
necessary for energy metabolism, nerve function, and the synthesis
of certain hormones. A portion of 100 g of jackfruit pulp provides
4 mg niacin (Soobrattee and others 2005). The recommended
daily amount for niacin is 16 mg for males and 14 mg for females.
(Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, Washington, DC,
2000).
Jackfruit root has been found to help those suffering from
asthma. Boiling the root of the jackfruit and extracting and consuming it with its high nutritional content have been found to
control asthma. Jackfruit root has also been used to treat skin
problems. The extract of jackfruit root is believed to be able to
help cure diarrhea and fever (Samaddar 1985).
Phytonutrients (Lignans, Isoflavones, and Saponins)
The jackfruit is a rich source of phytochemicals, including phenolic compounds, and offers opportunities for the development of
value-added products, such as neutraceutical and food applications
to enhance health benefits (Umesh and others 2010).
Phytonutrients are natural compounds found in plant-based
foods that give plants their rich pigmentation, as well as their
Figure 1–Different parts of jackfruit: (A) jackfruit; (B) cutting section of jackfruit; (C) jackfruit flesh; (D) jackfruit seed.
566 Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety r Vol. 11, 2012
c 2012 Institute of Food Technologists®
Jackfruit and its functional components . . .
distinctive taste and aroma. They are essentially the plant’s immune system and offer protection to humans as well (Umesh and
others 2010). There are thousands of phytonutrients that may
help prevent cancer as well as provide other health benefits (Ko
and others 1998). Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring polycyclic phenols found in certain plants that may, when ingested and
metabolized, have weak estrogenic effects. Two important groups
of phytoestrogens are isoflavones and lignans present in jackfruit
pulp.
Phenolic Compounds
Total phenolic content in jackfruit is 0.36 mg GAE/100 g DW
[milligrams of Gallic acid equivalent per gram of dry weight]
(Wongsa and Zamaluddien 2005). Consumption of fruits and
vegetables has been recognized for reducing risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease (Dembinska-Kice and others
2008). Phenolic compounds in fruits and vegetables have been
suggested to be a major source of bioactive compounds for
health benefits. However, their phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were underestimated in their inhibitory potential
against key enzymes relevant to hyperglycemia. Natural sources
of phenolic compounds and inhibitors of digestive enzymes from
food sources have provided an opportunity for low-cost dietary
management for cardiovascular diseases (McDougall and others
2005).
Natural polyphenol can range from simple molecules (phenolic
acids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids) to highly polymerized compounds (lignins, melanins, tannins), with flavonoids representing
the most common and widely distributed subgroup (Soobrattee
and others 2005). Chemically phenolic acids can be defined as
substances that possess an aromatic ring bound to one or more
hydrogenated substituents, including their functional derivatives
(Marine and others 2001). Flavonoids are low-molecular-weight
compounds consisting of 15 carbon atoms, arranged in a C6 -C3 C6 configuration. Essentially, the structure consists of 2 aromatic
rings joined by a 3-carbon bridge, usually in the form of a heterocyclic ring (Balasundram and others 2006).
Antioxidants
The pulp of ripe jackfruit is eaten fresh and used in fruit salads.
It possesses high nutritional value; every 100 g of ripe fruit pulp
contains 18.9 g carbohydrate, 1.9 g protein, 0.1 g fat, 77% moisture, 1.1 g fiber, 0.8 g total mineral matter, 20 mg calcium, 30 mg
phosphorus, 500 mg iron, 540 I.U. vitamin A, 30 mg thiamin, and
84 calories (Samaddar 1985). The jackfruit also contains (Table 1)
useful antioxidant compounds (Ko and others 1998).
Among the chemical constituents (Table 2) jackfruit contains
useful antioxidants (Devasagayam and others 2001), which prevent
many human diseases. Antioxidants’ are substances that neutralize
free radicals or their actions (Sies 1996). Nature has endowed
each cell with adequate protective mechanisms against the harmful
effects of free radicals: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione
peroxidase, glutathione reductase, thioredoxin, thiols, and disulfide
bonding are buffering systems in every cell. Antioxidants regarded
as compounds are able to delay, retard, or prevent the oxidation
process (Halliwell 1997). The natural antioxidants in fruits and
vegetables have gained increasing interest among food scientists,
nutrition specialists, and consumers, as they are claimed to reduce
the risk of chronic diseases and promote human health (Ribeiro
and others 2007).
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble free radical scavenger. The daily recommended dietary allowance is 60 mg. In
c 2012 Institute of Food Technologists®
Table 1–Composition of jackfruit (100 g edible portion).
Sr. No
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Composition
Young fruit
Proximate analysis
Water (g)
76.2 to 85.2
Protein (g)
2.0 to 2.6
Fat (g)
0.1 to 0.6
Carbohydrate (g)
9.4 to 11.5
Fibre (g)
2.6 to 3.6
Total sugars (g)
–
Minerals and vitamins
Total minerals (g)
0.9
Calcium (mg)
30.0 to 73.2
Magnesium (mg)
Phosphorus (mg)
20.0 to 57.2
Potassium (mg)
287 to 323
Sodium (mg)
3.0 to 35.0
Iron (mg)
0.4 to 1.9
Vitamin A (IU)
30
Thiamine (mg)
0.05 to 0.15
Riboflavin (mg)
0.05 to 0.2
Vitamin C (mg)
12.0 to 14.0
Ripe fruit
Seed
72.0 to 94.0
1.2 to 1.9
0.1 to 0.4
16.0 to 25.4
1.0 to 1.5
20.6
51.0 to 64.5
6.6 to 7.04
0.40 to 0.43
25.8 to 38.4
1.0 to 1.5
–
0.87 to 0.9
20.0 to 37.0
27.0
38.0 to 41.0
191 to 407
2.0 to 41.0
0.5 to 1.1
175 to 540
0.03 to 0.09
0.05 to 0.4
7.0 to 10.0
0.9 to 1.2
50.0
54.0
38.0 to 97.0
246
63.2
1.5
10 to 17
0.25
0.11 to 0.3
11.0
Source: Arkroyd and others (1966), Narasimham (1990), Gunasena and others (1996), Azad (2000).
