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2. ecology
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AIHce 2015
Abstract
Book
May 30 – June 4, 2015
Salt Lake City, UT | Salt Palace Convention Center
www.AIHce2015.org
www.AIHce2015.org
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AIHce 2015 Abstracts
AIHA®: The viewpoints, opinions, and conclusions in the presentations, sessions, and discussions
at AIHce have not necessarily been approved or endorsed by AIHA® or ACGIH® and do not
necessarily reflect those of AIHA® or ACGIH®.
NIOSH: The findings and conclusions in the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
presentations have not been formally disseminated by the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health and should not be construed to represent any agency determination or policy.
PO101
Respiratory Protection I
breakthrough time at the expected maximal concentration of
agent present in a real-world environment.
Monday, June 1, 2015, 10:30 AM - 12:30 PM
Conclusions: Reasonably linear plots allowing accurate
extrapolation were obtained for several different challenge
agents, so we conclude that this procedure is applicable to
typical situations. By collecting multiple data points within one
day instead of over more than one day, the economic impact on
the end user for using lab testing for prediction of service life is
reduced. The method does have the limitation that it may not be
applicable in situations where the mechanism of agent removal
by the respirator cartridge is other than physical adsorption or
chemisorption.
SR-101-01
Using Chemical Challenge Breakthrough Data and
Simple Models to Establish and Support Respirator
Change Schedules
B. Quarles, Assay Technology, Livermore, CA; C. Manning,
Assay Technology, Livermore, CA
Objective: A respirator change schedule is the part of the written
respirator program which states how often cartridges should be
replaced, and what information was relied upon to make this
judgment. A cartridge’s useful service life is equivalent to the
length of time it provides adequate protection from harmful
chemicals in the air. The service life of a cartridge depends upon
many factors, including environmental conditions, breathing
rate, cartridge filtering capacity, and the amount of contaminants
in the air. In rule 29CFR 1910.134, and summarized on its website, OSHA suggests that there are three ways to generate a valid
respirator cartridge change schedule: (a) Laboratory Testing,
(b) Manufacturer’s Recommendations; (c) Math Model such as
the OSHA Advisor genius. Lab testing is the first of the three
methods recommended by OSHA, as it is would be expected to
be the most accurate. However, it is the least popular, because
of the perception that it will be more expensive than other
methods. The objective of this work was to develop a method for
efficient economical prediction of service life from a minimum
number of laboratory tests.
Methods: Since the cost of lab testing may approach $1,000 per
day, testing for longer than one day may be seen as too costly.
Where it is desired to validate a service life longer than one day,
we developed a procedure for extrapolation of data from lab tests
using higher agent concentrations than the levels anticipated
in actual use. This strategy led to shorter breakthrough times
allowing several tests to be performed within one day.
Results: Using this approach, the investigators were able to
plot log [Challenge Level] versus log [Breakthrough Time] to
obtain a line that could be extrapolated to obtain a projected
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SR-101-02
Determination of the Service Life of Air-Purifying
Respirators against 2,3-Pentanedione
J. Parker, NIOSH, Pittsburgh, PA
Objective: 2,3-Pentanedione is a diketone used as a synthetic
flavoring agent and aroma carrier. It has a buttery taste and smell
and is structurally very similar to diacetyl (2,3-butanedione).
2,3-Pentanedione and diacetyl have been implicated in causing
pulmonary disease in workers handling these compounds.
The objectives of this study are to evaluate the performance
of air-purifying organic vapor / P100 respirators against
2,3-pentanedione and to compare experimental data with
service life data from a similar study performed by NIOSH in
2009 against diacetyl.
Methods: Service life testing was performed at NIOSH-NPPTL
laboratories in Pittsburgh, PA, using a methodology similar to
the techniques employed for certification testing of gas /vapor
respirators. Photoacoustic infrared detectors were used to
measure upstream and downstream concentrations. Testing was
performed at concentrations of 500 to 890 parts per million by
volume (ppmv), and at 50% relative humidity and approximately
25 degrees C.
Results: Results are presented and compared for three different
makes and models of NIOSH approved air -purifying respirators
tested against 2,3-pentanedione. It was found that organic vapor
/ P100 air-purifying respirators have a service life of 150-240
minutes versus 2,3-pentanedione at concentrations of 500-890
ppmv. Data is also presented concerning impurities found in the
reagent and how this affected the service life results.
Conclusions: Conclusions of this study are that NIOSH
approved organic vapor / P100 air-purifying respirators
are capable of providing respiratory protection against
2,3-pentanedione. Proposed maximum use concentrations for
air-purifying respirators used for protection against diacetyl
and 2,3-pentanedione will be discussed. These are based on the
NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limits for 2,3-pentandione and
diacetyl that were proposed by NIOSH in 2011 in the external
review draft of the “NIOSH Criteria for a Recommended Standard
for Occupational Exposure to Diacetyl and 2,3-Petanedione.”
SR-101-03
Paper-Based Optical Sensor as an End-of-Service-Life
Indicator for Hydrogen Cyanide
L. Greenawald, CDC/NIOSH, Morgantown, WV
Objective: In an occupational or military environment, an airpurifying respirator is required when breathing-air is polluted by
harmful contaminants. However, it is difficult for the user to identify
when the canister becomes saturated and ceases to provide
adequate protection to the user. The objective of this research
is to develop an inexpensive active end-of-service-life indicator
(ESLI) to optically detect hydrogen cyanide gas (HCN) before it
reaches the user’s breathing zone. ESLIs more accurately allow
the respirator user to know when a canister must be replaced.
Methods: Cobinamide (Cbi), a Vitamin B12 derivative, is known to
bind two cyanide ions (CN-) with high affinity. When binding of two
CN- occurs, a violet color rapidly persists with a corresponding
peak observed in the visible region on an absorbance spectrum.
An optimized concentration of Cbi solution was adsorbed onto
paper. The Cbi-doped paper was placed into a holder that allows
for diffusion of HCN. A bifurcated fiber optic was connected
to the sensor holder, along with corresponding light source
and spectrometer. A gas flow system was designed to deliver
known concentrations of HCN to the sensor. When HCN diffuses
into the pores of the Cbi-doped paper, optical-based time
measurements were made by monitoring the absorbance at
a specific wavelength to detect low levels of HCN. The sensor
holder was then externally connected to a commercial CBRN
canister at approximately 90% saturation volume so detection
could be made before breakthrough occurs.
Results: A prominent absorbance peak exists when the Cbipaper sensor is in the presence of various concentrations of
HCN gas. Calibration plots were performed. 5 ppm HCN can be
detected in 2 minutes. Percent relative humidity levels ranged
from 25-80% to determine the effects of the sensor’s ability to
detect low levels of HCN in various simulated climates. When the
sensor and associated electronics were externally connected to
the canister, HCN was flowed through the canister at 32 and 64
lpm. The Cbi sensor detects HCN at an appropriate time before
breakthrough occurs.
of 4.7 ppm. Ultimately, a low-power LED light source, compact
spectrometer and paper sensor coupled to an optical fiber will
be integrated to a CBRN canister to detect breakthrough of HCN
gas and ESL of the canister.
SR-101-04
Effects of Air Temperature on Efficiency and Service
Life of Air Purifying Chemical Respirator Cartridges
Tested Against Sulfur Dioxide and Ammonia
M. Parham, Scott Safety, Monroe, NC
Objective: Determining an accurate change out schedule
for respiratory cartridges is a critical part of any well written
respirator program utilizing filtering respiratory protective
devices. The service life of any cartridge is dependent upon
many factors such as environmental conditions, breathing
rate, and contaminant concentration. Where possible it
is widely recommended to make use of math models,
manufacturer’s recommendations, and/or experimental tests.
While experimental tests are considered the more accurate
approach, it is typical that these tests are conducted at ambient
temperature and at higher concentrations than typically
encountered in the field. Math models and those models used
by manufacturers typically make corrections for temperature
however the basis of these corrections are not always clearly
communicated or appropriate for chemisorbed contaminants
such as sulfur dioxide and ammonia.
Methods: Air purifying chemical respirator cartridges with
differing types of impregnated activated carbon were laboratory
tested against sulfur dioxide and ammonia at ambient and
elevated temperatures (up to 50°C) as received (ambient
temperature) and pre-equilibrated to elevated temperatures.
Filtering efficiency (initial penetration) and service life time
were captured for typical certification test concentration and
concentrations more in line with typical air purifying respirator
use.
Results: For sulfur dioxide, temperature effect was found to be
not significant at the higher concentration but some evidence
of decreased capacity was observed at lower concentration.
Ammonia service life was directly affected by temperature with
higher reductions observed for filters equilibrated to the higher
elevated temperature. In both cases departures from predicted
math model behavior was observed.
Conclusions: The findings of this study support the importance
of testing cartridges, if possible, under conditions similar to
expected use. They also identify areas for future research in
service life modeling and suggest that higher concentrations
are not always design limiting when considering use scenarios.
Conclusions: The respirator user will be notified when the
concentration of HCN reaches its NIOSH recommended exposure
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CS-101-05
Respirator Cleaning Methods: An Overview of Primary
Respirator Cleaning Requirements and Methods
Currently Used
D. Stein, 3M, St. Paul, MN
Situation/Problem: A significant but often deemphasized aspect
of an effective respiratory protection program is cleaning.
The decontaminating, cleaning and sanitizing of respiratory
protection devices is important to help prevent secondary
exposure to contaminants. Contaminant inhalation as well as
skin contact can result from ineffective cleaning procedures.
Additionally, basic respirator function can be adversely affected
by a lack of thorough cleaning and post cleaning inspection
procedures. Cleaning methods based on manufacturer’s
instructions are typically implemented with hand washing and
drying, while some employers may determine to run systematic
cleaning departments with or without cleaning machines and/
or cleaning services. This is based on the variety of options
available in the market for respirator cleaning and the needs of
the employer.
Resolution: This presentation will provide an overview of the
importance of respirator cleaning, regulatory requirements
related to respirator cleaning, and the breadth and depth of
respirator cleaning methods present in today’s industry.
Results: When done, attendees will understand: - Importance
of cleaning - Regulatory Requirements - Breadth and depth of
types of respirator cleaning
Lessons Learned:Lessons Learned: The importance of proper
cleaning techniques for respirators, regulatory requirements
for the issue, and awareness of industry practices in respiratory
protection programs will be delineated.
PO102
Assessment, Evaluation and Control of Indoor
Environmental Issues
Monday, June 1, 2015, 10:30 AM - 12:30 PM
CS-102-01
Federal Post-Disaster Indoor Environmental Pollutants
Guidance
W. Friedman, HUD, Washington, DC
Situation/Problem: Several federal agencies, including
EPA, HHS (CDC and NIEHS), HUD, and DOL have issued
guidance on rehabilitation and remediation techniques for
homeowners. Because of their differing agency authorities,
missions, technical expertise, and organizational experiences,
such guidance differed from agency to agency. This became
significant after Hurricane Sandy, when the public (including
industrial hygienists and environmental professionals) sought
guidance on how families should address indoor environmental
quality issues after the disaster.
Resolution: The federal Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Strategy
established the Indoor Environmental Pollutants Work
Group with the charge that FEMA, EPA, HUD, and HHS issue
consolidated guidance on remediation of four indoor air
pollutants: mold, lead, radon, and asbestos. The Work Group
invited OSHA to join, which it did. The Work Group assembled
technical experts from its agencies to review their existing
guidance and guidance, recommendations and standards
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AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce
from other government agencies (international, federal, state
and local), standards organizations, and nongovernmental
organizations, to provide the basis for developing consolidated
guidance documents regarding each of the four pollutants.
Results: The Work Group identified commonalities in the
agencies’ guidance, and built upon them to harmonize
differences on remaining subjects, reflecting state of indoor
environmental quality science and engineering. For each
pollutant, the Work Group developed a pair of 4-page plainlanguage guidance documents, one for each of two sets of target
audiences: homeowners, and local community development
and health groups; and contractors and consultants, with the
latter documents more operational. The Work Group engaged
communications and outreach professionals from its start to
ensure that language and graphic styles were appropriate, and
to design the guidance’s outreach plan.
Lessons Learned:Lessons Learned: 1: The different agency
approaches could be harmonized, motivated by the agencies
recognition that it had proved unnecessarily difficult for the
users of their guidance to reconcile them in the field after
a disaster. 2: The information gained from Hurricane Sandy
specifically is applicable to the broader range of disasters to
come. 3: Engaging communications and outreach professionals
from its start increased the effectiveness of the guidance and
its outreach.
SR-102-02
Assessing the Effectiveness of Air Duct Cleaning on
Indoor Environmental Quality at a Large Laboratory
Facility
J. Archer, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC; A. Imler,
Eastern Research Group, Inc., Morrisville, NC
Objective: A large laboratory facility had a history of indoor
environmental quality (IEQ) issues and workspace contamination
because of visible particulate matter (PM) emanating from
supply ductwork in offices and labs. The major source of
particulate throughout the ductwork was determined to be from
deterioration of metallic surfaces in the HVAC system. Because
of these IEQ issues, a comprehensive duct cleaning project was
initiated after other interim steps were not fully successful. To
investigate the effectiveness of the duct cleaning, industrial
hygiene sampling for airborne PM was conducted before and
after duct cleaning.
Methods: Real-time PM mass concentration (μg/m3) and
particle counts (six size bins from 0.3 to 10 μm) were measured
in representative offices and labs throughout a five-floor office/
lab wing. Continuous sampling was conducted over four-week
periods prior to and after the duct cleaning in the same locations.
Filter samples for PM2.5 were also collected at several of
these sampling locations and analyzed gravimetrically with
elemental analysis conducted by X-ray fluorescence. Outdoor
PM levels were also simultaneously measured and controlled
for in statistical analysis. Pre- and post-duct cleaning PM
measurements were compared using repeated measures linear
models (SAS v9.3).
Results: The predominant airborne PM indoors and outdoors
was observed to be in the 0.3 μm and 0.5 μm size bins. After
controlling for outdoor PM levels, particle counts at these
smaller particle sizes showed statistically significant decreases
(p<0.05) indoors after duct cleaning. Additionally, particle mass
concentration (Total PM) showed a statistically significant
decrease (p<0.05) post duct cleaning. Elemental composition of
the PM indoors was not significantly different between pre- and
post-duct cleaning.
Conclusions: There is little evidence in the literature
documenting the effectiveness of air duct cleaning. In this study,
however, the supply duct cleaning in a large laboratory facility
produced positive results in terms of reducing airborne PM
inside the building. Additionally, other tangible benefits resulted
from the duct cleaning process including increased energy
savings. There is also anecdotal evidence that duct cleaning
has increased the comfort of building occupants and reduced
health-related complaints that may have resulted from the PMcontaminated ductwork.
CS-102-03
Mysterious Eye Illnesses in a Commercial Kitchen
C. Haury, Golder Associates, Inc., Jacksonville, FL
Situation/Problem: Eye irritation began in a commercial kitchen
with one employee reporting that he went to see his physician
and was provided a diagnosis of conjunctivitis. After his first day
back to work, he again experienced eye irritation and was sent
home. A few days later, three employees reported eye irritation
and sought medical treatment. The three employees missed a
day of work and the employer suspected, as did the physicians,
that an eye infection was being spread in the workplace. The
worker’s compensation insurer was put on notice regarding
the eye illnesses as it began to appear that there may be an
occupational connection to the eye illnesses. The eye irritation
improved when employees were away from work but symptoms
returned when they resumed work.
Resolution: The kitchen was equipped with natural gas-fired
cooking appliances and a variety of chemicals were used for
sanitizing kitchen surfaces and dishes. A leak was found in the
chlorine dispensing equipment for the dishwasher and repaired.
Gas connections were inspected for all appliances and found
to be leak-free. The HVAC system was assessed by a specialty
contractor and found to be operating normally. Sources of
contaminants in make-up air were investigated and no sources
were found. A mold investigation did not find any mold growth
or other microbial irritant. Air monitoring did not indicate
airborne chlorine or formaldehyde. Eventually, all gas usage
was discontinued and the dishwasher system was shut down.
Even with these measures, employees continued to experienced
eye irritation which was lessened with the use of goggles.
Results: The source of the exposure was finally found after
investigating an electronic flying insect trap.
Lessons Learned:Lessons Learned: Industrial hygienists
must use their specialized skills and investigate all sources
of exposure to provide solutions. Occupational illnesses are
often difficult to associate with workplace exposure and require
concerted efforts.
CS-102-04
IEQ Issues in a Newly-Constructed Laboratory
Research Building
M. Brinton, Weill Cornell Medical College EHS, New York,
NY
Situation/Problem: In January 2014, Weill Cornell Medical
College (WCMC) began occupancy of a newly-constructed
438,000 net square foot wet-bench research laboratory
building. Shortly after partial occupancy, researchers began
complaining of strong “sewer-gas” odors in the building. When
the construction management company was unable to identify
the source, a team consisting of WCMC Environmental Health
and Safety (EHS), WCMC Engineering and Maintenance, the
construction manager and the design engineers was assembled
to identify the source(s) and resolve the issue.
Resolution: By reviewing the building’s mechanical systems and
utilizing direct-read instrumentation (PIDs and electrochemical
sensors), the odor was identified and traced to multiple sources
(acid waste neutralization system and sewage ejector pits). The
building mechanical systems (plumbing, HVAC and elevator)
were also assessed to determine the pathways by which the
odor was traveling. Final resolution required implementation of
multiple administrative and engineering controls.
Results: Levels of hydrogen sulfide gas (range of 500 - 900 parts
per billion) and total volatile organic compounds (0.5 to 1.5 parts
per million) were reduced in complaint spaces to a level below
detection limits and the odor complaints were eliminated.
Lessons Learned: Despite intense pre-construction review
of the building’s design plan by a team that included an
industrial hygienist, building mechanical systems can operate
in unpredicted ways due to unforeseen factors. It is therefore
important to assemble a team of knowledgeable parties to
address these issues, review the project throughout its many
phases and attempt to identify potential IEQ issues before
they arise. In addition, special attention should be given to
specialized building systems and their potential relationship to
other building mechanical systems.
SR-102-05
Characterizing Air Quality in Manned Habitats Using a
Portable FTIR Spectrometer
O. Monje, Air Revitalization Lab, Kennedy Space Center, FL;
A. Caraccio, NASA KSC, Kennedy Space Center, FL
Objective: The objective was to characterize the atmospheric
composition of precursor manned habitats that house astronauts
performing specific manned mission scenarios. Real time air
quality data was collected during the Mission Operations Test
of NASA’s Deep Space Habitat and during Mission 2 of the HISEAS Mars Analog Habitat. A portable FTIR was chosen because
of limitations in crew time for conducting data collection and
analysis.
Methods: A portable FTIR (Gasmet DX4040) was used for
sampling real time air quality during both missions. The FTIR
was zeroed using nitrogen periodically to obtain a background
spectra. This background spectra and reference spectra are
used for determining the concentrations of the gases and no
other calibration is required. A predetermined method collecting
up to 25 gases was used. The spectra were collected with a wand
using the internal sampling pump of the FTIR. Results were
displayed and recorded in a PDA. The portable FTIR was held
at four fixed locations (core lab, hygiene module, plant growth
system, and crew quarters) during the Deep Space Habitat
mission. Sampling lines were laid out and the FTIR was moved
by the crew during the mission. During the HI-Seas Mission
2, the FTIR was used in portable mode and used to routinely
monitor gas composition in 3 locations (trash bin, living room,
and plant/lab).
Results: Generally, changes in atmospheric composition
and concentration were detected in different modules of the
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habitats. During the DSH mission, spikes in CO2 and ethanol
were associated with periods of crew exercise as a result of
increased metabolism and by the use of ethanol wipes to clean
up after exercise. Cooking events were characterized by spikes
in pentane, ammonia, and ethylene. Ethanol spikes were also
measured when the crew used the hygiene module. During the
HI-Seas mission, ethanol was highest in the food/water/metal/
hygiene and in the paper/cardboard/plastic trash bins. Toluene
was highest in the living room, where most carpeting was found.
Conclusions: The portable FTIR was very useful for measuring
the background atmospheric composition, as well as, sudden
increases in gas concentrations associated with distinct
crew activities. These data are useful for understanding the
interactions between human activities, habitat construction,
packaging, and the air revitalization system of the habitat.
CS-102-06
Developing Effective Air Contaminant Bake-Outs
S. Evans, CIH, CSP, P.E., MDE, Inc., Seattle, WA
Situation/Problem: In a number of cases for projects, the scope
of work included development of work plans to correct situations
where volatile organic compounds or volatile non-organic
compounds had “sunk” into fabrics, porous drywall and other
porous and semi-porous surfaces within a residence. Detailed
information on how to successfully bake-out a structure was not
found in published literature. However, there were a few studies
identified where select components that could be utilized to
develop the appropriate method. The bake-out method needed
to have the temperatures in the structure hot enough to drive
the volatile substances out of where they “sank” into materials.
However the method also had to consider minimizing ancillary
damages such as weakening the glued furniture joints, and
loosening adhesive under laminate countertops or wood or
plastic veneers. Other concerns were excessive drying leading
to cracks and checking of solid wood members.
Resolution: The limited studies found that a temperature range
centered on 120°F maintained for 72 hours was shown to be
most effective. My workplans were developed to incorporate this
criteria and were further enumerated to include requirements
to minimize the potential for damage. The methodology utilized
will be discussed in detail.
Results: Once the bakeouts were conducted according to the
workplans, the results in all cases indicated the absence of
quantifiable concentrations of contaminants of concern were
absent. Occupants that had been unable to live in the space due
to negative reactions to the contaminants were able to live in
the structures. The wallboard, carpet, etc. did not need to be
replaced or wallboard painted.
Lessons Learned: Introduction of the heated air in multiple
locations is more effective than when introduced at one location.
Utilization of a contractor experienced in conducting bakeouts with stringent criteria was critical; they need less handholding that those without experience. Also, in addition to using
recording temperature/humidity meters, a handheld digital
temperature “gun” was utilized to verify temperature in every
room. However, the results of a gun can vary depending on the
color of the wall surface and distance from the target. A portable
target (even a piece of paper) should be fastened to surfaces and
the distance to the target marked to standardize the readings.
Also, I need to write a paper on my multiple studies to ease the
dearth of references available on bake-outs to others.
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PO103
Characterizing and Communicating Past,
Present and Future Risk
Monday, June 1, 2015, 10:30 AM - 12:30 PM
CS-103-01
Characterizing Risk at an Industrial Site from Leaking
Underground Storage Tanks Containing Diesel Fuel
J. Persky, ENVIRON International Corp., Chicago, IL; F.
Boelter, ENVIRON International Corp., Chicago, IL; S. Song,
ENVIRON International Corp., Chicago, IL; B. Schnorr,
ENVIRON International Corp., Chicago, IL
Situation/Problem: In a newly industrialized country, an activist
filed a complaint with the local agency alleging that a facility is
“a living source of contamination and that the workers received,
during their workday, emissions of toxic gases coming from the
subsoil.” This complaint was based on publically available reports
related to site investigation and remediation work. The reports
contained relevant technical errors and characterized risk using
an approach which was inherently improper. We revisited the basis
of the risk assessment which precipitated misunderstanding,
anxiety, and outrage in the community and workforce.
Resolution: A review of the RA and air sampling data inside the
subject building indicated there is no significant risk to workers.
The predicted indoor air concentrations were unrealistically
high due to mathematical errors and compounded by the
use of conservative assumptions to develop site remediation
objectives. Revision of the RA models using realistic parameters
demonstrated that theoretical risk did not exceed the regulatory
risk criteria. Actual air sampling data confirmed the unfounded
risk characterization regarding indoor air concentrations of
petroleum hydrocarbons in the building.
Results: The RA review noted a number of conservative
assumptions or incorrect model inputs. Corrections included 1)
the use of Raoult’s law, 2) actual floor slab thickness, 3) lack
of visible cracks in the floor slab, 4) air change rates, and 5)
employee occupancy durations <<8-hours/day. The results
still represented a conservative scenario but showed that the
predicted maximum indoor air concentrations were at least
two to three orders of magnitude lower than those predicted in
the original RA. The cumulative cancer risk for a hypothetical
workday with lifetime exposure to the predicted maximum
indoor air concentrations was 2x10-9.
Lessons Learned: A well-intentioned but flawed risk
characterization can create problems where none actually
exist. It is critical to understand the context within which a
RA is prepared and to scrutinize the basis of the assumptions
when looking to apply the risk findings to alternative objectives.
RAs which are developed using hypothetical scenarios to guide
site remediation efforts are fundamentally different than RAs
purposed to evaluate actual risk to workers. Conservative and
unrealistic estimations of G, Q, and t can lead to exaggerated
and unrealistic estimates of exposure or dose.
CS-103-02
A Qualitative Approach for Determining the Likelihood
of PCBs in Manufactured Products aboard Maritime
Vessels
M. Plisko, Environmental Profiles, Inc., Columbia, MD; J.
Spencer, Environmental Profiles, Inc., Columbia, MD; P.
Fabian, Environmental Profiles, Inc., Columbia, MD
Situation/Problem: Prior to 1980, some products used in the
shipbuilding industry contained polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs) and were installed as shipboard components during new
vessel construction. The manufacture and use of PCBs in the US
was prohibited in 1979, however the US EPA has suggested that
products containing PCBs could have been accidently installed
aboard vessels constructed at US shipyards from 1980 to 1984.
Many vessels constructed during this time are nearing or have
already surpassed their expected service lives, and will likely be
sold for recycling or repurposing. According to EPA, vessels with
manufactured items containing ≥50 ppm PCBs are prohibited
from being sold for export to other nations, whether intended
for recycling or repurposing. Since many of these vessels are
operational and seaworthy, destructive sampling to determine
the presence of PCBs cannot be performed.
Resolution: An investigative process was developed to determine
the likelihood of whether manufactured items containing PCBs
were either originally installed or presently remain on board
cargo vessels constructed at US shipyards prior to and after
1979. The process consisted of four components including
document and records review; complete visual inspection of
the entire vessel; interviews of persons having specialized
knowledge regarding the vessel’s design, construction and
operation; and a search of available regulatory information.
Results: The process was used to evaluate seven vessels built
between 1975 and 1987. The results of the investigation revealed the
presence of PCB-containing fluorescent lighting ballasts in three of
the four older vessels (1975, 1978, and 1979) and potential for the
presence of PCB-containing electrical cable in the oldest vessel
(1975). There was no indication of manufactured items containing
regulated concentrations of PCBs aboard the three newer vessels
(1984, 1984, and 1987). The use of this procedure in each case
satisfied the US EPA due diligence requirement for evaluating the
presence of PCBs aboard vessels being offered for export.
Lessons Learned: The lessons learned from the use of this
procedure revealed that many products used in maritime
construction that historically may have contained PCBs were not
present due to regular overhaul, normal product replacement,
and modernizations performed over the 25+ year lifecycles of
the inspected vessels.
CS-103-03
Communicating Exposure and Risk Concepts Regarding
Railroad Maintenance and Repair Workers
F. Boelter, ENVIRON International Corp., Chicago, IL; J.
Persky, ENVIRON International Corp., Chicago, IL; D.
Podraza, ENVIRON International Corp., Chicago, IL; W.
Bullock, CSX Transportation, Jacksonville, FL
Situation/Problem: Whether there is big data or small data,
a challenging area for professionals is to determine how to
effectively characterize the risk presented by the exposure
and to convey this characterization in a way that has meaning
to the stakeholder. For a particular set of past practice data,
four broad groups of railroad stakeholders were identified as
recipients of the risk characterization: 1) historical railroad
workers, 2) current railroad workers, 3) railroad management,
and 4) exposure science professionals.
Resolution: Airborne asbestos exposures related to railroad
maintenance and repair past practices was studied since
no corresponding objective data was found in the published
literature. Three scenarios were developed regarding the
removal and handling of asbestos woven tape, historically
used to lag pipes during the steam era as well as the dieselelectric era. A challenge arose regarding how best to fairly
and effectively present the data and results given that the four
broad groups of stakeholders had potentially different interests,
different technical skills, and different ways of learning and
processing information. Alternative ways of communicating the
study results needed to be developed.
Results: Sampling results over three days demonstrated the
six 8-hr TWAs as well as the seventy-two 30-min task based
ELs were less than the respective current OSHA PEL of 0.1 f/cc
and 1 f/cc. The data was compiled, analyzed, and presentation
options were prepared by numerical descriptive statistics, box
and whisker charts, Bayesian Decision Analysis charts, hazard
banding charts, and SAE/variance vs. PEL graphs. Each of the
presentation alternatives had their own merits and ease of
being understood by the four broad groups of stakeholders.
Lessons Learned: An exposure assessment in support of a
risk characterization needs to consider weight of evidence, a
systematic review, analogies to existing data, implications of
missing data, uncertainty, and transparency. No single method
is the “best” method for presenting study data. The professional
preparing a risk characterization needs to communicate risk
concepts using a variety of tools such that the stakeholder
understands the information and can make their own informed
decisions. Policy needs to be based on evidence and not
philosophy, science needs to be distilled and translated, and the
message needs to be understandable and not watered down.
SR-103-04
Russian Anthophyllite: Chemical Composition and
Mesothelioma Potency Estimate
A. Korchevskiy, J. Rasmuson, E. Rasmuson, Chemistry
& Industrial Hygiene, Inc., Wheat Ridge, CO; M. Sanchez,
RJLee Group, Inc., Monroeville, PA
Objective: To characterize the mineral composition of a fibrous
amphibole that was mined in the Russian region of Ekaterinburg
and to estimate the potential pleural mesothelioma potency
factor range for this mineral.
Methods: A suspect amphibole asbestiform specimen was
obtained in the Russian Federation where the mineral is on
public display in a local park. Characterization of this specimen
was accomplished using Transmission Electron Microscopy
(TEM) employing select area electron diffraction and zone
axis indexing, Mössbauer spectroscopy to determine the FeO
to Fe2O3 ratio and electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) for
major elemental composition. Empirical modeling (Korchevskiy,
Rasmuson, Rasmuson, 2014) based on chemical composition
and lung biopersistence to determine a mesothelioma potency
factor was accomplished. The general range of the determined
potency was compared with implications from the literature, as
well as an RM value range from the epidemiological information
from the Ekaterinburg region in Russia.
Results: The amphibole composition was determined to be
asbestiform anthophyllite and based on morphology and
chemical analysis, with average composition of 58% SiO2,
27% MgO, 2.3% Fe2O3, and 8% FeO. If the average half-life in
the lung of the material is assumed to be 240 months (as for
amosite), application of the empirical model yields an average
mesothelioma potency of RM = 0.013 %/f/cc-year (95% CI
0.005, 0.029). Available data for mesothelioma incidence in the
www.AIHce2015.org
7
community neighboring the mine suggests a slightly higher
potency of 0.041 (95% CI 0.006-0.1), but there is no statistically
significant difference between the estimates (P=0.77).
Conclusions: Russian mining of anthophyllite asbestos was not
well recognized as occupational and environmental hazards. In
spite of the apparent closure of anthophyllite mining operations,
its effect on mesothelioma mortality in the country should
not be ignored. Moreover, scant data exists on anthophyllite
potency factors. Utilization of the proposed empirical model
(depending on chemical composition of fibers and lung half-life)
yields acceptable results if compared to levels determined from
epidemiological studies.
CS-103-05
Modeling Work Effectiveness of Firefighters with
Varying Shift Schedules
S. Williams, V. McDonough, L. Racz, U.S. Air Force, Apo, AE
Situation/Problem: The work effectiveness of firefighters and
other shift workers has long been recognized as vulnerable
to degradation with night and rotating schedules. Cognitive
performance depends on an individual’s combined circadian
and homeostatic processes. Those who work during other
shifts and sleep during the day disrupt the balance between
the homeostatic and circadian processes. These effects can
have serious consequences among emergency workers such as
firefighters with slowed reaction time, reduced ability to make
decisions, and loss of situational awareness. Despite the risks,
individuals tend to inaccurately assess the magnitude of their
own vulnerability to fatigue. One approach to mitigating these
effects is development and use of a Fatigue Risk Management
System (FRMS). Since such a system is science based and data
driven, the use of a model can help to predict performance as
a function of sleep attained. One of these models, the Sleep,
Activity, Fatigue and Task Effectiveness model, provides the
algorithm used in the Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool (FAST).
Resolution: For 14 days, a total of 34 firefighters were given
an anonymous sleep survey. These firefighters included those
from two different 24-hr shift teams as well as those from
conventional eight-hour shifts. They were asked to document
their perceived quality of sleep as well as hours worked, any
abnormalities with sleep, naps taken, and circadian rhythm
synchrony. The data was then input into FAST which predicted
the percentage effectiveness for each participant.
Results: The data depicted an exponential decrease in
effectiveness as the work week progressed. The benefit of
strategic naps was reinforced by one of the 24-hr teams, where
half of the team consistently napped. When personnel listed
their perceived circadian rhythm peaks and troughs, most
workers had a circadian rhythm synchrony. Extended hours on a
regular basis impacted the homeostatic balance. This analysis
gave leadership their first opportunity to see a subjective topic
(fatigue) in an objective fashion.
Lessons Learned: Identification of individuals at most risk for
fatigue based errors is still subjective in nature and requires
both a qualitative and quantitative approach to identifying
appropriate fatigue countermeasures for certain military career
fields. The use of a fatigue model can be an effective component
in a FRMS in order to help manage sleep and work schedules
effectively and improve work performance and safety.
CS-103-06
Six Sigma Approach to Improving your Office
Ergonomics Process
T. Silva, Atlas Ergonomics, Grand Haven, MI
Situation/Problem: Many organizations have been running an
office ergonomics process for several years and have plateaued
in performance. They do not know, with any level of confidence,
what part of the process should be improved and to what level.
Resolution: This presentation will look at two case studies
and how each company utilized Six Sigma methodologies to
improve their office ergonomics process: Case Study #1 – One
of the nations’ largest financial institutions. Their process
encompasses coverage of greater than 180,000 employees
deployed over 5,500 individual locations across the country.
Case Study #2 – One of the world’s largest, multinational
professional services networks with a large percentage of the
work population using hoteling stations and working remotely
from client and home office locations.
Results: The process provides a data driven approach to better
measure program performance. It is a more standardized
approach to evaluating and controlling ergonomic hazards, and
offers significant reductions in errors in the office ergonomics
process..
Lessons Learned: Learn when and how to use different Six
Sigma methods to collect Voice of the Customer and determine
Critical to Quality characteristics. Use process flow diagrams
to document the flow of information in your office ergonomics
process. Analyze root cause with Fishbone diagrams, brainstorm
to develop process improvements and use FMEAs to prioritize
improvements. Trial and test improvements in a Design of
Experiment format before rolling out corporate wide.
PO104
Hazard Prevention and Engineering Controls:
Traditional and Modern Approaches
Monday, June 1, 2015, 10:30 AM - 12:30 PM
CS-104-01
Key Elements of Temporary Release Shelter Programs:
Development and Implementation
V. Aizenberg, ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Baytown, TX
Situation/Problem: Emergency response plans for most
sites dealing with acutely hazardous chemicals often include
Temporary Release Shelters (TRS) as part of the response.
Enabling key personnel to safely manage the emergency is
intrinsic to safe site operations. However, some sites simply
designate buildings as TRS (also known as Safe Havens and
Shelters-in-Place) without specific effort to test their efficacy
(tightness) and developing corresponding management
programs.
Resolution: This presentation shares key features of a welldesigned and well-managed TRS program. These include:
Design requirements for TRS HVAC systems and building
envelopes; Testing of TRS building tightness (per ASTM E74111) as well as architectural and engineering pre-requisites for
such testing; Periodic TRS testing and maintenance program,
and Stakeholder engagement
Results: Implementation of TRS programs of several buildings
of various sizes (including before and after HVAC upgrades) will
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be illustrated and discussed. These include large office and
administrative buildings, medium-size control buildings and
smaller security areas.
Lessons Learned: Examples of appropriate TRS as well as
erroneous TRS arrangements will be re-emphasized. Advice on
efficiently establishing and maintaining TRS will be provided.
CS-104-02
Approaches to Dust Control in Mining
G. Joy, NIOSH Office of Mine Safety and Health Research,
Pittsburgh, PA
Situation/Problem: Miners are at elevated risk of developing
pneumoconioses as a result of exposure to airborne respirable
dust in their work. This exposure originates from the extraction
and subsequent processing and handling of the mined mineral.
For the period 2003 - 2012, the portion of compliance samples in
the metal/nonmetal industry for respirable quartz exceeding the
occupational exposure limit (OEL) by commodity was: metallic
minerals 18%; nonmetallic minerals 16%; sand & gravel 12%;
and stone 11%. In coal mines, the fraction exceeding the OEL for
respirable coal mine dust was 5%, and the fraction exceeding
the quartz OEL was 13%. Between 1990 and 1999, 2,407 deaths
in the United States were attributed to silicosis; of those,
occupation information was available for 881 deaths. For those
881 deaths, employment in the metal/nonmetal mining industry
accounted for 15%, and the most common occupation recorded
was mining machine operator.
Resolution: Research by the U.S. Bureau of Mines – subsequently
NIOSH – and many other organizations has identified feasible
engineering controls for dust exposure in mining. These controls
are extensions of the methods commonly used in non-mining
industries with consideration of situations unique to mining. The
primary methods applied are isolation and containment of the
source and/or receptor, general and local exhaust ventilation,
and application of water to prevent or suppress airborne
dust. Regardless of the type of mineral pursued, similarities
exist among the methods employed to recover and process it,
permitting application of similar approaches to control dust.
Results: Selection and design of controls in mining is
complicated by the scale size, quantities, and volume of mining
processes, but proceeds in the normal fashion. One difference
in mining is that the dust to be controlled may be the product of
the process. When this is the case, recovering the collected dust
in a usable form is an important consideration. Information will
be presented on approaches to dust control, with comment on
control design and selection issues.
Lessons Learned: Effective control of respirable dust exposure
in mining is feasible in almost all situations through selection
and application of appropriate engineering controls. As in all
industries, sustaining initial control efficiencies requires an ongoing program of oversight and verification.
SR-104-03
Use of Ventilation Fans for Reducing Worker Airborne
Dust Exposures at a Steel Foundry in HaTay, Vietnam
G. Croteau, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
Objective: Establish effectiveness of using ventilation fans to
reduce airborne dust exposures, determine effect on downwind
exposure levels and develop best practice guidelines for utilizing
this simple engineering control.
Methods: The use of fans for reducing airborne dust exposure
levels was assessed at a steel foundry located in an open sided
building in HaTay, Vietnam. A paired sample experimental
design was utilized. Task based personal exposure levels were
determined with and without the use of ventilation fans in order
to maintain spatial and temporal continuity and reduce the
effect of changing work conditions. Work activities included
mold breakdown, sand sieving, and metal grinding tasks.
Worker exposure levels were determined using a direct reading
dust monitor; area dust levels were also determined 2.8 and 5.5
meters downwind. The fans were assessed as they are typically
used at this workplace.
Results: A total of 11 paired task based samples (13 to 104
minutes in length) were obtained. A mean exposure reduction
of 55.3% (SD 35.3%) was attained, based on 11 paired samples;
a single paired sample indicated an exposure increase of 14.1%.
Downwind dust levels (area samples) were 67% to 266% higher
with the fan in use, with the exception of one of five paired
samples. The fans, placed 1.5 to 10.0 meters from the worker,
generated a mean air velocity of 142.5 meters/minute measured
at the worker. The 0.6 and 2.6 kilowatt-hour fans had a mean
volumetric flow rates of 133 and 269 cubic meters/minute.
Conclusions: The study results demonstrate fans are an
effective means of reducing worker exposure levels. However,
downwind effects need to be considered. Ideally, fans should be
directed towards the outside in open sided buildings and never
towards other workers. A lower velocity (30 meters/minute at
the worker), less turbulent air flow might provide more effective
exposure control.
SR-104-04
Self-Reported Use of Dust Controls in Stone Countertop
Fabrication in High and Low Enforcement States
M. Philips, J. Canary, University of Oklahoma Health
Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
Objective: Fabrication of countertops from natural granite
and quartz-based artificial stone has potential for serious
overexposure to respirable crystalline silica if dust controls
are not used. This study extended previous research on the
prevalence of dry methods in granite countertop fabrication
in Oklahoma to investigate whether dust controls were more
commonly used in states with high levels of enforcement by
occupational safety and health agencies.