Table 2–Epidemiological studies on antioxidants in human from jackfruit.
Sr. No
1
2
Diseases
Gastric cancer
Lung cancer in smokers
3
4
Prostate cancer
Lung cancer in workers
exposed to asbestos
Myocardial infarction
Coronary heart disease
Hypertension
5
6
7
Antioxidants
Vit E, β-carotene, selenium
Vit E, β-carotene and both
together
Vit E
β-Carotene + vit A
Vit E
β-caroten
Vit C
Source: Devasagayam and others (2004).
jackfruit 12 to 14 mg vitamin C is present per 100 g (Narasimham
1990), which is the part of the normal protecting antioxidant.
Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is an essential nutrient that functions
as a chain-breaking antioxidant and can prevent the propagation of free radical reactions on all cell membranes of the human body. Other nonenzymatic antioxidants include carotenoids,
flavonoids, and related polyphenols, such as α-lipoic acid and glutathione. Apart from the carotenoids beta-carotene, lycopene, and
lutein, other carotenoids also function as important antioxidants
and they quench 1 O2 . They are mainly present as coloring pigments in plants and also function as potent antioxidants at various
levels (Sies 1996; Cadenas and Packer 1996; Kagan and others
2002).
Carotenoid Composition
The jackfruit contains many carotenoids (De Faria and
others 2009), including all-trans-β-carotene which an important anntioxidant for human health (Cadenas and Packer 1996).
Jackfruit- containing carotenoids can be important for the prevention of several chronic degenerative diseases, such as cancer,
inflammation, cardiovascular disease, cataract, age-related macular
degeneration (Krinsky and others 2003; Stahl and Sies 2005). The
carotenoids present in jackfruit are shown in Table 3.
The main carotenoids in jackfruit were shown to be all-translutein (24% to 44%), all-trans-β-carotene (24% to 30%), all-transneoxanthin (4% to 19%), 9-cis-neoxanthin (4% to 9%), and 9cis-violaxanthin (4% to 10%) (De Faria and others 2009). Since
inconclusive or incorrect identification of carotenoids present in
jackfruit is found in the literature, it is strongly recommended
to accomplish a correction in the future of these carotenoids
Vol. 11, 2012 r Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 567
Jackfruit and its functional components . . .
Table 3–Concentration (µg/100 g fresh weight) of carotenoids in different a class of natural pigments responsible for the yellow-reddish color
jackfruit.
of many fruits, vegetables, animals, algae, and microorganisms. BeCarotenoids
Values
All-trans-neoxanthin
8.85 ± 5.73
9-cis-Neoxanthin
6.87 ± 4.25
All-trans-neochrome
0.88 ± 1.11
All-trans-luteoxanthin 2.06 ± 0.90
cis-Antheraxanthin
1.12 ± 0.36
9-cis-Violaxanthin
7.05 ± 5.97
cis-Luteoxanthin
0.34 ± 0.42
All-trans-lutein
37.02 ± 20.34
All-trans-zeaxanthin
0.96 ± 1.20
Carotenoids
Values
All-trans-zeinoxanthin
1.72 ± 1.20
9-cis-Zeinoxanthin
0.90 ± 1.12
All-trans-α-cryptoxanthin
0.35 ± 0.60
All-trans-β-cryptoxanthin
1.21 ± 0.45
15-cis-β-Carotene
0.18 ± 0.31
13-cis-β-Carotene
2.45 ± 1.40
All-trans-α-carotene
1.24 ± 0.93
All-trans-β-carotene
29.55 ± 15.46
9-cis-β-Carotene
0.79 ± 0.30
Total carotenoids
107.98 ± 51.46
Source: De Faria and others (2009).
(Pfander and others 1994; Liaaen-Jensen 1995; Schiedt and
Liaaen-Jensen 1995; De Rosso and Mercadante 2007). The major carotenoids from jackfruit were determined by open column
or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) by Tee and
Lim (1991), Setiawan and others (2001), and Chandrika and others
(2005).
However, De Faria and others (2009) claim the minimum
criteria for analysis were not fulfilled for the carotenoid identification and were only based on the elution order on the
chromatographic system, UV-visible spectra characteristics, and
sometimes chemical reactions. This identification procedure also
resulted in the identification of crocetin, among other carotenoids,
in jackfruit (Chandrika and others 2005). However, up to now,
crocetin and its derivatives were only found in saffron and gardenia (Pfister and others 1996; Caballero-Ortega and others 2007).