Methods: Intensity of enforcement in each state was determined
by dividing the number of silica emphasis inspections in stone
product manufacturing establishments (SIC 3281) between
January 2008 and June 2013 by the state’s population. Pairs of
states within the same region with strongly contrasting levels
of enforcement were chosen for comparison: Minnesota (4.15
silica inspections per million population) vs. Michigan (0) and
New Mexico (5.34) vs. Arizona (0.63). One city in each state was
selected for a census of stone countertop fabrication shops.
The cities in each pair of states were similar in population. A
complete enumeration of all granite and quartz countertop
fabricators in each of these cities was attempted using Internet
searches. A survey of fabrication and housekeeping methods
was administered over the phone to a qualified individual at
each shop.
Results: We identified 8 shops in Rochester MN, 3 shops in Ann
Arbor MI, 11 shops in Albuquerque NM, and 15 shops in Tucson
AZ. Shops in the low-enforcement states were significantly
less willing to participate in the survey than shops in the highwww.AIHce2015.org
9
enforcement states (28% vs. 84% participation, p = 0.0003).
Among responding shops in the high-enforcement states, 69%
reported that every step in the fabrication process was performed
mostly or entirely wet, compared to 40% of responding shops
in the low-enforcement states. This result was not statistically
significant. Fabrication methods reported for granite and quartz
surfacing were nearly identical.
it can be formed into nuggets or patties. As meat product is
loaded into the batch mixer(s) along with liquid flavorings, it is
necessary to inject liquid carbon dioxide into the meat mixture
within the batch mixer. If this injection process is not properly
contained/ventilated, excess carbon dioxide vaporizes and is
released into the work room. Resulting exposures can exceed
applicable exposure limits.
Conclusions: Due to potential nonresponse bias, the relationship
between degree of enforcement in a state and self-reported
use of wet methods could not be determined. The reported
prevalence of wet methods in the manufacturing of granite and
quartz countertops in the high-enforcement states of Minnesota
and New Mexico was much higher than the previously selfreported prevalence of wet methods in Oklahoma, a lowenforcement state.
Resolution: Carbon dioxide levels were measured using an
appropriate direct reading instrument. Employee exposures
were measured using passive diffusion tubes. Based on the
initial survey, excessive exposures were determined. Survey
also identified sources of excessive exposures so that corrective
actions could be considered and implemented.
SR-104-05
Efficiency of Intact and Damaged HEPA Filters and their
Gaskets under Different Flowrate and Pressure Drop
Conditions
F. Akbar-Khanzadeh, UT HSC College of Medicine, Toledo,
OH; K. Smigielski, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH
Objective: High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter, a main
element of industrial or domestic ventilation systems, can be
damaged during handling and installation. Then, the question is
how the damage would alter the performance of the filter. This
project was to evaluate HEPA filter capture efficiency of intact or
damaged gaskets and filters.
Methods: The filters (60 x 60 x 29 cm) for: (a) “gasket testing”
used PTFE with one piece poured gasket; and, (b) “filter testing”
used glass fiber, with a dove tail gasket. Poly Alpha Olefin
particulate was used as aerosol challenge. Aerosol generators
with specific nozzles were to generate known diameter (e.g.,
0.3 μm) particles. A counter instrument was used to count
the particles at the inlet and outlet of a custom designed
filter housing. Each finally reported count was an average of 6
readings. Known diameter holes to the gasket and filter were
created by using a set of standard cylinders. The gaskets and
filters were tested within the filter housing at two system
airflows (28.3x103 and 56.6x103 L/min) and two pressure drops
(25 and 50 mm water gauge). Gaskets and filters were tested
under following conditions: (1) best fit: no known gasket or filter
leak, and (2) man-made holes: gaskets and filters with 6 sizes
man-made holes of 0.5, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 4.8 and 6.4 mm diameters.
Results: The best fit HEPA filter performed at capture efficiency
of more than 99.99%. Particle leakage increased with the
diameter of hole. However, at 0.5, 0.8 and 1.6 mm diameter
holes the capture efficiency remained above 99.99%. At 3.2 mm
hole the efficiency dropped to 99.98% and at 4.8 and 6.4 mm
holes the capture efficiency dropped below the HEPA quality
capture efficiency of 99.97%.
Conclusions: The capture efficiency of HEPA filters remained
above 99.97% at or smaller than 3.2 mm hole in either gasket or
filter media. Additional tests are recommended to further verify
these findings.
CS-104-06
Carbon Dioxide Exposures at Meat Batching Operations
M. Wiggins, Liberty Mutual Insurance, Lexington, SC
Situation/Problem: Liquid carbon dioxide is used at meat
product batching operation in order to cool the meat so that
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AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce
Results: Initial measurements of process indicated that
exposures can exceed the applicable exposure limits. After
modifications are made to process, exposures were reduced to
levels that were well below the applicable exposure limits.
Lessons Learned: Excessive exposures at this operation were
due to: Leakage of carbon dioxide gas into the work room due to
excessive volume of liquid than could be removed by the exhaust
ventilation system; Inadequate seal between the batch mixer lid
cover on the top of the batch mixer hopper; and lack of control
of flow and volume of liquid carbon dioxide into the batch mixer.
Excessive exposures were corrected with the following process
controls: Assure that the exhaust system is not clogged. (Carbon
dioxide can sublime and deposit within the exhaust duct causing
obstruction of the ducts and causing the exhaust fan to freeze;
Assure a tight seal around the batch mixer during carbon dioxide
injection; Control the volume, distribution and flow rate of the
liquid carbon dioxide into the batch mixer to prevent excess
volume of carbon dioxide in to the batch mixer. Control of flow
rate and distribution of carbon dioxide allows carbon dioxide to
be better absorbed by the batch (meat product).
PO105
Advances in Construction and Confined Space
Safety
Monday, June 1, 2015, 10:30 AM - 12:50 PM
CS-105-01
Personal and Area Monitoring for Airborne
Concentrations of Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate
(MDI) and 2-Ethylhexanoic Acid (EHA) during and
after Application of Low Pressure Polyurethane Foam
Insulation in a Residential Crawlspace
J. Cikalo, Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI
Situation/Problem: The objective of the study was to determine
personal exposures and area concentrations of Methylene
Diphenyl Diisocyanate (MDI) and catalyst during and after
application of a closed cell spray polyurethane formulation to
the rim joist of a residential crawl space.
Resolution: Industrial hygiene air monitoring was conducted
using two different ventilation rates during two applications
of spray polyurethane foam insulation in the crawl space of a
residential home as a part of a product stewardship program.
The crawl space was isolated from the other areas of the home
by using a temporary barrier and ensuring that a separate
source of makeup air was available. EPA and Center for the
Polyurethanes Industry (CPI) Ventilation Guidance for Spray
Polyurethane Foam Application, as well as the International
Building code (IBC 2603.4) and International Residential code
(IRC R316.4) principles were incorporated in the study.
Results: MDI monitoring results were 16 ppb for each of the two
personal samples while area samples ranged from 1.7 - 2.2 ppb
during spraying. One hour after spraying, area samples for MDI
were less than the detection limit of 0. 4 ppb. The results of area
samples for EHA were less than the detection limit of 0.2 mg/m3
during spraying and at one hour after spraying.
Lessons Learned: The results of the study will be used to enhance
product stewardship practices associated with re-occupancy
times following the application of low pressure spray foams.
As per CPI (www.SprayPolyurethane.Org), some manufacturers
recommend a one hour re-occupancy time following an interior
two-component, low-pressure Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF)
kit application.
CS-105-02
ANSI A10.49- The Control of Chemical Hazards in
Construction
M. Gillen, Retired from NIOSH, Washington, D.C.; S.
Schneider, Laborers’ Health & Safety Fund, Washington, D.C.
Situation/Problem: Health hazards have always taken a
backseat to safety in construction. Most ANSI standards and
OSHA standards address construction safety issues like fall
prevention, even though far more construction workers are
estimated to die from exposures to health hazards than from
accidents.
Resolution: Over the past few years the ANSI A10 committee
which drafts voluntary standards for the construction and
demolition industry decided to tackle this problem and develop
a standard to help contractors address exposures to chemical
hazards on their jobsites. The standard was finally completed in
2014 and affirmed by the A10 committee and ANSI. The standard
combines control banding and pre-job planning approaches to
help make it accessible to small and medium sized employers.
Toxicity ratings are obtained using Safety Data Sheet (SDS).
Hazard ratings and exposure potential are derived from various
tables based on how substances will be used relying on known
exposure factors (like the degree of enclosure). These ratings
are then combined to determine the type of plan needed to
control exposures: a basic plan for relatively low exposure and
toxicity hazards, an intermediate plan developed by a “chemical
hazard competent person” for more toxic materials with higher
exposure potentials or an advanced plan developed by a qualified
person (industrial hygienist) for the most highly toxic and high
exposure situations. A separate similar analysis is done for
task-generated exposures from existing materials on the site
(e.g. renovation and demolition work).
Results: This presentation will review the new standard and
discuss its development. It is hoped that this standard will
help contractors take a closer look at chemical hazards in
their worksites and move them to reduce exposures and risk of
disease.
Lessons Learned: Health hazards in construction must be
addressed in new ways such as voluntary (ANSI) standards.
SR-105-03
An Evaluation of Commercially Available Portable Local
Exhaust Ventilation for Welding Fumes in Construction:
The Epilogue
J. Meeker, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; P. Susi,
CPWR, Silver Spring, MD
Objective: Welding is an important and pervasive process in
construction. Overexposure to welding fumes and various toxic
constituents among construction workers has been documented.
However, use of engineering controls in this industry is still not
common. Our objective was to identify commercially available,
portable, local exhaust ventilation (LEV) systems viewed
considered viable by end-users (contractors and welders) and to
evaluate their effectiveness. In previous years, we described the
results of our first two evaluations. Here we present the results
of the third evaluation and summarize and compare all three
systems tested.
Methods: As part of a larger project, an “Adoption of Innovations
to Minimize (AIMS) Exposure to Dust and Fumes in Construction
(AIMs)”, we assembled an industry partnership to select three
commercially available, portable LEV units for welding fumes
from among ten identified by researchers. Welding fume
control effectiveness for both stainless steel (specifically
hexavalent chromium [Cr VI], manganese [Mn] and nickel [Ni])
and carbon steel (specifically Mn and iron [Fe]) was assessed
in separate randomized trials. Control vs. no control trial order
was randomized to prevent systematic bias due to carryover
exposures from one run to the next and other potential biases
that might influence exposure levels. Static pressure was
measured between each of the LEV-controlled trials several
duct diameters downstream from the hood to assess air flow
loss over time due to filter loading.
Results: We used the criteria of a 50% reduction in metal fume
exposures or a reduction to below the most current or relevant
occupational exposure limit to determine effectiveness. All
of the systems tested met our criteria for effectiveness using
these criteria. However, neither reductions in concentrations
of Cr VI and other metals (Fe and Ni) during stainless steel
welding nor reductions in Fe during carbon steel welding were
statistically significant. Air flow based on hood static pressure
measurements ranged from 112 to 158 CFM.
Conclusions: Effective LEV systems for welding fumes that
are portable and practical for construction are commercially
available. While HEPA filtration has been associated with
reduced LEV air flow in extremely dusty construction operations,
our data show that HEPA filtration for welding fumes is desirable
and does not substantially reduce air flow.
CS-105-04
Think and Act Locally: Promoting Use of Engineering
Controls in Construction at the Municipal Level
P. Susi, CPWR, Marlton, NJ; M. Goldberg, City University of
New York, Emeritus, New York, NY; M. Weinstein, Florida
International University, Miami, FL
Situation/Problem: Masonry restoration work, and specifically
tuckpointing, is associated with very high silica exposures. More
than half of exposure measurements collected by OSHA during
tuckpointing were greater than twice the National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended
Exposure Limit (REL) for respirable silica (US DOL, 2009).
Despite high exposures, engineering controls for tuckpointing
are still not often used. Although a proposed OSHA silica
standard was published in 2013, a final standard is still pending.
Here we examine increased use of local exhaust ventilation
(LEV) for tuckpointing in Chicago some 15 years or more before
a final standard is likely to be published.
www.AIHce2015.org
11
Resolution: We conducted a case study to determine why
and how use of LEV became more common for tuckpointing
operations in Chicago. Key informants were interviewed,
including a former OSHA area director, union leaders, and
contractors. In addition, we reviewed archival data including
municipal codes, specifications, training materials, articles and
presentations describing and analyzing the use of LEV during
tuckpointing.
Results: Four groups played key roles in the adoption of LEV
in the Chicago: federal OSHA, local government agencies
(both regulators and major users of construction services),
Tuck Pointers Local 52, and local masonry contractors. They
were motivated by concerns for occupational, public and
environmental health. Major reasons for use of LEV in Chicago
were: 1) concern for worker health among OSHA, local unions
and their signatory contractors; 2) increased regulation and
enforcement at both the local and federal levels; 3) owners’
mandates that required use of LEV; and 4) the need to minimize
dust complaints from building occupants and the resulting work
stoppages.
Lessons Learned: Beyond rule-making, OSHA may serve as
an important catalyst in making an industry aware of a hazard
and the means to control that hazard. However, local forces,
both regulatory and market-based, may in some cases change
industry practice more quickly and completely. The joint
efforts of building trades unions, contractors and OSHA proved
effective in addressing a pervasive hazard such as silica with
effective and practical measures. Lessons learned in Chicago
may inform efforts in other metropolitan areas where use of LEV
for tuckpointing is less common.
CS-105-05
Confined Spaces in Residential Buildings
P. Bergholz, AMEC, Burnaby, BC, Canada
Situation/Problem: A property owner/manager did not have
a complete confined space program and inventory along with
hazard assessment (HA) and entry procedure (EP) documents
for all potential spaces. The property manager owns and
or maintains upwards of 9,000 buildings, towers, low rise
apartment buildings, condominiums and detached houses in
the province of BC. As a result of an incomplete inventory, not
all building managers were aware of potential confined spaces
on the properties. Additionally, due to geography of some of
the properties, the accessibility of gas detectors and rescue
resources were also limited.
Resolution: We were requested by the property owner/manager
to update their program and inventory of confined spaces and
prepare confined space HA and EP for residential buildings
present throughout BC.
Results: Of the 62 buildings that were inspected for confined
spaces, 115 confined spaces were viewed, assessed and grouped
together into a total of 8 similar type spaces (e.g., crawlspaces,
sumps, etc.). Hazard assessments and EPs were completed for
these grouped / similar type spaces. Training was also provided
to a large number of employees. Of the non-confined spaces
viewed, many observed spaces (e.g., crawlspaces) bordered
on whether or not they meet the definition of a confined space
according to local regulations. For precautionary measures,
a HA and EP was prepared for non-confined crawlspaces
which did not meet the classification of a confined space (the
most common non-confined space entered). Controls were
implemented for these non-confined spaces such as gas
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testing and ventilation, and were utilized in a similar fashion,
but to a lesser extent. Upon completion of the entire program,
the property manager/owner implemented an online system to
upload permits, and HA and EP for any spaces located in the
inventory.
Lessons Learned: Implementing controls to mitigate hazards
inside confined spaces or even non-confined spaces (availability
of gas detectors and confined space rescue services) can be
problematic for large property manager/owners with properties
existing over a large geographical area. Confined spaces were
observed in several newly built residential buildings, which
highlights the need for input from an industrial hygienist at the
design stage of buildings, whenever possible. As a result of our
work to date, there have been no minor/severe injuries known to
have occurred during confined space entries.
CS-105-06
Ventilation for Painting in Enclosed Spaces
D. Chute, Atrium Environmental Health and Safety Services,
LLC, Reston, VA
Situation/Problem: Shipboard painting is often done in enclosed
spaces. This work is difficult to ventilate for effective control
of visibility, flammability and health hazards due to irregular
spaces, limited access and egress and the distance between
painting work and a satisfactory staging area for fans and
blowers. There is a need to evaluate and control the effect of
these variables under current work conditions.
Resolution: This work included a series of air monitoring
surveys, ventilation airflow measurements and data collection
in four shipyards. The goal of this data collection and analysis
was to fill information gaps and prepare qualified estimation
guidelines for ventilation required to effectively control of
airborne contaminants during shipboard painting in enclosed
spaces.
Results: Personal breathing zone and area air sampling was
conducted for six different air contaminants including solvents,
particulates and reactants. Six different coatings were applied
during this testing, providing an excellent cross-section of the
products currently used in the maritime industry. Brush and roll
application was observed to be effectively ventilated with exhaust
air drawn through flexible ductwork and discharged topside to
the outdoors. Spray application was more problematic. Portable
local exhaust ventilation was more effective for the control of
breathing zone exposure than permanently-installed wallmounted systems.
Lessons Learned: The participating shipyards were able
to develop, demonstrate and apply specialized equipment,
skills and methods to effectively install and operate fixed and
temporary ventilation systems for painting in enclosed spaces.
While the combination of temporary and fixed ventilation
systems were observed to be generally effective, many key
performance variables may change on a job to job or a daily
basis. To respond to these changes, this work requires constant
attention, adjustment, measurement and repair. Many dynamic
variables could not be controlled consistently or predictably.
SR-105-07
Characterization of Exposure to Silica and Dust during
Demolition and Crushing Operations in Construction,
with and without Dust Controls
A. Bello, C. Mugford, S. Woskie, UMASS Lowell, Lowell, MA
Objective: The objective of our work was to characterize
occupational exposures to respirable crystalline silica and
environmental exposures to dust particles during demolition
and crushing operations in construction, with and without the
use of dust suppression methods.
Methods: Daily exposure measurements were conducted for 3-4
days at each of two demolition sites and one crushing operation
in MA. Integrated sampling and direct reading measurements
were used to assess a number of exposure metrics including
respirable silica and dust, PM 2.5 and PM 10 particles. Breathing
zone samples were collected using a BGI 4L cyclone with
a GilAir3 sampling pump set at a flow rate of 2.2 l/min. Area
sampling was performed simultaneously in several locations at
the perimeter of the yard of each site using Thermo Scientific
Aerosol Monitors (pDR1500). Exposure data analyses were
performed with Statistical Analyses Software (SAS) Version 9.3
including summary statistics and time series analyses.
Results: The highest occupational exposures to crystalline silica
were measured on crushing machine “operators” with levels as
high as 2 fold of the NIOSH REL or the newly proposed OSHA PEL
of 0.05 mg/m3. Exposures of ground workers and heavy machine
operators in demolition sites were much lower than the existing
NIOSH REL. We established only limited evidence on exposure
reduction related to the use of a specific dust-misting machine,
potentially due to the high day-to-day variability of work activities.
In addition, the data suggest that environmental exposures to
PM2.5 and PM10 during crushing operations can potentially be
higher than the existing National Ambient Air Quality Standards
set for 24 hr. average exposures. Environmental exposures can
be significantly reduced when built-in dust suppression systems
on crushing machines are utilized.
Conclusions: The use of dust suppression methods can
contribute to lower silica and dust exposures for workers
in demolition sites; however, silica exposures of crushing
operators remain higher than NIOSH REL, requiring workers
to use respirators. Utilization of traditional dust suppression
systems can significantly reduce environmental exposures
during demolition and crushing operations. The presentation
will cover detailed statistics for all exposure metrics measured
and implications of these findings for similar operations. Our
field experience on evaluation and adaption of dust controls
measures will also be discussed.
PO106
Exposure Assessment Strategies: Something
for Everyone
Monday, June 1, 2015, 10:30 AM - 1:30 PM
SR-106-01
On the Accurate Estimation of the Benchmark Dose
T. Mathew, University of Maryland Baltimore County,
Baltimore, MD
Objective: In industrial hygiene and environmental applications,
the benchmark dose (BMD) is defined as the dose associated
with a specified increase in the probability of an adverse health
outcome. The probability will depend on relevant covariates and
can be modeled using functions such as logistic regression, probit
model, multi-stage model, etc. When binary dose-response data
are available, the EPA’s benchmark dose software can be used for
estimating the BMD, and for computing a 95% lower confidence
limit (denoted by BMDL). The BMDL is of particular interest, since
it can be used as a point of departure for developing occupational
exposure limits (OELs). Likelihood based large sample theory is
usually used for computing the BMDL. However, sample sizes are
very often small, in which case the likelihood based BMDL will be
inaccurate. Our objective is to explore alternative methodology for
the accurate computation of the BMDL.
Methods: The methodology that we shall explore for the accurate
computation of the BMDL is an old an under-utilized approach
in statistics, namely, the fiducial approach. The fiducial concept
has undergone a recent revival, and is now recognized to be
important in applications. The fiducial method can be easily
adopted to the logistic regression model, probit model, etc. The
fiducial methodology and its implementation will be explained
for computing the BMDL. A bootstrap correction will also be
explained for improving the accuracy for small samples.
Results: Simulation results show that the proposed methodology
does provide an accurate BMDL. Apart from simulation results,
the methodology will be illustrated using the analysis of
industrial hygiene data sets.
Conclusions: A 95% BMDL computed using the likelihood based
approach can have coverage probability significantly smaller
than 95%, especially for small samples. This will result in a
larger BMDL, giving the misleading conclusion that the BMD is
larger than what it actually is. The proposed fiducial approach is
thus preferable, since the BMDL so computed does provide the
correct coverage.
CS-106-02
Professional Judgment in Exposure Assessment (EA):
How Low Do You Go?
T. Morris, Morris Innovative IH & Safety Solutions,
Cincinnati, OH
Situation/Problem: IHs rely on many factors to guide us,
especially professional judgment. When evaluating materials
for an EA, professional judgment typically leads to the rejection
of those at low levels (<1%) because it’s assumed there isn’t
enough to pose a risk. This was reinforced by the HAZCOM
standard which defined an untested mixture’s health hazards
as those of the individual components at ≥1% and ≥0.1% for
carcinogens. Cut-offs continue in the revised standard but
OSHA still includes a requirement that any material/quantity be
reported if it could pose a health hazard.
Resolution: The 0.1/1% values have (for many) become de
facto limits for SDSs and EAs. This coupled with professional
judgment targeting the “primary” contaminants of a process
have resulted in missed exposures to other materials. Some
may be known components that were ignored due to a low %,
unknown materials, or materials whose exposure potential had
not been adequately evaluated. These unsuspected exposures
can surprise employers during an OSHA inspection and
confound the etiology of health effects associated with toxicant/
industry exposures.
Results: Spraying a coating containing 0.06% formaldehyde
resulted in an exposure 220% of OSHA limits; Cd exposures up
to 288% of OSHA limits occurred at four nonferrous foundries
www.AIHce2015.org
13
using zinc containing 0.0002% Cd; Pb/Cd exposures of 185/15.4
μg/m3 occurred from dumping bags of ZnO containing 0.005%
Pb and 0.001% Cd; and plasma cutting bare 304 stainless steel
(“0”% Pb) resulted in a 75.1 μg/m3 Pb exposure. All companies
were unaware of the contaminants, the exposures, and the
associated regulatory requirements.
Lessons Learned: Significant exposures occurred to materials
present at levels well below what professional judgment may
indicate is relevant. Cd exposures were concomitant with Pb and
are a previously unreported finding that must now be considered
when evaluating kidney toxicity in nonferrous foundry workers.
Professional judgment must be calibrated to new information
which, as shown here, includes reporting low level components and
incorporating them into the exposure assessment process. This
is a challenge that covers all aspects from material composition,
detailed task analysis to sampling and analytical method selection.
CS-106-03
Similar Exposure Groups (SEGs) in Hydraulic
Fracturing
R. Rottersman, ENVIRON International Corp., Chicago, IL
Situation/Problem: In 2012, it was estimated that over 360,000
people were employed in the drilling/production of shale gas
and that this number would increase to over 600,000 by the
end of the decade. There have been a number of studies that
have evaluated occupational exposures related to the fracturing
process. In addition to fracturing, many employees are engaged
in other operations beginning with well pad construction through
monitoring producing wells. The variety of services and tasks
performed in the hydraulic fracturing industry results in diverse
occupational exposure profiles.
Resolution: Defining similar exposure groups (SEGs) followed
by qualitative and possibly quantitative assessment is a way
to allocate and prioritize assessment resources. The large
and diverse employment demographics within the hydraulic
fracturing industry is well suited for this risk based type of
assessment strategy. A model based upon the American
Industrial Hygiene Association’s Exposure Assessment Strategy
was implemented to evaluate exposure risks from SEGs including
silica transport, roustabouts performing well construction,
vacuum truck operators and well monitors/pumpers who gauge
tanks in producing wells.
Results: Findings of the assessment identified a number of
scenarios related to non-routine tasks or changes in operational
conditions that could result in exposures that might be overlooked
during a routine industrial hygiene assessment. These include
potential exposure to hydrocarbons or hydrogen sulfide during
tank gauging, biocides in tank cleaning operations, traffic
safety/driver fatigue, and noise exposure for those working in
the vicinity of vacuum trucks. While these exposures might not
exceed occupational exposure limits, they should be considered
in exposure assessments.
Lessons Learned: Occupational exposures assessments in
the hydraulic fracturing industry often focus on the fracturing
process or risks related to physical safety while drilling. Using
an approach based on the AIHA strategy can help identify
other SEGs and potential exposures that might otherwise be
overlooked.
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AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce
CS-106-04
Health Risk Analysis and Characterization of Similar
Exposures Groups of Municipal Solid Waste Employees
Based on Historic Monitoring Event
A. Rohr Daniel, ENVIRON International Corporation, San
Francisco, CA; P. Harper, ENVIRON International Corp.,
Phoenix, AZ; C. Torres CIH, CSP, ENVIRON International
Corporation, Atlanta, GA; R. Wills, Waste Management,
Houston, TX
Situation/Problem: Similar exposure groups (SEGs) are
defined by the American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA)
as groups of employees with similar exposure profiles. SEGs
are employees that are classified similarly due to the work
environment, environmental agents (i.e., contaminants of
concern (CoCs)), and exposure factors which include job tasks.
Characterizing SEGs is a critical component of an occupational
exposure assessment. Health risk is a function of the toxicity of
what workers are exposed to, and the risk of exposure to those
CoCs. For this study, the SEGs among municipal solid waste
employees were characterized and analyzed for relative health
risk due to multiple CoCs based on a Bayesian Decision Analysis
(BDA) of historic exposure data from 62 facilities across North
America.
Resolution: The potential health risk to municipal solid waste
employees was evaluated. Personal monitoring data collected
from 1998 to 2014 consisted of 1,526 data points from 62
facilities in two countries have been reviewed and tabulated. Of
the various tasks and job descriptions 19 SEGs and 203 CoCs
were determined. CoCs with ≥ 3 data points for each SEG in each
LOB were reviewed, and BDA was used to determine the AIHA
exposure category.
Results: The study points out the shortcomings of traditional
execution of exposure assessment programs. Despite the
large number of samples, only a small handful of SEG/COC
combinations were capable of characterization with statistical
significance. Results indicating either high statistical variability
or too few data points provide insight into current knowledge
gaps and the potential to mischaracterize health risks to SEGs.
Lessons Learned: Performing the BDA allowed further
understanding that, although numerous monitoring events had
been conducted, the lack of planned assessments left many
SEGs uncharacterizable and requiring additional data to be
collected. The analysis of the BDA facilitated the design of future
monitoring plans based on the quality and quantity of the historic
data. BDA is a widely utilized tool in the industrial hygienists’
tool belt that proved to be an invaluable asset in characterizing
the potential health risks to municipal solid waste employees.
SR-106-05
Characterization of Exposure to Diesel Particulate
Matter in an Underground Metal Mine
D. Stephenson, Boise State University, Boise, ID; E.
Zamzow, Boise State University, Boise, ID
Objective: Elevated exposure to diesel particulate matter
(DPM) has been linked to adverse health outcomes including
respiratory irritation, cardiovascular disease, immune
dysfunction, and lung cancer. Due to the nature of their work
in confined spaces and in close proximity to diesel powered
equipment, underground miners experience amongst the
highest exposures to DPM of any occupation. The overall goal
of this research is to use realtime and time-integrated sampling
methods to evaluate environmental and occupational exposure
to DPM in an underground metal mine.
Methods: Using underground miners placed in high, medium,
and low exposure categories and results of environmental
monitoring, correlations between DPM measurements acquired
using MSHA-approved methods and realtime measurements of
diesel exhaust combustion byproducts were determined. Colocation of DPM impactors with realtime monitors allowed for
regression analysis between measurements. Samples collected
using DPM impactors were subjected to analytical methods
that determined the elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon
(OC) fractions of total carbon (TC). The resulting data provides
important information related to using the EC faction to estimate
TC in the presence of airborne carbon interferences.
Results: Regression analysis of results from environmental
monitoring suggest fair to poor correlations between realtime
measurements of particle concentration and NO2 and
measurements of TC (R2 values of 0.75 and 0.076, respectively).
Concentration results of personal exposures to TC generally
followed a miner’s low, medium, or high exposure category and
ranged from 21μg/m3 to 132μg/m3 with an average of 55μg/m3
(SD = 22μg/m3). With respect to miner exposure categories,
acquired EC/TC concentration ratios ranged from 2.4 to 7.9 with
an average of 3.9 (SD = 3.8).
Conclusions: Study results suggest that there is a fair correlation
between realtime measurements of particle concentration and
TC, but that similar realtime measurements of NO2 serve as
poor surrogates for this MSHA compliance measure. Personal
exposure measurements of DPM were below MSHA compliance
thresholds validating the use of appropriate ventilation and
diesel powered equipment controls. Large OC fractions in DPM
samples are unexplained and appear to indicate the presence of
interferences in the ambient air of the underground environment.
CS-106-06
Personal Breathing Zone Exposure Monitoring and
Surface Contamination Study of Lead at an Indoor
Firing Range
P. Kondragunta, International Safety Systems, Vadodara,
India
Situation/Problem: Testing of Kevlar material is carried out by
firing bullets, loaded with gunpowder, in an enclosed firing range.
Bullets (having Lead based primer) are loaded into the barrel of
the rifle and the bullet is shot by the user, from outside the firing
range using a switch connected to the rifle. The firing pin of the
rifle hits the back of the cartridge, activating the shock-sensitive
primer, which ignites the gunpowder, forcing the bullet down the
barrel of the rifle and on its path. The heat and pressure within
the cartridge vaporize the lead present in the primer. The heat
of this explosive reaction and subsequent cooling results in the
condensation and formation of tiny lead particles at the source,
throughout its path and at the bullet trap.
Resolution: Full shift/eight-hour TWA employee exposure
monitoring for lead particulates was carried out using modified
NIOSH 7300 method. Surface contamination study for lead
particulates was also carried out, before and after firing of
bullets using modified NIOSH 9102 method. ACGIH prescribed
eight-hour TLV-TWA of 0.05 mg/m3 was used as evaluation
criteria for employee exposure. OSHA recommended level of
acceptable lead loading for non-lead work areas of 0.2 μg/cm2
was used as evaluation criteria for surface contamination study.
Results: The eight-hour TWA employee exposure to lead particulates
was below 10 % of the ACGIH TLV-TWA limit of 0.05 mg/m3. The
surface contamination level before firing of bullets were above the
OSHA recommended level of 0.2 μg/cm2. The surface contamination
level increased by 10 folds, after firing of bullets.
Lessons Learned: The indoor firing range lacked proper
ventilation and hence, users were exposed to lead dust from
the primers. Although the exposure through inhalation was
below the OEL, potential for ingestion risk exists due to surface
contamination. Avoiding contact with all surfaces and using two
pairs of nitrile gloves was recommended to reduce the risk of
exposure through ingestion route.
CS-106-07
Challenges of Exposure Assessment for Hexavalent
Chromium Exposure in the Automotive Parts
Manufacturing Industry (Sponsor: Exposure
Assessment Strategies Committee)
N. Lee, Tenneco, Lake Forest, IL
Situation/Problem: Identify the exposure risk to hexavalent
chromium for welding operation in an auto parts manufacturing
setting using qualitative and quantitative exposure assessment.
When engineering control settings are modified frequently,
making exposure assessment strategy and management can
be challenging. Therefore, the exposure assessment tools were
applied to assist with professional judgments in order to manage
workplace/workers. The tools included the Checklist, the
manufacturing internal qualitative assessment, and the Industrial
Hygiene Data Analysis (IHDA). The results were compared
between the three assessment tools for appropriate assessment.
Resolution: OSHA ID-215 was used to collect and analyze
welding fume samples for hexavalent chromium. An air pump
was attached to a 37 mm PVC filter cassette at 2.0 L/min. The
sampler cassette was placed outside the employee’s welding
helmet at the breathing zone. A pre-calibration and a postcalibration were performed before and after sampling. After
post-calibration, all samples were sealed and transferred to a
single laboratory for analysis. The Checklist and the IHDA were
applied for qualitative and quantitative exposure assessment
respectively. All results were compared with the internal
assessment tool used for priority of management.
Results: The Checklist includes the options of toxicity and
engineering control. The internal qualitative assessment
has additional information that includes frequency/duration,
generate amount, observed dustiness, and exposure potential.
The qualitative assessment from the Checklist indicated
the hexavalent chromium level was at exposure category 4
(exposure >100% of OEL) when capturing at points of emissions.
Meanwhile, the quantitative assessment from the IHDA
concluded that exposure categories were varied, from category
3 to 4, regardless the type of controls in place. The internal
assessment tool indicated mixture conclusions, a range from
category 1 to 4.
Lessons Learned: Before quantitative assessment, if only
limited information is applicable, the Checklist can function
as a primary assessment tool to narrow down the scope.
Furthermore, the internal assessment tool with more details
can be used as secondary assessment to make decisions for
management use.
www.AIHce2015.org
15
CS-106-08
The Use of an Activity Based Study (ABS) as a Novel
Method for Tracing Mercury Contamination in Schools
and Industrial Settings
J. Callahan, J. Kind, K. Scribner, Center for Toxicology and
Environmental Health, North Little Rock, AR
Situation/Problem: Spilled liquid mercury is easily spread via
contaminated shoes and clothing, which can lead to widespread
contamination in buildings with sizeable populations (e.g.
schools/industrial facilities). When a spill occurs, mercury
evaporates and becomes an invisible, odorless vapor, which
may pose a long-term health risk. In a recent school spill,
breathing zone air concentrations were below the Agency for
Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) recommended
action levels, yet accumulation of mercury on shoe soles was
evident upon entry into the building. This indicated persistent
mercury contamination on surfaces that was not identified by
air monitoring.
Resolution: The ATSDR recommends that headspace readings
for personal belongings in the range of 3-6 μg/m3 be considered
protective of human health. Using these guidelines, we developed
an activity based study (ABS) to examine floor contamination.
Workers donned clean footwear, entered the school, and
walked for a specified time period in classrooms and hallways.
Afterward, footwear was sealed in air-tight bags and heated
passively in the sun to an external temperature of ≥85°F for one
hour. Headspace analysis was performed, and footwear with
mercury vapor readings >3 μg/m3 were considered indicative of
the continued presence of mercury contamination in the area.
Results: Using the ABS, we were able to characterize the
migration of mercury throughout the school. The initial
assessment showed the highest shoe headspace was 48.7 μg/
m3, which is 8-10 times the level considered protective of human
health. This allowed for targeted clean-up efforts prior to reentry of students to prevent further contamination of personal
belongings and migration off-campus.
Lessons Learned: In large buildings, air monitoring may not
be sufficient to detect areas of mercury surface contamination.
Even though ambient air concentrations may remain below
levels recommended by regulatory agencies, the potential may
exist for mercury contamination on personal belongings that
could produce a source of vapor when stored in cars, closets,
or homes. The use of an ABS in these circumstances provides
a detailed examination in order to establish appropriate
remediation efforts for the continued safety of students and
workers.
CS-106-09
Case Study: Fipronil Exposure from Misapplication of
Insecticide during Extermination
B. Fontaine, The Windsor Consulting Group, Inc., South
River, NJ
Situation/Problem: Fipronil is a commonly used insecticide in
American homes. Limited data are available on the human toxicity.
Analyzing pesticide illness surveillance data from 2001 to 2007,
there were 103 acute illness cases of fipronil exposure. Findings
show reporting of acute illness was relatively uncommon. This
case serves as sentinels to warn hygiene practitioners of the
need to reinforce the importance of precautionary measures to
prevent fipronil exposure and subsequent adverse health effects
due to thyroid toxicity and potential for carcinogenicity.
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AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce
Resolution: After reviewing the sample results, toxicity of
fipronil and its mammalian metabolites and the age of the family
members and routes of exposure (dermal absorption, ingestion,
and inhalation); a qualitative risk assessment was done to
determine the next course of action. The results clearly suggest
the adults (parents) could cohabitate with the residues on the
various building surfaces but the health risk was intolerable
for very young children. A recommendation was made to keep
the children out of the house until building surfaces could be
decontaminated and collaborate with the family pediatrician on
biomonitoring thyroid function of the children.
Results: The air and surface sample results for cypermethrin
were below the limit of analytical detection. However, the
surface samples for fipronil indicated residues in several
locations throughout the residence. In particular, 4.9 μg/100cm2
was detected on the wood flooring. Wipe samples collected on
the living room floor indicated 3.4 μg/100cm2, 4.1 μg/100cm2 in
the master bedroom, 11μg/100cm2 in the children’s bathroom
tile, and 2.2 μg/100cm2 on the basement windowsill. Fipronil
was not detected in the surface samples collected in the dining
room, master bathroom, hall outside the children’s bedroom, or
the painted cement basement floor.
Lessons Learned: Fipronil is one of the most commonly used
insecticides in American homes. However, limited data are
available on the toxicity of this pesticide in humans. Analyzing
pesticide illness surveillance data from 2001 to 2007, there
were 103 acute illness cases associated with fipronil exposure.
The findings of acute illness was relatively uncommon due to
underreporting and most cases were residential exposures.
This case serves as sentinels to warn hygiene practitioners of
the need to reinforce the importance of precautionary measures
to prevent fipronil exposure and subsequent adverse health
effects.
PO107
Joint Session on Management, Stewardship
and Incident Preparedness
Monday, June 1, 2015, 2:00 PM - 4:40 PM
CS-107-01
A Multifaceted Approach to Improving Leading and
Lagging IH Metrics within a Large Corporation
J. Mecham, O. Kampa, Phillips 66, Bartlesville, OK
Situation/Problem: This presentation details one company’s
journey with developing and improving their leading and lagging
IH metrics. As part of a performance monitoring strategy, the
IH group at an Oil and Gas company was challenged to improve
their leading and lagging metrics.
Resolution: The IH group worked to create and improve several
metrics which 1) helped identify trends/progress year to year,
2) allowed for similar site comparisons, and 3) correlated with
IH program health. The metrics needed to be easily understood
by managers and correctly differentiate both best practices
and areas for improvement. In addition to providing metrics for
management, a process of sharing IH learning opportunities
with front-line workers was created. A new leading metric was
rolled out which reflected the amount of resources dedicated to
IH monitoring at a site, the number of SEGs sampled in a year,
and the total number of samples taken in a year. An additional
tool was implemented which aided sites in self-assessing the
many aspects of a site IH program.
Results: The new IH metric processes have facilitated the sharing
of good practices and identified areas which need improvement
and/or additional management support. A positive correlation
was observed between positive IH metric performance and site
IH program resources.
Lessons Learned: During the process of improving the leading
and lagging metrics, deficiencies and enhancements of the new
processes have been identified; identifying the “right” things to
measure remains a challenge.
CS-107-02
Motivational Structure Analysis: Building Culture with
Human Factors
S. Pizzani, Bureau Veritas North America, Edison, NJ
Situation/Problem: Workplace culture has a substantial effect
on how employees view health and safety issues, and how they
choose to respond to hazards and exposure controls when making
independent decisions. Program management may include
incentive programs, structured discipline, or interdependency
initiatives, but what are the governing dynamics behind these
systems? How can we use these principles to our advantage?