Lycopene was also identified, despite the soft color of the jackfruit pulp (Setiawan and others 2001). Some 18 carotenoids were
successfully separated, identified, and quantified by HPLC-PDAMS/MS; and 14 were detected for the first time in jackfruit
(De Faria and others 2009). Chandrika and others (2005) studied
the carotenoid composition of jackfruit (A. heterophyllus sinhala:
Waraka) kernel using HPLC and visible spectrophotometry and
to determine the bioavailability and bioconversion of carotenoids
present in jackfruit kernel by monitoring (i) the growth and
(ii) levels of retinol and carotenoids in the liver and serum of
Wistar rats provided with jackfruit incorporated into a standard
daily diet. Carotenoid pigments were extracted using petroleum
ether/methanol and saponified using 10% methanolic potassium
hydroxide. Six carotenoids were detected in jackfruit kernel. The
carotenes β-carotene, α-carotene, β-zeacarotene, α-zeacarotene,
and β-carotene-5,6-epoxide and a dicarboxylic carotenoid, crocetin, were identified, corresponding theoretically to 141.6 retinol
equivalents (RE) per 100 g. Jackfruit is a good source of provitamin A carotenoids, though not as good as papaya (Chandrika
and others 2005). Thus, increased consumption of ripe jackfruit
could be advocated as part of a strategy to prevent and control vitamin A deficiency. Carotenoids are lipid-soluble, secondary plant
metabolites in jackfruit and other fruits reported to confer positive
health-promoting effects when consumed in the diet, and plant
carotenoids are the most important source of provitamin A in the
human diet (Kopsell and Kopsell 2006). There is increasing evidence that these carotenoids can protect humans against certain
specific chronic ailments, including cancer, cardiovascular disease,
and age-related macular degeneration (Mayne 1996; Giovannucci
1999). From a dietary standpoint, carotenoids are common examples of compounds classified as antioxidants. Carotenoids are
pigments responsible for the yellow-reddish color of many foods
and are related to important functions and physiological actions,
preventing several chronic-degenerative diseases. Carotenoids are
sides their colorant properties, carotenoids are related to important
functions, especially physiological actions.
The important role that carotenoids perform in plants, and
the potential positive benefit they impart on human health, has
stimulated increased interest in this group of secondary plant
metabolites.
Jackfruit as a Functional Fruit
There is no one definition of the term functional food. It is used
in many contexts, including references to technological advances,
food marketing, and food regulatory norms (Palou and others
2003). This term has already been defined several times (Roberfroid 2002) and there is still no unified accepted definition for this
group of foods (Alzamora and others 2005). In most countries,
there is no legal definition of the term and drawing a border line
between conventional and functional foods is challenging even for
nutrition and food experts (Niva 2007).
Several working definitions used by professional groups and
marketers have been proposed by various organizations in several
countries.
In the United States, functional foods are not officially recognized as a regulatory category by the FDA. However, several
organizations have proposed definitions for this rapidly growing
food category, most notably the International Food Information
Council (IFIC) and the Institute of Food Technologists. The IFIC
considers as functional foods those that include any food or food
component that may have health benefits beyond basic nutrition
(IFIC 2009). Similarly, a recent report of the Institute of Food
Technologists (IFT 2009) defined functional foods as “foods and
food components that provide a health benefit beyond basic nutrition (for the intended population). These substances provide
essential nutrients often beyond quantities necessary for normal
maintenance, growth, and development, and/or other biologically active components that impart health benefits or desirable
physiological effects.”
The European Commission (EC) Concerted Action on Functional Food Science in Europe regards a food as functional if it is
satisfactorily demonstrated to affect beneficially one or more target functions in the body, beyond adequate nutritional effects, in a
way that is relevant to either an improved state of health and well
being and/or reduction of risk of disease. In this context, functional foods are not pills or capsules, but must remain foods and
they must demonstrate their effects in amounts that can normally
be expected to be consumed in the diet (European Commission
1999).
The concept of functional food is complex and may refer to
many possible aspects, including food obtained by any process,
whose particular characteristic is that one or more of its components, whether or not that component is itself a nutrient, affects the
target function of the organism in a specific and positive way, promoting a physiological or psychological effect beyond the merely
nutritional (Vinuda-Martos and others 2010).
The positive effect of a functional food may include the maintenance of health or well being, or a reduction in the risk of suffering
a given illness (Alvarez and others 2003). Functional food may be
obtained by modifying one or more of the ingredients, or by
eliminating the same (Alvarez and others 2003). To develop these
types of products, one must evaluate consumer perceptions, the
most important quality aspects being that they taste good, appear wholesome, and have nutritional value (Garciıa-Segovia and
568 Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety r Vol. 11, 2012
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Jackfruit and its functional components . . .
others 2007). Also, Alvarez and others (2003) describe that any
functional food must be safe, wholesome, and tasty.
Jackfruit conforms to this definition in several ways, although
the establishment of any function would involve identifying the
bioactive components to help specify their possible beneficial effects on health.
Functional Properties
At present, there is great interest in the scientific community in
the functional properties of jackfruit (antioxidant, anticancer, or
to fight vascular diseases and skin diseases) and its derivates such as
wafers, chips, seed flour, peel, and so on. The jackfruit could be
considered a functional food because it has valuable compounds
in different parts of the fruit that display functional and medicinal
effects (Figure 2).
The very concept of food is changing from a past emphasis
on health maintenance to the promising use of foods to promote
better health to prevent chronic illnesses. “Functional foods” are
those that provide more than simple nutrition; they supply additional physiological benefit to the consumer. Because dietary
habits are specific to populations and vary widely, it is necessary
to study the disease-preventive potential of functional micronutrients in the regional diets. Indian food constituents such as spices,
as well as medicinal plants with increased levels of essential vitamins and nutrients (such as vitamin E, lycopene, vitamin C,
bioflavonoids, thioredoxin), provide a rich source of compounds
like antioxidants that can be used in functional foods (Devasagayam
and others 2004). We agree with Lansky and Newman (2007) who
indicated that much deeper investigation into this rapidly growing
field is required to assess the overall value and safety of jackfruit
as an intact fruit or of various extracts derived from jackfruit
components.
Jackfruit seed powder contains manganese and magnesium elements (Barua and Boruah 2004). Seeds also contain 2 lectins
namely jacalin and artocarpin. Jacalin has been proved to be useful
for the evaluation of the immune status of patients infected with
human immunodeficiency virus 1 (Haq 2006).
Theivasanthi and Alagar (2011) studied the antibacterial effect of
nanosized particles of Jackfruit seed against E. coli and B. megaterium
microbes and revealed the efficacy of jackfruit seed nanoparticles
as an antibacterial agent. Specific surface area (SSA) of jackfruit
seed nanoparticles has concluded that jackfruit seed nanoparticles can lend antimicrobial effects to hundreds of square meters of
its host material. Jackfruit seeds may therefore be developed into
therapeutic agents capable of treating infectious diseases and pre-
Improve Oral Health
Antiulcer
Properties
Anti-aging
Cardiovascular
Diseases
Anticancer Properties
Skin
Diseases
Antioxidant
Improve
Digestion
Figure 2–Principal functional and medicinal effects of jackfruit.
c 2012 Institute of Food Technologists®
venting food contamination by food-borne pathogens. Jackfruit
seeds could be processed into dual-functional food ingredients
possessing antimicrobial activities. Likewise, analysis results of SSA
of 2 different bacteria conclude that SSA of bacteria plays a major
role while reacting with antimicrobial agents. This study suggests
that jackfruit seed powder has a lot of potential in food, cosmetics,
pharmaceuticals, paper, bio-nanotechnology industries, especially
its uses as thickener and binding agent.
Extraction of Functional Components from Jackfruit
Jackfruit seed contains phenolic compounds (Soong and Philip
Barlow 2004) and about 6.03 mg/g extracted nonreducing sugar
(Nualla-ong and others 2009) that is a prebiotoc. Prebiotics
are nondigestible food ingredients. It is a part of oligosaccharide and nonreducing sugar that stimulate the growth and activity of bacteria in the digestive system that beneficially affect
the host by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Prebiotics
are carbohydrate. The composition of food classified as prebiotics include oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, such as fructooligosaccharide (FOS), galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS), inulin, and
xylo-oligosaccharide, which are nonreducing sugar.
Prebioteics can be extracted by cleaning the jackfruit seed with
water then grounded in a blender to size of 1 to 2 mm. The
seeds can be extracted with 50% ethanol using batch extractor. To
concentrate the extract solution it should be filtered by vacuum
filter and then evaporated by rotary vacuum evaporator. Evaporated extract of jackfruit seed can be crystallized. The crystallizing
temperature of prebiotics is 55 to 64 ◦ C (by using differential scanning calorimeter) and the best temperature to obtain the highest
percent of nonreducing sugar is 58 ◦ C. Moreover, percentage of
nonreducing sugar increases with increasing mixing speed and the
best of mixing speed is 100 rpm (Thitipong Rugwong and others
2010).
Manufacture of Neutraceuticals from Jackfruit
Various jackfruit plant parts, including the bark, wood, leaves,
fruit, and seeds, may exhibit a broad spectrum of antibacterial
activity. Caution is advised in patients taking antibiotics due to
possible additive effects. Jackfruit seeds may increase the risk of
bleeding when taking with drugs that increase the risk of bleeding. Some examples include aspirin, anticoagulants (“blood thinners”) such as warfarin (Coumadin) or heparin, antiplatelet drugs
such as clopidogrel (Plavix), and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs (NSAIDS) such as ibuprofen (Motrin, Advil) or naproxen
(Naprosyn, Aleve).
Jackfruit leaves may improve glucose tolerance in normal and
type 2 diabetes patients. It also inhibits the growth of Fusarium
moniliforme and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, there are
conflicting data regarding jackfruit’s antifungal activity.
Human Disorders and Health
Any condition that interferes with the normal functioning of
the body is called a disease. In other words, disease may be defined
as a disorder in the physical, physiological, psychological or social
state of a person caused due to nutritional deficiency, physiological
disorder, genetic disorder, pathogen, or any other reason. Jackfruit
has antioxidant properties that plays vital role to cure the following
human disorder and improving health.
Cardiovascular health
One of the major risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease is dyslipidemia. It is mainly characterized by
Vol. 11, 2012 r Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 569
Jackfruit and its functional components . . .
elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC)
and/or reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)
(Esmaillzadeh and Azadbakht 2008).
Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is thought to contribute to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (Heinecke
2006). Oxidation of LDL lipids is thought to render the lipoprotein atherogenic, because oxidized LDL is more readily taken up
by macrophages via scavenger receptors (Heinecke 1998).
Epidemiological studies have shown that high concentrations
of serum total cholesterol and LDL-C are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease (Russo and others 2008) and could
produce atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis, a major degenerative disease of arteries involves a series of inflammatory and oxidative
modifications within the arterial wall (Fan and Watanabe 2003).
Oxidative excess in the vasculature reduces levels of the vasodilator nitric oxide, causes tissue injury, promotes protein oxidation
and DNA damage, and induces proinflammatory responses (Xu
and Touyz 2006). Oxidative stress induces inflammation by acting
on the pathways that generate inflammatory mediators like adhesion molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokines (Valko and others
2007).
The functional components of jackfruit to reduce the various
diseases such as lowering blood pressure, preventing heart disease
and strokes, preventing bone loss and improving muscle and, nerve
function, reducing homocysteine levels in the blood. The potassium in the jackfruit is found to help in lowering blood pressure
and reversing the effects of sodium that causes a rise in blood
pressure that affects the heart and blood vessels. This helps in preventing heart disease and strokes. Potassium also helps in preventing bone loss and improves muscle and nerve function. Another
heart-friendly property found in the jackfruit is due to vitamin B6
that helps reduce homocysteine levels in the blood thus lowering
the risk of heart disease (Fernando and others 1991).
Improving skin health
Damage to the skin occurs as a consequence of the natural aging
process and damage is exacerbated in chronically sun-exposed skin
(photoaging) (Lavker 1995). Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet
(UV) radiation has been identified as a cause of serious adverse
effects to human skin, including oxidative stress, premature skin
aging, sunburn, immune suppression, and skin cancer (Widmer
and others 2006).