Resolution: Building a health and safety promotion system
should take into place social dynamics and cultural factors,
and a clear understanding of incentive structures to design
controls that work for processes and for people. Schedules
of reinforcement can be leveraged to maintain interest, and
establish promotional systems that don’t provide incentive
for hiding injuries or padding numbers. Incident investigation
processes that include a root cause analysis informed to social
factors can elucidate hidden trends. The process begins by
establishing a solid foundation, conscious of these principles.
Results: This discussion will provide insight into the dynamics
behind schedules of reinforcement, examination methods for
motivational structures, and their potential impact on health
and safety exposures. A case study from the author’s practice
where these principles were applied successfully will be briefly
examined. Several examples of counterproductive efforts will be
presented.
Lessons Learned: An understanding of human factors and
motivational principles is key to building and promoting a
culture conducive to empowering employees to make decisions
in line with exposure control. Once established, the system can
become self-propagating and empower employees to exhibit
model target behavior without direct instruction or continuous
oversight. If you think you “can’t fix stupid”, you’re not looking
deep enough.
CS-107-03
Case Study: Using Supply Chain Traceability to Better
Manage Costs, Compliance and Risk
K. Kawar, Actio Corporation, Portsmouth, NH
Situation/Problem: One company wanted to standardize
the gathering, vetting and storing supply chain ingredient
information in order to achieve leaner operations, mitigated risk,
safer products and facilities, regulatory compliance, and lower
costs. Manufacturers are increasingly required by law to obtain
detailed information from suppliers about the materials and
substances in supply chain. Suppliers are increasingly required
to supply that information — often the same data for multiple
requesters - which causes unnecessary redundancy, hardship
and error. One company sought to approach the challenge at the
enterprise level, rather than piecemeal, to conserve costs and
manpower.
Resolution: This case study will focus on working techniques for
achieving supply chain traceability. Included are specific ways
one company overcame challenges with deadlines for reporting
on substances in a supply chain. The presentation will show
how one company decided to use an enterprise-level approach
to turn the burdens of regulations like REACH, RoHS, WEEE
and conflict mineral compliance into opportunities for leaner
operations and more compelling products.
Results: The result of the supply chain traceability initiative was
operational transparency as never before, which itself results
in better management of costs, compliance and risk across the
enterprise.
Lessons Learned: Specifically, the following 12 points
were identified as best practices. A system for supply chain
traceability should provide: 1. Customizable option to regularly,
automatically contact suppliers for updated data; 2. Mechanisms
that stimulate upstream supplier & downstream customer
communication; 3. Easy-to-use reporting; 4. Centralized part,
supplier and regulatory information from many sources; 5.
Upload, parsing, field mapping, and storage of data collected
from templates; 6. Validation of submitted data; 7. Automatic
updating; 8. Supplier identities kept discrete (hidden from each
other, and from competitors); 9. A “set it and forget it” type
program; 10. A centralized, database-driven technology; 11.
Allowance for additional reporting channels (e.g., to the EU), and
12. “Big picture” view of supplier data, via overview data grids.
CS-107-04
Emergency Communications
G. Arrotti, ESPN, Inc., Bristol, CT
Situation/Problem: There are numerous regulatory authorities,
consensus standards, and best practices available to safety and
health professionals on emergency response communications.
Unfortunately, adoptions of new standards that address current
threats do not recognize the real challenges in emergency
communications in a campus environment or in multi-tenant
spaces. Coordination and rapid dissemination of instructions
and warnings is necessary over multiple modalities to be
effective. The selected communication methods must recognize
workers and members of the public with disabilities.
Resolution: An all-encompassing approach to emergency
communication must rely on conventional fire alarm systems
as the backbone because of its survivability and resiliency.
Other components should include text messaging, e-mail, PC
capture, message boards, and phone. Only a multi-layered
approach can saturate and ensure delivery of critical emergency
communications in any crisis - active shooter, tornado, etc.
Furthermore, standardized pre-scripted messaging should be
developed and approved by senior management in-advance for
crisis that can be anticipated.
Results: An integrated approach to mass notification has yielded
a process and equipment that is flexible, reliable, and capable of
saturating a campus environment.
Lessons Learned: The National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) 72 – National Fire Alarm Code, 29 CFR 1910.38
Emergency Action Plans, and the International Fire Code
require major revisions to address major gaps in emergency
communications.
www.AIHce2015.org
17
CS-107-05
Building and Executing a Strategy to Provide
Environmental Assessment Response Activities
across Multiple Jurisdictions in Support of a National
Biosurveillance Program
K. Martinez, Hassett Willis, Cincinnati, OH
Situation/Problem: In 2012, the Office of the President
published a National Strategy for Biosurveillance designed to
obtain “timely and accurate insight on current and emerging
risks” including early detection. A biodetection system in
multiple jurisdictions has existed nationally for over a decade.
However, an indication of the existence of airborne biothreat
agents provides limited information that is ultimately public
health actionable. Other biosurveillance data streams must
be provided to support decision makers as they respond and
develop disease mitigation actions. One such data stream,
environmental assessment, enhances situational awareness for
public health authorities to create confident response decisions
and risk management practices through the provision of quality
environmental risk assessment toolsets focusing on hazard
identification and exposure characterization.
Resolution: The collection of an environmental sample for
biological agents is more than applying a swab to a surface
and delivering it to a laboratory for subsequent analysis. Great
care must be taken in selecting the sample locations to ensure
the highest probability to find the agent. Sample collection and
analytical methods must be chosen that are appropriate to
each surface to achieve the best possible collection efficiency
and therefore detection. Sample collection teams must be
trained and exercised in the sampling techniques with the
goal of improving proficiency and minimizing error. Going
further, environmental sample results must be linked back to
air dispersion modeling in an attempt to fine tune the model
predictions. Lastly, the environmental sample results must be
presented to public health officials in an efficient and logical
manner to support decision-making activities to protect the
population and minimize spread where possible.
Results: To generate consistency across multiple jurisdictions,
a strategy was developed and implemented to address
standardization of sampling methods, creation of response
plans tailored to each jurisdiction’s needs, a response plan
annual review system to gauge a jurisdiction’s preparedness,
guidance publication development, responder training (content
and delivery) and exercises to evaluate proficiency. Stakeholders
were engaged throughout the process that included Federal,
state and local partners.
Lessons Learned: This presentation will document the
complexities and successes of preparing a nation to respond
environmentally to a biological threat.
CS-107-06
Resource Utilization in Chemical Hazard Emergencies
M. Seaton, T. Lentz, L. McKernan, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH; A.
Maier, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; S. Sachdeva,
Mary Kay O’Conner Process Safety Center, College
Station, TX; C. Barton, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and
Education, Oak Ridge, TN; E. Ngai, Chemically Speaking
LLC, Whitehouse Station, NJ; Y. Lin, Mary Kay O’Conner
Process Safety Center, College Station, TX
Situation/Problem: Chemical hazard emergencies involve
multiple and unknown hazards, require specialized information,
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and present a need for ongoing assessment and frequent
reevaluation. The effective use of information is crucial to ensure
a successful response effort. There are a variety of resources
available to aid responders, but each resource has different
utility depending on the emergency management phase (i.e.
response, recovery, and preparedness) and the conditions of
a given scenario. A systematic framework for collecting and
integrating information is needed for effective emergency
management.
Resolution: Based on analyses of chemical hazard emergency
case studies, our team delineates the process by which chemical
hazard information is collected and integrated throughout the
phases of emergency management. In doing so, we illustrate a
systematic framework that will help responders quickly identify
and select appropriate information sources in chemical hazard
emergencies.
Results: A product of the case study analyses is a framework
for mapping the utility of information during the phases of an
incident, along with examples of information sources for each
phase. In our analysis of an explosion at a polyvinyl chloride
manufacturing facility, it is evident that key information inputs,
such as a response pre-plan, were not appropriately utilized.
Facility emergency procedures were not clear and suitable
preparedness activities had not occurred on a regular basis.
Additionally, an analysis of an explosion and release of methane
sulfonyl chloride exhibits how the use of rapid guidance, such
as the Department of Transportation’s Emergency Response
Guidebook (ERG), can improve response outcomes.
Lessons Learned: Effective emergency management requires
the appropriate utilization of various resources as an incident
evolves. It also requires that both physical and health concerns
are taken into account when determining isolation distances,
chemical protective clothing, and protective actions meant
to preserve life and property. Preparedness officials should
have an information management framework in place that will
direct responders to the appropriate information resources and
improve response.
SR-107-07
Determination of Pressure Drop across Activated
Carbon Fiber Respirator Cartridges
J. Balanay, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC; C.
Lungu, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham,
AL
Objective: Activated carbon fibers (ACF) are considered as good
alternative adsorbents to granular activated carbon (GAC) for the
development of thinner, light-weight and efficient respirators
because of their larger surface area and adsorption capacities,
thinner critical bed depth, lighter weight and fabric form. The
purpose of this research study was to investigate the pressure
resistance across various types of commercially available ACFs
in realistic respirator cartridges.
Methods: Seven ACF types in two main forms (cloth (ACFC)
and felt (ACFF)) were tested. ACF materials in cartridges were
challenged with pre-conditioned constant air flow (43 LPM,
23°C, 50% RH) at different adsorbent densities and composition
(ACFC, ACFF or combination) in a test chamber. Pressure drop
measurements across the ACF cartridges were obtained using a
micromanometer, and were compared to a GAC cartridge, among
the different cartridge types and to the NIOSH requirements in
breathing resistance testing for respirator cartridges.
Results: Cartridges filled with all ACFF types had pressure
drop (23.7 to 39.9 mmH2O) within NIOSH inhalation resistance
requirement of 40 mmH2O, while the ACFC cartridge exceeded
twice the maximum limit (85.5 ± 3.7 mmH2O). The ACFC’s
high pressure drop may be attributed to the tight weaving of
its fibers, and its high density (0.10 g/cm3). ACFFs had higher
pressure drop compared to GAC (13.4 mmH2O), but has much
lower weight than GAC (23% of GAC weight or less). Certain
ACF combinations (i.e. 2 ACFF or ACFC/ACFF types) resulted to
pressure drop below the NIOSH limit (26.9 to 32.4 mmH2O), and
still had much lower weight (4.5 to 6.6 g) compared to GAC.
Conclusions: ACFF types showed promise in the development
of lighter respirator components with acceptable pressure drop.
The use of 100% ACFC in cartridges may result to respirators that
are difficult to breathe through and, thus, is not recommended.
ACFC types may still possibly be used in respirators with
acceptable pressure drop if applied at reduced bed depth. ACFC
may have higher adsorption capacity in previous studies, but are
shown to be more difficult to breathe through in this study. Thus,
they may be used in fewer layers in combination with ACFF with
lower pressure drop. ACFF by itself may be more appropriate
as adsorbent materials in ACF respirator cartridges in terms of
acceptable pressure resistance.
CS-107-08
Challenges in Developing a Disaster Worker Mental
Health Resiliency Training Program
J. Rosen, AJ Rosen & Associates LLC, Schenectady, NY; S.
Beard, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC
Situation/Problem: Following its involvement in the Deepwater
Horizon oil spill, the National Institutes for Environmental
Health Sciences Worker Education and Training Program (WETP)
identified the need for training disaster workers and supervisors
about stress, trauma, mental health effects, and resiliency.
Resolution: In partnership with the Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Services Administration funding was obtained to
develop 3 training programs for disaster workers, supervisors,
and clinicians involved in providing services to disaster workers.
The goal of the program included improving mental health
outcomes for participating disaster workers and supervisors,
improving supervisor’s ability to assess and respond to disaster
worker trauma and stress, and improvement in organizational
support systems. The clinician course is focused on improving
clinicians’ ability to recognize signs and symptoms of disaster
related stress and trauma and provide appropriate referrals.
Results: A 3 phase project was developed that included 1)
stakeholder engagement, 2) curriculum development, and 3)
train-the-trainer and pilot training programs with NIEHS WETP
partners in Louisiana and New York. The four hour interactive
worker and supervisor training pilots were evaluated by a
professional training evaluator. Modifications were made based
on the input from the pilots. Participants were very satisfied with
the training programs and consistently rated that the program
objectives were met.
Lessons Learned: There are a number of challenges to
developing a “Disaster Worker/ Supervisor Mental Health
Resiliency Training Program”: 1) overcoming resistance to
viewing mental health as an important health and safety
concern, 2) developing training materials that put complex
mental health concepts and terminology into plain language, 3)
balancing the needs to teach self-care and stress management
with information on employer / organizational interventions that
largely don’t exist at this point in time. The value of involving
stake holders in curriculum development and delivery was an
important lesson learned.
PO108
Physical Hazards (Radiation, Vibration, Noise
Control), Control Banding & Computer Apps:
What a Mix!
Monday, June 1, 2015, 2:00 PM - 4:40 PM
CS-108-01
Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) in
Natural Gas: How to Anticipate and Prevent NORM
Waste and Subsequently Exposure
K. Boot, UBC, Calgary, AB, Canada
Situation/Problem: Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material
(NORM) occurs naturally in shale gas extraction due to high
Uranium and Thorium in this type of sedimentary rock. NORM
levels produced can be variable based on pressure, temperature,
and added completion fluids. It is often hard to anticipate how
much NORM will present itself, and subsequently how to inform
and educate staff around exposure.
Resolution: Variables that contribute to NORM will be discussed
in an approach to eliminate the hazard.
Results: This case study investigates what contributing
variables affect NORM levels in one geographical play, in order
to anticipate and recognize the location and degree of NORM
that will be produced. Eliminating NORM is the single best
control method to reduce occupational exposures and money
spent on proper waste disposal.
Lessons Learned: Information provided here will demonstrate
how to avoid NORM issues in the early lifecycle of a well.
CS-108-02
Dealing with Fears of Radiation from Naturally
Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM)
R. Johnson, Radiation Safety Counseling Institute, Rockville,
MD
Situation/Problem: Workers are often greatly alarmed when
first discovering that they may be receiving radiation exposures
in the workplace from naturally occurring radioactive materials
(NORM). Since they are not employed as radiation workers, they
have had no training to understand the significance of radiation
exposures and they may quickly imagine terrible consequences.
Such workers, along with other members of the public, have
been sensitized through continuous reporting by the media with
the words “deadly radiation.” Further fears may be fueled by
radiation measurements with a Geiger-Mueller (GM) detector
with no real understanding of what those measurements mean.
Resolution: IHs may easily obtain a GM detector and begin
making measurements without knowing how it responds to
NORM. It’s hard not to be fearful when hearing a screaming
GM detector. However, this is not an adequate technical basis
for automatic alarm. Unfortunately, GM measurements are
often not made appropriately. And thus safety decisions may
be based on count rates or on exposure readings taken in the
wrong places. Worker fears could be greatly reduced by a 1-2
hour class on NORM Safety Awareness. This class should be a
non-technical explanation of radiation, NORM, how to conduct
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19
measurements, and how to interpret the measurements related
to safety guidelines.
Results: Ideally, in addition to NORM Safety Awareness, fearful
workers should be given the opportunity to make their own
measurements at locations of concern. IHs can best help
workers with their question, “Is it safe?” by providing them with
the information and tools to answer the question for themselves.
We need to show workers how radiation safety specialists
use an eight step process for answering questions on safety.
Workers at one facility went from paranoid fear of radiation to
calm understanding after a NORM Safety Awareness class and
after making their own measurements.
Lessons Learned: Workers are much less fearful of NORM
radiation when they make their own measurements and
understand what the GM detector readings mean. When they
learn the eight-step process for radiation safety decisions they
are less likely to jump to fearful conclusions for safety that are
not technically warranted. Without understanding NORM and
radiation measurements misinterpretations abound. This can
lead to needless anxieties, frustration, and anger which may
result in disruption and costly responses in the workplace.
SR-108-03
Radiofrequency Exposures at Work: What We Know and
Don’t Know
M. Shum, AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Burnaby,
BC, Canada
Objective: With the relatively recent IARC classification
of radiofrequency (RF) from mobile phones as a Class 2B
carcinogen, not only has the public experienced a renewed
interest in RF exposures, but workers, employers and
occupational health regulators have as well. The objective was
to review the literature regarding occupational exposures to
radiofrequency, determine which occupations are more highly
exposed, and to explore possible mitigation strategies to reduce
exposure.
Methods: A literature search was conducted to identify peerreviewed articles relating to occupational exposure to RF
and its health effects. Two databases, Medline and EBSCO
were used. Key terms used were: radio waves, microwaves,
electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic field, occupational
exposure, occupational diseases, as well as specific industries:
plastic welders, amateur radio operators, broadcast station and
radar. There were no date limits, but studies were limited to
English only.
Results: Workers that have been or continue to be exposed
to sources of radiofrequency include military personnel,
radio operators, broadcast tower/mobile phone base station
maintenance workers, physiotherapists, and plastic welders.
The exposure literature for these occupations is outdated and
scant with exposures not well-characterized. For the studies that
do include quantitative data, RF sealers appeared to have the
highest exposures. Typical exposures for telecommunications
workers and radio operators were below occupational health
guideline limits. For MRI workers, incident field limits of RF can
be exceeded within short distances of the bore entrance during
the scan acquisition, but this happens rarely.
Conclusions: Controlling exposures in the workplace can pose
a significant challenge, but the industrial hygiene principles
of controls can still apply: substitution, engineering, and
administrative controls. Personal protective equipment is likely not
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a viable option when dealing with the magnetic fields generated
by these sources. Furthermore, the safety of occupational health
guidelines for chronic RF exposure may be at question. Further
research and better characterization of exposures in the workplace
is needed and may prove useful for understanding factors that are
important for public exposures as well.
CS-108-04
Whole-Body Vibration Total Worker Exposure
Assessment in the U.S.
H. Paschold, IUP- Safety Sciences, Indiana, PA
Situation/Problem: Adverse health effects of chronic exposure
to whole-body vibration (WBV) include lower back pain (LBP),
abdominal or digestive problems, cardiovascular disorders, or
simple discomfort and annoyance. The adverse health effect of
greatest concern is LBP. NIOSH assigned its highest ranking
descriptor of “strong evidence” to the WBV-LBP relationship
based on its epidemiological review. The European safety,
health, and environmental (SHE) community has addressed
WBV for decades, with government imposed action levels and
exposure limits. SHE professionals in the U.S. have relatively
little knowledge regarding WBV, in part due to WBV not being
included in OSHA standards. WBV measurements are not
performed often due to low SHE awareness and the high costs
of instrumentation. Two prior broad industrial-sector studies
provided U.S. WBV occupational exposure. A 1974 investigation
estimated 8,000,000 US workers as having vibration exposure.
The National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) (1981–1983)
estimated a total of 1,082,217 U.S. workers. A recent study, 2000,
reported on WBV prevalence in Great Britain construction. No
current U.S. data have been published for the total number of
workers exposed to action levels or exposure limits.
Resolution: Construction was selected as a test category
for an estimate. Conservative equipment usage estimates
and representative WBV acceleration values were combined
to determine exposure rates. Combined with BLS May 2014
employment data for individual construction trades and allcombined, the total number of exposed workers was calculated.
Results: It was estimated 613,000 construction workers (12.0%
of total) were exposed above the 8.5eVDV (vibration dose value)
action level and 119,000 (2.3%) above the 15eVDV exposure
limit, comparing with 22% and 3.5% respectively for Great
Britain. NOES reported 288,986 construction workers exposed
to any WBV level. This current figure for US workers suggests an
underestimate of WBV exposure in the prior studies.
Lessons Learned: Many US SHE practitioners are unaware of
WBV, the extent of which is more widespread than previously
estimated. For this reason, further study with refined techniques
is indicated to better define the extent of WBV exposure among
US workers. More data is needed on worker activity and actual
WBV measurements to provide accurate assessments, which in
turn may serve as an impetus to reduce exposures.
CS-108-05
Use of Vibration Dampening Tape for Noise Reduction
D. Westrum, 3M, Hutchinson, MN
Situation/Problem: Process equipment typically has many
sources of noise and this was an attempt to address point
sources of noise. Two sources of production equipment noise
include the following: 1. Noise from plastic parts striking metal
components. Noise is generated when rejected parts strike a
metal funnel collecting the parts. Noise is also generated when
plastic parts are manually dropped into a vibrating metal bowl
from the initial impact as well as parts hitting the sides of the
bowl during vibration cycles. 2. Guillotines chopping material.
Resolution: Vibration dampening tape is used commercially
for reducing car door, airplane cabin, and washing machine
noise reduction. Vibration dampening tape works by converting
the vibration energy into very small amounts of heat. In this
application vibration dampening tape was applied to vibrating
metal in an attempt to dampen the vibrating metal and thereby
reduce noise. Specifically, the tape was applied to: the exterior
of the part collection funnels; the exterior of the part collection
bowl; and the guillotine blade housing and the framing that
supported the guillotine and cycle stops.
Results: Vibration dampening tape was used successfully to
reduce the part clanking by approximately 8 dBA at one foot.
The tape will be used on vibrating bowls and lastly, the effect on
reducing guillotine noise was not detected.
Lessons Learned: 1. Vibration dampening tape successfully
reduced the noise from plastic parts striking the sides of the
metal funnel. 2. The thickness of the tape was small compared
to the guillotine components. It has to be comparable to the
thickness of the material you’re trying to successfully dampen
the vibrations and reduce the noise. 3. The tape was used to
cover as much of the funnel exterior as possible, and it may also
be as effective with less coverage.
CS-108-06
Monte Carlo Simulation Implementation in Three
Control Banding Tools: Assessment of Dermal Risk, The
“CB Nanotool” and Heat Stroke Prevention Guide
D. Drolet, IRSST, Montreal, QC, Canada; J. Sahmel, Cardno
ChemRisk, Boulder, CO; D. Zalk, LLNL, Livermore, CA; P.
Dessureault, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, TroisRivières, QC, Canada
Situation/Problem: Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) is a
computerized mathematical technique allowing a user to
account for risk in quantitative or qualitative analysis and
decision-making. This technique is often used in the OSH field.
Using a quantitative model described by an equation or a more
qualitative model such as Control banding (CB), it allows the
user to substitute a range of values - a probability distribution
-for any factor that has inherent uncertainty. Running the model
thousands of times produces an outcome defined by a probability
distribution instead of a single “true” result.
Resolution: MCS is usually done with the help of specialized
software (Crystal Ball, Pallisade …) or Excel Add-ons (Simular,
Simulacion …). Using Visual Basic in Microsoft Excel, it is also
possible to build MCS procedures into regular worksheets. Any
deterministic model previously built in a worksheet can then be
adapted into a true MCS tool. This work was done for three tools:
1- the AIHA Qualitative Assessment of Dermal Exposures, 2The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Control Banding
for Nanotechnology tool (CB Nanotool) and 3- the Heat Stroke
Prevention Guide (derived from a previous EPA model) published
by the Occupational Safety and Health Board in Québec.
Results: The Excel files for the three examples include a data
entry sheet where the user has to enter the inputs and their
corresponding uncertainties. These uncertainties are expressed
in the probability of each possible answer, or a distribution
of probability (normal, uniform, triangular, log-normal) for
quantitative variables. The number of iterations is chosen by the
user and may vary from 500 to millions and the total time of
MCS routines in the three examples varies from one second to
one minute. The result is displayed in the data entry sheet as a
histogram of probabilities with different colors corresponding to
the risk levels.
Lessons Learned: MCS allows the risk-managers to have, given
the uncertainties of the inputs, a better view of all the possible
outcomes. In these tools, a “sensitivity analysis” can easily be
done by changing the input parameters and running again the
MCS again. This feature can help the risk manager to easily and
proactively identify the best ways to decrease the risk levels.
In this presentation, real-time demonstration will be presented.
CS-108-07
Using an Online Solution to Evaluate and Reduce
Ergonomic Risk in a Manufacturing Setting
T. Hawkinson, The Toro Company, Bloomington, MN
Situation/Problem: Evaluating and prioritizing ergonomic risk
across a manufacturing assembly business is a challenge.
The online system described was used to train the ergo team
in recognition of ergonomic risk factors, evaluation of the risk
using an online tool, provide engineering design guidance in
reducing risk and then rescoring the risk of the task. Reporting
tools allow tracking stages of assessment, solution identification
and solution implementation with a final reassessment to
demonstrate reduced risk.
Resolution: This process was implemented over two quarters in
four manufacturing sites with significant ergonomic exposures
and included two consulting visits to calibrate team assessment
processes and conduct quality assurance on the existing
evaluations. The system permits capture of photos and videos of
tasks as part of the assessment process and was executed using
tablet technology, with the system accessed wirelessly using a
browser. The team was able to review and refine assessments
using the video to define risk against research criteria for
frequency, force and posture. The system permitted the sites to
execute a credible, auditable, risk assessment map across the
sites from a standing start in two quarters. Although not all jobs
have been assessed, the recognition tool allows higher risk jobs
to be assessed first. The assessment drives focus to the sites
in the body at highest risk and the assessment tool identifies
probable interventions needed to reduce the risk.
Results: Reports of progress in stages of assessment, including
pareto charts generated using quantification methodology which
delivers a single number related to the task overall risks allows
addressing the most serious risks first, and allows feedback
to management on progress against targeted reductions. The
quantitation provided by the model behind the system allows a
credible method for demonstrating risk reduction and measures
program success.
Lessons Learned: The system can be used to employ design
criteria for diverse populations of workers to make the tasks
built into new processes less risky for all. The design guidance
documents provide richly illustrated examples of how ergonomic
criteria can be incorporated into existing and future tasks.
CS-108-08
Collecting IH Data with a FileMaker App
M. Rollins, Apps for EHS, Brooklyn, CT
Situation/Problem: Collecting IH/EHS data in the field is still
largely done by juggling any combination of clipboard and
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21
pen, camera and timepiece. Whether it is using direct-reading
instruments (e.g. SLM, detector tube) or samples that require
lab analysis, there is a lot of duplication of effort and with data
transcribing, photo transferring, etc.
close to the daily limit. Unexpected spikes in the time history do
not always have an adequate explanation or true cause unless
the supervisor was present at the time to accurately document
what happened. This is not always possible.
Resolution: Development of custom Apps for iOS using FileMaker
allows all data to be collected on one device, including pictures,
calibration information and signature. Properly formatted fields
include a menu choice of chemicals sampled, so no spelling
errors, auto entry of time and date. The mobile data is seamlessly
transferred to a server for storage, and report generation is just
a click away. The appropriate App can even submit a properlyformatted laboratory submission sheet, as well as generate a
report for a direct-reading instrument in situ.
Resolution: A new personal noise dosimeter has been developed
to assist the industrial hygienist in the correct interpretation of
unforeseen spikes in noise levels. The provision of two methods
of identification virtually guarantees that the supervisor can
be certain of what happened during the study and can make
an informed decision about whether to include or exclude any
high levels seen in the time history data. The inclusion of a selfvibration monitor in the new dosimeter detects if the instrument
itself has been roughly handled by the wearer and tags the time
history samples with a high vibration marker. High level spikes
in the measurement can also be recorded as an audio signal
allowing the supervisor to listen to the event and determine the
cause as if they had actually been there.
Results: Data collection was easier as one device was used, and
in many cases less obtrusive. As pictures were embedded in a
record, it was not possible to mix up photographs.
Lessons Learned: The use of a properly designed, formatted
and tested App allows information to be collected far more
rapidly and accurately, with minimal chance of transcription or
spelling errors. Exhaustive testing is also necessary to ensure
minimal hiccups.
PO109
Noise: Exposure Assessment and Control
Monday, June 1, 2015, 2:00 PM - 5:00 PM
CS-109-01
2015 Safe-in-Sound Excellence in Hearing Loss
Prevention Awards™
S. Schneider, Laborers’ Health & Safety Fund, Washington,
D.C.
Situation/Problem: In 2007, NIOSH partnered with the National
Hearing Conservation Association (NHCA) to create the Safe-inSound Award™ for Excellence and Innovation in Hearing Loss
Prevention (www.safeinsound.us). The objectives of this initiative are
to recognize organizations that document measurable achievements
and to share leading edge information to a broader community.
Resolution: Hearing health practices are evaluated against key
performance indicators in a rigorous review process designed to
capture and evaluate the successes.
Results: The 2015 Safe-in-Sound Excellence in Hearing Loss
Prevention Awards™ will be presented. Each of the award
recipients will accept their awards and briefly present their
success stories.
Lessons Learned: These success stories can hopefully show
others how to succeed at hearing loss prevention.
CS-109-02
How Can We Conduct Better Quality Personal Noise
Dosimetry Measurements in the Workplace?
B. Selwyn, Sensidyne LP, Merrimack, NH
Situation/Problem: Making noise exposure measurements on
individuals is a common task for many industrial hygienists.
However, the fact that the majority of these measurements are
made with an instrument that is not always supervised can lead
to the presence of unknown errors in the results. Deliberate or
accidental tampering with the readings has been experienced
by many users of noise dosimeters leading to uncertainty in
the overall conclusion when the time weighted average value is
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AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce
Results: Downloaded results from the new dosimeter are saved
at intervals as short as 10 times per second if needed for rapidly
varying noise levels. The tags associated with high self-vibration
or the audio markers are visible when the run information
is downloaded to the software package supplied with the
instruments. The user can choose to reject the samples that are
contaminated with the high vibration marker and recalculate the
overall noise dose. The audio signal can be listened to in order
to determine the true source of the high noise levels for each
event and those events determined to be not characteristic of
the typically expected noise sources can be eliminated.
Lessons Learned: The errors and uncertainties about valid time
history data can now be correctly identified using the new noise
dosimeter. High self-vibration and unrepresentative sounds can
be identified and removed if required leading to better quality
conclusions for personal noise dosimetry measurements.
SR-109-03
Daily Noise Exposure of Patrol Officers
D. Vosburgh, L. Gilbertson, UW-Whitewater, Whitewater, WI
Objective: Previous research shows that police officers are at
a higher risk for noise induced hearing loss (NIHL). Little data
exists on the occupational tasks, outside of the firing range, that
might lead to the increased risk of NIHL. This study measured
the noise exposure of patrol officers (police officers who conduct
routine patrol in response to calls and traffic enforcement) as
they conducted their daily tasks.
Methods: The current study collected noise dosimetry from patrol
officers in a smaller agency (n=5) and a larger agency (n=11)
in southern Wisconsin, United States. The noise dosimeters
simultaneously measured noise in three configurations that
had different thresholds, criterion levels and exchange rates.
The configurations were: the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration hearing conservation criteria (OSHA-HC), the
OSHA permissible exposure level criteria (OSHA-PEL), and the
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH). In addition to wearing a noise dosimeter during their
respective shifts, officers completed a log form documenting the
type of task performed, the duration of that task, if the task involved
the use of a siren, and officer characteristics that influenced their
noise exposure, such as the type of dispatch radio unit worn.
Results: Analysis revealed that the normalized 8-hour
time weighted averages (TWA) for all officers fell below the
recommended Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) and American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH) exposure limits. For the OSHA-HC and ACGIH
configurations the tasks involving the use of siren had significantly
higher levels than the tasks without (p=0.049 and 0.008). The highest
noise exposure levels were encountered when patrol officers were
assisting other public safety agencies such as a fire department or
emergency medical services (OSHA-HC = 71.4 dBA, OSHA-PEL =
65.5 dBA, ACGIH = 76.4 dBA). Canine officers had higher normalized
8-hour TWA than regular patrol officers for all three configurations
(p=0.008, <0.0001, 0.003). There were no significant differences
in exposure levels between the two agencies (p=0.28, 0.14, 0.13).
Conclusions: Results suggest that this study population is unlikely
to experience NIHL as established by the OSHA standard and
ACGIH recommendations from the daily occupational tasks that
were monitored.
CS-109-05
Ball Mill Noise: An Innovated Approach for Control
G. Graham, Freeport McMoRan, Inc., Morenci, AZ
SR-109-04
Effects of Data Sparsity and Spatiotemporal Variability
on Hazard Maps of Workplace Noise
K. Koehler, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; J.
Volckens, K. Lake, H. Wang, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO; J. Zhu, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
Resolution: After initiating help from technical support team
from MSHA, some dampening material was suggested that is
manufactured by EAR, a 3M company. The company then had
EAR representatives come to the site to complete a noise analysis
of the milling area and recommended using material that would
dampen the vibration and isolate the noise at the source. Two
different innovated materials were used to treat the mills, one
material is installed between the mill’s liner and shell while the
second material was adhered to the outside of the shell.
Objective: Personal sampling, a state-of-the-art technique to
assess worker exposures to hazards, provides little information
on the spatial variability of exposures. Hazard maps have gained
popularity as a way to locate sources and to visualize spatial
variability of hazards within a facility. However, these maps are
often generated from short duration measures and have little
ability to assess temporal variability. The objective of this study
was to assess the potential bias that results from the use of shortduration measurements to represent the TWA in a hazard map.
Methods: We measured noise intensity with personal dosimeters
at two facilities. A combination of static (i.e., monitors that
remained stationary and captured a time series of noise
intensity) and roving noise monitors (i.e., monitors that were
moved through the facility to capture noise intensity at many
locations) were employed to estimate spatial and temporal
variability in noise intensity. Ordinary Kriging was utilized to
produce hazard maps.
Results: At facilities with low temporal variability, hazard maps
produced from roving monitor data were in good agreement with
the TWA hazard maps and estimated values were within 5 dB
of the TWA over approximately 90% of the facility. However, at
the facility with higher temporal variability, large differences
between hazard maps were observed for different traverses
through the facility, and estimates were at least 5 dB different
than the TWA over more than half of the facility. The temporal
variability was found to have a greater influence on map accuracy
than the spatial sampling resolution.
Conclusions: At facilities with homogeneous noise intensities
over time, the similarity between hazard maps produced from
static and roving monitoring methods was high. With higher
levels of spatial and temporal variability, hazard maps produced
with data from static and roving monitoring methods were
substantially different. Future studies using roving monitoring
to assess the spatial extent of hazards should consider the
temporal variability of the hazard. At facilities with higher
temporal variability, hazard maps will be useful to capture
transient, high-level exposures that are missed by standard
TWA methods. However, these maps may be biased compared
to the TWA value and replicate measures should be taken to
improve map accuracy.
Situation/Problem: The facility in question presents 32 ball
mills used in a copper ore concentrating process. The 32 ball
mills are lined in a row in an enclosed building which presents
a metal sheeting shell with considerable reverberation. Noise
levels range, depending on location, from 90 to 105+ dBA, which
primarily ranged from 125 to 500 hertz. Historically, several
controls have been implemented and tried but have ultimately
failed due to the inability to withstand the process or financial
infeasibility. In the meantime, the mill operation has depended on
administrative controls such as shift rotations to reduce worker
exposure as well as dual hearing protection requirements.
Results: The promised results that were reported by the
manufacturer of the damping materials was approximately 5
dBA with both materials installed. Initial area testing, with a
sound level meter, was completed with two treated mills on the
end of the string of mills which reported results between 2 and
5 dBA. The process has continued with the implementation of
the controls with similar results. Final results are pending the
completion of the project (about 60% complete at this time),
but the testing results thus far have been identical to the initial
testing done with two mills completed.
Lessons Learned: This project was a great example of
innovation, sometimes it is important to think outside the box
and look into other industries and the controls used. Similar
products are used in naval ships and submarines as well as
turbines in hydroelectric processes. Adding innovative controls
such as this, has advantages of durability with the process as
well as a reduction in maintenance upkeep. Reaching out to
regulatory agencies for technical support can be beneficial
to aiding employers in protecting worker health. The control
has eliminated the need for dual hearing protection and
management of the administrative controls.
CS-109-06
Reducing Noise Levels in Hydroelectric Power Plants
J. Komrower, Noise Control Engineering LLC, Billerica, MA;
T. Gallagher, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO
Situation/Problem: The US Department of Interior Bureau of
Reclamation (Reclamation) and the US Army Corps of Engineers
(USACE) oversee a number of hydroelectric power plants across
the U.S. Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) has become the
number one workers compensation safety issue in Reclamation.
Most of reclamation’s power plants are over 40 years old and were
constructed before many modern noise control technologies were
developed. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) requires the reduction or elimination of a hazard, such as
exposure to prolonged high noise levels, to be addressed through
the implementation of engineering controls prior to implementing
administrative and personal protective equipment strategies. The
objectives of this program were to identify and implement feasible
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engineering controls in hydroelectric power plants in areas where
the overall noise levels exceeded 85 dBA.
Resolution: Measurements were conducted in a number of
power plants and three of these plants were chosen in which
to install engineering controls. The measurement methodology
included conducting complete acoustic and vibration surveys
to identify not only airborne paths, but structureborne paths as
well. In addition, unique technology which features a 3D solid
sphere acoustic “camera” to capture sound pressure levels
and specialized software algorithms to localize the sources of
noise was employed. Engineering controls were then designed
and installed in the selected plants. These controls included
silencers for specific noise sources, acoustic absorption panels
on hard surfaces to reduce reverberation, high transmission
loss acoustic barriers and damping material on vibrating ducts.
Results: As a result of this effort, noise levels were significantly
reduced (by as much as 15 dB). The program is a joint cooperation
between The Office of Naval Research (ONR) and Reclamation
where insights that have been developed as part of ONR’s NIHL
program will continue to be applied and leveraged to reduce
noise in power plants.
Lessons Learned: Engineering noise control techniques can be
successfully designed and implemented to significantly reduce
noise levels in power plants which not only will decrease the
potential for NIHL disability claims but will also result in a better
work environment.
CS-109-07
The Critical First Step in a Noise Control Program
D. Driscoll, Associates in Acoustics, Inc., Evergreen, CO
Situation/Problem: Based on 35 years of experience in noise
control, some of the most common causes of elevated noise
levels are improper equipment setup and/or the need for
maintenance. These issues lead to unnecessary expenditures,
such as purchasing acoustical materials to treat the symptoms
of noise rather than addressing the root-cause, excessive wear
and tear on machinery, and potentially unnecessary inclusion
of workers in a hearing conservation program. Equipment
motivated by compressed air and programmable-logic
controllers (PLCs) will often generate excessive impact forces
and/or exhaust noise as the air regulators and PLCs are adjusted
or the production has changed. The byproduct of non-optimal
settings is almost always an increase in noise. Plus, from a
noise exposure standpoint, when equipment is not maintained
or setup properly it increases the time workers need to spend
in the direct sound field of the machine while performing any
service requirements.
Resolution: Before time and money are invested in
implementation of noise controls, the first step should be to
ensure the noise concern is not due to improper equipment
setup and/or maintenance. Carry out the described acoustical
maintenance checklist, and meet with engineering and
maintenance representatives to ascertain their opinions on
the matter as it relates to elevated noise levels. The described
checklist includes procedures to be followed by machine
operators and mechanics. In most facilities a measurable noise
reduction can be achieved simply and inexpensively by paying
attention to the details for maintaining equipment in optimal
condition.
Results: Optimizing the air pressure driving at a canmanufacturing machine resulted in an attenuation of 20 dBA.
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Next, changing the PLC timing on a box-forming machine
reduced the noise level by 10 dBA. These and other case histories
are used to demonstrate the benefits and techniques of proper
machine setup and maintenance for noise control.
Lessons Learned: Noise control can often be achieved simply
and inexpensively, often producing dramatic results, by adhering
to a formal acoustical maintenance program. This process alone
will yield significant benefits in both the long-term life of the
equipment and minimizing the noise exposure risk to employees.
Only after the equipment of concern has been properly setup
and maintained, should an advanced noise control assessment
be undertaken to mitigate the remaining sources of noise.
SR-109-08
Evaluation of Active Noise Cancelling Headsets during
Jackleg Drilling in an Underground Mine Setting
W. DuBose, V. Lee, R. Reed, E. Lutz, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ
Objective: Overexposure to noise continues to be a prevalent
occupational health concern in underground mining. Although
the usage of hearing protection can prevent occupational
noise induced hearing loss, the personal protective equipment
inhibits verbal communication while being worn. This presents
a potential hazard to miners working with heavy equipment,
such as the jackleg drill. This study evaluated the effectiveness
of various active noise cancelling headsets in attenuating
occupational noise, as an alternative to traditional muffs that
are currently being used by underground miners.
Methods: A total of five participants were recruited for this
study: two mining students and three research team members.