As stated before, benefit of eating jackfruit is that it is a good
source of vitamin C. The human body does not make vitamin C
naturally so we must eat food that contains vitamin C to reap its
health benefits.
Jackfruit is gluten-free and casein-free, thus offer systemic antiinflammatory benefits to skin. Jackfruit also contains antioxidants
and has vitamin C, flavonoids, potassium, magnesium and fiber.
Vitamin C is vital to the production of collagen, a protein that
provides skin with structure and gives it its firmness and strength
(Babitha and others 2004).
Improving stomach ulcer
Stomach ulcer is one type of peptic ulcer. A stomach ulcer is
sometimes called a gastric ulcer. (The most common type of peptic ulcer is a duodenal ulcer.). A stomach ulcer is usually caused
by an infection with a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori. A 4
to 8 wk course of acid-suppressing medication will allow the
ulcer to heal. In addition, a 1-wk course of 2 antibiotics plus
an acid-suppressing drug will usually clear the Helicobacter pylori
infection. This usually prevents the ulcer recurring again. (Clin-
ical Knowledge Summaries 2008). Gastric ulcer can result from
persistent erosions and damage of the stomach wall that might
even become perforated and develop into peritonitis and massive
hemorrhage as a result of inhibition in the synthesis of mucus,
bicarbonate, and prostaglandins (Wallace 2008). Various factors
can contribute to the formation of gastric ulcer, especially the infection of stomach by Helicobacter pylori (Phillipson and others
2002), also frequent use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDs) (Bighetti and others 2005), and consumption of alcohol (Bandyopadhyay and others 2002). The success of commercially available antiulcer drugs in the treatment of gastric ulcer
is usually overshadowed by various side effects. For examples,
H2 - receptor antagonists (such as cimetidine) may cause gynecomasia in men and galactorrhea in women (Feldman and Burton
1990), while proton-pump inhibitors (such as omeprazole and
lansoprazol) can cause nausea, abdominal pain, constipation and
diarrhea (Franko and Richter 1998; Reilly 1999). Due to those
side effects there is a need to find new antiulcerogenic compound(s) with potentially less or no side effects and medicinal
plants have always been the main sources of new drug candidates
for the treatment of gastric ulcer (Borrelli and Izzo 2000; Rates
2001).
One of the plants that have been traditionally used in
Indian and Malay folklore medicine to treat gastric ulcer is
A. heterophyllus L.
Improving digestion
The presence of high fiber content (3.6 g/100 g) in the jackfruit
prevents constipation and produces smooth bowel movements. It
also offers protection to the colon mucous membrane by removing
carcinogenic chemicals from the large intestine (colon) (Siddappa
1957).
Strengthening the bone
Jackfruit is rich in magnesium (27 mg/100 g in young fruit and
54 mg/100 g in seed) (Gunasena and others 1996). It is a nutrient
important in the absorption of calcium and works with calcium
to help strengthen the bone and prevents bone-related disorders
such as osteoporosis (Singh and others 1991).
Preventing anemia
Jackfruit also contains iron (0.5 mg/100 g), which helps to
prevent anemia and also helps in proper blood circulation (Singh
and others 1991).
Maintaining a healthy thyroid gland
Copper (10.45 mg/kg) plays an important role in thyroid gland
metabolism, especially in hormone production and absorption and
jackfruit is loaded with this important microminerals (Gunasena
and others 1996).
Chemical Composition of Jackfruit Seed
Jackfruit seeds are a good source of starch (22%) and dietary
fiber (3.19%) (Hettiarachchi and others 2011). Jackfruit seed contains lignans, isoflavones, saponins, all phytonutrients and their
health benefits are wide-ranging from anticancer to antihypertensive, antiaging, antioxidant, antiulcer, and so on (Omale and
Friday 2010).
Boiled Jackfruit seeds are very tasty and nutritious snacks, jackfruit seeds, which taste like chestnuts, appeal to all taste. They may
be boiled or roasted and eaten or boiled and preserved in syrup
like chestnuts.
570 Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety r Vol. 11, 2012
c 2012 Institute of Food Technologists®
Jackfruit and its functional components . . .
Table 4–Physicochemical properties of jackfruit seed flour.
Table 5–Minerals composition of jackfruit seed flour.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Indices
Moisture
Crude fat
Ash
Protein
Fibre
Carbohydrate
Energy(kcal/100 g)
pH
Titratable acidity (as lactic acid)
Bulk density (g/cm)
Values (% dry matter)
6.09 ± 0.01
1.27 ± 0.01
2.70 ± 0.02
13.50 ± 0.06
3.19 ± 0.01
79.34 ± 0.06
382.79 ± 1.20
5.78 ± 0.01
1.12 ± 0.03
0.80 ± 0.02
Source: Ocloo and others (2010).
Minerals
Calcium
Magnesium
Iron
Zinc
Potassium
Manganese
Copper
Sodium
Values (mg/kg)
3087 ± 166
3380 ± 388
130.74 ± 12.37
< 0.01
14781 ± 256
1.12 ± 0.11
10.45 ± 0.89
60.66 ± 2.01
Source: Ocloo and others (2010).
Table 6–Functional properties of jackfruit seed flour.
Bobbio and others (1978) reported protein, crude lipid, and carbohydrate contents of jackfruit seeds as 31.9%, 1.3%, and 66.2%,
respectively. The protein content reported was very high probably, because the seeds were reported to have been collected from
fruits of various trees and no variety was reported. Kumar and
others (1988) also reported on the composition of seeds from 2
varieties of jackfruit. Protein, crude lipid, and carbohydrate content were 17.8% to 18.3%, 2.1% to 2.5%, and 76.1%, respectively.