The jackleg drill was operated by the mining students while
the research team members observed. The noise exposures
were monitored and collected from each participant during five
drilling shifts, averaging 30 minutes per shift. The noise dosage
levels were measured and recorded using in-ear dosimeters
and shoulder dosimeters. One traditional ear muff and four
active noise cancelling headsets were used for testing. Dosage
levels were compared between the shoulder and the in-ear
measurements using a Kruskal-Wallis test for statistically
significant differences. An alpha error threshold of 0.05 was
used.
Results: Collectively, the median relative percent difference
(RPD) between the shoulder and the in-ear noise dose for all
of the active noise cancelling (ANC) headsets combined was
152.3% (n=14; interquartile range (IQR): 115.1-189.1%). The
traditional ear muff median RPD was 183.2% (n=4; IQR: 176.4188.6%). Of all the ANC headsets tested, only one design fared
better than the traditional ear muff with a median RPD of 190.7%
(n=4; IQR: 185.1-193.9%), but this difference was not statistically
significant. The ANC headset that performed the worst had a
RPD of 123.6% (n=3; IQR: 55.4-125.8%), which was significantly
lower than the best performing headset (p=0.0339).
Conclusions: Results show that there may be a slight advantage
to wearing ANC headsets when operating a jackleg drill in an
underground mine. Although the difference in noise reduction
is small between ANC headsets and traditional ear muffs, their
implementation and usage would not only provide workers in the
mine protection from noise induced hearing loss, but would also
create safer work environment, allowing verbal communication
for miners while on shift.
SR-109-09
Photopolymerization 3-D Printing: Preliminary
Assessment of Material Hazards
T. Ryan, D. Hubbard, Ohio University, Athens, OH;
Objective: Printing in 3 dimensions (3-D printing) constitutes
a revolutionary new technology for the production of objects
made of metals, biologicals, and polymers. The process holds
promise for larger scale commercialization and therefore,
elevated worker exposures to process hazards. This work
was performed as a preliminary hazard assessment of the
process and chemicals associated with a commercial grade
photopolymerization 3-D printing process. Exposures to organic
polymers, a corrosive cleaning agent (sodium hydroxide), and
minor physical hazards (UV, noise) were assessed.
Methods: Using Safety Data Sheets to rank order of hazardous
resins and support materials toxicologically, specific printing
constituents such as polyethylene glycol, toluene, carbon
monoxide, Isobornyl acrylate and trace amounts of benzene
were targeted for quantification of area airborne concentrations.
Strategies for the materials in question were adapted to collect
in-printer and ambient facility samples. Post-printing support
material removal and solid waste handling was also evaluated.
Results: Results indicated only low concentrations of
the targeted compounds within the printer, and nonquantifiable ambient levels, with noise and UV exposures
being minimal. Cleaning of polymeric products was found
to result in the highest worker potential for exposure.
Conclusions: For the materials utilized in the specific process
evaluated here, even large printing jobs will likely pose negligible
inhalation hazards but potentially serious corrosives exposures.
Since metals and biologicals were not evaluated it is recommended
that similar assessments be conducted for those processes.
PO110
Communication and Training Methods
Tuesday, June 2, 2015, 10:30 AM - 12:30 PM
CS-110-01
OSHA’s Hazard Communication Standard (HCS 2012)
Revised Compliance Directive - An Enforcement
Overview
S. Rundman, USDOL-OSHA, Washington, DC
Situation/Problem: The Hazard Communication compliance
directive dated March 1998 does not include the requirements
from the revised Hazard Communication Standard (HCS 2012)
of March 2012. The revised HCS 2012 affects General Industry,
Construction, Maritime, and Agriculture employers and
employees.
Resolution: A revised Hazard Communication Standard (HCS
2012) compliance directive provides OSHA’s field staff, as well as,
the regulatory community with the latest compliance guidance
and includes new letters of interpretation. The session will
cover the revised compliance directive which establishes OSHA’s
policies and procedures for uniform enforcement of the 2012
Hazard Communication Standard including the enforcement
of the hazard classification, safety data sheets, labeling, and
training requirements. This session will also cover current HCS
2012 enforcement data.
Results: Revised Hazard Communication Standard (HCS 2012)
compliance directive will provide consistent enforcement of HCS
2012 nationwide.
Lessons Learned: A revised Hazard Communication Standard
(HCS 2012) compliance directive will assist in consistent
enforcement of the new HCS 2012 standard nationwide.
CS-110-02
In Plant Labeling, What Now?: Aligning the Hazardous
Materials Identification System (HMIS®) with the
Updated OSHA Hazard Communication Standard and
GHS
S. Sides, American Coatings Association, Washington, D.C.;
A. Dartt, L. Anderson, Golder Associates, St. Charles, MO
Situation/Problem: The Hazardous Materials Identification
System (HMIS®) has been used for over 30 years as an inplant labeling system as part of a comprehensive Hazard
Communication Program. With the update of the OSHA Hazard
Communication Standard (HCS) to align with the United Nation’s
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of
Chemicals (GHS), how will the HMIS® adapt to continue to
provide a consistent in-plant labeling system? To ensure the
HMIS® in-plant labeling system continues to be an effective
communication of hazards and remains in compliance with
the OSHA HCS, there was a need to update the HMIS®. This
presentation will review the major updates to the HMIS® and
how these updates will assist users in translating OSHA HCS
and GHS hazard classification information to HMIS® ratings to
ensure a continuing and effective in-plant labeling and hazard
communication system. This update will have a major impact on
current and new users of the HMIS®.
Resolution: The HMIS® was updated to be consistent with the
requirements of the revised OSHA HCS, with a detailed focus on
the hazard classifications adopted from the GHS. The revision
includes a comparative table that serves as a cross-reference
between HMIS® Health/Flammability/Physical Hazard rating
criteria and OSHA’s alignment with the hazard classifications in
GHS.
Results: Since the OSHA HCS allows for companies to utilize an
in-plant labeling system of their choice, the update of the HMIS®
and creation of the cross-reference table ensures that the HMIS®
in-plant labeling system remains compliant with the OSHA HCS
and an effective means of in-plant hazard communication. Since
OSHA’s adoption of the GHS also aligns with other countries
adopting the GHS, this HMIS® update will assure that the system
is understood and can continue to be used by global companies
seeking compliance solutions. A major tool created from this
update is the comparative table that provides a cross-reference
between HMIS® ratings and the OSHA alignment with GHS.
Lessons Learned: The update of the HMIS® was a necessary step
to provide the users of this system with a hazard communication
labeling process that is effective and compliant with the OSHA
adoption of a GHS-aligned hazard communication requirement.
Creating a comparative cross-reference table for HCS/GHS and
HMIS ratings was challenging for certain hazard classes and
these challenges will be discussed.
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CS-110-03
Delivering Industrial Hygiene Training Programs to
Developing Countries: An Online Path
D. Zalk, UIC GPOHP, San Jose, CA
Situation/Problem: Growth needs for Industrial Hygiene training
have been established in literature and keynote presentations
for over 20 years. Shifts in manufacturing and natural resource
extraction industries toward developing countries has only
increased over the past decades, yet basic Industrial Hygiene
training remains nearly non-existent here. Achieving training in
countries where work-related exposures and risks are highest
remains necessary to protect the 2.5 billion workers without
access to occupational safety, health, and hygiene (OSHH)
expertise.
Resolution: The outstanding efforts of the Occupational Hygiene
Training Association (OHTA) and the International Occupational
Hygiene Association have bridged the gap of training accessibility
in developing countries. The most comprehensive OHTA training
modules are available at the intermediate level for certification
of Industrial Hygiene Technicians accepted internationally. The
advantageous nature of this intermediate OHTA training has
been harnessed at the University of Illinois in Chicago (UIC),
a non-profit entity offering of the OHTA modules as part of a
comprehensive online distance learning program. The Global
Certificate Program in Occupational Health Practice (GPOHP)
was created in 2009 and an Industrial Hygiene track began in
2012, designed for engineers and technicians working in OSHH
without formal training. The online design affords students
in developing countries 9-months training at home, applying
practical assignments in their workplaces.
Results: The UIC GPOHP has trained 129 students from 39
countries. As a non-profit, UIC has also offered scholarships for
this training to 14 recipients from 12 countries.
Lessons Learned: Online training successes abound, however
challenges still remain including accomplishing hands-on OHTA
training requirements online and offering continuing support
for graduates that seek to obtain professional certification. This
presentation will address the successes and challenges that
have been learned through this process and will present a vision
for the path forward for the near- and long-term future.
CS-110-04
Health Links ColoradoTM : Creating a Healthier, More
Productive Workforce through Workplace Training and
Education
M. Haan, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
Situation/Problem: Keeping workers healthy and safe is
significant to the health of our nation. With the continual rise
of health care and workers’ compensation costs, the need for
workplace interventions is imperative. Compared to 77 percent
of large employers, only 27 percent of small businesses (under
500 employees) offer wellness programs. Worksite wellness
programs have been shown to have an effect on employee
wellbeing and can be associated for decreased workers’
compensation costs. However, small businesses face real and
perceived barriers to adopting and implementing programs,
including lack of resources, leadership commitment, employee
engagement, and training.
Resolution: In July 2013, the Center for Worker Health &
Environment within the Colorado School of Public Health
launched Health LinksTM Colorado, a community-based
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program that certifies and advises businesses on evidencebased practices to implement sustainable workplace health and
safety programs. Health LinksTM provides onsite advising to help
businesses build a culture of health and safety. Trained advisors
help businesses identify goals and address strategies to
increase physical activity, nutrition, safety policies and practices
and more. Health LinksTM is a research-based model adopted
from the CDC Worksite Health ScoreCard and the WHO Healthy
Workplace Framework and Model.
Results: Evaluations show that 81% of participants have
found the training to increase their knowledge, attitudes and
perceived values of worksite wellness, and 71% plan to apply
the knowledge gained in practice in the field. Since July 2013,
Health Links has trained fifty community members to conduct
advising sessions resulting in 20 consultations with local small
businesses.
Lessons Learned: By working with businesses throughout the
state, we have learned that the value of employers showing
their employees that they care by offering worksite health
and safety programs goes a lot further than we think. The
physical environment of the workplace impacts the wellbeing
of the individuals who spend the majority of their time there.
Having leaders who invest in their employees and leverage the
workplace to address health promotion and health protection
can lead to greater change in creating a healthier, safer and
more productive workforce.
SR-110-05
Effectiveness of Educational and Behavioral
Interventions to Reduce Isocyanate Exposure in the
Auto Body Repair and Refinishing Industry: A ClusterRandomized Controlled Trial
Y. Liu, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort
Worth, TX; M. Stowe, J. Sparer, C. Redlich, Yale University,
New Haven, CT
Objective: To better control isocyanate exposure and prevent
occupational asthma in the auto body repair and refinishing
industry, improved exposure control strategies are needed.
We conducted a cluster-randomized controlled trial in this
industry. The main objectives were to assess the effectiveness of
educational and behavioral interventions on worker knowledge,
attitudes, and self-reported and observed behaviors with regard
to isocyanate exposures.
Methods: 103 workers from 14 auto body shops participated in
this study which was approved by Yale University’s institutional
review board. Shops with all their participating workers were
randomly assigned into the intervention and control groups.
The intervention group received both educational training and
behavioral feedback process throughout the first 6 months.
Original surveys of exposure-related knowledge and attitudes
and self-reported behavior were administered and actual
behaviors were observed at baseline, 6, and 12 months. Data
were analyzed using the Chi-square test and linear modeling,
and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
Results: Worker knowledge and attitudes improved significantly
(p<0.05) in the intervention group [mean change (or
improvement) in score 24] compared with control group (mean
change in score 4) in the 6-month period. Self-reported behavior
also improved significantly (p<0.05) more in the intervention
group (mean change in score 20) compared to the control group
(mean change in score 6). Most improvements were sustained
at 12 months. At baseline, knowledge and attitudes were
significant predictors of self-reported behavior (p=0.008). In
all study periods, knowledge and attitude mean score was also
highly correlated with self-reported behavior. Self-reported
behavior was highly associated with observed behavior. Over
87% of workers who reported using a respirator for painting
were observed to use a respirator, as an example.
Conclusions: Educational training and behavioral feedback
improve knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported and observed
behaviors in auto body workers exposed to isocyanates. Knowledge
and attitude survey is a potentially useful tool to characterize auto
body worker exposure risk and readiness for behavior change.
In this setting training with behavioral feedback did not add
significant benefit beyond the educational intervention.
CS-110-06
Influencing Safe Behavior as a Strategy for Reducing
Preventable Hydrogen Sulfide Exposures
D. Lee, Shell Oil Company, League City, TX
Situation/Problem: Organizations across a broad range of
industries understand the importance of influencing people’s
behavior. Efforts are commonly focused towards influencing
customers to select a product over competing products,
influencing public opinion within local communities and
influencing a workforce to perform job functions in a safe and
healthy manner. The challenge is that off-the-shelf behavior
based safety programs have not proven to be effective at
establishing sustainable improvement and therefore do not
provide an acceptable return on investment.
Resolution: A description of how Shell’s Deer Park Refinery
utilized research conducted by the United Kingdom’s Institute for
Government, presented in the publication, “MINDSPACE Influencing
behavior through public policy” to address normalized behaviors
resulting in preventable hydrogen sulfide exposures will be
presented. Included in the presentation will be Shell’s strategies for
integrating the key behavioral principles identified in the publication
and their impacts. These principles are Messenger, Incentives,
Norms, Defaults, Salience, Priming, Affect, Commitments and Ego.
Results: Through the implementation of the behavioral elements
a need for increased respiratory protection equipment, better
communication of expectations and simplification of work
instruction were identified. Following the establishment of these
improvements hydrogen sulfide exposure events decreased
allowing for in depth investigation when exposure events
did occur. These investigations identified opportunities for
equipment improvements incorporating engineering controls to
prevent the need for personal protective equipment. As a result
of the administrative actions and behavioral improvements
there has been a 79% reduction in preventable exposure events
when compared to the year prior.
Lessons Learned: Effort should be made to address each of the
key principles of behavioral influence equally. This is because
the hierarchy of the key principles changes from individual to
individual. Behavioral influencing programs that address some
of the principles but not all, limits the impact of the behavioral
change among the targeted population. Making the effort to
customize the key behavioral elements provided in MINDSPACE
in accordance with the organizational culture improves the
effectiveness of the targeted behavioral change.
PO111
Chemical Characterizations of Contaminants
in Indoor Environments: Sampling & Analysis
Tuesday, June 2, 2015, 10:30 AM - 12:30 PM
CS-111-01
A Novel Method for Determining Chemical Residues
from Fire and Smoke in Indoor Air
A. Delia, K. Martin, Prism Analytical Technologies, Inc., Mt.
Pleasant, MI; D. Baxter, Environmental Analysis Associates,
Inc., San Diego, CA
Situation/Problem: The particulate and chemical residues
from fire and smoke events can pose a significant challenge
for air quality professionals in terms of the possible aesthetic,
health, and odor aspects, particularly in determining the level
of remaining contamination during and after cleanup. The
complexity of the particulate and chemical residues makes
identification of the components specific to the fire difficult.
Traditional methods are complicated by secondary sources and
do not typically address the issue of the characteristic smoky
odor that often lingers for months, or even years, or the potential
health hazards of the chemical residue.
Resolution: A new method using thermal desorption gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD GC-MS) for determining
the presence of chemical residues from fire and smoke by
examining select volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been
developed. These VOCs were determined based on laboratory
and situational studies of a variety of materials exposed to
fire and smoke as well as an extensive literature review. This
method reveals the extent of chemical contamination from fire
and smoke events in indoor air and can be used to assess the
potential health and odor effects. Together, this VOC analysis of
chemical residues and the more traditional microscopy analysis
of soot, char, and ash, provide a more comprehensive solution
in determining the level of contamination from fire and smoke
events.
Results: Several VOCs were evaluated for their efficacy as fire
and smoke indicators for both structural and wild fire events.
VOCs were selected based on their prevalence in multiple
fire situations, lack of additional potential sources, and ease
of analytical identification. The selected VOC fire and smoke
indicators were tested in several real fire and smoke events and
were used to evaluate the extent of contamination.
Lessons Learned: Fire produces a complex mixture of chemicals
with a variety of characteristics that influence the effects of the
fire upon its surroundings. Since the fire and smoke residues
add to the existing mix of chemicals, determining the source
of the specific chemical compounds can be challenging. A
comprehensive understanding of these potential sources is
critical to separating the effects of the fire and smoke from the
other sources.
SR-111-02
A Comparison of Canisters and Solid Sorbent Tubes for
Air Sampling of Volatile Organic Compounds in Indoor
Environments for 14 to 21 days
A. Rossner, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY
Objective: Objective: This research focused on the evaluation of
evacuated canister coupled with the capillary flow controllers to
collect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for sampling periods
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ranging from 14 to 21 days using an exposure chamber. This
research is being done to evaluate the effectiveness of sampling
indoor environments for vapor intrusion chemicals as well as
other indoor contaminates that may cause long term health
effects. Evacuated canisters have been used for many years to
collect ambient air and indoor air samples. There are several
benefits of using canisters over other sampling methods,
including the ability to analyze multiple sub-samples from
a single canister sample and the ability to directly and costeffectively analyze the samples without the need for toxic or
expensive extracting solutions.
Methods: Methods: Using a capillary flow control device
designed to provide extremely low flow rates (ranging from 0.05
to 1.0 mL/min) VOC (specifically, BTEX and Perchloroethylene)
samples were collected over an extended period of time. Six
replicate canister samples and six diffusion tube samples were
collected for each of the 6 experiments in a chamber for time
periods for up to 3 weeks. Concentrations ranging from 0.05
to 0.5 of the TLVs were evaluated. All analysis was conducted
using a GC/FID. The sorbent tubes were thermo desorbed and
analyzed on GC/FID. The chamber was connected to an online GC and this data was used as the “gold standard” for the
challenge concentrations.
2012. Instruments were placed in a main living area of the
home. While continuous monitors were operating in the home,
simultaneous single-point measures (n = 114) were collected in
the same room on multiple days and at different times using
handheld thermo-hygrometers.
Results: Time-centered single-point measures were moderately
correlated with short-term (30 min) data logger means for
air temperature (r = 0.76) and RH (r = 0.70). Single-point air
temperature was also moderately correlated with data-logger
12-day means (r = 0.64). Single-point measures were weakly
correlated with data logger 12-day RH (r = 0.53). Of the singlepoint RH measures, 59(51.8%) deviated more than +/- 5%,
21(18.4%) deviated more than +/- 10%, and 6(5.3%) deviated
more than +/- 15% from data logger 12-day means.
Conclusions: The strength of the relationship between singlepoint sampling and continuous monitoring decreased rapidly as
exposure time intervals were increased. This finding was more
pronounced for RH than for air temperature. These data suggest
that single-point sampling, particularly for assessing residential
RH, may lead to home misclassification when used as either
a direct measure or as a surrogate for the presence of other
indoor exposures such as mold or house dust mites. Continuous
indoor monitoring is recommended for use in studies where air
temperature and RH exposures are evaluated for health effects.
Results: Results: The results indicate that the capillary-canister
precision and accuracy exceeded that of the sorbent methods.
Long-term sampling with the small evacuated canisters was
found to provide results statistically more accurate (p<0.5) than
sorbent sampling methods. In addition, the canister method
allowed for significant increase in sampling time and allows for
the collection of a broader range of VOCs.
SR-111-04
Characterization of Malodors from a Polymethyl
Methacrylate Roof Membrane System
J. Kominsky, Environmental Quality Management, Inc.,
Cincinnati, OH
Conclusions: Conclusions: A canister coupled with a capillary
flow controller can provide for long-term sampling in indoor
air quality assessments for low levels of VOCs and support new
exposure assessment strategies for contaminants from inside
and outside the buildings.
Objective: This study determined whether the source of
malodors characterized by building occupants as “chemical-,
fecal-, and/or barnyard-like” was associated with emissions
from a recently installed polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) roof
membrane system.
SR-111-03
Representativeness of Single-Point Sampling for
Estimating Residential Indoor Air Temperature and
Relative Humidity
J. Johnston, B. Magnusson, D. Eggett, Brigham Young
University, Provo, UT; S. Collingwood, University of Utah,
Salt Lake City, UT; S. Bernhardt, Utah State University,
Logan, UT
Methods: Three samples of roof membrane were analyzed to
identify the headspace volatile organic compounds (VOCs). A
portion of each sample was placed in a 1-liter glass chamber
that was purged with ultra-pure air, sealed, and maintained at
46oC for 24 hours to equilibrate the headspace. An aliquot of the
headspace was analyzed for VOCs using EPA Methods TO-15 and
TO-17. Fixed-station area samplers were positioned at rooftop
air intakes and in areas of the building with reported incidents
of malodors to determine whether the identified compounds
entered the building. Six pairs of samplers were positioned. Each
sampler pair consisted of a 6-liter stainless steel canister with a
72-hour flow controller, and a tandem thermal desorption tube
with Swagelok® fittings attached to a constant-flow vacuum pump
operating at 25 ml/min. Samples were collected over 5 days (6:00
am to 6:00 pm). Fixed-station air samples were collected at HVAC
evaporator coils to test for carboxylic acids known to have “fecallike” and/or rancid odors to determine whether the malodors
were emanating from wet organic debris (biofilm) on the coils.
Objective: Residential air temperature and relative humidity
(RH) are important determinants of human comfort and health,
and accurate assessment of indoor environmental conditions
is necessary to properly characterize exposure. Studies
commonly use instantaneous single-point measures collected
with handheld (pen-type) thermo-hygrometers to estimate
indoor temperature and RH, but there is little evidence to
support using this sampling strategy to represent longer-term
residential exposures. This study evaluated the relationship
between single-point and continuous sampling methods over
two exposure periods (30 min and 12-day).
Methods: Study homes (N = 9) were recruited from among
employee volunteers at the Cache County national children’s
study center in Logan, Utah. Continuous data-logged sampling
was conducted in each home for 2–3 weeks from March–June
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Results: Headspace analysis showed similar emission profiles.
Quantitatively methyl acrylate > 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate > benzene
> trimethylbenzenes > toluene > 4-ethyltoluene > n-Propyl
benzene > naphthalene > 1-methylnaphthalene >2-methyl
naphthalene. Benzene, naphthalene, methylnaphthalenes,
toluene, trimethylbenzenes, and other compounds were
consistently present at rooftop air-intakes and in the building
tenant space; this demonstrate that emissions from the PMMA
roof membrane are entering the building. Qualitatively the
results are similar to the headspace analysis of roof membrane
samples completed by the manufacturer’s consultant, which
includes compounds (p-cresol, 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene,
and naphthalene) with odors characterized as fecal- or
barnyard-like, musty, and/or naphthalenic. Carboxylic acids
were not detected.
Conclusions: The malodor reported by building occupants
appears to have resulted from the PMMA roof membrane
emissions entering the building via rooftop air-intakes. Carbonfiltration units in air-intakes operated until the malodors
subsided over time.
SR-111-05
Particulate and Chemical Emissions from
3-Dimensional Printers
A. Stefaniak, M. Duling, R. LeBouf, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV;
J. Yi, T. Nurkiewicz, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
Objective: Three-dimensional (3-D) printers use a heated nozzle
to melt a solid thermoplastic filament and deposit multiple thin
layers of extruded plastic to form a solid three-dimensional
shape. The objective of this research was to evaluate factors
which may influence the emission of particulate and chemicals
from 3-D printers.
Methods: Real-time instrumentation was used to measure
particle number, mass, size, and size distribution and total
volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and ozone. Evacuated
canisters and gas chromatography were used to quantify
specific VOCs. The influence of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
filament color on emissions was evaluated by printing a hair
comb in natural, blue, red, and black on the same 3-D printer
in a 500 L chamber. The effectiveness of controls was evaluated
by measuring emissions with and without the manufacturerprovided printer cover in use.
Results: Filament color had a clear influence on particulate
emissions. On a mass basis, maximum particle emissions
[in μg m-3] were highest for natural (214±6), followed by blue
(160±14), red (100±14), and black (9±2). Maximum particle
number concentration [# m-3] and count median diameter [nm]
also differed by filament color: red (3.8 x 1011; 50), natural (2.5 x
1011; 55), black (1.5 x 1011; 45), and blue (1 x 1011; 63). Peak TVOC
levels followed the same rank order as mass concentration, i.e.,
natural (625±35), followed by blue (448±18), red (395±21), and
black (165±21). Specific VOCs emitted were styrene, ethanol,
and acetaldehyde. Ozone did not exceed background levels
during testing. Removal of the printer cover resulted in a 24%
increase in particle mass concentration and a doubling of
particle number concentration but little change in TVOC levels.
Conclusions: 3-D printers may be important sources of ultrafine
particles and VOCs in indoor manufacturing, office and home
work environments. Users should be cognizant that emissions
will be influenced by the choice of color filament. Particulate
emissions will be reduced by use of the manufacturer-provided
printer cover. Emission of ultrafine particles and styrene,
a known asthmagen and neurotoxin, indicate the need for
additional research on potential health effects from use of these
printers and control technologies to reduce emission levels.
CS-111-06
Mercury Vapor Analysis of Cinnabar in Simulated
Shipping Conditions by Atomic Fluorescence
Spectroscopy
C. Altamirano, Arizona Instrument, Chandler, AZ
Situation/Problem: Cinnabar, also known as mercury sulfide
(HgS), is a naturally occurring mineral ore, which has historically
been used for its prominent red pigmentation in paints (vermillion)
and cosmetics. Today, cinnabar is used to create elemental
mercury by heating cinnabar in the presence of oxygen to create
elemental mercury vapor. Although cinnabar is considered less
toxic than elemental mercury, its toxicity is poorly understood in
the context of ‘real world’ environments. Variables such as sun
exposure, elevated temperatures, humidity and moisture may
change the mercury vapor emissions of cinnabar and potentially
create dangerous environments for employees.
Resolution: Using a portable atomic fluorescence spectroscopy
mercury vapor analyzer, levels of mercury vapor emitted by
cinnabar in simulated shipping environments can be reliably
detected and measured. Using this form of analysis can be useful
in verifying the safety of employees who are mining natural
cinnabar, producing synthetic cinnabar, or are transporting
cinnabar domestically or abroad.
Results: Results suggest that the two biggest factors in mercury
vapor emission from synthetic cinnabar may be sunlight
exposure and elevated temperatures. Sunlight exposure also
transforms red cinnabar into black ‘metacinnabar’, which
indicates a structural change in the crystalline structure.
Humidity has little effect on the emissions, but when paired with
elevated temperatures a greater signal is observed.
Lessons Learned: Synthetic Cinnabar emitted low levels of
elemental mercury vapor at room temperatures and in a dry
environment. Precautions should also be made to keep cinnabar
in an inert gas such as nitrogen to prevent oxidation as well as
storing it away from direct sunlight.
PO112
Environmental Microbiology
Tuesday, June 2, 2015, 10:30 AM - 12:30 PM
SR-112-01
Characterization of a Piezoelectric Inkjet Aerosol
Generator for Bioaerosol Survivability Study
Y. Kuo, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan,
Taiwan; S. Huang, C. Lin, W. Wu, W. Ke, C. Chen, National
Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Objective: For a laboratory-based bioaerosol research, stable
and reliable bioaerosol generation with minimal damage to
microorganisms is of great importance. The main objective
of this study is to characterize a piezoelectric inkjet aerosol
generator for bioaerosol survivability study.
Methods: The aerosol generation system consists of a 50-μm
piezoelectric print head, a function generator, a power amplifier,
and a pressure control device. The performance of this system
is characterized using the potassium sodium tartrate solution
and the 3-μm polystyrene latex suspension. The main operating
parameters of the inkjet print head for viable aerosol generation
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include driving voltage, pulse duration, dispersion air flow,
pulse frequency and volume fraction of solids in the nebulizing
solution. For bioaerosol survival experiments, yeast is used as
the test microorganism. Three bioaerosol samplers including a
BioSampler, a cassette with gelatine filter and a Marple cascade
impactor with Mylar film are used to collect airborne yeast
samples. The yeast survival is then determined by methylene
blue viable staining with microscopy.
Results: This study successfully demonstrates the feasibility and
the merit of using piezoelectric inkjet print head for generating
viable aerosols. A square wave with appropriate combinations
of voltage and pulse duration can drive the inkjet system to
squeeze liquid with rheology characteristic similar to water. The
particle generation rate can be manipulated by adjusting the
pulse frequency. Moreover, dispersion air is required to reduce
coagulation. The size distribution of particle dried from 3 mm
PSL suspension shows two distribution peaks. The smaller one
is apparently from the soluble residue of suspension. The larger
one represents the size distribution of particles dried from main
droplets. The appropriate concentration of solid suspension is
in the magnitude of 106 #/ml. The fraction of droplets containing
at least one particle is 0.26. The fraction of droplets containing
only one particle among droplets containing at least one particle
is 0.86.
Conclusions: The inkjet-based aerosol generation has
been demonstrated to be more controllable, dynamic, and
reproducible than other generators. Moreover, piezoelectric
inkjet printing is a thermally consistent process and therefore
the microbial survival could be expected to be well preserved.
SR-112-02
Transport of Microbial Particles on Fibers in
Occupational Environments
R. Gorny, A. Lawniczek-Walczyk, A. Stobnicka, Central
Institute for Labour Protection – National Research
Institute, Warsaw, Poland
Objective: To check an ability of different natural and man-made
fibers to transport microbial particles at different workplaces.
Methods: The sampling was carried out at: three industrial
facilities processing natural (cotton, silk, flax, hemp, wool) and
synthetic (polyamide, polyester, polyacrylonitrile, polypropylene,
viscose) fibrous materials, one stable where horses were bred
and one zoo pavilion where lions were kept. At each of these
facilities, fibrous aerosol was sampled using 37-mm openfaced cassette on sterile teflon filter during “routine” activities,
i.e. during final stages of fibrous material manufacturing cycle,
horse currying and lion grooming. Simultaneously with aerosol
sampling, settled fibrous dust was collected using sterile
spatula. All man-made and natural fiber samples were weighed
and laboratory analyzed for their microbiological purity. All
microbial strains were taxonomically identified based on their
morphology, biochemical features and identification keys. To
check the structure and arrangement of fibers that may support
transport of microbial particles, a scanning electron microscopy
analysis was performed.
Results: Both airborne and settled fibers transported analogous
microbial strains. All synthetic fibers, present as separated threads
with smooth surface, were free from microbial contamination.
Natural fibers with loose packing and rough surface (i.e. wool,
horse hair, lion fur), sheaf packing and septated surface (e.g. flax,
hemp) or present as twisted ribbons with corrugated surface
(cotton) were able to carry up to 9×105/3.4×104 and 6.3×104
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cfu/g of aerobic/anaerobic bacteria and fungi, respectively. The
microbiota present on natural fibers comprised wide spectrum
of species (from endospore-forming and non-sporing Grampositive rods, through Gram-positive cocci, Gram-negative rods,
to molds and yeasts), including pathogenic strains classified by
Directive 2000/54/EC to hazard group 2.
Conclusions: As both plant and animal fibers transport a
significant number of microbial particles, including pathogens,
all of them should be thoroughly eliminated from workplaces
and, if production cycle allows such a change, replaced by
synthetic ones. To restrain unwanted presence, dissemination
and subsequent exposure to harmful microbial agents, highperformance containment measures should be introduced
during fiber material manufacturing.
SR-112-03
Seven Novel Penicillium Species and Two Novel
Citreoviridin Producing Species of Section Eupenicillium
Z. Jurjevic, EMSL Analytical, Inc., Cinnaminson, NJ; S.
Peterson, Microbial Genomics and Bioprocessing Unit,
National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research,
Agricultural Research Service, Peoria, IL; J. Frisvad,
Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
Objective: A set of isolates were obtained that did not fit any
described species. Phenotypic examination of these isolates
showed that they were very similar but differed in some growth
characteristics. Multilocus DNA sequence data was obtained for
the new isolates and some related species in the broader, more
inclusive clade.
Methods: Fungal isolates were collected from air samples
(home/factory) in several widely separated states of the USA
and Denmark, from a sample of corn meal (South Africa), from
pecan shell (USA, Georgia) and unknown origin. To describe the
species we used phenotypes from 7 and 14 day Czapek’s yeast
extract agar (CYA) and malt extract agar (MEA). Additional media
were CYA with 20% sucrose (CY20S), and CYA supplemented with
5% NaCl, oatmeal agar (OA), and potato dextrose agar (PDA).
This was followed by multilocus DNA sequence beta tubulin
(BT2), calmodulin (CF), ITS and lsu rDNA (ID), minichromosome
maintenance complex component 7 (Mcm7), second largest
subunit RNA polymerase (RPB2), and pre-rRNA processing
protein (Tsr1) loci.
Results: Based on molecular, morphological and chemical
analysis the new isolates are described as Penicillium colei, P.
cvjetkovicii, P. fluviserpens, P. lehmiflumine, P. monsgalena, P.
monsserratidens, and P. salmoniflumine. Extrolite analysis showed
that two of the new species, P. colei and P. monsserratidens
produce the mycotoxin citreoviridin.
Conclusions: The seven new species represent a monophyletic
clade that also includes Penicillium idahoense. Citreoviridin or
citreoviridin A is a neurotoxic mycotoxin that was first isolated
from yellow rice and is believed to be the cause of acute
cardiac beriberi disease in humans. Citreoviridin contaminated
commodities are uncommon but acute cardiac beriberi was
recently reported in Brazil and associated with moldy rice.
Citreoviridin has been reported as a contaminant of maize and
pecans in the USA. Some citreoviridin derivatives have shown
pharmacological activity against lung tumors and these isolates
could provide leads in pharmaceutical research. Occupational
and environmental hygiene professionals will be made aware of
these newly described fungi and their potential health hazards.
SR-112-04
Estimating the Accuracy of Single Outdoor Samples
H. Burge, Environmental Microbiology Laboratory, San
Bruno, CA
Objective: Statistically, the indoor aerosol (by taxon) is well
correlated to the outdoor aerosol with concentrations lower
indoors. Thus, outdoor samples are essential to control for this
outdoor/indoor penetration effect. Indoor/outdoor samples are
usually collected within a short period of time while outdoor
penetration has probably occurred before the samples are
collected. Acute changes in weather could cause the outdoor
sample data to misrepresent the actual prevailing aerosol that
penetrated indoors. Our objective is to provide summarized
baseline data specific to the date and location of the outdoor
sample that can be used to evaluate the accuracy of single
outdoor samples.
Methods: We have been mapping the outdoor fungal aerosol
for many years, and have developed the MoldRange to assist
investigators in interpreting outdoor sampling data. Beginning
with monthly and by State averages separately then together,
we went on to establish zip code groupings to more accurately
represent fungal populations. At least for California, we are
now able to offer minimum, median, and maximum data to our
clients for comparison with their sample data for that date. This
year we have expanded this effort and developed a preliminary
excel spreadsheet that will allow a zip code and date to be
entered and the computer will produce the range, minimum,
median and maximum counts for that zip code. The statistic uses
NOAA climate data on temperature and precipitation within the
entered zip code and our massive database on outdoor fungal
aerosols to generate these values.
Results: Preliminary results indicate that the statistic produces
data within the range of the MOLDRANGE. It also provides
average temperature and precipitation for the month of sampling
by site, and the frequency of recovery of specific taxa at the site.
It is adaptable for all locations for which NOAA provides weather
data, and for which we have sufficient samples for the location
in our database.
Conclusions: This research is providing a tool to evaluate the
accuracy of single outdoor samples by comparing the sample
data to our database by zip code, date, and weather parameters.
In addition to its use for interpreting single samples, this statistic
may also be used to track relationships between specific
aerosols by temperature, precipitation and geographical area,
and possibly even to help predict future aerosol patterns.
SR-112-05
Diseases Attributable to Common Indoor Molds
H. Burge, EMLab, San Bruno, CA
Objective: Molds are abundant in both outdoor and indoor air,
with the vast majority of exposure occurring outdoors. However,
indoor growth presents the possibility of exposure to higher
concentrations of spores and other materials associated
with fungal growth. We have reviewed the current peerreviewed literature focusing on diseases caused by fungi that
are commonly recovered from air and surfaces in the indoor
environment.
Methods: The Web of Science was used for the literature search
through a link with the University of Michigan. Only peerreviewed literature was used, and conference proceedings were
not included even if peer-reviewed. The focus was on the past 10
years (2004–2014), and approximately 150 papers were finally a
part of this review.
Results: Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Alternaria
are commonly isolated from indoor air, while Penicillium,
Aspergillus, Stachybotrys, Acremonium and Chaetomium are
common on surfaces. All may cause sensitization in susceptible
people. Most sensitizing exposure occurs outdoors but
symptoms may be exacerbated by indoor exposure. Aspergillus
fumigatus is also a common sensitizers. Infections caused by
indoor fungi are rare except in severely immunocompromised
patients. Aspergillus fumigatus and, less commonly, other
Aspergillus species are the most common opportunistic
fungi. Cladosporium, Alternaria, and Penicillium infections
are extremely rare in normal healthy individuals, and are
generally caused by species not common indoors. Virtually all
fungi produce toxins depending on genetics and environmental
conditions. Almost all exposure to fungal toxins occurs by
ingestion. Toxigenic species of Aspergillus are recovered from
indoor environments but may not produce their toxins on indoor
substrates. Cladosporium produces toxins of apparently low
toxicity. Stachybotrys chartarum clearly produces potent toxins,
although there remains no good evidence that indoor exposure
is sufficient to produce the disease states that are commonly
reported.
Conclusions: Overall, allergy exacerbation is by far the most
likely response to indoor mold growth, but only in previously
sensitized people. The risk of infection and toxicosis related to
exposure to these molds is very low. This information should
help investigators and physicians to educate their clients about
the risk of illness related to mold growth
CS-112-06
A Case Study on Investigation into Environmental
Sources of Legionella Bacteria at a Recreational Spa
Facility
M. Canright, J. Martinelli, Forensic Analytical Consulting
Services, East Rancho Dominguez, CA
Situation/Problem: In recent years, Legionella bacteria have
been the subject of much attention in the scientific community,
the public, and the media. As understanding of the bacteria’s
ecology, epidemiology, and its role in various water systems
has improved, advances have been made in the techniques for
the identification and investigation of environmental sources in
various settings. The case study will present a risk assessment
and investigation into environmental sources during a cluster
of Legionellosis at a recreational spa facility. Five cases of
Legionnaire’s disease were epidemiologically linked to the
spa, which led to investigation by the local regulatory agency.
This presentation will review the methods, data collection
and findings of the risk assessment investigation and discuss
various project considerations and lessons learned.
Resolution: The presentation will detail the investigation
process and methodology and review recommended controls
that were implemented to reduce the risk of exposure both
during and after the investigation conclusion. The role of the
local regulatory agencies, the assistance and hindrances
associated with their involvement, and involvement of the local
media will also be discussed
Results: Several potential environmental sources were
identified and addressed during the course of the investigation.
Short and long-term administrative and engineering controls
were implemented that resulted in successful reductions in
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31
sample positivity rate and bacteria concentration and were
effective in controlling the onset of new cases linked with the
facility. Despite significant improvements, the local regulatory
agency enforced additional controls and testing requirements.
Lessons Learned:The case study demonstrates the importance
of preparation in maintaining domestic water systems and
controlling biofilms and organisms such as Legionella bacteria.
The development and implementation of a proactive water
management program that includes elements to effectively
manage site-specific water related waterborne pathogens risks
is essential for maintaining control of water systems and sources.
PO113
Ergonomics - Sprains, Strains, and Strategies
Tuesday, June 2, 2015, 10:30 AM - 12:30 PM
SR-113-01
Sitting time, Obesity, and Injury at Work
T. Lin, T. Courtney, D. Lombardi, S. Verma, Liberty Mutual
Research Institute for Safety, Hopkinton, MA
Objective: Injuries pose a significant burden on working
populations worldwide, and lately obesity has been suggested as
a risk factor. We examined whether obesity was associated with
injury at work, and then moved upstream along the causal chain
to investigate whether time spent sitting at work contributed to
weight gain.
Methods: Two studies were conducted using a nationally
representative cohort, the National Longitudinal Survey of
Youth 1979 (NLSY79). The first study evaluated the association
between obesity and injury at work using generalized estimating
equations (GEE) and random-effects logistic regression.