There have been few studies on jackfruit seeds. Bobbio and others
(1978) reported some physicochemical properties, such as pasting
characteristics of jackfruit seed starch. Kumar and others (1988)
studied the proximate compositions of 2 varieties of jackfruit seeds
and reported considerable biochemical differences between them.
The starch content of the seed increased with maturity and different locations gave different seed contents (Rahman and others
1999).
Seeds makeup around 10% to 15% of the total fruit weight and
have high carbohydrate and protein contents (Bobbio and others
1978; Kumar and others 1988). Seeds are normally discarded or
steamed and eaten as a snack or used in some local dishes. As fresh
seeds cannot be kept for a long time, seed flour can be an alternative product, to be used in other food products. There have been
few studies on jackfruit seeds. Some functional properties of jackfruit seed flour and its protein digestibility was reported by Singh
and others (1991). Amylose content of jackfruit seed starch was
32% (Tulyathan and others 2002). Jackfruit seed extract was found
to inhibit the proteolytic activities of different animal pancreatic
preparations effectively (Bhat and Pattabiraman 1986). The fresh
seed contains crude proteins (606 g), fat (0.4 g), carbohydratres
(38.4 g), fiber (1.5 g), ash (1.25 to 1.50 g), and moisture (51.6
to 57.77 g) (Morton 1987). Information on food value per 100 g
of edible portion of dried seed is scarce. The presence of antinutritional factors such as tannin and trypsin inhibitors has been
reported, resulting in digestive ailment when eaten raw (Morton
1987).
No.
1
2
3
4
5
Indices
Values
Water absorption capacity (%)
Fat absorption capacity (%)
Foaming capacity (%)
Foam stability (%)
Swelling power (g/g)
25.00 ± 1.67
17.00 ± 1.37
25.34 ± 0.02
33.00 ± 0.01
4.77
Source: Ocloo and others (2010).
lipid. The flour had good capacities for water absorption (25%)
and oil absorption (17%) (Table 6) and the Brabender amylogram
(6% concentration) of seed starch showed that its pasting temperature was 81 ◦ C; and its viscosity was moderate, remained constant during a heating cycle, and retrograded slightly on cooling.
The starch showed an A-type X-ray powder diffraction pattern
(Tulyathan and others 2002).
Other Properties
Preliminary research findings suggest that, in addition to its
potential benefits for heart, skin, ulcer, cancer, and so on, the
jackfruit may confer a multitude of other health-promoting effects
in the body.
Antiviral Properties
Jackfriut lectin (JFL) from A. heterophyllus has been found to
have inhibitory activity in vitro with a cytopathic effect toward
herpes simplex virus type HSV-2. Varicellazoster virus (VZS) and
cytomegalovirus (CMV) (Wetprasit and others 2000). Several plant
lectins have been shown to inhibit infectivity of viruses. For example, jackfruit has been found to inhibit in vitro infection of
HIV-1 without preventing the virus from binding to the host cell
(Favero and others 1993). The antiviral activity of JFL in response
to HSV-2 and CMV, either before or after viral infection of cell
monolayers, was observed at different doses. This result differed
markedly from the lack of effect reported for collectin, mannanbinding protein, and bovine conglutinin on HSV-2. This result
suggest that JFL may act either on the surface of the host cell or
directly on the viral envelope, thereby inhibiting viral infectivity
Chemical Properties of Jackfruit Seed Flour
Jackfruit seed flour has great potential in the food industry, es- (Favero and others 1993).
pecially as thickener and binding agent in various food systems
(Ocloo and others 2010). Some functional properties of jack- Acetylcholine in Jackfruit
fruit seed flour and its protein digestibility was reported by Singh
In higher animals acetylcholine (ACh) is associated with the
and others (1991). The composition of seed flour is shown in transmission of nerve impulses. It has also been found in the freeTable 4, the minerals composition of jackfruit seed flour is shown living protozoon Paramecium (Bayer and Wense 1936), in the bacin Table 5. The composition of flour depends on the nature of the terium Lactobacillus plantarum (Stephenson and Rowatt 1947), in
seeds. When flour was prepared from seeds without removing the the parasite Trypanosoma rhodesiense (Bulbring and others 1949),
thin brown spermoderm, the crude fiber content was 2.36%, close and in the gill plates of the mussel Mytilus edulis (Bulbring and
to that reported by Singh and others (1991). Tulyathan and others others 1953). In these lower organisms there is no transmission
(2002) reported on the good ability of the flour to bind water and of nerve impulses, but, since ACh is associated with such motor
c 2012 Institute of Food Technologists®
Vol. 11, 2012 r Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 571
Jackfruit and its functional components . . .
Table 7–Putative use of jackfruit in local medicine.
No.
1
Plant part
Roots
2
Leaves
3
Flowers
4
5
Fruits
Pulp
6
Seed
7
Bark
8
Latex
9
Wood
Use
An extract of roots is used in treating skin diseases,
asthma and diarrhea.
An extract from leaves and latex cures asthma, prevents
ringworm infestation and heals cracking of feet.
Leaf extract is given to diabetics as a control measure.
Heated leaves are reported to cure wounds, abscesses
and ear problems and to relieve pain.
An infusion of mature leaves and bark is used to treat
gallstones.
A tea made with dried and powdered leaves is taken to
relieve asthma.
The ash of jackfruit leaves burned with maize and
coconut shells is used alone or mixed with coconut oil
to heal ulcers.
Crushed inflorescences are used to stop bleeding in open
wounds.
Ripe fruits are laxative.
The jackfruit pulp and seeds are nutritious tonic and
useful in overcoming the influence of alcohol on the
system.
The seed starch is given to relieve biliousness. Roasted
seeds are regarded as an aphrodisiac.
Increased consumption of ripe jackfruit kernels alleviates
vitamin A deficiency.
Extract from fresh seeds cures diarrhea and dysentery.
Extract from seeds (or bark) helps digestion.
An extract from bark and rags (nonedible portion of ripe
fruits) or roots helps cure dysentery.
The bark is made into poultices.
Ash produced by burning bark can cure abscesses and
ear problems.
Mixed with vinegar, the latex promotes healing of
abscesses, snakebites and glandular swellings.
The wood has a sedative property; its pith is said to aid
abortion.
r To heal ulcers, the ash of jackfruit leaves is used when burnt
with corn and coconut shells and used either alone or mixed
with coconut oil.
Latex
r The latex of the fruit is helpful in treating dysopia, ophthalmic
problems, and pharyngitis.
r The latex can also be mixed with vinegar to heal abscesses,
snakebites, and glandular swellings.
Fruit
r Fruit is useful in overcoming the influence of alcohol on a
person.
r Jackfruit is abundant with potassium and it is said to be useful
in decreasing blood pressure.
r Jackfruit has phytonutrients with health benefits covering
many claims from anticancer to antihypertensive properties.
r Jackfruit turns out to be an excellent way to obtain vitamin C
that is recognized for its substantial antioxidant properties.
r Jackfruit is recognized to have antiulcer qualities and is said
to be good for individuals experiencing indigestion.
r With antiaging benefits, the jackfruit may help reduce the
damage of cells to make skin appear supple and younger.
r Jackfruit is an excellent source of proteins, carbohydrates, and
also vitamins.
r The fruit may help reduce and cure tension as well as nervousness.
r As it has very few calories plus a very small quantity of fat,
jackfruit is useful for individuals on a low-calorie diet.
Source: Haq (2006).
Seed
r The seeds starch is believed to be useful in relieving biliousactivity as ciliary movement, Bulbring and others (1953) have sugness, while the roasted seeds are regarded as an aphrodisiac.
gested that ACh might act in these organisms as a local hormone.
r The seeds and pulp of jackfruit are considered as a cooling as
In plants ACh has so far been found only in ergot, Claviceps purwell as a nutritious tonic.
purea (Ewins 1914), and in the nettles Urtica urens and Urtica
diocia (Emmelin and Feldberg 1947). The present communication reports another rich plant source of ACh-the seed and leaf of Value-Added Products from Jackfruit
Many jackfruit products have been developed, notably jackfruit
the Malayan jackfruit, Artocarpus integra.
juice,
candy, and a fruit bar from ripe jackfruit. Unripe jackfruit
Pharmacological tests, comparative assays, and chemical precippulp
can
be made into flakes, which can be preserved for a long
itation have established that the seed and the leaves of the jackfruit
time.
Jackfruit
seed is used in some biscuit factories of Tamil Nadu
tree, Artocarpus integra, contain considerable amounts of acetyland
is
of
high
demand there; various bakery products using jack
choline (ACh). The average values of ACh were 564 μg/g of
seed
flour
are
made
into cookies and murukku (The Hindu 2010).
seed, 300 μg/g of midribs of leaves, and 60 μg/g of whole leaves
The
various
products
developed from jackfruit in Karnataka are
(Robert Chun Yu 1955).
candy, finger chips, fruit bars, fruit leather, halvah, papad, readyto-serve beverages, toffee, and milk-based srikhand, ice cream, and
Other Uses and Benefits of Different Parts of Jackfruit kulfi. Half-ripened bulbs can be processed into bulb powder and
Uses of jackfruit in traditional medicine are shown in Table 7 this is then utilized for the preparation of traditional snacks such
and below.
as pakoda, biscuits, and muffins (The Hindu 2008).
The State Board of Horticulture Mission and Center for InRoot
novation in Science and Social Action (CISSA), Kerala, October
r The root of the jackfruit tree forms the remedy for skin 2011, organized a “Mobile Jack Bazaar” in that as many as 20
diseases, fever, and diarrhea.
jackfruit products were displayed at the mobile market set up in
r The jackfruit root extract is said to help heal fever and diar- an altered car which will move through major points in a city and
rhea.
sell “solar dried jackfruit,” “chakkakkuru peda,” “jackfruit wine,
r The jackfruit root has been discovered to be good for those chakka varatti,” jackfruit jam, fresh jackfruit arils, jackfruit chips,
being affected by asthma.
and more. Haridoss (2009) prepared recipes for jackfruit papad,
chips, sambar, and kadabu that are useful Malenadu recipes during
the jackfruit season. Breakfast items like tellevu (a kind of dosa),
Leaves
r The leaves of the jackfruit tree are useful for curing fever, roti, vada, bonda, and dosa and dinner items like suttevu, priaju,
boils, and skin diseases. When heated, they prove useful in sole kochchalu, undalikalu, bajji, chakke paladya, sole paladya, and
palya and some are made out of jackfruit peel, namely hadigadde
curing wounds.
572 Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety r Vol. 11, 2012
c 2012 Institute of Food Technologists®
Jackfruit and its functional components . . .
playa and sole hasi. Value-added products from jackfruit are shown controlled fermentation. With comparative tests, the optimal proin Figure 3.
cessing parameters were determined. The addition amount of
pectinase was 100 mg/L, SO2 content was 50 to 100 mg/L, ferJackfruit jam
mentation temperature was 24 o C, sugar content was adjusted to
The fruit pulp can be used to make jam. The addition of 21% and the active dry yeast was 5%.
a synthetic flavoring agent such as ethyl or n-butyl ester of 4Fermented jackfruit preserves vitamin C, widely used supplehydroxybutyric acid at 100 and 120 ppm, respectively, will greatly ments as it is best known as the nutrient which helps to prevent
improve the taste of the jackfruit products (Technical Manual for colds and infections. One cup of fermented jackfruit can supply
Small-Scale Fruit Processors 2004).
the body a very good amount of this potent antioxidant.