Obesity was measured as body mass index (BMI) based on
self-report height and weight, and demographic profiles (age,
gender, education, race and ethnicity) and job characteristics
(work hours, hourly wage, environmental hazards, physical
demands, and industry) were incorporated as control variables.
In the second study, we treated BMI as the outcome, and the
primary explanatory variable was “time spent sitting” extracted
from O*NET (Occupational Information Network) and linked to
individuals in NLSY79. To assess the association between sitting
time and BMI, we used fixed-effects models, which control
for the effects of time-invariant factors. We included in the
regression models additional time-varying variables such as
leisure-time physical activities and work hours, and conducted
a series of robustness checks.
Results: Results from the analyses were consistent with our
hypotheses. For the first study, the GEE and random-effects
regression indicated that obesity was associated with 25% or
higher odds of injury at work [OR =1.25, 95%CI = 1.12-1.39, p
< 0.001]. For the second study, longer sitting time at work was
significantly associated with higher BMI for the overall sample
(p < 0.05) and men (p < 0.01). For women, the association was
not significant.
Conclusions: Our first study indicated that obesity may
predispose employed U.S. adults to workplace injury, while
the second provided further support for initiatives to reduce
workplace sedentariness as a means of reducing the risk of
obesity and related health and safety outcomes. Key study
strengths included the use of nationally representative cohort
data to examine these relationships prospectively across a
broad range of industries and occupations as well as extensive
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robustness checks. Further research is needed to better clarify
the mechanisms underlying both associations.
SR-113-02
Development of a Fatigue Failure-Based Ergonomics
Assessment Tool for Low Back Disorder Risk
S. Gallagher, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
Objective: The objectives of this research were to examine
the efficacy of using fatigue failure theory to develop a risk
assessment tool for low back disorders and to evaluate this
approach using a published database of low back disorders.
Methods: Data from cadaver studies of lumbar motion
segments subject to fatigue loading at different percentages
of ultimate strength (US) were analyzed using Weibull analysis.
The resulting data was categorized into 5 categories based on
estimated US of the specimens. The categories included < 30%
US (19 specimens), 30-40% US (19 specimens), 40-50% US
(21 specimens), 50-60% US (16 specimens), and > 60% US (15
specimens). Weibull analyses were performed on each category
to estimate the distribution of cycles to failure for each category
of ultimate strength. Non-linear regression was used on the
characteristic life (n) to develop a relationship between cycles to
failure and ultimate strength category. Results of this regression
were then used to estimate the amount of damage expected per
cycle at the different deciles of ultimate strength. To examine
the relationship of the expected rate of damage accumulation at
different level of US, an existing database published by Zurada
et al. (1997) was used. For this analysis, it was assumed that
the peak load moment was positively correlated with spinal
loading. Both peak load moment and frequency of lifting data
were divided into deciles of risk for the analysis. A “daily dose”
of exposure was developed by multiplying the estimated damage
per cycle (for a given peak moment decile) multiplied by the
frequency of lifts (per hour) times 8 hours/day.
Results: A dose-response relationship was observed between
the cumulative load estimates of the new assessment tool and
the probability of high-risk group membership for low back
disorders. The low risk condition (referent) was assigned a risk
of 1.0. The odds ratios and confidence intervals for low back
disorders for other risk levels were as follows: Low-Medium
(OR=3.8, 95%CI = 1.1, 13.8), Medium (OR=6.7, 95%CI=1.9, 23.7),
Medium-High (OR=7.8, 95%CI = 2.2, 26.9), and High (OR=11.9,
3.4, 42.1).
Conclusions: While numerous ergonomics exposure assessment
tools have been developed to assess MSD risk, none to date have
been predicated on fatigue failure theory. This study suggests the
need for the development of MSD exposure assessment tools to
evaluate injury risk using fatigue failure as a basis.
SR-113-03
Observation-Based Posture Assessment: Toward a Best
Practice Approach
D. Andrews, P. Weir, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON,
Canada; B. Lowe, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH
Objective: This podium session will describe an observational
approach for assessing postural stress of the trunk and upper
limbs that is intended to improve risk analysis for prevention of
musculoskeletal disorders in the workplace.
Methods: As outlined in a recent document published jointly by
the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
in the United States and the Centre of Research Expertise for the
Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders (CRE-MSD) in Canada,
this approach is founded in recent research evidence and was
developed to help practitioners. These studies have evaluated
how much time it takes observers to classify specific trunk and
upper limb postures, how frequently observers are likely to
make posture classification errors, and the magnitude of these
errors. The frequency and magnitude of posture classification
errors depend on how many categories (levels) are available
from which to classify the specific posture.
Results: Experimental evidence suggests that optimal posture
analysis performance is obtained by partitioning trunk flexion
range of motion into 4 categories of 30° increments; trunk lateral
bend into 3 categories of 15° increments; shoulder flexion into
5 categories of 30°; shoulder abduction into 5 categories of 30°;
and elbow flexion into 4 categories of 30°. These categories are
suggested because they optimize how rapidly and accurately
analysts can visually judge posture. This presentation will offer
several general guidelines for the video recording of posture (e.g.,
camera position, field of view, lighting, duration of recording) and
for the posture analysis process (e.g., benefits of digital video,
computer software, training, use of visual references).
Conclusions: The new document, US DHHS (NIOSH) publication
2014-131, is freely available online (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/
docs/2014-131/default.html), and can assist health/safety,
ergonomics, and risk management/loss control practitioners
who conduct job/worksite assessments of lifting, pushing,
pulling, carrying, and/or manual handling risk factors.
CS-113-04
Evaluating and Improving Short and Long Term
Shoulder Injury Risk
C. Shulenberger, Bureau Veritas North America, Inc.,
Ashland, OR
Situation/Problem: Evaluating and improving the short and
long term risk of shoulder injuries are quite complex. Currently
there is no consensus Shoulder Risk Assessment Model exists
like that for Manual Material Handling and the Distal Upper
Extremities.
Resolution: A recent review of the literature indicated that the
following factors have shown significance to shoulder injuries
(odds ratio) but only in combination with other risk factors.
Forceful exertion- Applied force has the highest relationship to
injury development. Shoulder posture- Overhead work is shown
to be a critical factor in most studies. Direction of movementThe direction of movement also impacts relative strength
and shoulder stability. Repetition- This factor is confounding
because with very light loads the odds ratio actually goes down
in some studies. Muscle fatigue- Impacts a worker’s MVC and
therefore applied force. Therefore, injury risk is impacted by
recovery time. Body work posture- Shoulder strength varies in
a standing, sitting or kneeling work posture. Gender and AgingFemales typically demonstrate 55-65% of male upper extremity
strength. Aging is often associated with previous exposures
(cumulative trauma and/or previous injury) and decreased
strength
Results: 1. Applied Force was the most critical risk factor. 2.
Posture and Repetition without consideration for Force were not
as significant. 3. Aging and Gender related factors should not
be ignored when evaluating shoulder risk. 4. Currently a usable
model for assessing shoulder risk like the EHS professional has
for Manual Material Handling and Distal Upper Extremities does
not exist. Therefore, further efforts in this area are necessary.
Lessons Learned: 1. Determine what your company means
by High, Medium, Low Risk and OK and provide percentile
definitions. 2. Utilize Existing Workers Compensation data (short
term) to target existing Tasks/Jobs for Risk Assessment and
Improvement (short term). 3. Develop Design and Operational
Guidelines to reflect the Risk Guidelines and apply the As Low As
Reasonably Possible (ALARP) approach per ANSI 590.3 (medium
term). 4. Work with researchers to develop a Risk Model that
integrates Force, Posture and Repetition based as best possible
(consistent with) on the ongoing research findings (long term).
CS-113-05
A Proposed Mobile Application to Include Multiple
Ergonomic Assessment Tools
N. Ketzler, S. Gallagher, R. Sesek, C. Seals, R. Thomas,
Auburn University, Auburn, AL; S. Gibson, Ergonomics
Applications, Salem, SC
Situation/Problem: Multiple ergonomic assessment tools are
freely available to practitioners in the workplace. Many of these
tools are used on the go, often paper forms on a clipboard.
Paper-based versions of ergonomic assessment tools may not
be the most efficient analysis method, particularly since one
does not get immediate feedback. Our goal was to develop a
mobile application to assess ergonomic risks for different tasks.
The application incorporates multiple ergonomic assessment
tools commonly used by ergonomists into one platform. The
application also utilizes the new flowcharts that have been
incorporated into the AIHA Ergonomic Toolkit.
Resolution: A case study was then performed by a group of
ergonomists with varying levels of ergonomics expertise to
determine the usability of the mobile application. Different
workplace tasks were analyzed using the mobile application
to assess the risk of each task. The mobile application was
compared to the original paper-based method to determine the
increase in efficiency.
Results: Users found the mobile application to be more efficient
and easier to use than the original paper-based copies of the
ergonomic assessment tools in the workplace.
Lessons Learned: Mobile Applications have the potential to
enhance the availability and application of existing ergonomic
assessment procedures and tools.
CS-113-06
The Aging Workforce: Changes in Muscle Physiology
B. McGowan, Humantech, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI
Situation/Problem: In 2009, older workers (55 and over)
represented 19% of the U.S. workforce. This group is the nation’s
fastest growing segment of the workforce. The Bureau of Labor
Statistic projects, for the period between 2006 and 2016, that
there will be an 84.3% increase in workers age 75 and over, an
83.4% increase in workers between the ages of 65 and 74, and
a 36.5% increase in workers between ages of 55 and 64. Many
industrial job duties require physical demands such as lifting,
lowering, pushing, pulling, bending, twisting, reaching, climbing,
and kneeling, among others. Each of these job demands require
forceful, repetitive, or sustained muscle contractions. For the
younger worker, the physical capabilities for job duties are well
defined and have resulted in the publication of several design
standards. Unfortunately, the physical capabilities of the older
worker have not been studied as extensively, and as a result,
design standards for older workers are hard to find. The purpose
of this presentation is to summarize the muscle physiology
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changes that occur as we age and to propose design standards
for the aging workforce.
Resolution: Research was conducted to find citations related
to changes in muscle physiology as we age. Topics of interest
included changes to sensory/motor perception and control,
strength, movement control, and cardiovascular capacity.
Results: The review of literature found several key changes in
muscle physiology as we age. There is a loss of muscle mass and
strength, and a consequent functional impairment that occurs
starting at 40 years old and continues with increasing age. Key
performance changes that occur as a result of the changes
in muscle physiology as we age include: 1) movement speed
slows during grasping and reaching, 2) movement precision
(deceleration) decreases, 3) range of motion is reduced, 4)
muscle strength decreases, 5) force control decreases, as adults
grip twice as hard to compensate, 6) force perception decreases,
and 7) muscle endurance decreases. Based on these findings,
design standards for lifting, lowering, pushing, pulling, bending,
twisting, reaching, climbing, and kneeling were developed for
the aging workforce.
Lessons Learned: The changes in muscle physiology as we
age are real, and impact workers capabilities to perform work.
Understanding the capabilities of the older worker allowed for
the development of design standards to optimize performance
and to minimize musculoskeletal disorders for the aging
workforce.
PO114
Healthcare Industries
Tuesday, June 2, 2015, 10:30 AM - 12:30 PM
CS-114-01
The Effect of Microcystin Contamination on Drinking
and Process Water in Healthcare
M. Valigosky, A. Ames, S. Milz, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH
F. Akbar-Khanzadeh, UT HSC College of Medicine, Toledo, OH
Situation/Problem: Harmful algal blooms are a worldwide
issue and on the rise in Lake Erie. The harmful algal blooms that
have been increasing in severity over the last few years affect
recreational boating, tourism, and commercial and recreational
fishing. While microcystin is generally considered a water quality
issue, there are significant public health concerns resulting
in a financial burden to the health care industry. Acute effects
of microcystin include nausea and diarrhea whereas chronic
exposures are associated with illnesses such as liver cancer.
On August 2, 2014, the City of Toledo issued a water advisory
initially advising against drinking and/or dermal contact due
to microcystin affected water. The levels of microcystin in
the drinking water were reportedly above the World Health
Organization guidelines of 1 part per billion (ppb).
Resolution: Normal microbiological contamination is typically
removed by consumers through boiling or other means,
however boiling water will not reduce or eliminate microcystin
concentrations. Since microcystin is not easily removed
from the treated city water, hospitals were forced to initially
cease hemodialysis and elective surgeries. High temperature
autoclaving of surgical instruments may result in concentrating
the microcystin on the instruments that then contact internal
tissues. It was necessary for the hospitals to obtain large
volumes of water from alternate sources to allow for patient
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care, food preparation, and general use within the institutions.
Results: The response of the hospital to cancel elective surgeries
resulted in financial issues. In general, hospitalizations involving
surgery account for nearly half of a typical hospital’s revenue.
Nearly $500,000 is lost per day in a typical 200 bed acute care
hospital. In this case, the hospital confirmed that its reverse
osmosis system for hemodialysis was operational and was able
to resume dialysis treatments on the second day of the event.
Lessons Learned: Hospitals and the healthcare industry should
be prepared to deal with a water advisory due to water affected
by microcystin. This has potential to occur annually in Northwest
Ohio until measures are taken to improve water quality of the
western basin of Lake Erie accompanied by solutions at the
water treatment facilities.
SR-114-02
Evaluation of Legionella Pneumophila Contamination in
a Research Center’s Water System by Quantitative RealTime PCR Isolation and Colony
J. Kominsky, Environmental Quality Management, Inc.,
Cincinnati, OH
Objective: This study defined the extent of water contamination
by Legionella pneumophila in a research center’s water system
and compared quantitative real-time polymerase chain
reaction (QRT-PCR) with the conventional culture method “Gold
Standard.”
Methods: Twenty-four potable water samples were collected
in sterile 1-liter polypropylene bottles containing sodium
thiosulfate to neutralize the residual-free chlorine. Fourteen
sterile cotton-swab (Fishers FinestTM) samples were collected
from biofilm on faucet aerators and other surfaces. Samples
were processed within 48 hours of collection. Legionella was
isolated using “Procedures for Isolation of Legionella from the
Environment” (CDC 2005). Real-PCR analysis was performed
based on sequences for detecting Legionella pneumophila
patented by the U.S. EPA (U.S Patent 6,387,652). Samples were
analyzed by a laboratory that successfully participates in the
CDC ELITE Program.
Results: Legionella pneumophila was the only species of
Legionella detected by QRT-PCR or by plate culture. Real-time
PCR detected L. pneumophila serogroup-1 in 42% of water
samples compared to 25% by conventional culture. Using
conventional culture as the Gold Standard shows that QRTPCR has a false-positive rate of 24% and a false-negative rate
of 14% in potable water samples. Real-time PCR detected L.
pneumophila serogroup-1 in 21% of surface swab samples
compared to 14% by conventional culture. Using culture as the
Gold Standard shows that QRT-PCR has a false-positive rate of
15% and a false-negative rate of 0% for surface swab samples.
False-positive rates in QRT-PCR may be due to the presence
of viable but non-culturable Legionella, or the presence of
nonviable Legionella in the samples.
Conclusions: Real-time quantitative PCR is sensitive enough to
detect lower level Legionella contamination in comparison to the
culture method, but should be complemented by conventional
culture. Real-time PCR could be particularly useful when an
outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease occurs because of the short
analysis time compared to conventional culture. False-positive
readings of Legionella samples may overestimate the risk
of infection and could lead to unnecessary decontamination
procedures. Hence, positive QRT-PCR results must be
interpreted with caution. A combination of thermal-eradication
and copper-silver ionization effectively eradicated Legionella in
the water system.
SR-114-03
Exposures to Waste Anesthetic Gases: Case Studies
during Surgical Procedures
S. Derman, Medishare Environmental Health & Safety
Services, Cupertino, CA
Objective: Nitrous oxide and halogenated agents (e.g.
Sevoflurane, Desflurane, and Isoflurane) are utilized during
surgical procedures to keep patients anesthetized. We evaluated
exposures and compliance with NIOSH, ACGIH, and OSHA
criteria using real time, direct reading instrumentation. Sources
of significant leaks were promptly identified and promptly
corrected to minimize exposures.
Methods: Real time exposure monitoring was conducted at
over 200 locations during and following surgical procedures
to evaluate exposures and identify the sources of significant/
noteworthy exposures.
Results: Using primarily direct reading instrumentation, with
NIOSH Sampling and Analytical Methods as back-up, exposures
were evaluated, sources of noteworthy levels were identified,
with prompt feedback to anesthesia and healthcare personnel.
Exposures exceeding the NIOSH REL were identified 5% to 7% of
the time. Working in conjunction with Anesthesia and healthcare
facility personnel, all significant exposure sources were rectified
within twenty-four hours of identification.
Conclusions: This is a highly efficient and effective method of
evaluating and controlling exposures. Surgery, Anesthesia,
Nursing, and Facilities personnel must understand and support
the rationale and methods used by the industrial hygienist. The
industrial hygienist must understand and apply infection control
and surgical techniques and processes. The IH must also have
the presence of mind and mindset to work in highly stressful,
critical care environments to make this process work.
CS-114-04
Balancing Patient and Employee Safety: Peracetic Acid
Use during Disinfection in Healthcare
M. Squillace, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; M. Austin, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, MN; J. Nesbitt, Mayo Clinic, Rochester,
MN
Situation/Problem: Healthcare-associated infections (HAI)
represent a significant burden to patients and to the entire
healthcare industry. It is estimated that in 2011, approximately
1 in 25 hospital patients had at least one HAI and approximately
75,000 of those patients died during hospitalization. Efforts
to control HAIs have resulted in new disinfectants and novel
applications of existing disinfectants which are being marketed to
healthcare. This case study provides an overview of a pilot project
using a novel peracetic acid solution, marketed for daily cleaning
and disinfection. The project team included representatives from
Environmental Services, Infection Prevention, Safety, Industrial
Hygiene, Facilities Engineering/Maintenance, and the chemical
Manufacturer. The pilot project was initiated on three patient
care units, strictly following manufacture recommendations.
During this pilot project, management received numerous
concerns about pungent odors, dermal and respiratory irritation
during use of the disinfectant by Environmental Services staff. In
2014, ACGIH published a TLV STEL of 0.4 PPM for Peracetic Acid
based on upper respiratory tract, eye, and skin irritation.
Resolution: An industrial hygiene assessment was performed
during dispensing and cleaning operations with a commercially
available peracetic acid cleaner/disinfectant.
Results: The use of peracetic acid during cleaning and
dispensing operations resulted in exceedance of the ACGIH TLV
in the majority of samples. The pilot project was immediately
discontinued and staff informed of exposure data and exposures
exceeding the TLV.
Lessons Learned: Lack of familiarity of the sampling method
and new TLV by staff, the analytical laboratory, manufacturer
of the disinfectant, and the manufacturer of the sampling
media led to delays with obtaining valid exposure assessment
samples. A flexible, yet comprehensive strategy was needed to
evaluate the health and safety implications for introducing new
disinfectants into the workplace.
CS-114-05
Proactive Mitigation to an Anticipated Increase in
Occupational Injuries When Opening a New Healthcare
Facility
A. Jouras, EORM, San Jose, CA
Situation/Problem: Opening a new healthcare facility is a
challenging undertaking that involves managing a variety of
new workplace hazards such as the new space design, new
equipment, new workflows, staffing changes, etc.
Resolution: While employees naturally figure out the most
efficient way to execute their job over time, they inherently lose
some of that efficiency when moving to a new space because of
these factors.
Results: As employees implement different workarounds to try
to regain their lost efficiency as they adjust to the new facility,
there is an increased potential for occupational injuries due to
both unsafe work practices and unforeseen workflow hazards.
Lessons Learned: During this case study review of opening a
new healthcare facility in the California San Francisco Bay Area,
we will discuss how implementing a proactive approach to
workflow analysis prior to the facility opening can help identity
and mitigate unanticipated hazards and prevent an increase in
occupational injuries after operations begin.
SR-114-06
Anti-Oxidant Rich Diet, Healthy Life-Style and a
Rigorous Radiation Exposure Control Program Protect
Healthcare Employees from Radiation-Induced
Oxidative Damage
R. Bardhan, M. Richard, R. Heath, E. Maples, C. Lungu,
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Hoover, AL
Objective: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are defined as
free radicals of oxygen and hydroxyl ions which at higher
concentration create oxidative stress and may cause many
diseases including cancer. Antioxidants act to inactivate ROS
and minimize oxidative stress. Ionizing radiation (IR) is one
of the main sources of ROS generation. Several studies have
indicated that prolonged exposure to low dose IR causes ROS
generation in cancer patients and preclinical animal models.
This pilot study determined potential health risks associated
with oxidative stress due to long-term low-dose IR exposure
in healthcare personnel in a university hospital setting. The
present study also analyzed the effects of dietary habits and
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lifestyles in radiation-induced oxidative stress.
Methods: Participants were chosen from a healthcare workforce
occupationally exposed to IR for more than 10 years. Employees in
the non-radiation sector were included as study controls. A total
of 30 participants were included in the study following receipt
of IRB approval. Responses to study related questionnaires and
informed consents were obtained prior to clinic visit. Exposures
to IR (measured by personal dosimeter) were obtained from
the University Radiation Safety Department. Oxidative Stress
is directly measured by intracellular ROS level in the blood
erythrocytes and indirectly by decrease in total antioxidant level
in urine samples. Genotoxicity was determined from the buccal
smears by micronucleus test. Data were analyzed by performing
logistic regression and unpaired Student’s t-test. Odds ratios
and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results were
considered significant if p-value is less than 0.05.
Results: Participants’ radiation exposures were below NRC
whole body maximum permissible limit (5000 mrem/year). No
significant differences were observed between experimental
and control participants regarding ROS, anti-oxidant levels,
and micronucleus. Responses to questionnaire indicated
regular consumption of anti-oxidant rich diet (fruits, vegetables,
nutritional supplements) and practicing healthy life-style
(nonsmokers, nonalcoholic, regular exercise) by the participants.
Conclusions: Results indicated that regular consumption
of antioxidant rich diet, practicing healthy life-style and
implementation of a rigorous radiation exposure control
program might protect radiation workers from the harmful
effects of ROS following long-term low dose radiation exposure.
PO115
Laboratory Health and Safety
Tuesday, June 2, 2015, 10:30 AM - 12:30 PM
CS-115-01
Advancing Safety Culture Academic Research
Laboratories: Next Steps
L. Gibbs, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
Situation/Problem: Many academic research organizations
are attempting to evaluate their respective safety cultures.
How does one evaluate the safety culture within a laboratory
research organization? What is the starting baseline? What are
critical variables? What tools can be developed to help advance
the safety culture in an academic research workplace? These
are many of the questions currently being pondered throughout
higher education.
Resolution: The basis of most organizations is they have cultural
norms that have been established over time and at some point
change is desired to advance on a scale of expected improvement.
Stanford University undertook an extensive self-evaluation of its
laboratory safety culture in 2013-2014, resulting in identification
of a number of areas where improvements in laboratory safety
culture could be made. A series of recommendations were made
by this Laboratory Safety Culture Task Force.
Results: This presentation will present results of a case study that
identified critical variables related to laboratory safety cultures
and values, and describes a program to advance a culture for
the conduct of safe science at Stanford. Data from surveys
developed as part of the evaluation as well as from ethnographic
interviews and process inputs will be presented. Outcomes to
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AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce
date will be provided as well as the efficacy of various outreach
and support approaches. Described will be the review process,
baseline safety culture evaluation, results to date on next steps
in the advancement of laboratory safety culture, and musings
regarding future directions for the program.
Lessons Learned: Safety culture requires constant
management, monitoring and nurturing to assure advancement
of a robust safety culture. The organizational uniqueness of
academic research universities creates significant and differing
challenges from more hierarchical organizations. Critical to
initiating sustainable safety culture advancement is a good
understanding of the cultural and organizational variables to
influence a strong, positive laboratory safety culture.
CS-115-02
Implementing GHS in Labs
A. Mims, C. Davis, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN
Situation/Problem: The challenge is how to interpret the
Globally Harmonized System (GHS) for labelling and classifying
chemicals in laboratories regulated under the OSHA’s Lab
Standard. The OSHA lab standard requires additional worker
protections for work with Particularly Hazardous Substances
(PHS). These include select carcinogens, reproductive toxins,
and substances which have a high degree of acute toxicity. This
case study provides an example of GHS implementation at a
global company where U.S. regulation is in the implementation
stage, while the European Union and other nations have already
adopted similar rules.
Resolution: Teams of HSE professionals in partnership with lab
employees have worked together to create a toolkit of information
describing the process to identify PHS materials, rules for
handling in the laboratory, and timelines for implementation.
Results: Updated information accessible from the GHS toolkit
includes: GHS Compliant Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP); Job
Aids for identifying PHS materials using GHS; Train the Trainer
PowerPoint for key aspects of GHS; GHS Compliant Lab Training;
GHS Compliant Generic Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for research
compounds; Labels and commonly used lab items compliant
with GHS; Lab Posters, and - Employee challenge test for
identifying GHS pictograms
Lessons Learned: Although GHS is regulated under OSHA’s
Hazard Communication standard, there are also implications
to the OSHA Laboratory Standard. Utilizing multidisciplinary
teams to identify challenges and solutions is an efficient method
to approach the issue and drive resolution. Though this effort
is in implementation stages, early feedback suggests that a
simple approach can be effective.
SR-115-03
Evaluating Staff Recognition of Chemical Hazards in the
Laboratory Environment
T. Barton, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
Objective: In order to assess risk effectively, staff must first be
able to recognize hazards. This study was performed to assess
laboratory management’s proficiency at identifying the chemical
hazards to which workers were exposed in their labs.
Methods: Annually, researcher staff from approximately 150
research laboratories self-declare the hazards to which their
employees are exposed using an institutional database known
as the Work Hazard Assessment Tool (WHAT - modeled on
the LHAT system used by the University of California). These
declarations provide the researcher with an outline of the
training, controls, and administrative tasks to be performed by
lab staff. In the Chemical Safety section of the WHAT, each PI
or lab manager must declare the chemical hazards present in
the lab. This references hazard categories such as work with
flammable liquids, formaldehyde solutions, water-reactive
compounds, pyrophoric compounds, etc. Laboratories are also
required to maintain an inventory of chemicals handled in their
labs using Chemtracker software. I evaluated the researcher’s
proficiency at identifying chemical hazards by cross referencing
their WHAT declaration with their inventory of hazardous
chemicals. This was done by searching each lab’s inventory
for specific chemicals or by sorting by hazard class. Hazard
class determinations made by Chemtracker were verified
against MSDS hazard declarations and laboratory interviews to
ensure that chemical hazard class designations and laboratory
chemical applications were appropriate for the purposes of this
evaluation.
Results: More than 40% of the research labs included in this
study failed to declare at least one category of chemical
hazard. Work with water-reactive chemicals and handling
formaldehyde solutions were the most commonly over-looked
chemical hazards. This suggests that lab managers may be
overlooking regulatory requirements and may not be providing
staff members with adequate chemical training and storage
requirement information.
Conclusions: The professional experience of laboratory
research management is not necessarily sufficient to ensure
that effective hazard communication is provided to laboratory
research technicians and other staff members. Deficiencies
in hazard awareness may lead to incorrect assumptions about
laboratory risks and inadequate measures intended to mitigate
these risks.
CS-115-04
Reducing Researcher Exposures to Isoflurane during
Animal Surgery
E. Mellas-Hulett, J. Labossiere, T. Buttolph, University of
Vermont, Burlington, VT
Situation/Problem: Researchers performing surgery on animals
are potentially exposed to waste anesthetic gases (WAG). The only
U.S. OEL is the NIOSH REL of 2 ppm, which was established in
1977 for all WAG. Isoflurane was introduced into use in 1980 and
was not included in the research for establishing the threshold.
Established international OELs include: United Kingdom at 50
ppm, Sweden at 10 ppm (20 ppm STEL), and Ontario, Canada
at 2 ppm. Prior to implementation of controls, exposure levels
as high as 52 ppm have been found in labs performing surgery
on small animals. Significant exposures have been observed
at various steps in the surgery, with peak exposures ranging
from 30 to 47 ppm. Different surgery suite set-ups and differing
surgery procedures have complicated a universal solution. With
a decrease in research funding, money to upgrade localized
ventilation or purchase of control measures is limited. A lowcost scavenging system was needed to assist labs in reducing
exposures to WAG.
Resolution: Risk was assessed for each step of the surgery
process: filling the anesthetic gas vaporizer, induction of the
animal, surgery procedure including scavenging or removal
of WAG, and post-surgery. Potential exposure was measured
using passive badges sampling at the breathing zone and the
MIRAN SapphIRe Portable Vapor Analyzer sampling both at
the breathing zone and area samples for various steps in the
process.
Results: Low-cost changes to the surgery apparatus, such as
providing a seal to the induction chamber, and changes in work
practices, such as filling vaporizers in a fume hood, have reduced
exposures to WAG. When financially able, localized ventilation
(e.g. snorkels) is the best method to reduce WAG. Scavenging
units with activated charcoal filters have also shown to lower
exposures. A researcher-designed scavenging unit cost less
than $200, which is more affordable than manufactured units
at $1200-$4000. With control measures in place, exposures
decreased to 0.22 to 2.6 ppm.
Lessons Learned: Localized ventilation or low-cost scavenging
units provide the greatest protection to researchers from WAG
during small animal surgery.
CS-115-05
Case Study: The OSHA Salt Lake Technical Center
Chemical Hygiene Plan
D. Anderson, OSHA/Salt Lake Technical Center, Sandy, UT
Situation/Problem: Salt Lake Technical Center (SLTC) provides a
multi-disciplinary team approach in support of OSHA’s complex
and highly visible investigations. Its mission is to provide
technical leadership, expertise and services in the evaluation
and control of workplace hazards. The laboratory is accredited
by the AIHA Laboratory Accreditation Programs (AIHA-LAP)
and analyzes over 400 analytes with an inventory of over 4500
chemicals.
Resolution: The risk of laboratory injuries can be reduced
through adequate training, improved engineering, good
housekeeping, safe work practice and personal behavior as
required by the Laboratory Standard 29 CFR 1910.1450. Where
hazardous chemicals, as defined by the Laboratory Standard,
are used in the workplace, policies and procedures have been
developed that protect employees from unacceptable exposure
and keep OSHA regulated substance exposures below the limits
specified in the permissible exposure limits (PEL) table listed
in 29 CFR 1910, subpart Z. The Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP)
and associated documents state the policies, procedures, and
responsibilities used to protect employees.
Results: This case study will look at the evolution of the OSHA
Salt Lake Technical Center Chemical Hygiene Plan from over 150
pages that had to be manually updated annually to an umbrella
document of 26 pages which serves as the gateway for training
and accessing laboratory safety and health policies, standard
operating procedures, work instructions, and other supporting
documents.
Lessons Learned: SLTC employees now utilize the CHP to drill
down and access safety and health polices, standard operating
procedures, and job hazard analyses. Additionally, new
documents are easily linked to the CHP as they are developed or
updated without major rewrites of the entire document.
CS-115-06
EHS Issues of Digital Fabrication
D. Herrick, P. Greenley, J. Doughty, W. Mbah, MIT, Cambridge,
MAA. Kalil, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA
Situation/Problem: 3D printers, laser cutters, waterjets, robotic
arms, and other digitally controlled devices can enable people
who do not have traditional machining skills to fabricate almost
anything; this revolution has arrived at a lab or shop near you
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37
(or will soon). The equipment powering this “maker movement”
presents a variety of potential hazards to users who may not
be accustomed to recognizing, evaluating, or controlling EHS
issues. In addition, ensuring the safe use of these evolving
technologies challenges EHS professionals to become familiar
with the often substantial and varied requirements for location,
infrastructure, and controls which accompany digital fabrication
processes.
Resolution: Types of equipment typically found in a digital fabrication
shop and the anticipated infrastructure needs associated with their
installation and safe operation will be reviewed.
Results: Administrative and engineering controls which have
helped to minimize risk from hazards associated with digital
manufacturing tools, whether these tools were facilitized into
new construction or existing lab/shop space, will be presented.
Lessons Learned: Both EHS staff and tool users benefit from
knowing about and discussing ways to recognize, evaluate, and
control hazards associated with this exciting and rapidly growing
area of work.
PO116
Respiratory Protection II
Tuesday, June 2, 2015, 10:30 AM - 12:30 PM
SR-116-01
Simulation of N95 FFR Efficiency to Determine a
Potential Protection Factor
P. O’Shaughnessy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Objective: The “95” in the designation “N95” of a filtering
facepiece respirator (FFR) refers to the lowest efficiency
provided by the respirator occurring at any one of all airborne
particle sizes. It therefore does not indicate the percent
reduction in aerosol concentration; a quality of a respirator
that is referred to as a protection factor. The OSHA “assigned
protection factor” is a function of the filtering qualities of the
FFR and potential leaks through the faceseal. The objective of
this study was to use numerical simulations to determine the
ideal, or “potential”, protection factor (PPF) that occurs without
leaks for an N95 subjected to aerosols derived from a range of
lognormal distributions.
Methods: Using the best available equations that model the
performance of an N95 FFR, including fiber charging effects,
an overall model of N95 efficiency across a wide range of
particle sizes (1 nm to 100 micrometers) was developed. This
effort resulted in an efficiency curve relative to particle size for
a typical N95 FFR with a minimum efficiency of exactly 95%.
With that curve, the mass of all particles collected by the filter
could be computed to determine a PPF of the FFR. The PPF was
determined for 42 spherical, unit-density aerosols with mass
median aerodynamic diameters (MMAD) ranging from a 2–14
(by every 2) and geometric standard deviations (GSD) from 1.6–
3.6 (by every 0.4). The PPF was computed in terms of both total
mass and respirable mass.
Results: The worst-case aerosol occurs when then the MMAD
is low and the GSD is high. This results in a wide distribution
of small particles that overlap the N95 efficiency curve in the
region where it dips to 95%, which occurs between 0.01 - 0.3
micrometers. Regardless, this FFR has a PPF of 99.86% for
all mass and 99.79% for respirable mass for the lowest MMAD
(2) and highest GSD (14) analyzed. Dusts with MMAD’s > 4
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micrometers had PPF values above 99.96% regardless of GSD.
Conclusions: Results of this analysis indicate that N95 FFR are
highly protective if leakage is not considered. The OSHA assigned
protection factor (APF) for this respirator is 10 which translates
to an overall efficiency of 90%. Given that the APF includes
faceseal leakage, the large discrepancy between the PPF and
the APF indicates that the N95 FFR is either underutilized or
overdesigned because of leaks. Future efforts should involve the
development of FFRs that can be worn without developing leaks.
SR-116-02
Comparing Real-Time Fit Factors to Traditional Fit
Factors by OSHA Exercise for N95 Respirators
M. Sietsema, L. Brosseau, University of Illinois at Chicago,
Chicago, IL
Objective: This project compares respirator fit using two
methods: 1) the traditional OSHA fit test using a single Portacount
and alternating measurements of particle concentration inside
and outside the respirator and 2) a newly-developed “real-time”
method that uses two Portacounts simultaneously measuring
inside and outside particle concentrations. Validation will allow
the latter method to be used to examine the concentration
between specific healthcare tasks and traditional fit test
exercises.
Methods: Sixteen human subjects of varying face size (width and
length) were recruited to participate in this study. After donning
an N95 FFR subjects randomly performed a traditional or a realtime fit test, followed immediately by the opposite test without
removing the respirator. For each test, subjects completed the
8 exercises as prescribed by the OSHA protocol. Fit factors for
each exercise and for all exercises combined were compared
between the two fit test methods using a correlation analysis.
Results: The real-time fit factors ranged from 1 to 1,226.
Traditional fit factors ranged from 2 to 2,020; Pearson’s
correlation coefficients (r) of the fit factors for individual
exercises ranged from 0.03 for the grimace exercise to 0.76 for
the deep breathing exercise. The overall fit factor (all exercises
combined) had a correlation coefficient of 0.47 (p = 0.07). No
exercise had a significant difference in real-time mean versus
traditional mean when compared using a student’s t-test (0.19
< p-value < 0.93).
Conclusions: The significantly high correlation between overall
fit factors for the traditional and real-time fit test suggest that
the new method can be used in future experiments to further
examine the effect of specific workplace tasks on respirator
fit. The low correlation for the bending over exercise suggests
that respirator fit may be dependent on the re-seating of the
respirator on the face immediately after significant facial
movement (i.e. the grimace exercise).
SR-116-03
Filter Performance of N95 FFRs in Dry and Moderately
Humid Air: Manikin-based Study with NaCl and
Combustion Aerosols
S. Gao, S. Grinshpun, J. Kim, M. Yermakov, Y. Elmashae,
T. Reponen, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; X. He,
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV
Objective: To evaluate the filter performance offered by two
N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) sealed on a manikin
against combustion aerosol particles and conventional NaCl
aerosol in dry and moderately humid air.
Methods: Two N95 FFRs (A and B) obtained from different
manufacturers were sealed on a manikin head form and
challenged with combustion particles (generated by burning
plastic) and NaCl particles in a large exposure chamber
(24.3 m3). A cyclic breathing pattern was simulated using an
electromechanical Breathing Recording and Simulation System
(BRSS; Koken Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) providing two mean inspiratory
flows (MIFs) of 30 and 85 L/min. Two relative humidity conditions
(RH≈20% and 80%) were applied to represent dry and moderately
humid workplace environments. The total and size-selective
particle concentrations inside (Cin) and outside (Cout) of the
respirator were measured with a P-Trak condensation particle
counter (8525, TSI, Inc., MN, USA) as well as a Nanocheck (1320,
Grimm Technologies, Inc., Ainring, Germany). The particle
penetration was determined as (Cin/Cout)×100%.
Results: For Respirator A, the average total penetration of
combustion particles was significantly higher than that of NaCl
particles regardless of the MIF and the relative humidity. The
penetration levels of combustion particles and NaCl particles
ranged from 1.4% to 7.0%, and from 0.3% to 4.8%, respectively.
Penetration increased with increasing MIF. The penetration at
RH≈80% was significantly higher than that at RH≈20% for both
aerosols and both MIFs, which can be attributed to the effect
of high RH on electric charges on the filter fibers. The most
penetrating particle size (MPPS) was identified below 100 nm
for both aerosol challenges. No consistent change in the MPPS
was observed with the increase of RH. Respirator B provided
lower protection levels: the total penetration was 2.1% to 8.6%
for combustion particles and 1.4% to 5.7% for NaCl particles.
The effects of challenge aerosol and RH followed the same trend
as obtained for Respirator A. The MPPS was also observed in the
particle size range below 100 nm.
Conclusions: The manikin-based testing with cyclic breathing
showed that the filtration level of an N95 FFR obtained with
NaCl particles may significantly underestimate its filtration
efficiency against combustion aerosols. Higher relative humidity
may reduce the filter performance.
SR-116-04
Evaluation of the Effect of Head Strap Length on Facial
Fit of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators
M. Bergman, Z. Zhuang, A. Palmiero, D. Niezgoda, NIOSH/
NPPTL, Pittsburgh, PA
Objective: A three-year study was performed to validate the
scientific basis for the periodicity of fit testing by investigating
changes in NIOSH-approved N95 filtering facepiece respirator
(FFR) fit on a group of test subjects as a function of time. In this
presentation, data from the periodicity of fit testing study is used
to explore the relationship between head strap length and N95
FFR fit. The relationship of head strap length to N95 FFR fit has
not been previously reported.
Methods: A group of 229 subjects was initially enrolled and tested
every six months. During each visit, subjects performed a total
of nine fit tests using three samples of the same FFR model. The
facial dimensions of all subjects were also measured during each
visit to determine changes over time that may affect respirator
fit. Seven FFR models were included in the study. Inward
leakage and filter penetration were measured for each donned
respirator to determine face seal leakage (FSL). Unstretched
head strap length was measured beginning on the second or
third visit. For each respirator model, a linear regression was
performed on geometric mean (GM) FSL of individual respirator
samples using data from all visits (dependent variable) to the
unstretched top and bottom strap lengths of those samples
(independent variables).
Results: A total of 195 subjects completed the second visit and
134 subjects completed all seven visits. The data collected from
all participating test subjects at each visit was used for this
study. Among the seven FFR models, the mean top strap length
ranged from 194.8 to 321.8 mm with relative percent standard
deviation (%RSD) ranging from 0.31to 5.18. The mean bottom
strap length ranged from 194.6 to 299.5 mm with %RSD ranging
from 0.42 to 5.11. For four of the seven respirator models, top
and or bottom strap length was found to have a significant (P <
0.05) correlation with GM FSL.
Conclusions: Head strap lengths were found to be quite variable
within some FFR models. Unstretched head strap length had
some association with FFR fit. Further analysis of the data will
be performed to explore the interaction of strap length with
other factors such as weight changes and changes in facial
dimensions to determine the effect on respirator fit. Future
studies should be performed with respirators of controlled strap
lengths to better understand the effect of length on respirator
fit.
SR-116-05
Particle Size Penetration of Diesel Particulate Matter
through Respirator Filter Media
K. Burton, J. Whitelay, A. Jones, University of Wollongong,
Wollongong, NSW, Australia
Objective: Diesel engine emissions are known to cause adverse
health impacts including lung cancer, cardiovascular and irritant
effects. The diesel particulate component of the emissions is in
the nanoparticle size range. Respiratory protection is commonly
used to mitigate worker exposure. Current test methods to
evaluate penetration through respirator filter media may not
consider smaller size particles due to the diameter of the
challenge aerosol and the detection limit for the instrument.
The objective of this study was to determine the Most
Penetrating Particle Size (MPPS) through a range of commonly
used respirator filters in Australia, to evaluate whether MPPS
is included in standard testing criteria for respirator filtering
efficiency. Additionally the project evaluated penetration through
the filter media using diesel particulate, rather than NaCl, as
the challenge aerosol.
Methods: Emissions from a Perkins 4.4L diesel engine were fed
into an experimental chamber. Penetration of these emissions
was determined by sampling elemental carbon, using NIOSH
Method 5040, before and after the respirator filter. A Scanning
Mobility Particle Sizer with attached Condensation Particle
Counter was used to measure penetration as a function of
particle size.
Results: Initial results indicate that when challenged with DPM,
the MPPS varied for each of the respirator models. The filtering
efficiency at the MPPS appeared to meet the requirements for
P2 certification in Australia or N/P/R95 NIOSH certification
requirements.
Conclusions: Filtering efficiency in Australia is determined
by challenging filter media with aerosolized sodium chloride
and calculating penetration at designated flow rates. Current
standard test requirements do not account for the differences
in structure and chemical characteristics of DPM and sodium
chloride nor do they include particle sizes below the instrument
www.AIHce2015.org
39
detection limit and diameter of the challenge aerosol. This
study showed that the Most Penetrating Particle Size of diesel
emissions through 3 commonly used respirator filters varies
dependent on the filter and hence may not be included in filtering
efficiency calculations. These findings will inform development
of Australian and International Standards on the selection and
evaluation of respiratory protection to ensure workers are
protected against this common workplace carcinogen.
PO117
Aerosols I
SR-116-06
Development of a New Data Acquisition System for
Recording and Analyzing In-Facepiece Pressures
during NIOSH Breathing Machine Tests
J. Parker, NIOSH, Pittsburgh, PA
Objective: Graphene has been widely applied in today’s
nanotechnology for manufacturing carbon nanotubes. However,
the graphene material might become airborne during application
processes, which could then be inhaled by related workers
causing possible adverse health effects. Therefore, studying the
deposition of graphene aerosol in human respiratory tract is
essential from the viewpoint of occupational health. This study
tried to use a special experimental approach to obtain some
original data for graphene aerosol human airway deposition.
Objective: This paper describes the development and testing
of a new data acquisition system for recording and analyzing
the in-facepiece pressure tracings when respirators are
tested for various performance criteria with the NIOSH
breathing machine. These tests are used for evaluating the
performance of self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
The current system utilizes a combination strip-chart recorder
and signal conditioning unit. Historical data has shown that
when respirators are tested on breathing machines, it is often
found that in-facepiece pressure sample tracings will include
very short duration spikes below zero. The problem is how to
determine if the negative spike(s) truly represent(s) a negative
facepiece pressure, or not. This decision determines if a test
passed or failed. NIOSH has always required that the spike must
contain a certain minimum area that represents the combined
duration and intensity of the spike in order to constitute a
failure. This evaluation is currently performed qualitatively by
examining the strip chart recording. Other researchers and
scientists have accepted or rejected negative excursions based
on duration only.
Methods: The new system uses a ±10 VDC, 16-Bit simultaneous
sampling analog input device to capture the transducer outputs
and to send these outputs to a custom LabVIEW® program. The
LabVIEW® program performs a continuous integration of the
area below zero and is designed to automatically log and display
a failure if the calculated area within a time window of 0.05
seconds exceeds -0.002 inches of water-seconds at a sampling
rate of 70 Hz. These failure criteria were based on calculations of
the area within the negative spikes that are considered failures
on the strip charts. Eight different makes and models of NIOSHapproved SCBA were tested on both systems. Three runs were
performed consecutively on each respirator.
Results: Results are presented of comparison testing that was
performed between the LabVIEW® and chart recorder systems.
The results indicate that the LabVIEW® and chart recorder
systems are logging data within 0.05 inches of water for the
lowest in-facepiece pressure levels measured.
Conclusions: The conclusions of this study are that the new
LabVIEW® system is capable of replacing the strip chart
recorder with the additional benefits of complete data logging
and a reduction of the subjectivity associated with determining
pass / fail results.
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AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce
Tuesday, June 2, 2015, 10:30 AM - 1:00 PM
SR-117-01
Deposition of Graphene Aerosol in Human Airways
W. Su, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute,
Albuquerque, NM
Methods: The test graphene material was aerosolized by
an electrospray. A differential mobility analyzer (DMA) was
employed to size classify the generated graphene aerosols
into three designated classification diameters (50, 100, and
200 nm). The airway deposition experiments were conducted
by delivering the size classified graphene aerosol into welldefined human nasal and oral-lung airway replicas (down to
the 4th lung generation). The deposition fraction of the graphene
aerosol in the human airway was determined by measuring the
concentration of the graphene aerosol at the inlet and outlet(s)
of the airway replica using a sequential mobility particle sizer
(SMPS).
Results: The experimental results obtained showed that very few
graphene aerosols were deposited in the airway replicas. The
deposition fractions in different airway sections were generally
less than 4%, and the deposition efficiencies were comparable
to that acquired from spherical particles.
Conclusions: The result obtained implies that most of the
graphene aerosols inhaled into the human airway can easily
transit down to the lower lung airways where adverse health
effects might be induced. The experimental method used in this
study can be a useful approach for investigating nanoparticle
human airway deposition, which can greatly facilitate the health
risk assessment for worker exposure to various nanomaterials.
SR-117-02
Development and Characterization of PM2.5 Samplers
H. Hung, C. Hsu, S. Huang, J. Lai, C. Chen, National Taiwan
University, Taipei, Taiwan; Y. Kuo, Chung Hwa University of
Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
Objective: Cyclones are relatively free of operational problems
such as clogging and re-entrainment. That makes them ideal
for aerosol size-selective sampling. This study aimed to develop
a series of sampling cyclones designed for different flow rates,
but all fit to the PM2.5 sampling convention.
Methods: To investigate the performance of sampling
cyclones, an ultrasonic atomizing nozzle was used to generate
micrometer-sized potassium sodium tartrate particles. An Am241 radioactive source was employed to neutralize the particles
to the Boltzmann charge equilibrium. Aerosol size distributions
and number concentrations upstream and downstream of the
cyclones were measured using an aerodynamic particle sizer.
Each aerosol penetration measurement was repeated five times
to assure data quality. The pressure drop across the cyclone
was measured using an inclined manometer. The cyclone
body diameter was used as the reference of other dimensions
- including cyclone body height, cyclone height without cone,
cone height, cone angle, cone bottom diameter, vortex finder
diameter, and vortex finder length. All cyclones were variations
on the design of the Very Sharp Cut Cyclone (VSCC).
Results: The tested VSCC sampler had a design flow of 16.7 L/
min and fit quite well to the PM2.5 sampling convention, except
a slight over-estimation for aerosol size larger than 3 mm.
The cyclone efficiency increased with the increasing flow rate
because of increasing centrifugal force. The cyclone efficiency
surprisingly decreased with increasing cyclone length. This
phenomenon was particularly apparent for the no-cone design.
The cone played an important role affecting not only the cutoff
size but also the shape of the separation curves. The empirical
equations derived and reported in previous studies could only
provide rough dimensions of the cyclones designed for different
sampling flow rates. Further fine-tune was needed to better
match the PM2.5 sampling convention.
Conclusions: The cyclone structure is simple. Yet the alterations
of configurations in the cyclone affect one another, which make it
complicated to fully understand the impact of every configuration
on the particle collection efficiency as a function of particle size,
pressure drop, and the combined cyclone quality factor.
SR-117-03
Direct-reading Instrument Correlation for Dry Aerosol
Personal Decontamination Method Evaluation
C. Lieb, J. Slagley, J. Engler, Indiana University of
Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA
Objective: The objective of the test was to compare respirable
dust concentrations from two direct-reading instruments for
use in a research method to evaluate dry aerosol personal
decontamination.
Methods: Two direct-reading instruments were used side-byside to estimate respirable dust exposure within an aerosol
chamber immediately after doffing coveralls from a manikin
torso for different dry aerosol decontamination protocols. A
manikin torso was dosed with 75 g of sodium bicarbonate on all
surfaces of its coveralls. One of three decontamination methods
(none, vacuum, or blower) was applied for three randomized
trials each (n=9). The high efficiency particulate arresting
(HEPA) vacuum method followed a set protocol which took 1.5
minutes. For the air shower simulation, a blower was secured at
30 cm (12 in) from the manikin to deliver an air velocity of 1351
cm/sec (2660 feet per min) while the manikin was rotated on a
turn table for a 30 second duration. Exposure to respirable dust
was measured with a six-channel optical particle counter (OPC),
and a nepholometer. The OPC results were used to calculate
a respirable dust concentration, while the nepholometer
directly reported respirable dust concentration. Backgroundcorrected readings ranged from 0.008–0.392 mg/m3. While
both instruments use light scattering for measuring aerosols,
they are different in their operation and assumptions. The
instruments were compared for correlation to each other.
As such, direct-reading instruments are essential for the short
period of exposure and high variability in concentrations. Two
instruments were compared in the laboratory-based evaluation
phase because the nepholometer is best-suited for field use,
while the OPC gives more particle size information and is
therefore more useful in the laboratory studies. The investigators
wanted to confirm that the two different instruments would be
highly correlated so that what was discovered in the laboratory
could be seen in the field settings.
SR-117-04
Development of a Low-Cost Integrated Sampler and
Sample Pump
C. L’Orange, C. Quinn, D. Miller-Lionberg, J. Volckens,
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
Objective: Personal exposure assessments for aerosol hazards
are often constrained by available resources: personnel,
sampling, analytic. The sampling devices available for assessing
aerosol exposure are either too costly and complex or nonrepresentative in their ability to estimate dose; these limitations
have reduced their use. A critical step needed to increase the
affordability and throughput of personal exposure assessment
is the development of simple and economical measurement
devices.
Methods: A new integrated aerosol sampler and sample pump
have been designed to address this need. The sampler system
incorporates swappable sampler inlets directly into a small,
light-weight personal sampling pump. The sampler body has
been configured to handle multiple sampler inlets to meet a
diverse range of study needs including the ability to directly
incorporate size selective inlets. The sampler inlets were
evaluated through a combination of calm air chambers, wind
tunnels, and trial field studies for a range of particle sizes.
Pump performance was characterized by generating a detailed
pump curves using a calibrated flow bench.
Results: The new sampler inlets were found to be within ±13%
of the proposed low velocity inhalability criterion for all particle
sizes tested and with low limits of detection (<15 mg). The new
sampler inlets tested were found to have comparable or superior
performance to currently available designs while having a
reduced complexity and minimal maintenance requirements.
The lightweight sampler (<300g) was capable of maintaining
precise flow control for flow rates ranging from 0.5L/min to
>15L/min with moderate backpressure.
Conclusions: The process of collecting personal exposure
measurements has been streamlined by incorporating two of the
major physical elements into a single package. The availability
of robust, simple, versatile, and economic sampling systems
should reduce barrier to entry for organizations seeking to
incorporate personal exposure measurements into their health
and safety programs.
Results: The nepholometer consistently measured 18% of the
OPC response, with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.94.
SR-117-05
A Sampling and Measurement System for Motorcycle
Exhaust PM2.5
J. Lai, S. Huang, C. Hsu, C. Cheng, National Taiwan
University, Taipei, TaiwanH. Cheng, The Environmental
Analysis Laboratory, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Conclusions: This study was one in a series to compare
decontamination method effectiveness. The airborne exposure of
concern is dry aerosols after applying a decontamination protocol.
Objective: The objective of this work was to develop a sampling
and measurement system for PM2.5 emission from motorcycle
engines.
www.AIHce2015.org
41
Methods: The whole system could be divided into three parts: a
diluter or a Nafion dryer, a PM2.5 pre-separator, and a prototype
opacity meter. DEHS was used a surrogate agent whenever
appropriate. A dynamometer was used to control a four-stroke
motorcycle engine to generate stable exhaust aerosols. The
hygroscopic property of motorcycle exhaust aerosols was
investigated to provide the essential data for further design of
diluter and/or dryer. A variety of sampling cyclones, based on
the Very Sharp Cut Cyclone, were built and tested to check the
fit to the PM2.5 sampling convention. A scanning mobility particle
sizer and an aerodynamic particle size were used to measure
aerosol number concentration and size distribution. Aerosol
penetration tests were conducted for size-selective sampling
cyclones, diluters, and dryers. A prototype opacity meter based
on multi-reflection of laser light was built, tested and optimized
for the PM measurement of motorcycle exhaust.
Results: The results showed that the aerosols, exhausted from
a fuel-injection engine under the idle condition, had a count
median diameter of 50 nm, with a GSD of 1.8. The aerosol
number concentration was in the range from 104 to 105 #/cm3.
The particle size was not affected as the relative humidity
increased up to RH 95%. However, diluter and/or Nafion
dryer were needed to remove water to prevent water vapor
condensation. The diluter had the advantage of cooling the
exhaust air effectively, but it led to lower aerosol concentration,
a challenge to the opacity meter. The Nafion dryer could reduce
the relatively humidity down to 25%. The VSCC with design flow
of 16 L/min was used as PM2.5 pre-separator to work with the
diluter. A smaller cyclone with a design flow of 3 L/min was
developed to work with the Nafion dryer. The prototype opacity
meter had a minimum detection limit of 0.5%, and could be used
to monitor the aerosol concentration down to 104 #/cm3.
Conclusions: The sampling train and the opacity meter
developed in this work performed satisfactorily. The whole
measurement system was easier to operate, if Nafion dryer
was adopted, because no additional flow control was needed.
However, extra attention was needed to control the temperature
to avoid water vapor condensation on the opacity meter.
CS-117-06
A Semi-Automated Scanning Electron Microscopy and
Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDS) Method to Identify the
Composition and Source(s) of Airborne and Surface
Dust Complaints
D. Baxter, Environmental Analysis Associates, Inc., San
Diego, CA
Situation/Problem: Although airborne and surface dust
analysis is a powerful tool for solving air quality complaints, the
absence of a systematic approach, skilled personnel, and time
intensive analysis requirements, have limited the development
of routine testing protocols. The time required to manually
count and chemically analyze (2-3 hours) a sufficient number
of particles is the main limitation. The absence of standards
and industry guidelines for interpreting the data is also a factor.
Although automated SEM/EDS is a standard analysis method
for gunshot residue in criminal cases, a standardized approach
to characterizing more generalized dust sources has remained
undeveloped.
Resolution: This presentation, describes an automated SEM/
EDS method for the quantification of indicator particles
encountered in Indoor Air Quality investigations. The method
employs commercially available EDS particle analysis software
42
AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce
that can be retrofitted onto older Electron Microscopes. An
entire “field of view” of up to 100 particles can be simultaneously
analyzed for size, and chemistry at a rate of 10-50 particles/
minute. Particle “classification” is then performed using a
rule-based X-ray spectra library gathered by Environmental
Analysis Associates, Inc. (EAA). The resulting data is presented
in a format specifically designed to help the IH professional
determine the potential sources and relative concentration
of contaminant particles. The resulting microscopy data is
reported by particle “classification” enabling the source of the
particles to be determined.
Results: This presentation shows practical examples of
automated dust analysis using an SEM/EDS system combined
with a computer rule-based particle classification system. The
“classification” categories are tailored to the likely source of the
dust. The actual number of reported categories is based on the
complexity of each sample. The applications discussed include
the estimated size distribution and mass of quartz in coal dust
samples, the quantification of fire residue, and locating the
indoor source of corrosion particles.
Lessons Learned: When a semi-automated SEM/EDS system
and a rule based particle characterization program are
employed, large numbers of particles can be analyzed over a
very short time frame. Significantly, implementation of this
method brings the SEM analysis from a research mode to a
commercial analytical tool for Industrial Hygiene investigations.
PO118
IH General Practice I
Tuesday, June 2, 2015, 1:30 PM - 5:30 PM
SR-118-01
A Simulation Algorithm for Converting Historical
Particle Count Data to Respirable Dust Mass
R. Rando, Tulane University SPH&TM, New Orleans, LA
Objective: Historically, inhalation exposures in dusty industries
were measured with impinger collection/microscopic analysis
to quantitate particle count concentration. In order to use
such historical data for retrospective exposure assessment
of industrial sand workers, a simulation algorithm to convert
particle count data into modern measures of respirable dust
mass was developed.
Methods: The simulation entails using an archival dust size
distribution along with simulation software to randomly
generate 100,000 virtual dust particles of varying diameters
taken from a log-normal distribution having the same CMD
and GSD as the archival sample. For each virtual particle,
the equivalent respirable mass and particle count, based
on its diameter, density, and its measurement efficiencies,
were calculated. The mass and counts of the virtual particles
were then totaled and ratioed to derive the conversion factor.
Respirable dust measurement efficiency was calculated from
a cumulative lognormal function with median aerodynamic
diameter of 3.5 μm and GSD of 1.5 and truncated for particles
> 10 μm. Impinger/microscopy measurement efficiency was set
to zero for particles < 0.75 μm or > 5 μm based on microscopic
limit of resolution and historical counting rules, whereas for
particles between 0.75 and 5 μm, measurement efficiency was
calculated from published impinger collection efficiencies for
silica. The algorithm was evaluated in comparison to published
experimental data from side-by-side sampling/analysis for
respirable dust, particle counts, and size distributions for 5
types of mineral dust, and then applied to archival particle size
data for industrial sand processing.
Results: The mean ratio of conversion factors determined from
the algorithm and from direct sampling for the various mineral
dusts was 1.09 (SD = 0.40) and there was no statistical difference
(paired t-test; p = 0.79). For 14 archival samples from industrial
sand plants, conversion factors ranged from 97–263 μg/m3 per
mppcf and there was no statistical difference across process
areas (drying, screening, vibrating, binning, bulk loading,
bagging), ANOVA: p = 0.31. The overall mean conversion factor
was 157 (SD = 42).
Conclusions: The simulation algorithm performed favorably in
comparison to directly determined conversion factors. When
applied to archival industrial sand data, the results were similar
to that previously reported for siliceous dusts in granite sheds
(~100 μg/m3 per mppcf).
CS-118-02
Comparison of Quantitative Exposure Assessment
Results for Crystalline Silica (Respirable Fraction) with
Current and Proposed Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) Standards
G. Desai, International Safety Systems, Inc., Houston, TX
Situation/Problem: OSHA’s current permissible exposure limits
(PELs) for crystalline silica (respirable fraction) were adopted in
1971. Studies show that they do not adequately protect worker
health. In the proposed OSHA limit, workers’ exposures would
be limited to a new PEL of 50 micrograms of crystalline silica
(respirable fraction) per cubic meter of air (μg/m3), averaged
over an 8-hour day. Exposure to airborne silica dust was
monitored in operations involving casting cleaning, shakeout
and molding in a foundry.
Resolution: Full shift (eight-hour/ ten-hour) Time Weighted
Average (TWA) personal breathing zone employee exposure
monitoring for respirable crystalline silica was carried out using
modified National Institute of Occupation Safety and Health
(NIOSH) 7500/ OSHA ID-42 method. The results were compared
with the current and proposed OSHA standards.
Results: Two of the four TWA results to Crystalline silica
(respirable fraction) during casting cleaning operations
exceeded the current calculated OSHA PEL. All four TWA results
exceeded the proposed OSHA limit of 0.050 mg/m3. The three
TWA results to crystalline silica (respirable fraction) during
the shakeout operation were less than the current calculated
OSHA PEL. Two of three TWA results for the shakeout operation
exceeded the proposed OSHA limit of 0.050 mg/m3. One of the
five TWA results to crystalline silica (respirable fraction) during
molding operations exceeded the current calculated OSHA PEL.
Three of the five TWA results for crystalline silica (respirable
fraction) exceeded 50% of the proposed OSHA limit.
Lessons Learned: Most companies follow ACGIH TLV for
comparing the crystalline silica (respirable fraction) results.
These results support OSHA’s estimates that the proposed rule
will save lives and prevent new cases of silicosis once the full
effects of the rule are realized.
SR-118-03
Potential Exposure to Naturally Occurring Diacetyl,
2,3-Pentanedione and Respirable Dust from Roasting
and Grinding Coffee Beans in an Industrial Setting
S. Gaffney,A. Abelmann, J. Pierce, M. Glynn, L. McCarthy, J.
Lotter, M. Liong, J. Henshaw, B. Finley, Cardno ChemRisk,
San Francisco, CA
Objective: Concerns have been raised about potential health
effects associated with occupational exposure to diacetyl (DA),
and more recently, its substitute, 2,3-pentanedione (2,3-P) in
food and flavorings manufacturing workers. Both DA and 2,3-P
are also natural components of various foods and beverages,
including roasted coffee. We sought to characterize exposures
to naturally occurring DA, 2,3-P and respirable dust (RD) at
a facility that roasts and grinds coffee beans with no added
flavoring agents.
Methods: A total of 59 stationary breathing zone samples were
collected over the course of 3 roasting and grinding batches
(lightly roasted soft beans, lightly roasted hard beans and dark
roasted hard beans) in a facility with one roaster and grinder
at varying distances from the roaster and grinder, respectively.
Results: Grinding and roasting processes lasted 8–11 and 3741 min, respectively. DA, 2,3-P, and RD concentrations ranged
from undetectable (ND) to 3.9 ppb, ND-18 ppb, and ND- 0.31
mg/m3 during roasting and 18–390 ppb, 8.9–210 ppb, and ND1.7 mg/m3 during grinding operations, respectively. For any
given bean/roast combination and sample location, DA and
2,3-P concentrations during grinding were higher than those
measured during roasting and decreased with increased distance
from the source. We found that DA and 2,3-P concentrations
were significantly higher at the location nearest the emission
source during grinding of the soft beans than during grinding
of hard beans regardless of roast type. Overall, concentrations
of respirable dust were well below occupational exposure limits
(OELs), but all mean DA and 2,3-P concentrations measured
closest to the grinder during grinding exceeded each of the
current and proposed short-term OELs.
Conclusions: These results indicate that coffee-processing
workers are potentially exposed to naturally occurring DA and
2,3-P in excess of the current and proposed OELs for these
compounds. Based upon our review of the literature, coffee
workers are not known to experience the chronic respiratory
health effects that have been associated with exposures to
diketones. Therefore, our findings raise questions about these
suggested associations, as well as the appropriateness of the
current and proposed corresponding OELs. Further research
into these topics is, therefore, warranted.
SR-118-04
Systematic Review and Evaluation of Health Risks
Associated with Sepiolite Exposure
M. Le, A. Monnot, M. Grespin, R. Ward, Cardno ChemRisk,
San Francisco, CA
Objective: Sepiolite is a phyllosilicate and a member of the
palygorskite-sepiolite group of clay minerals. Due to its physical
and chemical properties it has been used in absorbents and
environmental deodorants, asphalt coatings, agricultural
applications, cosmetics, cigarette filters, and in drilling fluids.
Based on its refractive index, fibrous sepiolite can be misidentified
as chrysotile asbestos using some standard analytical techniques.
Unlike chrysotile asbestos, the human health risk associated
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43
with exposure to fibrous sepiolite may not be well understood.
Given sepiolite’s worldwide commercial and industrial use, this
systematic literature review sought to evaluate the potential
health risks associated with sepiolite exposure.
Methods: A systematic review, following PRISMA guidelines,
of literature identified from PubMed, Embase, and Scopus was
conducted with “sepiolite” and each of the following search
terms: “health”, “cancer”, “exposure”, “health hazard”, and
“toxicity”. Industry white papers, MSDSs, and government
reports were also considered. Specific eligibility criteria were
applied to all relevant documents identified.
Results: In total 471 documents were identified, with 18 included
in this analysis. Human, animal, and in vitro studies assessing
the exposure, toxicity, or health risk of sepiolite were identified.
No specific health outcomes were identified from these studies;
however, the results suggest that sepiolite’s potential relative
toxicity is dependent upon grade and fiber size.
Conclusions: There is no indication that sepiolite is overtly
hazardous and no conclusions regarding specific health
endpoints can be taken from available studies as a whole.
However, the toxicological literature suggests that its potency
is dependent upon fiber grade and fiber size. Given the
increasing use of sepiolite worldwide, as well as the potential
for misidentification of sepiolite as other fibrous minerals, it
is important that future studies are conducted to assess the
exposures generated from occupational work with this mineral,
as well as associated human health risks.
CS-118-05
Industrial Hygiene Exposure Monitoring Programs and
Mine Sites: Gap Analysis
L. Clements, P. Bergholz, C. Doyle, AMEC, Burnaby, BC,
Canada
Situation/Problem: Workers at mines sites are potentially
exposed to a wide variety of health hazards. Exposures levels
often exceed exposure standards requiring the implementation
of exposure mitigation measures. A comprehensive industrial
hygiene exposure monitoring program is essential to ensuring
that the hazards to which workers are exposed are properly
identified and assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively
to determine where exposure issues exist, and determine
appropriate short and long term mitigation measures. A
comprehensive monitoring program is also necessary to meet
occupational health and safety (OHS) regulatory requirements.
Occupational exposure monitoring programs at mine sites vary
in terms of their comprehensiveness and opportunities for
improvement exist to meet both regulatory requirements as
well as best practice.
Resolution: This presentation will review the typical chemical
and physical hazards present at above ground and underground
metal mines, highlight some of the exposure levels to which
mine workers are exposed based on the presenter’s experience
with the industry as a consultant and a review of recent literature
on the subject, and overview the current state of some industrial
hygiene programs at metal mine sites.
Results: The objective of this presentation is to identify some of
the gaps that have been identified in some mine site industrial
hygiene exposure monitoring programs and to discuss where
opportunities for improvement exist.
Lessons Learned: One cannot expect operations staff /
environmental / safety personnel who don’t have a strong
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background in IH to develop and implement an OHS Program
without support. OHS Programs require careful thought,
senior management commitment, and ongoing support to be
successful. All stakeholders in the process have to be educated
about industrial hygiene to be able to understand the objectives
/ goals of the program, and what is involved and necessary to
make the program a success.
CS-118-06
Enhanced Confined Space Monitoring
W. Jones, Total Safety U.S., Inc., Chino Hills, CA
Situation/Problem: Addressed is the potential complexity of
monitoring multiple confined space environments in refinery
turnarounds. Precautionary measures must be well designed
and understood by work crews. Real-time observations and
data interpretation of multiple operations can be hard to
keep up with for supervision and on site observers. Where an
operation simultaneously has multiple confined space entries,
coordination and oversight requirements are complex.
Resolution: A centralized monitoring location was developed,
utilizing an integrated system that includes simultaneous
data inputs from wireless closed circuit television cameras,
badge/identification readers, wireless fixed gas monitoring
instruments, audible and visual alarms and push-to-talk
communications. The central location is staffed by technicians,
trained in industrial hygiene gas detection, who can interpret
monitor readings in multiple locations at once, improving risk
assessment and communications with observers, entrants,
supervisors and operations management during complicated
and high hazard operations. These trained technicians,
monitoring and interpreting simultaneously potentially
hazardous situations enhance what on-site observers or
“hole watches” see by providing immediate feedback from the
centralized monitoring location.
Results: Use of this integrated approach on multiple refinery
turnarounds has provided better real-time data interpretation
and immediate observations of confined space entrants working
in potentially high hazard environments. The central location
for observations during multiple confined space entries has
resulted in better coordination and better data interpretation.
In other high hazard operations, this integrated system has
provided more immediate feedback to plant operators in the
process of clearing and breaking lines containing a chemical
fluid. As an example, in a recent refinery turnaround where work
crews were getting a Permit to Work in a Coker unit, continuous
monitors located in the area allowed the plant operator to issue
work permits in one fourth the time normally required.
Lessons Learned: From our experience, an integrated approach
to multiple confined space entries simplifies communications
and data flow to participants, enhances observations and
improves risk control during this high hazard and historically
deadly work.
CS-118-07
Mining in Northern Ontario, Canada: Challenges Facing
Safety and Health
R. Korczynski, AMEC, Thunder Bay, ON, Canada
Situation/Problem: Ontario has approximately 40 underground
mines and hundreds of surface mines and quarries that employ
about 27,000 workers and an additional 50,000 jobs in processing.
The Ontario “Ring of Fire” a name given to the massive planned
chromite mining and smelting development project and to one
of the most promising mineral development opportunities in
Ontario, has a potential of generating $120 billion.
Resolution: Safety and health initiatives due to fatalities and
critical injuries statistics are being focused in underground
mines; mining plants; open pit mines and quarries; sand
and gravel pits; and diamond drilling. Ontario Ministry of
Labour inspectors have made over 1,500 proactive visits to
mining workplaces in 2012–13. The Ministry is conducting a
comprehensive1-year mining health, safety and prevention
review in 2014 to focus on mines with large fleets of diesel
equipment operating in the underground environment; recently
reopened or new mines operating diesel equipment; mines with
previous ventilation concerns and those with a poor compliance
history.
Results: Specifically, ventilation in underground mines:
carbon monoxide in diesel exhaust; new Mining Regulation
diesel provisions in 2012; routine testing and control of diesel
emissions; ensure testing measures and procedures for each
piece of diesel equipment and that the equipment used for
underground transportation of workers and materials are being
regularly tested. Regular air testing in underground mines to
ensure exposure to toxic airborne substances does not exceed
legislative requirements. Ensuring appropriate ground stability
and water management practices methods are being used;
measures to control, monitor and prevent falls of ground and
rockbursts. All explosives storage areas are constructed in
compliance with legislated requirements. Also, examining the
need for better education and training of employers, supervisors
and workers on injury prevention.
Lessons Learned: The high fatality rates in Ontario mines have
prompted the need for new initiatives to keep miners safe at
work.
SR-118-08
Assessing the Health Effects of Rotating Shift Work
among Refinery Workers
K. McNamara, UCLA, Santa Monica, CA; W. Robbins, UCLA,
Santa Monica, CA
Objective: Refinery workers in operator and maintenance
positions typically work extended, rotating shifts. This study
aimed to characterize work schedules and prevalence of chronic
diseases in the study population, and explore associations
between work hours, fatigue, and health & quality of life
outcomes.
Methods: We assessed the health impacts of extended shifts,
shift rotation, and overtime among refinery workers using a
self-reported health questionnaire administered to members of
the United Steelworkers (N=17,333). Reported work schedules,
annual estimates of overtime worked, typical sleep schedules
and an evaluation of sleep quality were used to estimate
fatigue exposure. Self-reported diagnoses of heart disease,
hypertension, diabetes, and gastro-intestinal illness were used
to calculate disease prevalence within the workforce. Calculated
disease prevalence rates were compared to day shift workers
from the surveyed population, rotating shift workers in other
industries, and the general public. Job stress and quality of life
indicators were measured, and a depression assessment was
performed.
Results: A shift work exposure index will be calculated based
on the exposure to alternate and rotating shift assignments
(self-reported work schedules, annual overtime estimates, and
work histories). Then an overall fatigue index will be calculated
based on associations between hours worked, hours slept and
sleep quality scores. These two exposure indices will be tested
against individual health outcomes. Disease prevalence will be
calculated based on self-reported assessment of current health
symptoms and biometrics, and known medical diagnoses.
Responses will be coded according to NHANES codebooks for
CVD, diabetes, and blood pressure. Likert scales will be used
to assess severity of job stress, depression, and quality of life
factors, then scored to yield a positive or negative overall result.
Conclusions: The mechanisms of chronic diseases associated
with fatigue are poorly understood. The direct effect of shift
work on blood pressure, BMI, CVD and metabolic disease is
debated. Recent research indicates that metabolic disease could
be the primary causal mechanism for hypertension, CVD, and
diabetes among shift workers. Our study has accessed a large
workforce with a significant exposure to work related fatigue.
Our detailed assessment of their past and current exposure,
recovery periods, and health and mental status will generate
valuable insights.
SR-118-09
New Results from the Comprehensive Lead Education
and Reduction by Window Replacement (CLEAR-WIN)
Program in Illinois
D. Jacobs, M. Tobin, P. Pratap, S. Cali, University of
Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, ILD. Clarkson, Peoria Health
Department, Peoria, IL; S. Dixon, National Center for
Healthy Housing, Washington, D.C.; J. Breysse, National
Center for Healthy Housing, Washington, D.C.
Objective: Childhood lead poisoning remains a widespread
problem, with over half a million children having blood lead
levels above the CDC reference value of 5 μg/dL. Windows are
known to have the highest levels of both lead paint and lead
dust compared to other building components, but large-scale
window replacement programs have not been forthcoming and
financed. This study was conducted to measure lead and other
health outcomes associated with large scale replacement of old
windows contaminated with lead.
Methods: Dust lead on floors, interior window sills and exterior
window troughs, as well as resident health interviews was
conducted in 50 housing units in Chicago (urban) and another
50 units in Peoria (rural). Dust lead was collected using the
standard HUD wipe method and analyzed in an accredited
laboratory. Health interviews were conducted using questions
drawn from the CDC National Health Interview Survey.
Results: Preliminary results show geometric mean (GM) interior
window sill dust lead loadings declined from 287 μg/ft2 to 32 μg/
ft2 (89% reduction); exterior window troughs declined from 5,022
μg/ft2 to 120 μg/ft2 (98% reduction); and interior floors declined
from 11.4 μg/ft2 to 9.7 μg/ft2 (15% reduction). Health interviews
suggest there are also important health improvements
associated with asthma and mental health. The data also show
significant improvements in energy use and property value.
Conclusions: The findings suggest that replacement of lead
painted windows can substantially reduce children’s exposure
and illustrate the importance of establishing large-scale
window replacement with state, federal and local financing
mechanisms.
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45
SR-118-10
Drying Water-Damaged Materials Based on Water
Activity
E. Light, R. Gay, Building Dynamics, LLC, Ashton, MD; B.
Carter, Decagon, Pullman, WA
Objective: Water damage restoration currently tracks drying
by moisture content measured with moisture meters. Water
activity is more specifically tied to potential for mold growth, but
field measurement of construction materials for this parameter
has not been feasible. This study monitored the drying of wet
construction materials to compare moisture content with water
activity.
Methods: Prototype instrumentation was used to track drying of
wood by water activity side-by-side with a moisture meter
Results: It took approximately three times longer to dry wood
to a water activity level considered sufficient to prevent fungal
growth when compared to drying time needed to meet acceptable
moisture content. Water activity remained at a level potentially
supporting fungal growth after drying criteria in current use
were met. Similar results have recently been published by
another investigator using the same method to track the drying
of gypsum board. .
Conclusions: Preliminary data suggest a potential for mold
growth after re-installation of construction materials on
surfaces meeting drying objectives based on moisture content.
Research is needed to determine if reconstruction of sites with
elevated water activity actually promotes mold growth.
SR-118-11
Distribution and Influence Factors for Knee and
Hip Injuries among Retired Workers of Automotive
Manufacturing
W. Chen, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan,
China
Objective: Few researches reported the prevalence of injuries for
knee and hip joint among workers in automotive manufacturing.
The objective of this study was to describe distribution of knee
and hip injuries among retired workers and to evaluate the
possible factors which related to this damage.
Methods: The total of 9418 workers were involved in this study.
Trained investigators collected information for all participants
through one questionnaire. The data included personal
information, work history and net years in work, self-reported
injuries of the knee and hip. All participants took physical
health examination including joint examination after the survey.
Univariate and multivariate logistic analysis were conducted
using SAS9.2.
Results: The average age of 9418 workers (4350 males, 46.2%)
was 61.6±7.4 years old. The prevalence of the self-reported knee
damage, clinical positive knee injuries and knee osteoarthritis
were 40.9%, 3.7% and 7.5%. The prevalence of the self-reported
hip damage, clinical positive hip injuries and hip osteoarthritis
were 11.2%, 9.5% and 0.8%. High body mass index (BMI), job
title and shift work were risk factors for knee injuries. BMI, job
title and age were thought to be related with hip injuries. Loss
years of service for workers with knee injuries and hip injuries
were 8.8±5.5 years and 8.2 ±5.6 years, separately. Both were
statistically significantly longer than those of workers without
knee or hip injuries (6.5±6.0 years).
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Conclusions: High prevalence of knee or hip injuries were
observed among retired workers of automotive manufacturing.
BMI number, special job title and age were possible risk factors
for knee and hip injuries.
SR-118-12
Absent vs. Present but Not Quantified: Can a JobExposure Matrix Be Used to Predict Samples Where
Lead Exposure is Likely Absent in U.S. OSHA Inspection
Measurements?
J. Hwang, NIH, Bethesda, MD; J. Lavoué, University of
Montreal, QC, Canada; S. Locke, D. Russ, C. Johnson, M.
Friesen, NIH, Bethesda, MD
Objective: Inspection measurements collected by the U.S.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) may
aid exposure assessment in population-based studies. The
data include a large number below the limit of detection (LOD),
which represent both samples where the agent was ‘present
but not quantified’ and those where the agent was ‘absent’ (i.e.,
analyzed as part of an analytic panel). Statistical treatment of
LOD measurements assume the agent was ‘present’ and may
overestimate exposure if ‘absent’ samples were prevalent.
To determine if a job-exposure matrix (JEM) could be used to
identify when an agent was likely ‘absent’, we identified whether
a lead JEM predicted if lead was detected (=1) or not (=0) in
personal air measurements from two OSHA databases.
Methods: Mixed-effects Poisson models were developed
separately for each database. Inspection number was included
as a random effect to account for within-inspection correlation.
For the Integrated Management Information System data (IMIS,
1979-2012, n=56,455), included variables were year, federal
vs. state OSHA plan, inspection type, advance notice, and JEM
intensity and probability ratings for industry and occupation.
For the Chemical Exposure Health Data (CEHD, 1984-2009,
n=73,115), included variables were year, instrument type,
whether it was a panel sample, number of chemicals detected
on panel, sampling duration, and JEM intensity and probability
estimates for industry.
Results: For IMIS, the relative detection rate (DR) was predicted
by year, federal vs. state plan, inspection type, advance notice,
industry probability rating, and occupation intensity rating. The
DR was not monotonic with the JEM ratings: industry probability
ratings had DRs of 1.0, 1.1, 0.9, and 1.2 for ratings 0 to 3,
respectively; occupation intensity ratings had DRs of 1.0, 0.9,
0.7, and 1.0 for ratings 0 to 3, respectively. For CEHD, predictors
were year, instrument type, number of chemicals detected on
panel, sampling duration, and industry intensity rating. Again,
the DR was not monotonic, with DRs of 1.0, 0.9, 1.0, and 0.5 for
ratings 0 to 3, respectively.
Conclusions: The patterns observed with JEM ratings were not
consistent with our hypothesis that the lowest detection rates
would occur with ratings of unexposed and the DR differences
between ratings were generally small. This suggests that this
lead JEM was not a good predictor of when lead was ‘absent’
and other methods will need to be considered.