Many other fruit jams in supermarkets are mixed with a generous amount of sugar, which increases the risk for diabetes. On the
contrary, jackfruit jam is full of natural sugars and low in calories Dehydrated jackfruit
Diamante (2009) reported that dehydrated jackfruit is a nutrimaking it an ideal food source to reduce body weight.
tious snack item when made from ripe jackfruit pulp. It is goldenyellow to orange and has a chewy texture with a sweet and sour
Jackfruit wine
The ripe jackfruit contains a good amount of fermentable taste.
Unlike other dehydrated products it is free from sulfite preservasugar, which may be exploited for the commercial production
of vinegar and wine. Amit and Ambarish (2010) reported that tives thus it will not trigger allergic reaction in sensitive consumer.
the maximum alcohol content in jackwine was 10% (v/v), with
a sugar utilization of 14% of total sugar solids. These early re- Jackfruit chips
sults show promise for the use of this fruit for commercial wine
Jagadeesh and others (2006) reported on the preparation of
production. A certain maturity level and ripeness of jackfruit jackfruit chips. The starch content and dry matter content of the
(29 to 30 ◦ Brix) are essential for the production of jackfruit raw material determines the yield of the processed product. Flake
wine.
thickness, bulb length, total sugar solids, and reducing sugars were
The jackfruit wine may protect against antioxidant and DNA found to be important for improving the yield and quality of
damage and could become a valuable source of antioxidant rich jackfruit chips.
neutraceuticals. Additionally, the wine could be a commercially
Molla and others (2008) stated that preparation of jackfruit chips
valuable by-product for the jackfruit growers (Umesh and others is very simple and can easily be done. The bulbs are cut into 4 cm ×
2011).
2 cm slices. The cut slices are blanched in water for 10 min. Then
the slices are weighed and immersed in 0.1% KMS for 15 min
Fermented beverages
using 2 kg of solution per kg of bulb material. After sieving the
Products like fermented beverages, especially fruit wine and
water, the slices are dried using a mechanical dryer to assure less oil
vinegar from ripe jackfruit using food processing and biotechnoabsorption in the subsequent frying. The slices are fried in oil and
logical techniques, will not only reduce losses of fruit material
stirred with a narrow wooden rod maintaining the temperature at
but also make the fruit products available during the off season
70 o C for 1 h and 60 o C for another 6 h. When the slices are
and generate income and also employment opportunities in rural
of light yellow color the chips are taken from saucepan. These
areas.
prepared chips are mixed with some salt and spices in a bowl.
Dahiya and Prabhu (1977) studied alcoholic beverages made
Then the processed chips can be packed in various packaging
by fermentation of jackfruit pulp. The tribal people of Nagaland,
materials or containers. Considering moisture content (%), weight
Tripura, and other eastern hilly areas of India consume jackfruit
gain (%), quality aspects, and sensory attributes like crispiness,
wine. The wine contains 7% to 8% (v/v) alcohol.
color, flavor, and overall acceptability, metal foil pouches were
Junkai and Wang (2008) reported that when using jackfruit as
found most suitable for packaging jackfruit chips. The prepared
the main material, jackfruit wine was produced by temperaturechips can be stored at ambient conditions in “metalex” foil for 2
mo without loss of organoleptic quality.
The nutrients in jackfruit will still remain and also it retains its
Jackfruit
own original color, flavor, and texture after frying. The jackfruit
Leather
Jackfruit Jam
Jackfruit
chips are rich in vitamin E, y-oryzanol (an antioxidant that may
& Jelly
Pickles
help prevent heart attacks), and phytosterols (compounds believed
to help lower the cholesterol adsorption in the body) which are
helpful in providing health benefits.
Jackfruit
Chips
Jackfruit
Wine
Jackfruit
Juice
Jackfruit
Bulbs
Jackfruit Candy &
Fruit Bar
Figure 3–Different value-added products from jackfruit.
c 2012 Institute of Food Technologists®
Jackfruit leather
Jackfruit leather is dried sheets of fruit pulp. It has a soft, rubbery
texture, and a sweet taste. It can also be made from a mixture of
fruits, and sugar, chopped nuts, or spices can be added to vary the
flavor. It can be eaten as a snack food instead of a boiled sweet.
It can also be used as an ingredient in the manufacture of cookies, cakes, and ice cream (International Centre for Underutilized
Crops, UK, 2004).
Several bakery products such as biscuits, muffins masala vada,
flour, and chapathi also developed from the jackfruit seed. The
rind is also a very good source of pectin, which was extracted
Vol. 11, 2012 r Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 573
Jackfruit and its functional components . . .
Figure 4–Value-added products from jackfruit: (A) dehydrated jackfruit; (B) jackfruit cake; (C) jackfruit chips; (D) jackfruit leather (Phanaspoli).
from it. Different value-added products from jackfruit are shown Bobbio FO, El-Dash AA, Bobbio PA, Rodrigues LR. 1978. Isolation and
characterization of the physicochemical properties of the starch of jackfruit
in Figure 4.
Conclusion
The consumption of jackfruit has grown in recent years due
to its reported health benefits. Jackfruit and its pulp and seeds
are rich sources of several high-value compounds with potential beneficial physiological activities. The rich bioactive profile of jackfruit makes it a highly nutritious and desirable fruit
crop. Research has offered ample evidence that routine dietary supplementation with jackfruit may protect against and
even improve several disease conditions, including stomach ulcer and cardiovascular disease; it may even help to prevent and
arrest the development of certain cancers, in addition to protecting the health of the mouth and skin. Side effects are very
rare. Using standardized jackfruit products offer consumers a
way of reaping the broad spectrum of health benefits of this
fruit.
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