PO119
Exposure Assessment Strategies: Modeling
Tuesday, June 2, 2015, 2:00 PM - 4:00 PM
SR-119-01
A Method for Constructing Informative Priors for
Bayesian Modeling of Occupational Hygiene Data
H. Quick, CDC, Atlanta, GA; T. Huynh, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; G. Ramachandran, University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
Objective: In many occupational hygiene settings, the demand
for more accurate, more precise results is at odds with limited
resources. To combat this, practitioners have begun using
Bayesian methods to incorporate prior information into their
statistical models, hoping to gain more refined inference
from their data. This is not without risk. Incorporating prior
information that disagrees with the information contained in data
can lead to spurious conclusions, particularly if the prior is too
informative. The objective of this paper is to propose a method
for constructing informative prior distributions for normal and
lognormal data that are intuitive to specify and robust to bias.
Methods: We conducted computer simulation studies to
compare 5 different priors and used root mean square error as
our evaluation metric.
Results: In complete uncensored data case, our prior performed
similarly as the non-informative prior. For censored data
cases, our prior showed a marked improvement over the noninformative priors.
Conclusions: Our method for specifying informative priors is
viable tool for analyzing industrial hygiene data.
SR-119-02
Predicting Construction Related Silica Exposures Using
Input from Chamber and Field Studies
S. Arnold, G. Ramachandran, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, MN
Objective: Predicting silica exposures is an important first
step in effectively managing and preventing overexposure.
Mathematical models are useful for predicting exposures in
construction environments but their use has been limited
because of the inherent challenges of quantitatively defining
model inputs. This study was conducted using chamber and
field studies to better characterize these inputs.
Methods: Dry wall sanding was simulated by a professional
drywall finisher in an exposure (11.9 m3) chamber under highly
controlled conditions. Respirable dust and crystalline silica
(quartz) generation rates were quantified by back-calculating the
generation rate from the airborne concentration. Other model
parameters, such as the ventilation rate, room dimensions and
work practice information were collected in the field, providing
high quality model inputs for three models; the well-mixed
room, near field far field and turbulent eddy diffusion models.
Personal exposure measurements were collected using real
time and time weighted (integrated) sampling. Measured and
modeled exposure estimates were compared.
Results: A generation rate was derived under highly controlled
conditions for pole and hand sanding, respectively. The use
of the chamber to better characterize model inputs that are
difficult to evaluate in the field was very useful and facilitated
the use of several models to predict exposures to silica.
Conclusions: Using chamber to quantify those parameters
inherently challenging to characterize in the field in combination
with field data enhances model parameter estimates and
ultimately, model performance.
SR-119-03
Characterization of Chrysotile Asbestos Fiber Removal
Rates from Air
J. Sahmel, H. Avens, P. Scott, A. Burns, C. Barlow, K. Unice,
A. Madl, J. Henshaw, D. Paustenbach, Cardno ChemRisk,
Boulder, CO
Objective: Some theoretical estimates of fiber settling rates
have raised concern that asbestos fibers may continue to pose
an inhalation hazard long after a primary fiber release event
has ended. However, only a small number of empirical data
sets exist regarding rates of fiber removal from air. A study was
conducted to gain further empirical data on this topic.
Methods: Air samples were collected while clothing
contaminated with chrysotile asbestos was handled for 15 min.
To evaluate the decrease in chrysotile concentrations after
clothes handling ended, air sampling was performed during
the first 5 min, first 15 min, and second 15 min after the activity
ceased. This process was repeated for six total events. The study
chamber was about 58 cubic meters with 3.5 air changes per
hour. Samples were analyzed by NIOSH Method 7402. The PCME
asbestos concentrations during the fiber settling/removal
period were fit to an exponential decay curve from which fiber
half-life and time to removal of 99% of fibers were estimated. In
addition, the results were compared to theoretical estimates of
the fiber removal rate that would be expected from ventilation
alone and from gravitational fiber settling alone.
Results: PCME chrysotile concentrations during the 15-30 min
after clothes handling ended decreased 80%-92% compared
to concentrations during active clothes handling. Across all six
events, the fiber half-life was estimated to be 4.8 min (95% CI:
3.4-8.6) and the time to 99% fiber removal was estimated to be
32.2 min (95% CI: 22.4-56.9). Theoretical calculations based
on ventilation alone yielded an estimated half-life of 11.9 min
and 99% fiber removal by 78.9 min. Theoretical calculations
based only on gravitational settling yielded half-lives of 0.6 to
24 hr. depending on the PCME fiber dimensions evaluated, while
estimated times to 99% removal ranged from 4 to 160 hr.
Conclusions: Nearly all fibers were removed from the air within
approximately 30 min. This study is consistent with other studies
in finding that theoretical estimates of fiber removal rates based
solely on gravitational settling over-estimate the time that fibers
remain airborne. The measured fiber removal rates were also
greater than estimates based on ventilation and gravitational
effects combined, suggesting that other mechanisms such as
adhesion to surfaces, diffusion, agglomeration of particles to
one another, and electrification also play an important role in
fiber removal processes.
SR-119-04
Turbulent Eddy Diffusion Models in Exposure
Assessment: Determination of the Eddy Diffusion
Coefficient
Y. Shao, G. Ramachandran, S. Arnold, S. Arce, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
Objective: The turbulent eddy diffusion models could provide
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47
details of a continuous concentration gradient with distance from
the source. But the use of these models in exposure assessment
is limited due to the lack of knowledge on the isotropic eddy
diffusion coefficient, D. Recent studies have hypothesized that
this parameter is related to the air changes per hour (ACH) and
the room dimensions. The goal of this work is to determine this
relationship.
Methods: An exposure chamber (11.9 m3, L/W/H: 2.8×2.15×2m)
was constructed with the ability to vary flow rate from 0.5 to 5
ACHs. A continuous Acetone source was located in the chamber
center and was controlled using a Harvard syringe with a
generation rate from 0.05 to 0.5 ml/min. Two Dräger X-AM 7000
vapor monitors were used with a multiplexer to measure the
chemical concentrations at six symmetric locations on both
sides of the source in the chamber. A spherical turbulent eddy
diffusion model accounting for wall effects and/or advection
was used to predict concentrations at the same locations. The
difference between the measured and predicted concentrations
was minimized by a MATLAB least-squares function to best
estimate D. Experiments were conducted at five different values
of ACH and three generation rates. The effect of data analysis
averaging times on the value of D was also studied.
Results: The model can predict average exposures in close
proximity to emitting sources, as long as the turbulent diffusion
coefficient (D) can be estimated. The advection and wall effects
were not negligible in our chamber where some monitoring
locations were 0.4 m away from the walls or/and the intake
filters. The monitored value was about 2 times higher than the
prediction without wall-reflections correction. The turbulent
diffusion model was sensitive to the value of D, where a 0.0001
m2/s scale change of D could result in a 1~5 ppm scale change
of predicted concentration. At 0.7~0.8 ACH, the estimated D was
0.0005 m2/s. There is a significant positive linear correlation
between ACH and the turbulent diffusion coefficient.
Conclusions: The consideration of wall effects and/or advection
in the turbulent diffusion model is very necessary to a relatively
small test chamber. The ability to estimate the turbulent
diffusion coefficient; air change rate and room dimensions
can significantly increase the ease of use of this model for
occupational exposure assessment.
SR-119-05
Exposure Models: How Accurate Are They? Evaluating
Exposure Model Performance under Highly Controlled
Conditions
S. Arnold, G. Ramachandran, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, MN
Objective: Exposure modeling, which has been shown to
improve decision making across a broad range of domains
provides a systematic and transparent approach for making
exposure judgments. But they may be undervalued as tools
for making accurate exposure judgments as occupational
hygienists (OHs) lack training opportunities that would provide
immediate feedback on their judgment accuracy, and therefore
they maybe underutilizing models. Guidance directing OHs
on which model would produce the most accurate exposure
estimate under a defined set of conditions is needed. The
models need to be systematically evaluated in both chamber
and field environments. In this work, studies were conducted to
systematically evaluate a range of models and provide guidance
on their appropriate use under highly controlled (chamber)
conditions.
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Methods: A full size exposure chamber (11.9 m3) was
constructed, providing a highly controlled environment in which
simulations could be conducted and model parameters could
be measured with a high degree of certainty. 162 studies (3
agents x 3 generation rates x 3 ventilation rates x 3 repetitions
x 2 chamber configurations) were conducted for three chemical
agents (acetone, toluene, methylene chloride) under varying
air exchange rates and generation rates in which airborne
concentrations were measured in real-time, providing time
varying exposure data. Chamber conditions were varied to
simulate well mixed room and 2-zone environments. A range of
exposure models (Well Mixed Room, 2 Zone, and Turbulent Eddy
Diffusion) were evaluated. Measured and modeled exposures
were compared and performance assessed according to ASTM
5157.
Results: A rich database of exposure model parameter values
was developed, which will be useful for applying these models.
Concordance between modeled and measured exposures
was generally very good, but varied with chamber conditions.
For example, in the acetone studies when the ventilation was
set to low ~ 0.5 ACH, the modeled and measured time varying
concentration were essentially the same, but as steady state
conditions were approached, the modelled concentration was
10–20% less than the measured concentration. At higher ACH
(~2–5), the modeled time varying and steady state concentrations
was within 5% of the measured time varying and steady state
concentrations.
Conclusions: These studies will be pivotal in developing model
selection guidance on selecting and applying these models.
SR-119-06
Exposure Models: How Accurate Are They? Evaluating
Exposure Model Performance under Real World
Conditions
S. Arnold, G. Ramachandran, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, MN
Objective: Exposure modeling is an approach found to be
useful for guiding accurate exposure judgments across many
professional domains, but may be undervalued and underutilized
in OH. This may be because OHs lack training opportunities
that would provide immediate feedback on their judgment
accuracy and because little guidance exists for directing OHs
on which model would produce the most accurate exposure
estimate under a defined set of conditions. To meet this need
the models need to be systematically evaluated in both chamber
and field environments. We will present the results from studies
conducted in several work places to systematically evaluate a
range of models and provide guidance on their appropriate use
under real world conditions.
Methods: Five studies were conducted at four different work
places, providing real world environments in which measurements
were collected while specific tasks were performed (weighing
powder, finishing drywall, cleaning industrial equipment, finger
nail manicuring and floor cleaning). Model parameters were
directly measured whenever possible, or estimated when they
could not be measured, providing parameter values with a
greater degree of uncertainty compared to parameter values
generated under highly controlled conditions. Real time and
integrated personal samples were collected, along with time
activity budgets. A range of exposure models presented in IH
Mod (Well Mixed Room, Two Zone, and Turbulent Eddy Diffusion)
were evaluated.
Results: A rich database of real world exposure model
parameter values was developed, which will be useful for
applying these models. The highly variable conditions typical of
construction environments was reflected in more variable model
parameter values, compared to the highly controlled conditions
found in the manufacturing setting. Differences in working
environments and tasks were important determinants in model
performance. For example, while the 2 Zone model showed
concordance with measured exposures in the highly controlled
manufacturing setting where equipment was cleaned, there was
less concordance between modeled and measured exposures in
the construction setting during drywall finishing.
Conclusions: A rich database of real world exposure parameter
values was developed that will be useful in applying the Well
Mixed Room, Two Zone, Turbulent Eddy Diffusion models. These
studies will be pivotal in developing model selection guidance.
PO120
Aerosols II
Wednesday, June 3, 2015, 10:00 AM - 12:00 PM
SR-120-01
Characterization of Aerosol Emission from the Burst of
a Single Bubble
W. Ke, J. Lai, S. Huang, C. Chen, National Taiwan University,
Taipei, Taiwan;Y. Kuo, Chung Hwa University of Medical
Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
Objective: Aerosol emission due to bubble bursting has been
studied extensively in the past decades. These studies were
largely based on multiple bubbles. The main objective of this
work was to experimentally characterize the aerosol emission
from the burst of only one bubble.
Methods: The single bubble could be generated by supplying a
fixed volume of air through a small diameter tube, from above
the liquid, or releasing the air volume from the bottom of the
liquid. The generated droplets were then carried by a dried
and aerosol-free air flow upward to the test chamber. The
distilled, deionized water was used as the solvent, and sodium
chloride as the solute. The surface tension was adjusted,
ranging from 33 to 50 dyne/cm, by adding different amount of
surfactant, i.e. sodium dodecyl sulfate. The size of bubble was
controlled by using a syringe pump. The generated droplets
after dried were monitored by two aerosol instruments. An
Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) was used to measure the
aerosol number concentration and size distribution from 0.7
to 20 μm. A Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) was used to
monitor the total number concentration, which supplemented
the size information for aerosols smaller than 0.7 μm. For each
combination of bubble size and surface tension, 100 bubbles
were generated and measured.
Results: The results showed that the generated droplet number,
from the burst of a 3-cm bubble, increased from 24,000 to
37,000 #/bubble, as the air flow increased from 8 to 30 L/min.
For air flow higher than 30 L/min, this increase in number count
was marginal. The droplet size and number count generated
from a burst bubble increased with increasing bubble size. For
example, the CPC count increased from 5600 to 34000 #/bubble,
as the bubble increased from 2 to 4 cm. The count median
diameter based on APS measurements also increased from 2.12
to 2.68 μm. The surface tension appeared to be crucial in droplet
generation. As the surface tension decreased, the generated
droplets became smaller, but more in number count. For most
of the measurements, the ratio of CPC count to APS count was
about 1.5, indicating that about 33% of the aerosol particles
were smaller than 0.7 μm.
Conclusions: Bubble size and surface tension were the major
factors affecting the size and number of generated droplets.
For the bubble size studied in this work, only film droplets were
observed.
SR-120-02
Particulate Matter Exposure in a Police Station Located
Near a Highway
C. Hsu, P. Tsai, M. Lin, National Cheng Kung University,
Tainan, Taiwan; Y. Chen, National Health Research
Institutes, Miaoli County, Taiwan; C. Wang, National Sun YatSen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Objective: Exposure to particulate matter (PM) in the workplace
can result in adverse health effects such as cardiovascular
and respiratory diseases. Workers working near highways
are exposed to high concentration of nanoparticles especially
during traffic rush hours. Vehicle engine exhaust during driving,
acceleration and deceleration is a major source of nanoparticles.
In this study, we aim to characterize the PM exposure of a
highway police station that is located right next to the Sinying
highway toll station located in Tainan, Taiwan.
Methods: We measured PM at two locations, the first location
was inside the police station. The second location was located
approximately 50 meters upwind of the highway, serving as a
background station to help us understand the contribution of PM
from the highway. The instruments used for the two locations
includes the Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers (SMPS, model
3936, TSI, Inc.), Dusttrak (model 8520, TSI, Inc.), CO/CO2 analyzer
(model 7572, TSI, Inc.), and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons’
monitor (PAH, EcoChem PAS). We also have a weather station
(Watch Dog 2550) that monitors temperature, relative wind
speed, and wind direction at the upwind location. During the one
week measurement period, the wind direction was mostly from
the highway.
Results: Preliminary results indicate that highway is a major
source of nanoparticle emission. During periods of downwind
conditions, the nanoparticle number concentration inside
the police station can be 5 times higher than the background
concentration. Moreover, nanoparticle number concentration
correlates with highway traffic density.
Conclusions: The study results can enhance our understanding
of PM exposure in workplaces near busy roadway. Improving the
ventilation system and/or using face masks can help reduce the
risk of workers working in vicinity of a busy roadway.
SR-120-03
Assessing Respirator Use and Particulate Matter
Exposure in Aluminum Manufacturing Facilities
S. Liu, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
Objective: Industrial hygiene samples for particulate matter
(PM) in aluminum production facilities 1977–2011 were analyze
to evaluate respirator use and its impact on PM exposure.
Methods: Descriptive analyses were performed to evaluate
where and how often respirators were used, as well as how
many jobs from which PM exposure would be affected by
respirator adjustment. According to the respirator type recorded
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in the data base, assigned protection factor (APF) was identified.
Respirator APFs were then applied to the PM measurements
when respirator use was recorded. PM exposures before and
after respirator adjustment were compared to evaluate the
potential impact of respirator use on PM exposure.
Results: There were 59,683 PM measurements in the
company IH database. Respirator use was recorded for 36% of
measurements. Use of mechanical filter and chemical cartridge
respirators were documented, with occasionally use of supplied
air respirators and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
The respirator style included full-face, half-face, quart-face
and Helmet/Hood. PM concentration ranged from less than
detectable to 11,833 mg/m3, with arithmetic mean of 14.8 mg/
m3, median of 0.84 mg/m3 and standard deviation of 720 mg/m3.
Among 12 facilities that were intensively examined, respirators
were used at a significantly higher rate in smelting facilities
(37%) than in fabrication units (16%) or refinery facilities (24%)
(p = 0.01). Job titles with high respirator use rates (>95%) include
bag house repair, preheat furnace operator, process potline
operator, carpenter/painter and pot hood repair, etc. Application
of APFs to the PM measurements in these 12 plants resulted in
a reduction of overall mean from 12.4 mg/m3 to 5.83 mg/m3 in
these plants.
Conclusions: Respirators were widely used in the aluminum
manufacturing facilities. Prevalence of use and types of
respirator used varied by facility type, process and task.
Respirator use adjustment substantially reduced estimated PM
exposure, which needs to be considered in occupational health
studies of PM exposure in these facilities.
SR-120-04
Estimation of Airborne Subtilisins Concentrations Using
Real-Time Portable Aerosol Monitoring Instruments
L. Pahler, R. Larson, D. Sleeth, University of Utah, Salt Lake
City, UT
Objective: Currently, there is no real-time method for measuring
occupational exposure to subtilisins. This study investigated
whether a Grimm 1.109 Aerosol Spectrometer and a DustTrak
DRX 8533 could be used to estimate airborne concentrations of
subtilisins in real-time as compared to an SKC Personal Button
sampler.
Methods: A study was conducted relating the concentration of
subtilisins in detergent as measured by SKC Button Inhalable
Aerosol Samplers when compared to Grimm and DustTrak
Aerosol Spectrometer particulate concentrations. Button
Sampler Subtilisin concentrations were determined using a
Thermo Scientific Konelab Arena 20 photometric analyzer.
Linear regression and Pearson’s correlation comparing the
concentration of subtilisins collected from the Button Sampler
filter to total particulate concentrations measured by the Grimm
and DustTrak were performed for sampling events conducted
in an enclosure. A 2% subtilisin and detergent mixture of <25
μm particle diameter was routinely introduced into an enclosure
for sampling. Additionally, linear regression and Pearson’s
correlation comparing the concentration of total aerosol, as
determined by gravimetric analysis, collected by the Button
Samplers to total particulate concentrations measured by the
Grimm and DustTrak were performed for all sampling events.
Results: Results of the linear regression analysis of the Grimm
and aerosol data and Button Sampler data and DustTrack
data with Button Sampler data for subtilisins obtained during
sampling events show a strong relationship between the
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these methods (R2=0.922 [p<0.001], r=0.96 [p<0.001]) and
(R2=0.72 [p<0.002], r=0.85 [p<0.002]), respectively. Relating the
gravimetric analysis of total aerosol collected on the filters also
shows a strong relationship (R2=0.98, [p<0.001], r=0.99 [p< 0.001]
when compared to the Grimm data and (R2=0.77, [p<0.001],
r=0.88 [p< 0.001] when compared to the DustTrak data.
Conclusions: Results of this study demonstrate that a strong
association exists between Grimm, DustTrak and Button Sampler
for subtilisins, when sampling was carried out in an enclosure
with particles of known size and concentration. Additionally,
the Grimm and DustTrak data show a strong association with
the Button Samplers for inhalable sized particles based on
gravimetric analysis.
SR-120-05
Occupational Exposures to Diesel and Alternative Fuel
Emissions in Underground Mining: A Simulated Pilot
Study
E. Lutz, R. Reed, V. Lee, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
Objective: Diesel fuel is commonly used for underground
mining equipment, yet diesel engine exhaust is a known human
carcinogen. Alternative fuels, including biodiesel, and a natural
gas/diesel blend, offer the potential to reduce engine emissions
and associated health effects. This study aimed to compare
personal exposures to diesel and alternative fuel emissions at
an underground mine.
Methods: For this pilot study, personal exposure monitoring
was performed in a hard rock underground mining laboratory
during operation of a load-haul-dump (LHD) vehicle. Use of lowsulfur diesel, 75% biodiesel/25% diesel blend (B75), and natural
gas/diesel blend (GD) fuels were compared. Personal samples
were collected for total and respirable diesel particulate matter
(tDPM and rDPM, respectively), total and respirable elemental
and organic carbon (tEC, rEC, tOC, rOC, respectively), as
well as carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde, acetaldehyde,
naphthalene, nitric oxide (NO), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
NIOSH methods 5040, 6014, 2016, and 5506 were utilized. Study
subjects operated the LHD for 200-minute exposure periods
for diesel and B75 emission exposures, consisting of specific
mucking activities. Research scientists conducted the same
procedures for GD, albeit for 100-minute exposure rotations.
Mine ventilation was controlled as much as possible during
exposure assessments, and the area was allowed to ventilate
for one week between sessions.
Results: Compared to diesel, B75 use was associated with a
33% reduction in rDPM, reductions in rEC, tEC and naphthalene,
increased tDPM, tOC and NO, and no change in rOC, CO and NO2.
Compared to diesel, GD was associated with a 66% reduction in
rDPM and a reduction in all other exposures except CO.
Conclusions: The alternative fuels tested both resulted in
reduced rDPM, which is the basis for the current Mine Safety
and Health Administration (MSHA) occupational exposure
standard. Although additional study is needed with a wider
variety of equipment, use of alternative fuels have the promise
of reducing exposures from vehicular exhaust in underground
mining settings.
SR-120-06
Characterization of Metal Fume Emitted from Stainless
Steel Plasma Cutting
J. Wang, T. Hoang, E. Floyd, University of Oklahoma Health
Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
Objective: Plasma cutting is a metal fabrication technique
commonly seen in industries. The process creates a hightemperature arc zone to melt metals and hence produces
clean cuts at high speed. Workers are exposed to metal fumes
emitted during the cutting process. Metal fume from plasma
cutting performed on stainless steel may consist of hexavalent
chromium (Cr6+), nickel, and manganese. These toxic metals are
either carcinogen or neurological toxin, all can cause serious
health effects upon inhalation. The size of the particles is critical
for the respiratory deposition and pulmonary toxicity. The study
aimed to evaluate the effects of operation parameters on the
fume formation rates, metal compositions, fume particle size
distributions (PSD) and morphology.
Methods: A conical American Welding Society (AWS) fume
chamber and high-volume air sampling pump were used to
collect plasma cutting fume, respectively. 308L stainless steel
metal plates were cut using a plasma cutter with operating
arc currents between 20 to 50 amperes (A). The total fume
collected on glass fiber filters were determined gravimetrically
and normalized to arc time. Cr6+ in the fume was analyzed using
an ion chromatograph following NIOSH 7604 method. Nitrate in
the fume was also measured as an indicator of oxidation levels.
The fume PSD was examined using a scanning mobility particle
sizer and aerodynamic particle sizer for sub-micron and supermicron particles, respectively. The particle morphology was
imaged through a transmission electron microscope.
Results: Total fume generation rates under different arc
currents ranged from 17.54 mg/min arc time at low current
(20 A), to 110.41 mg/min arc time at high current (50 A). The
fume generation rates increased with higher current, but
decreased with longer arc time. Estimated Cr6+ concentration
in the sampled air was above OSHA PEL of 5 μg/m3. Both TEM
images and PSD measurement confirmed the primary particles
in metal fume were in the ultrafine to sub-micron range, with a
median diameter around 150 nm.
Conclusions: The experiment results indicated the plasma
cutting fume contained high concentration of nanoparticles
loaded with toxic metals such as Cr6+. The operating parameters
(arc time and current) affected the fume generation rate and
Cr6+ concentration. Proper respiratory protection and adequate
ventilation should be utilized to reduce the worker’s exposure.
PO121
Biological Monitoring
Wednesday, June 3, 2015, 10:00 AM - 12:00 PM
CS-121-01
Regulatory, Legal, and Analytical Considerations for
Assessing Consumer Risk from Titanium Dioxide in
Personal Care Products
J. Persky, ENVIRON International Corp., Chicago, IL; L.
Haroun, ENVIRON International Corp., Emeryville, CA
Situation/Problem: Risk assessment in the context of
California Prop65 regulations may at times require a prima facie
determination of exposure in the absence of a criterion value
for dose. Competing regulatory, legal, and scientific influences
introduce challenges to the risk assessment process. To
determine whether consumer exposures to respirable TiO2
are detectable during the use of personal care products, we
developed an exposure assessment strategy based upon the
fundamental scientific principles described in NIOSH Current
Intelligence Bulletin 63. The sampling strategy and analytical
methods were scrutinized based upon the selected exposure
metric and associated detection limits.
Resolution: Five consumer products were evaluated in a series of
isolation-chamber studies representative of 4 cosmetic product
categories, including face powder, eye shadow, nail powder, and
sunscreen. Multiple data points were generated by conducting
18 independent task-duration exposure assessments.
Results: All analytical results were non-detect, thus
demonstrating that the presence of TiO2 in a bulk product does
not directly correlate to a consumer inhalation exposure at a
concentration which is relevant from a risk-based perspective.
Study variables, such as applied product mass and application
frequency, were found to be consistent with historical tradeassociation data from a survey of over 10,000 U.S. women.
Lessons Learned: Study design and analytical method selection
in the absence of a criterion for data interpretation presents a
significant challenge, especially when confronted with regulatory
processes which influence the scientific research approach.
Nonetheless, a defensible exposure assessment strategy may
be developed based upon relevant toxicological data coupled
with realistic exposure factors. The distinctions between novel
scientific research and agency-sanctioned analytical methods
are critically important to the development of a study design
which meets Prop65 regulatory intent.
SR-121-02
Measuring Broad Relationships across Mining Citation
and Injury Data from 1983-2012<
R. Reed, M. Savit, E. Lutz, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
Objective: As the reduction in injury rates in modern years
slows, many question the role of the Mining Safety and Health
Administration (MSHA) in improving safety and health. This pilot
work aimed to measure the existing correlations among MSHA
citation and mining injury data from 1983-2012 in an effort to
understand the role mining regulatory compliance plays in
preventing injury.
Methods: This study analyzed basic associations between
annual MSHA regulatory compliance- and injury-related data
from 1983-2012 obtained from the online msha.gov injury and
U.S. Department of Labor’s enforcement databases. Operator
and contractor injury data were combined, and data for office
workers were included. Seven compliance and production
‘inputs’ were utilized, including citations (excluding serious and
substantial citations [CT]), SNS citations (SCT), orders, SNS
orders, inspection hours, penalty amounts, and production.
All compliance measures were unadjusted by the number
of operations, miners, or full-time equivalent. Eight injury
‘outcomes’ were considered, including fatal injuries, fatality
incidence rate, non-fatal-days-lost (NFDL) injuries, NFDL
incidence rate, no-days-lost (NDL) injuries, NDL incidence rate,
all injuries, and all injury incidence rate. Correlation coefficients
were determined using the Spearman’s rank test for the entire
period and by decade. Further modeling was performed using
the General Estimating Equation. An alpha error threshold of
0.05 was utilized.
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Results: In most cases, CT were negatively (rs=-0.64 to -0.82,
p<0.05) correlated with multiple injury outcomes during the 1st
and 3rd decades, with no correlation during the 2nd. Generally,
SCT were positively (rs=0.78 to 0.92, p<0.05) correlated during
the 1st and 2nd decades, with virtually no correlation for the
3rd. Overall, orders correlated negatively during the 1st and 3rd
decades (rs=-0.64 to -0.79, p<0.05), and positively during the 2nd
decade (rs=0.64 to 0.77, p<0.05).
Conclusions: Negative correlations suggest that increasing
regulatory compliance is related to decreasing injury outcomes,
while positive correlations suggest the reverse: decreasing
compliance is associated with injury reduction. This study was not
designed to demonstrate causation; rather, it simply measures
correlation between MSHA regulatory activities and mining
injury outcomes, but sheds light on the broad relationships
between regulatory compliance and injury outcomes.
SR-121-03
Heat Index and Adjusted Temperature as Surrogates
for Wet Bulb Globe Temperature to Screen for
Occupational Heat Stress
T. Bernard, I. Iheanacho, University of South Florida,
Tampa, FL
Objective: Ambient temperature and relative humidity are readily
available; and thus tempting metrics for heat stress assessment.
Two methods of using air temperature and relative humidity to
create an index are Heat Index and Adjusted Temperature. The
purposes of this research were: (1) to examine how well Heat
Index and Adjusted Temperature estimated the wet bulb globe
temperature (WBGT) index and (2) to suggest how Heat Index
and Adjusted Temperature can be used to screen for heat stress
level.
Methods: For conditions relevant to Heat Index and Adjusted
Temperature, psychrometric relationships were used to estimate
values of actual WBGT for conditions of air temperature,
relative humidity, and radiant heat at an air speed of 0.5 m/s.
Results: A relationship between Heat Index [°F] and WBGT [°C]
was described by WBGT = -0.0034 HI2 + 0.96 HI - 34. At lower
Heat Index values, the equation estimated WBGTs that were
±2°C-WBGT around the actual value; and to about ±0.5°C-WBGT
for Heat Index values > 100°F. A relationship between Adjusted
Temperature [°F] and WBGT [°C] was described by WBGT =
0.45 Tadj - 16. The actual WBGT was between 1°C-WBGT below
the estimated value and 1.4°C-WBGT above. That is, there
was a slight bias toward overestimating WBGT from Adjusted
Temperature. Heat stress screening tables were constructed for
metabolic rates of 180, 300, and 450 W. The screening decisions
were divided into four categories: (1) < alert limit; (2) < exposure
limit; (3) hourly time-weighted averages of work and recovery;
and (4) a Caution zone for an exposure > exposure limit at rest.
Conclusions: The authors do not recommend using Heat Index
or Adjusted Temperature instead of WBGT, but they may be used
to screen for circumstances when a more detailed analysis using
WBGT is appropriate. A particular weakness is accounting for
radiant heat; and neither air speed nor clothing was considered.
SR-121-04
Piloting Infrared Technologies for Measuring Body
Temperature in High School Football Players
R. Reed, O. Quiroz, E. Lutz, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
Objective: While personal heat strain monitoring can be an
effective way of detecting physiologic strain in occupational
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or athletic settings, many of the most accurate and current
solutions are invasive, inconvenient, and/or expensive. This
study aimed to explore and correlate the use of infrared (IR)
thermometry (IRM) and thermography (IRG) with tympanic
thermometry (TPM) in an athletic setting.
Methods: Eleven male high school football players (six wide
receivers, three linemen, one quarterback, and one defensive
back) in the desert southwest were recruited and then
monitored over four days in August. Pre-, mid-, and postpractice measurements were taken using a conventional
tympanic thermometer, industrial IR thermometer, and IR
camera. Pre-practice measurements were taken in the locker
room, while mid- and post-practice measurements occurred
on the sidelines. For this study, TPM was used in lieu of
more accurate, invasive heat strain monitoring methods, and
were taken according to manufacturer instructions. For IRM
measurements, the investigators scanned various portions of
the players’ faces for approximately 10 seconds, from a distance
of one meter, and the maximum observed temperature was
recorded. IR thermographs were analyzed and the maximum
facial temperature and location recorded. Results for combined
mid- and post-practice measurements are reported. Pearson’s
Correlation Coefficients were computed utilizing an alpha error
threshold of 0.05.
Results: The mean TPM, IRM, and IRG temperatures were
36.8 ±0.44°, 35.5 ±0.86°, and 37.1 ±0.80° Celsius, respectively.
Overall, the IRM correlated significantly (p=0.004) with TPM,
albeit weakly (r=0.356). Likewise, the IRG was significantly
correlated to TPM (p<0.001) with a weak coefficient (r=0.475).
Mixed results were observed for pre-practice measurements,
with IRG significantly correlated to TPM (r=0.766, p<0.001) while
IRM was not (r=0.305, p=0.138). Mid- and post-practice TPM
measurements were significantly correlated for both IR devices
(p<0.05) but with similarly weak coefficients (r=0.37 for both).
Conclusions: One possible explanation for the generally
stronger correlation of IRG as compared to IRT is the ability to
locate the warmest portion of the face with software. The prepractice IRG was more strongly correlated with TPM than midand post-practice measures. This study lays groundwork for
future investigation of IR technologies in heat strain monitoring.
CS-121-05
Chemical Sensitizer Sampling and Exposure Control
Strategies
T. Morris, Morris Innovative IH & Safety Solutions,
Cincinnati, OH
Situation/Problem: Occupational asthma (OA) and allergic
contact dermatitis (ACD) continue to be important workrelated diseases in spite of low OELs and exposure control
methods. Controls follow route of exposure and target organ:
LEV and respirators for respiratory sensitizers and gloves for
dermal sensitizers. Sensitizers are treated the same with no
distinctions based on potency, concentration or other relevant
workplace conditions. Clearly this approach is lacking and other
techniques are needed.
Resolution: Immunotoxicology work has refined our
understanding of sensitization and has resulted in a
reassessment of sensitizer route of exposure and control
methods in light of animal/human evidence of respiratory
sensitization via skin contact and dermal sensitization via
inhalation. The mouse LLNA can identify a SEN and quantify its
potency; the resulting μg/cm2 dose metric (EC3) can be used in
a risk assessment (as in the personal care products industry).
Peak/high exposures are most likely to produce sensitization
and indicate task-based or upset condition sampling must
supplement full shift sampling. Rarely considered are occlusion
(i.e., gloves) or irritant chemical use, both of which facilitate
sensitization, are common in workplace environments, and are
important site- and industry-specific induction factors.
Results: Reduction in airborne levels of some sensitizers has not
significantly reduced the incidence of sensitization. Skin contact
has been shown to be an important sensitization route for Be
and the isocyanates, historically only associated with inhalation
exposure. Sensitizer potencies span five orders of magnitude,
yet the control methods and PPE selected are all the same.
Lessons Learned: Chemical sensitizer exposure assessment
and control should include all routes of exposure (emphasizing
the main target organ). Focus has expanded to include work
surface and tool contamination, exposures during PPE removal
and non-production task exposures. Sensitizers’ mode of action,
potency data and process characteristics (i.e., irritant chemical
exposure, concentrated or dilute) should be coupled with taskbased and full shift air sampling and wipe sampling. Only after
a thorough exposure assessment can resources be directed
to high risk activities, worker education and more complete
protection so OA/ACD are prevented.
SR-121-06
Evaluation of a Button Inhalable Sampler with a Grimm
Monitor to Determine Air Concentrations of Subtilisin
J. Cross, CBI Federal Services, Clifton Park, NY
Objective: Currently, there is no OSHA or NIOSH monitoring
method for subtilisin. This study evaluated a personal aerosol
monitoring method for detection and quantification of subtilisin.
The ACGIH ceiling limit and NIOSH Short Term Exposure Limit
(STEL) for subtilisin is 0.06 μg/m3. This study specifically
evaluated the use of an SKC Button inhalable aerosol sampler
with a Grimm Aerosol Monitor for monitoring low concentrations
of subtilisin particulates in air within a laundry detergent
production facility.
Methods: Air samples of detergent with subtilisin were
collected using a Button sampler containing a glass fiber filter
concurrently with a Grimm model 1.109 Aerosol Spectrometer.
Nineteen sampling events of 4 hours each were performed over
a seven week period, with three Button samplers operating
simultaneously. Sampling locations included a detergent
containing subtilisin (DCS) production area and a specially
constructed enclosure where DCS was introduced in a controlled
manner. Sample analysis was conducted with a Konelab Arena
20 analyzer to quantify the amount of subtilisin collected on the
filter of each air sample.
Results: A linear regression for the concentration of DCS
aerosol measured in the enclosure by the Grimm was compared
to the average concentration of DCS aerosol measured on the
Button filter in the enclosure, which produced an R2 value of 0.64
(p value = 0.006). The Pearson’s correlation produced an r value
of 0.8 (p value = 0.006). The linear regression for the average
concentrations of DCS aerosol measured on the Button filter
media compared to the average subtilisin detected from the
aerosol in the enclosure produced an R2 value of 0.66 (p value =
0.004). The Pearson’s correlation produced an r value of 0.81 (p
value = 0.004).
Conclusions: The results of the statistical evaluation from the
aerosol monitoring results in the enclosure indicate the Button
inhalable sampler compared with the results from the Grimm
aerosol monitor may be a valid method for determining airborne
subtilisin concentrations for aerosols with diameters less than
or equal to the 25 μm particle size. However, due to all results
below the limit of quantitation at the DCS production area, it is
concluded that there are insufficient results to determine if the
Button sampler with the Grimm aerosol monitor can be used in
the workplace.
PO122
Nanotechnology: New Developments in
Exposure Assessment, Sampling Technology,
and Respirator Protection
Wednesday, June 3, 2015, 10:00 AM - 12:00 PM
CS-122-01
Refinement of the Nanomaterial Emission Assessment
Technique into the Nanomaterial Exposure Assessment
Technique (NEAT 2.0)
A. Eastlake, C. Beaucham, K. Martinez, M. Dahm, C.
Sparks, L. Hodson, K. Dunn, C. Geraci,K. Dunn, NIOSH,
Cincinnati, OH
Situation/Problem: Increasingly, workers in various industries,
from cosmetics to transportation, are involved in the research,
development, manufacture, production, use, recycling, and
disposal of nanomaterials or products containing nanomaterials.
The Nanoparticle Emission Assessment Technique (NEAT)
was published in 2009 by authors from the National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as an initial
step to semi-quantitatively evaluate potential occupational
emissions that could lead to exposures in workplaces where
nanomaterials are used. The method has been applied in
numerous workplaces and has demonstrated that release of
nanomaterials in an occupational setting does occur. Since
the publication of the original NEAT, further studies have
broadened our understanding of measurement techniques and
interpretation in these environments.
Resolution:
Nanomaterial
emission
and
exposure
characterization studies have been completed at more than
60 different facilities by the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health. These experiences have provided NIOSH
the opportunity to refine an earlier published technique, the
Nanomaterial Emission Assessment Technique, into a more
comprehensive method aimed at assessing worker and
workplace exposures. This change is reflected in the name
Nanomaterial Exposure Assessment Technique and indicated as
different from the original method as NEAT 2.0.
Results: This refined version of the original strategy includes
a comprehensive assessment of emissions at process and job
tasks, and an assessment of worker exposures that includes
nanomaterial identification, mass concentration, particle
counts and concentrations, and evaluation of the migration of
materials throughout a facility. Additionally, evaluation of worker
practices, ventilation efficacy, and other engineering exposure
control systems serve to allow for a comprehensive exposure
assessment.
Lessons Learned: This information is used to develop
appropriate risk management strategies for minimizing worker
exposure to ENMs. While no individual technique alone can
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53
adequately characterize potential exposure to nanomaterials,
the combination of all these methods, which constitute NEAT 2.0,
allows a more in-depth characterization of the of the potential
for occupational exposure within the nanomaterial industry.
SR-122-02
Characterization of Nanoparticles Generated from
Synthesizing Advanced Materials
S. Tsai, J. Beltz, A. Dysart, V. Pol, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN
Objective: This research characterized particle release during
an experimental nanomaterial production process, and
estimated the risk of human and environmental effects that this
process could produce if it were put into industrial production.
Prevention through design is a focus of this research.
Methods: The examined process was the laboratory-scale
synthesis of advanced materials using solid-state chemical
reactions at elevated temperatures. While it appeared that
the desired product could be scaled up, the possibility of toxic
emissions was of great concern. Direct-reading instruments
and samplers were used to take measurements of the
exhausted material and analyze the unknown substances which
were collected as aerosols and liquid suspensions. Airborne
emissions were analyzed using particle counters, i.e. TSI
Nanoscan SMPS, OPS, and Dust Trak, for number and mass
concentration, and were collected on polycarbonate filters and
TEM grids for morphology and elemental composition analysis
using SEM, TEM and XEDS. For emissions in liquids, released
aerosols were collected in DI water using impinge and analyzed
using the Nanosight characterization system for the particle size
distribution, concentration and mobility. The production process
was studied operando, i.e., heating, reaction and cooling.
Results: An elevated number of nanometer to micrometer
diameter particles were generated and released from this
synthesis process. Particle number concentration exceeded
106 particles/cm3 for diameters from 10–420 nm; in addition,
micrometer-sized particle concentrations were elevated as well.
The mass concentration (particle diameter <10μm) exceeded
100 mg/m3. The airborne particle size mode was approximately
200 nm and the mode for particles collected in water using
impinger was approximately 100–200 nm. Many nanoparticles
were found to contain O, Si, S, Cl, and Sn. Tin, a toxic metal, was
present at the highest concentration.
Conclusions: A follow up study is planned to analyze possible
process changes to minimize the metal nanoparticles produced
as side products. An in vitro study using human lung cell is
planned to investigate the toxicity level corresponding with
reduced tin following the process change study. Engineering
controls were in use including aerosol filtration and a water bath
with air filter. The water bath filter was required to collect the
released particles; proper ventilated fume hoods and filtration
will have to be used during actual production.
SR-122-03
Exposure Associated with Personal Protective Clothing
Contaminated with Nanoparticles
S. Tsai, X. Huangm C. Han, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN
Objective: This study investigated nanoparticle exposures
associated with the contamination of protective clothing
during manipulation of clothing fabrics contaminated with
nanoparticles. The contaminated clothing could release
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nanoparticles in the general room while performing other
activities and manipulating the clothing after work. Inhalation
exposure is the route of exposure of most concern to cause
adverse health effects. The objective is to identify the magnitude
of particle contamination and release.
Methods: The exposures associated with three different fabric
materials (cotton, polyester and Tyvek uses) were investigated in
this study by measuring the number concentration increase and
the weight change on fabric pieces. This study simulated real
life occupational exposure scenarios and was performed in both
regular and clean room environments to investigate the effect
of background aerosols on the measurements. Concentrations
were measured using particle spectrometers for diameters from
10 nm to 10 μm. Collected aerosol particles and contaminated
fabric surfaces were characterized using scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and
elemental composition analysis.
Results: The magnitude of particle release from contaminated
lab coat fabric was found to vary by the type of fabric material;
cotton fabric showed the highest level of contamination and
particle release, followed by Tyvek and polyester fabrics. The
polyester lab coat material was found to have the lowest particle
release to deposition (R/D) ratio. The particle release number
concentrations were in a range of 768 to 119 particles/cm3 and
586 to 187 particles/cm3 in regular and clean rooms respectively.
Multiple peaks were observed in the number concentration
distribution data, with particle diameters peaking at 40 to 50 nm
and 100 to 300 nm.
Conclusions: The scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis
of the contaminated fabric surface found test particles and
other environmental particles. The elemental composition
analysis presented detectable response to the studied alumina
oxide particles. The laboratory coat primarily made of cotton
woven material is not recommended for worker protection
against nanoparticle exposure because of the highest particle
contamination and release ability. In addition, the result
demonstrated that a cleanroom environment is critical to
investigate the factors affecting nanoparticle interaction with
protective clothing.
SR-122-04
Evaluation of Self-Supporting, Single-Walled Carbon
Nanotube Bucky Paper Sorbents for the Application in
Diffusive Sampling and Photothermal Desorption
E. Floyd, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, OK; C. Lungu, J. Oh, M.
Saina, UAB, Birmingham, AL
Objective: To describe the fabrication and evaluation process of
self-supporting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWNT) bucky
paper sorbents for application in diffusive sampling and analysis
by photothermal desorption.
Methods: Approximately 50 mg of SWNT powder was suspended
in toluene by ultrasonication for 2 hours in a chilled water bath
(~8C). Suspended SWNT was deposited on a 47 mm (5 um pore
size, PTFE) membrane using a vacuum apparatus and allowed
to fully dry while under vacuum (~ 1 hr.). Deposited SWNT forms
a sturdy self-supporting bucky paper that is easily delaminated
from the PTFE membrane. Bucky paper sorbents were desorbed
in an oven at 130C for at least 48 hrs. prior to obtaining toluene
adsorption isotherms at 23C and 732 torr. Toluene adsorption
isotherms were collected before and after annealing at 300C
in air. Sorbent mass loss due to annealing was measured and
adsorption capacity was calculated from adsorption isotherms
Results: Toluene adsorption capacity increased approximately
25% after annealing (pre-annealing = 95 ug toluene / mg sorbent,
post-annealing = 120 ug toluene / mg sorbent.) The variability in
adsorption capacity was reduced after annealing and sorbents
retained their flexibility and durability. Sorbent mass loss after
annealing was approximately 9 mg (~18%). Minimal mass loss
was observed beyond 4 hours of annealing.
Conclusions: Self-supporting, low mass bucky paper sorbents
can be fabricated using a simple, scalable process; low
energy sonication, vacuum filtration, thermal treatment. Selfsupporting bucky paper sorbents are well suited for application
as a sorbent in a diffusive sampler with analysis using
photothermal desorption.
SR-122-05
Comparison of Simulated Workplace Protection Factors
Offered by N95 and P100 Air-Purifying Respirators
against Particles of 10 to 400 nm
X. He, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; Z. Zhuang, E.
Vo, M. Bergman, M. Horvatin, NIOSH/NPPTL, Pittsburgh, PA
Objective: To compare the simulated workplace protection
factors (SWPFs) provided by NIOSH-approved N95 and P100
class filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) and elastomeric
half-mask respirators (EHR) against sodium chloride particles
(NaCl) in a range of 10 to 400 nm.
Methods: Twenty-five human test subjects performed modified
OSHA fit test exercises in a test chamber filled with generated
NaCl particles while wearing respirators (two FFR models and
two EHR models) containing N95 class filters and respirators
(two FFRs and two EHRs) containing P100 class filters. Two
Scanning Mobility Particle Sampling Systems (SMPS) (Model:
3080 EC with Model 3772 CPC, TSI, Inc.) were used to measure
aerosol concentrations (in the 10-400 nm size range) inside (Cin)
and outside (Cout) of the respirator, simultaneously. SWPF was
calculated as the ratio of Cout to Cin. The SWPF values obtained
from the models with N95 filters were then compared to those
measured with respirators containing P100 filters.
Results: SWPFs were found to be significantly different (P <
0.05) between respirators containing N95 and P100 class filters.
The 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th percentiles of the SWPFs for the
respirators with N95 filters were much lower than those for
the respirators with P100 filters. Respirators with N95 filters
had 5th percentiles of SWPFs > 10. In contrast, respirators with
P100 class filters were able to generate 5th percentile SWPFs
> 100. No significant difference was found in the SWPFs when
evaluated for nano-size (10 to 100 nm) and large-size (100 to
400 nm) particles.
Conclusions: Overall, the findings suggest that, for subjects that
pass a quantitative fit test, respirators containing P100 class
filters provide better protection against 10 to 400 nm particles
than the respirators containing N95 class filters. This trend is
also true for nanoparticles (10 to 100 nm).
SR-122-06
Simulated Workplace Protection Factors Offered by N95
and P100 Air-Purifying Respirators against Submicron
Particles
Z. Zhuang, E. Vo, M. Bergman, NIOSH, Pittsburgh, PA; X.
He, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV; M. Horvatin,
URS, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA
Objective: This study investigated simulated workplace
protection factors (SWPFs) measured utilizing N95 and P100
class filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) and elastomeric halfmask respirators (EHR) against submicron particles (20 nm to
1,000 nm).
Methods: Twenty-five human test subjects performed a modified
version of a U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration
(OSHA) quantitative fit test (6 exercises, 3 minutes each) in a
chamber of sodium chloride aerosols primarily in the submicron
range. The six exercises were: 1) normal breathing, 2) deep
breathing, 3) moving head side-to-side, 4) moving head up and
down, 5) bending over, and 6) a simulated laboratory vessel
cleaning motion. Eight respirator models were evaluated (two
N95 FFRs, two N95 EHRs, two P100 FFRs, and two P100 EHRs).
The SWPFs for each model were measured using a PortaCount
Pro+ (regular mode for measuring both face seal leakage and
filter penetration). Before a SWPF test for a given respirator
model, each subject had to pass a quantitative fit test.
Results: The effect of the respirator model on SWPFs was
significant (p < 0.05). Geometric mean (GM) SWPFs were
statistically different for P100 EHRs and P100 FFRs. GM SWPFs
were not statistically different for N95 EHRs and N95 FFRs. GM
SWPFs of P100 EHRs and FFRs combined were > 1,000, which
was 10-fold higher than the GM SWPF of the N95 class EHRs
and FFRs.
Conclusions: The 5th percentiles of the SWPFs for the P100
EHRs and FFRs combined were > 20, whereas those for the N95
models were all < 10.
PO123
Real-Time Detection Systems
Wednesday, June 3, 2015, 10:00 AM - 12:00 PM
CS-123-01
NIOSH Center for Direct Reading and Sensor
Technologies: Enabling a New Era of Safety, Health,
Well-being, and Productivity
D. DeBord, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH; M. Hoover, Morgantown,
WV
Situation/Problem: The use of sensors is expanding as countless
remote wireless sensors are now employed for monitoring the
environment, work sites, disaster relief, agriculture, and health.
Newly developing wearable and even implantable sensors
could aid in hazard and exposure assessment and control by
allowing individuals to monitor their own environments. Smart
phone technology has helped to drive this area. Little guidance,
however, is available that can aid the occupational health and
safety professional in selecting the sensor most appropriate
for the situation at hand. Information on validation of newer
sensors is not always available. Ethical concerns about the use
of sensors must also be resolved.
Resolution: The NIOSH Center for Direct Reading and Sensor
Technologies (NCDRST) was formed in May 2014 to coordinate
a national research agenda on sensors and direct reading
monitors; develop guidance on selection sensor validation,
quality control, and training; and establish partnerships to
collaborate in these activities.
Results: Through its NCDRST activities, partnerships, and
collaborations, NIOSH intends to advance the development,
validation, and application of these technologies to enable a new
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55
era of occupational safety, health, well-being, and productivity.
The recent NIOSH evaluation of smart phone applications for
assessment of noise is an example of work that can foster the
use of advanced sensors and methods as primary tools for
industrial hygiene in the 21st century. Building on the guidance
for selection of gas and vapor technologies that was published
in 2012, a chapter for the NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods
will be developed on the technologies, use, selection, and quality
control issues.
Lessons Learned: In 2008, NIOSH, in partnership with AIHA,
hosted a workshop on direct reading exposure assessment
methods and monitors to identify gaps and needs in this area.
Areas identified included basic research needs, standards and
guidelines for the validation of new sensors, and development
of training. Given the evolving nature of sensors, a collaborative
and targeted effort is necessary to meet these needs. Additional
information about the center and partnering opportunities can
be found at www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/drst/.
SR-123-02
Field-portable Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)
Spectroscopy for the Measurement of 1-bromopropane
Concentrations in Air
P. Smith, OSHA, Sandy, UT
Objective: Measurement of airborne stressor concentrations
in near real-time is desirable to obtain feedback on potential
exposure intensity while still in the field. This allows
optimization of traditional sampling, and also quickly provides
information on how changes in production or the introduction
of control measures may impact worker exposure. The objective
of this study was to verify the usefulness of gas-phase Fourier
transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for measurement of
airborne 1-bromopropane in a work environment.
Methods: A flow-through dynamic air standard generator was
used with measured delivery of 1-bromopropane into ultrahigh purity nitrogen to create quantitative reference spectra at
concentrations ranging from 5.40 to 148 ppm. Field samples
of approximately 15 liter volume were rapidly collected (<30 s)
into 5-layer aluminized bags at a manufacturing plant where a
degreaser was operated using 1-bromopropane. Approximately
2 liters of air from a bag were used in the field for FTIR analysis,
and triplicate charcoal tube samples were then collected from
each bag for lab analysis and comparison to the field FTIR
results. Absorbance from 1350 to 950 cm-1 was used for FTIR
quantitation of the target analyte. This region excludes strong
absorbance related to carbon dioxide and water vapor, and
includes peaks related to 1-bromopropane that in all cases
demonstrated absorbance <0.5 absorbance units.
can be helpful in guiding traditional short-term sampling to
cover periods of maximum exposure for analytes where this is
relevant, and also to evaluate changes to processes and controls
in near real-time.
SR-123-03
Real-Time Detection of ppb Levels of Benzene in
Industrial Atmospheres
J. Driscoll, J. Maclachlan, PID Analyzers, LLC, Sandwich, MA
Objective: The OSHA method for benzene involves the collection
on a charcoal tube and return to the lab, for desorption with
carbon disulfide and analysis by gas chromatography (GC) with
a flame ionization detector (FID). The target concentration for
this benzene method is 1 ppm since that is the PEL. While the
photoionization detector (PID) is an ideal screening tool for
detecting low or even sub ppm levels of benzene, it responds
to all VOC’s, so the measurement of benzene at or below 1 ppm
is not very accurate. However, when we use a PID with a GC the
detection for 1 ppm of benzene is precise. We propose to develop
a hand-held GC with a PID to detect to detect low ppb levels of
benzene in real time and “on site”.
Methods: The hand-held GC weighs less than 3 pounds, is able
to operate for >6 hours on a battery, is easy to operate and has
a small external tank for carrier gas (nitrogen) that can be
clipped onto a belt. The hand held GC stores the peak height and
concentration data. If a chromatogram is needed, up to 20 are
stored in memory and if more are needed, the 0-1 VDC analog
output can be connected directly to a PC with PeakWorksTM, the
accompanying chromatography integration software.
Results: A permeation tube was used to generate ppb levels of
benzene in air. A chromatogram of 500 ppb of benzene (OSHA
action level) in air produces a large signal (0.5 VDC) on the GC.
The detection limit for benzene is approximately 5 ppb or 1% of
the action level. The analysis time is 2 minutes presently but
with some optimization, it can be reduced to about 1 minute
which would be ideal.
Conclusions: The GC/PID method provides a very rapid and
sensitive technique for the real-time analysis of benzene at ppb
levels in the field. The precision of benzene for 5 samples at
1/10th of the PEL was excellent at 5.8%. A special precolumn
with back flushing was used to remove interferences.
CS-123-04
Worker Exposure Assessment Strategies for Tank
Gauging Operations Conducted in the Bakken Oilfields
(North Dakota)
J. Hill, P. Smith, D. Pearce, OSHA, Sandy, UT
Results: The triplicate sample laboratory results were in good
agreement for each bag that represented four field samples,
and average 1-bromopropane concentrations of 6.2, 6.2, 12.7,
and 25.3 ppm were measured in these bags. The matched FTIR
results obtained in the field were 7.6, 6.9, 11.7, and 24.5 ppm
1-bromopropane respectively, and these data show that the gasphase FTIR system results were highly correlated with those
from charcoal tube sampling (R2 = 0.99).
Situation/Problem: The Bakken oil field encompasses a
multilayered hydrocarbon deposit over nearly 200,000 square
miles. Bakken crude oil has a light hydrocarbon profile, and
hydrogen sulfide is often absent from the production stream.
Across this field, workers manually gauge storage and
production tanks, exposing them to gases and vapors emitted
from the crude stream. Time-weighted average sampling is
commonly used yet for gauging during Bakken crude production
peak and IDLH exposure conditions may be more important.
Conclusions: The methods used to obtain quantitative reference
spectra and then the use of the gas-phase FTIR system
produced quantitative data that proved useful in estimating
1-bromopropane concentrations while still in the field. The
ability to rapidly sample air into a bag, followed by quantitative
analysis of that air in near real-time using gas-phase FTIR
Resolution: Several methods have demonstrated value in
assessing tank gauging exposures at production sites, with
focus on measurement of peak and/or IDLH exposures. Grab
samples were rapidly collected into 5-layer aluminized bags,
and two measurement approaches were then applied. Brief
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needle trap sampling was completed from a bag within minutes
of air collection, and analysis was performed immediately using
a person-portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
(GC-MS) instrument to obtain hydrocarbon composition data.
Triplicate sorbent tube samples were obtained from each bag
for stabilization of grab sample analytes compatible with this
sampling approach, and bulk crude oil samples were collected.
Results: Field GC-MS analyses avoided the potential loss of C3
and C4 analytes from bags and showed that these permanent
gases were important components in the breathing zone
exposure profiles, which were dominated by C3 - C6 hydrocarbons.
Laboratory analyses of the bulk crude oil samples showed
the presence of C3 - C24 compounds. While the sorbent tube
stabilization method used did not measure analytes smaller
than C5 due to lack of retention, at least one breathing zone grab
sample stabilized on sorbent tubes contained combined C5 - C6
hydrocarbons at levels of about 1500 ppm.
Lessons Learned: This work demonstrates a need to determine
the potential for IDLH conditions based on the sum of fractional
IDLH values observed for compounds with similar physiological
effects. Further work should be completed with sorbent tubes or
whole-air analysis methods that include C3 and C4 compounds in
the overall quantitative exposure assessment. Comprehensive
analysis of whole-air samples may require the use of portable
GC to avoid loss of very light analytes, and calibration of the
person-portable GC-MS instrument used in this work as well as
a larger van-mounted instrument is under investigation.
SR-123-05
Real-Time Detection System for Measuring VOCs,
Temperature, Humidity, and Location
K. Brown, K. Mead, R. Kovein, P. Shaw, NIOSH, Cincinnati,
OH; R. Voorhees, Univ. Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; A.
Brandes, MeasureNet LLC, Cincinnati, OH
Objective: The objective of this project was to build and test
a direct reading method (DRM) prototype instrument that
contained an indoor real-time location system (RTLS). This
personal exposure and location (PEAL) measurement device
incorporated Wi-Fi data communication, radio location
transmitters, and sensors for volatile organic compounds
(VOC’s), humidity, and temperature. Antennas on the wall
monitored the location device and sent real-time location data
to a remote laptop. The sensor data was merged with location
on work area floor plans and displayed on a laptop monitor.
Methods: The prototype PEAL measurement device was tested
for accuracy and precision using two measurements at each of 4
locations and 3 gas concentrations with location and concentration
randomized. Additional testing included a simulated chemical
release scenario that resulted in 4 runs with 4 trials each. All test
scenarios were conducted within an indoor 5000 sq. ft. work area.
The simulated chemical was sampled 4 times once after each
of the 4 runs. The calibration data were analyzed by regression
analysis. The chemical release was confined to a room with
elevated VOCs, temperature, and humidity.
Results: Location measurements were accurate to 1.5 meters
with a standard deviation of 0.4 meters and obtained at a
measurement frequency of 1.4 seconds. The PEAL’s PID sensor
had accuracy of 9.9%. In other words, for a given fraction, say
0.95, and a given concentration θ, 95% of the measurements are
expected to fall in the range (0.901xθ, 1.099xθ). The precision
was 4.3% measured over a range of 0.2 to 10. ppm and with an
LOD of 0.2 ppm. The PEAL measurement device was able to
detect a simulated VOC release within seconds of entering an
exposure area triggering an audio alert at both the PEAL device
and the remote laptop.
Conclusions: This novel PEAL measurement device was able
to instantaneously measure chemical vapors and wirelessly
communicate their concentration and location to a remote
lap top while providing personal alarms of exposure. The data
were stored for later analysis, including a “four dimensional
graph” (3 spatial dimensions and color for concentration) plot
that produced an exposure hazard map. In practice, this 4-D
map could subsequently be used to identify high hazard work
locations and correlate them with a time and task. The PEAL
device provided immediate feedback of exposure and later 4-D
location-exposure map.
SR-123-06
Combatting Humidity and Other Matrix Gases on the
Response Hand-held PIDs
W. Haag, Ion Science USA, Stafford, TX.
Objective: Hand-held PIDs have long suffered from 1) drifting
high readings at very high RH, causing a false positive reading in
the absence of VOCs and 2) quenching of VOC signal, causing a
false low reading as RH increases. This paper discusses options
for avoiding these effects, including humidity filtering tubes,
Nafion humidity exchangers, RH compensation algorithms, and
newer PIDs insensitive to humidity. This study also examined the
effects of oxygen and methane on PID response.
Methods: Various manufacturers’ PIDs were tested by
measuring the response at constant isobutylene concentration
while varying the humidity from 0 to 95%. Gas mixtures were
generated using a flow system to mix dry isobutylene with
air humidified by passing through a water bubbler. PIDs with
RH compensation were tested with compensation both on
and off. Similarly, gas mixtures were generated at fixed VOC
concentration while varying oxygen from 0 to 98% (in nitrogen)
and with methane concentrations up to 20% in air.
Results: Instruments that incorporate a humidity sensor
and attempt to compensate tend to show poor results. For
example, a Tiger PID showed almost no humidity effect at all
VOC concentrations, while a MiniRAE 3000 overcompensated by
+60% at 10 ppm & 85% RH and undercompensated by -25% at
1000 ppm & 85% RH. Oxygen quenched the VOC response by as
much as 40% low in pure oxygen. Between 0 and 40% oxygen,
the VOC response was generally between +/-20% of the reading
in air, and often much closer. Methane strongly quenches the
VOC response when the methane concentration in about 1% by
volume. Modern PIDs show less effect, but in pure methane the
VOC signal is so strongly quenched in all cases that the readings
are near zero.
Conclusions: 1) Recent developments in PID technology
has resulted in PIDs with greatly reduced humidity effects.
This avoids the need to use complicating features like
humidity filtering tubes, Nafion gas humidifiers or firmware
compensation algorithms. The simplest, most accurate solution
is to use a newer PID that is inherently unaffected by humidity. 2)
Variations in oxygen concentrations in calibration gases are not
likely to affect calibration accuracy in modern hand-held PIDs.
3) Methane quenches the VOC response to a similar extent,
although some PIDs are somewhat better than others. PIDs
cannot be used to measure VOCs in natural gas.
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57
PO124
Risk Modeling Tools in the Current and Future
Toolkit
Wednesday, June 3, 2015, 10:00 AM - 12:00 PM
CS-124-01
Selecting Risk Assessment Tools: Uses, Abuses, and
Confusion
B. Beadie, P. Wiescher, T. Ashton, E. Curtis, Maul Foster Alongi,
Portland, OR.
Situation/Problem: An equipment manufacturer suspected
that the coating on some parts provided by an overseas
supplier contained hexavalent chromium. The manufacturer
had requested that the supplier disclose the use of hazardous
materials, including hexavalent chromium, and had been
assured that no such hazardous materials were present. The
manufacturing company consulted with attorneys to determine
an appropriate course of action, which prompted a literature
review to help characterize the risks associated with hexavalentchromium-containing coatings. Unfortunately, no clearly
applicable study was discovered during the literature review, so
the company had to find a different way to characterize the risk
associated with handling coated parts.
Resolution: Reasonable worst-case exposure to coated parts
was estimated by reviewing equipment manuals; interviewing
people knowledgeable about the operation, maintenance,
and handling of coated parts; and observing representative
tasks. The presence of hexavalent chromium was qualitatively
identified with colorimetric swabs, and wipe sample results
provided quantitative data to help characterize potential
exposure. An exposure model was developed based on
previously published studies. Apparent discrepancies between
two different risk screening models were resolved by identifying
improper hexavalent chromium exposure assumptions in one
of the models. The risk characterization was conducted using
established USEPA information as well as the 2010 USEPA draft
toxicological review for hexavalent chromium.
Results: Considering the established USEPA toxicological
information for hexavalent chromium, the reasonable worstcase hazard index is estimated to be 0.00021, which is much
lower than the hazard index criterion of 1. Using the USEPA
draft toxicological review for hexavalent chromium, the worstcase hazard index is estimated to be 0.00071 and the worst-case
carcinogenic risk is estimated to be 1.1 x 10-7. These results
demonstrate that the risk of exposure to hexavalent chromium
is not expected to be significant for personnel who operate,
maintain, or handle parts associated with the manufacturer’s
equipment.
Lessons Learned: Some situations require a scientific approach
to characterize risks that may intuitively seem insignificant
to many people. Even peer-reviewed published studies may
contain errors or faulty assumptions, so it is important to clearly
understand the underlying details of the risk assessment to
properly characterize the risk. Toxicological information is everevolving and a literature review should be conducted as a matter
of course to understand the most recent findings and related
uncertainties.
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SR-124-02
Comparison of CHARM and COSHH Essentials for
Selected CMR Chemicals
S. Byeon, M. Kim, S. Shin, J. Lee, M. Ham, Korea University,
Seoul, Republic of Korea
Objective: The objective of this study was to compare Control of
Substances Hazard to Health (COSHH) Essentials (a chemical
risk assessment method in the UK) with Chemical Hazard Risk
Management (CHARM) (a chemical risk assessment method
in South Korea). We explored the differences between the two
processes with a particular focus on the features, advantages,
and disadvantages of CHARM
Methods: We examined the COSHH Essentials and CHARM
methodologies and analyzed the results obtained from applying
COSHH Essentials and CHARM to 59 carcinogenic, mutagenic,
and reprotoxic (CMR) substances. To achieve this, we used
both the results of working environment assessments and
information about the usage of CMR chemicals.
Results: CHARM allocated a lower risk level to hazardous
substances than COSHH Essentials. When the hazard grade
assessment was uncertain or non-quantitative, a conservative
judgment was made. For example, when assessed using COSHH
Essentials, the highest hazard group of 4 was automatically
assigned for category E substances, regardless of the exposure
level assessment. However, for CHARM, the risk can be adjusted
according to an exposure level assessment, even for a hazard
group of 4.
Conclusions: The risk assessment was more conservative for
COSHH Essentials than for CHARM. CHARM assesses risk to
further consideration of the safety according to the results of
workplace environment measurements, whether occupational
exposure limits exist for chemicals. CHARM could underestimate
the risk according to exposure level, despite the chemical being
highly hazardous. Therefore, CHARM can be applied to individual
processes; however, caution is required when it is used in a
workplace overall.
CS-124-03
A Research Vision for Occupational Based Cumulative
Risk Assessment
R. Niemeier, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH; G. Dotson, Blue Ash,
OH
Situation/Problem: Understanding the health risks associated
with coexposures to multiple hazards, called cumulative
risk assessment (CRA), is an area of increasing interest in
environmental health. Awareness of the interaction of these
hazards in the occupational setting is important as well.
Traditionally, risk assessment in the occupational setting has
focused on chemical stressors in the workplace; however,
interactions between these chemical stressors and other nonchemical stressors (biological, physical, and psychosocial),
inside and outside of the workplace are more representative of
exposure scenarios. Also, the interaction of these stressors with
personal risk factors (i.e. genetics, personal habits) can affect
health outcomes and should be considered in occupational risk
assessment.
Resolution: NIOSH is conducting an exploratory project to
investigate methods for incorporating occupational risk factors
(ORFs) into already developed CRA techniques. The first phase
of the project is to lay the foundation by establishing a research
vision that addresses key elements of the CRA project including:
1) identifying problems and the scope for incorporating ORFs
into CRA; 2) defining common language for evaluating and
communicating key aspects for the advancement of CRA; 3)
identifying critical needs and data gaps; and 4) describing critical
questions designed to focus and guide relevant research.
Results: The research vision will be developed in collaboration
with subject matter experts (SMEs) from government
agencies, private industry, and academia who have expertise
on interrelated CRA topics (e.g., risk assessment, toxicology,
exposure assessment). These SMEs will be tasked to define
key elements and critical questions of the research vision.
SMEs will be grouped based on their expertise and personal
interests to address specific topics of the research vision.
Critical questions will be organized into common themes based
on a broadly recognized risk assessment paradigm including
hazard characterization, dose-response assessment, exposure
assessment, and risk characterization.
Lessons Learned: A well designed research vision is a critical
initial step to the success of the NIOSH CRA project. After this
phase of the project is completed, the project focus will shift
to developing a series of risk assessment element case studies
and devising a CRA framework which will incorporate ORFs into
existing and novel CRA techniques.
CS-124-04
Cumulative Risk Assessment for Occupational
Scenarios: Screening Level Tool for the IH Practitioner
A. Lamba, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Vienna, VA
can be requested. The present approach is semi-quantitative
in nature because all information required to conduct a
quantitative AgRa or CRA is usually not collected, and/or may be
difficult to collect. A more risk-based approach, similar to that
conducted for environmental RA (e.g., modeling of exposures
or biomonitoring, comparison of exposures with risk-based
reference concentrations, etc.) might better characterize
cumulative risks. Disclaimer: The views of the authors of this
abstract are those of the authors and do not represent Agency
policy or endorsement.
CS-124-05
Modeling Historical Risk to Industrial Building
Occupants from Leaking Underground Storage Tank
Vapor Intrusion
F. Boelter, J. Persky, S. Song, B. Schnorr, ENVIRON
International Corp., Chicago, IL
Situation/Problem: A pair of co-located USTs containing diesel
fuel and xylenes were at a facility in a newly industrialized
country. The diesel UST was found to be leaking and was
ultimately removed. The xylenes UST was also removed but found
to be intact. Based on a publically available risk assessment
report developed to meet site remediation objectives, an
activist precipitated fear by filing a complaint with the local
environmental regulatory agency alleging “The contamination
continues to be active and what is worse, it goes beyond the
property. There are 600 workers exposed to serious risk.” The
RA report was found to be flawed.
Situation/Problem: Cumulative Risk Assessment (CRA) and
Aggregate Risk Assessment (AgRA) are being increasingly
applied in risk assessments for the general population.
However, application of AgRA and CRA to occupational
scenarios has been limited, although such scenarios might have
greater magnitudes of exposure, multiple exposure routes, and
interactions between workplace chemicals and other stressors.
While their value has been highlighted in the science literature,
current frameworks, guidelines, and tools for conducting AgRA
and CRA for occupational scenarios are lacking.
Resolution: Three scenarios were modeled to evaluate the effect
of conservative estimates for worker inhalation exposure from
vapor intrusion. Relevant pathways by groundwater migration
and vadose zone transport were modeled. The building no longer
existed so aerial and site photos were utilized for model input
values. The RA model used by others predicted hypothetical
indoor air concentrations that were high due to unrealistically
conservative assumptions. Correction of the RA models to use
realistic parameters demonstrates that theoretical risk does not
exceed the risk criteria established by the governing regulatory
authority.
Resolution: A two-step process was undertaken for developing
and documenting a checklist tool to examine if it could be used
by industrial hygiene practitioners for applying CRA approaches
to occupational exposure scenarios. First, studies and reports
that address the topic of CRA and AgRA in occupational settings
were identified to evaluate current approaches to AgRA and CRA.
Additionally, a screening level process checklist was developed
to serve as an occupational exposure scenario evaluation tool,
which was then applied to two occupational case studies to
determine its utility.
Results: The responsible regulatory agency has established a
cumulative exposure index of ≤1 as an acceptable criterion for
multiple contaminants with non-cancer health effects. A ratio of
the conservatively modeled concentration to the OEL facilitated
a cross-comparison for each parameter. The summation of all
such ratios for all hydrocarbons was presented as a cumulative
exposure index. The three models yielded Em values of 0.0035,
0.00023, and 0.0000002 all of which are significantly less than an
Em of 1. Actual exposures, if any, would have been even lower.
Results: Insufficient information existed to develop AgRA and
CRA for either of the case studies. In one case, the NIOSH Health
Hazard Evaluations used for the worked case studies did not
provide sufficient information to determine whether cumulative
risks may be different from or exceed aggregate risks, and in the
other, all compounds of potential interest from each exposure
route were not measured.
Lessons Learned: Although additional information would
be required to evaluate both AgRA and CRA for occupational
exposures, the developed checklist/scenario evaluation tool
may assist industrial hygienists by providing consistency and
assisting in identifying important data gaps so that additional
documentation for missing exposure pathways and stressors
Lessons Learned: Models have value in characterizing historical
exposures, dose, and risk. An improper risk characterization
can create outrage making the challenge not about risk
management or even risk reduction but rather an unfounded
fear of disease both within a workforce and the surrounding
community. Attention to detail is required when designing a risk
assessment and attention must be given to the characterization
of risk. Involvement of relevant stakeholders can be helpful to
assure a successful outcome.
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59
SR-124-06
The Need for a Revised, Risk-Based, Occupational
Exposure Standard for Asbestos
J. Rasmuson, A. Korchevskiy, E. Rasmuson, Chemistry &
Industrial Hygiene, Inc., Wheat Ridge, CO; V. Roggli, Duke
University, Durham, NC
Objective: To evaluate the adequacy of the current occupational
exposure limit for asbestos and to recommend an alternative
general standard or at least a Best Management Practices (BMP)
value for amphibole fibers based on separate risk calculations
of three separate international government agency methods.
Methods: Both linear and non-linear characterization of doseresponse relationships have been suggested. Different asbestos
exposure metrics were considered for the risk assessment. Risk
calculations based on the Berman and Crump work in the United
States, the non-linear Hodgson and Darnton procedures of the
United Kingdom, and the asbestos potency factors determined
by the health agency of the government of Netherlands are
considered, as well as various case-control studies.
Results: Current risk assessment procedures demonstrate that
risk from amphibole asbestos exposure are up to about an order
of magnitude higher than risk calculations performed to justify
the current OSHA PEL and the NIOSH REL. Excess risk can be
demonstrated for fibrous amphibole exposures above typical
cumulative background levels through the results of casecontrol studies.
Conclusions: The current EPA and OSHA asbestos risk
assessment methodology is believed by some to be adequate
because of the precautionary principle, with the understanding
that it is precautionary to consider mesothelioma and lung
cancer potencies equal for all fiber types. However, that approach
tends to average the potency across all asbestos fiber types,
and, in so doing, greatly underestimates the risk of amphibole
asbestos exposures. Thus, in the name of the precautionary
principle, asbestos exposure limits are not precautionary.
Although the current United States occupational exposure
limit may be adequate for chrysotile, it is woefully inadequate
for amphibole asbestos exposure. Moreover, exposure to
asbestiform and fibrous amphibole exposure is more common
in mining, quarrying, road construction, and soil excavation,
than commonly believed. Although excess risk is still present in
some circumstances, an occupational exposure limit of PCME
0.01 f/cc for asbestos would significantly reduce risk and likely
save many lives.
PO125
PPE Related
Wednesday, June 3, 2015, 10:00 AM - 12:20 PM
CS-125-01
A Multifaceted Silica Reduction Strategy on Oil and Gas
Completion Sites: What Works and What Doesn’t
E. Schmick, Encana Services Company Ltd., Denver, CO
Situation/Problem: Industrial hygiene monitoring on oil and gas
completion sites has uncovered significant worker exposure to
respirable crystalline silica during hydraulic fracturing.
Resolution: Since the quantification of this hazard, several types
of engineered dust control systems have been put into practice.
Control methodologies include several ventilation systems,
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sand storage systems, telebelt proppant inloading, and dust
reducing coated sand.
Results: Over 200 area samples and personal breathing zone
samples were taken to quantify the problem and validate the
dust control systems. Variable success was seen when using
engineering controls, and it was found that each system had
limitations for controlling exposure and visible dust.
Lessons Learned: Overall, no single dust control system was
found to be sufficient at consistently controlling personal
exposures to below the ACGIH exposure limit, though many were
effective at reducing respirable dust. It was recommended that
engineered solution be part of a multi-faceted control approach.
CS-125-02
Personal Protective Equipment Compliance Challenges
of Agriculture Retail Facilities with Permanent Storage
of Anhydrous Ammonia
A. Kayne, Crop Production Services, Loveland, CO
Situation/Problem: OSHA recently cited multiple agriculture
retail facilities for failing to comply with ANSI K61.1 which
requires facilities with permanent anhydrous ammonia storage
to have on hand a “slicker and/or protective pants and jacket, all
impervious to ammonia”. When an unexpected release of liquid
ammonia from a pressurized system occurs in close proximity
to workers the liquid may not have enough time to vaporize
and liquid ammonia may directly contact workers. Anhydrous
ammonia exposure can result in burns, frostbite, and even
death. Workers that anticipate liquid and/or gaseous ammonia
exposure wear airtight encapsulating suits for protection, but the
ANSI required slicker to reduce the risk of direct dermal contact
from an unexpected ammonia spray remains ambiguous. There
is one known jacket and pant CPC that withstood testing to
liquid ammonia for eight hours (following ASTM method F739
- Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gases through
Protective Clothing Materials under Conditions of Continuous
Contact) but this CPC was not accepted by retail workers. Our
understanding is that retail facilities have some type of slicker
on hand to comply with the ANSI slicker requirement; however,
to our knowledge no slickers have been tested against liquid
ammonia. How do agriculture retail facilities identify anhydrous
ammonia impervious slickers?
Resolution: Commercially available slickers were identified
and tested (following ASTM F739) to determine if they were
impervious to ammonia. The Quick Selection Guide to Chemical
Protective Clothing (2014) was used to identify ammonia
impervious materials. Commercially available slickers
impervious to anhydrous ammonia were identified using
laboratory results.
Results: A third party laboratory tested slickers to determine
the permeation of liquid anhydrous ammonia. Ammonia
impervious materials were deemed approved and management
required retail facilities to replace slickers and purchase the
new approved slicker.
Lessons Learned: The available ammonia impervious CPC
was not accepted by retail workers. Requiring facilities to use
CPC not approved by workers may discourage purchasing and
use. Specifying an ammonia impervious make and model of
slicker instead of CPC may improve acceptance and compliance.
Approving commercially available slickers instead of CPC
improved facility support because retail managers choose where
to source PPE keeping some autonomy through this change.
SR-125-03
Durability of Protective Gloves against Single-Walled
Carbon Nanotube and Nano-size Titanium Dioxide
P. Jaques, URS Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA; R. Weible,
URS Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA; L. Portnoff, NIOSH/CDC,
Pittsburgh, PA; P. Gao, NIOSH/CDC, Pittsburgh, PA
Objective: To test the durability of commonly used disposable
protective gloves against engineered nanomaterial (ENM) on
abrasive surfaces.
Methods: To mimic worker handling of ENM deposited on rough
surface materials, a robotic hand donned with nitrile gloves
was challenged against fine-grit sandpaper contaminated with
either single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) or nano-size
titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles by lightly swiping its forefinger
across the sandpaper. To simulate a wide range of exposure
conditions, particles were tested both as a powder, and as a
slurry using surfactant as its solvent to de-agglomerate and
disperse particles in solution. The hand was double gloved with
the inner layer glove sprayed with artificial human perspiration
on its outer surface. The work conditions were set in an
enclosed chamber at 900F and 60% relative humidity. The time
for the glove barrier to be damaged was determined by visual
observation for gross tears or an air leak approach for minor
abrasions.
Results: Dry powders resulted in a damage time greater than
two hours for both SWCNT and TiO2. The slurry had damage
times that approached two hours for SWCNT, and no greater than
10 minutes for TiO2. For both ENMs, increasing slurry particle
concentration increased the damage time. Breaching of the
glove’s integrity was primarily caused by the abrasive surface.
The particles appeared to have a smoothing effect, both in the
dry-solid and liquid-slurry phases. Our previously presented
work showed SWCNT particles filling the spaces between the
sandpaper’s aluminum oxide particles. The smoothing effect
was suggested by a decrease in damage time with a decrease
in particle-slurry concentration, where the solvent cleared
particles from the sandpaper’s surface. The dramatic increased
damage/protective time for the slurry SWCNT in comparison
to the slurry TiO2 was because the SWCNT showed a greater
adherence to the abrasive surface.
Conclusions: The experimental approach simulates glove
performance under typical occupational use conditions. The
results demonstrate that dry powders provided a longer damage
time than slurry did. In the liquid-slurry phase, increased
damage times were observed when increasing particle
concentrations, and TiO2 had a significantly shorter damage
time than SWCNT. Overall, the nitrile gloves were more durable
for the dry powders than for the slurries.
SR-125-04
Surface Area as a Method for the Determination of
Glove Degradation
K. Steele, California State University San Bernardino,
Cherry Valley, CA; T. Pelham, California State University San
Bernardino, Cherry Valley, CA; R. Phalen, California State
University San Bernardino, Cherry Valley, CA
Objective: Chemically resistant gloves are an important aspect
of personal protective equipment, as they are used to protect
workers from chemical hazards. Chemical resistant gloves are
made from a variety of polymer materials such as butyl, natural
latex, neoprene, nitrile rubber and vinyl, as not one material
provides protection against all chemicals. One type of polymer
material may adequately protect against a specific chemical,
but not against another. Experiments, such as degradation
tests, are used to determine which material is most resistant
to chemical action for each chemical tested. Current methods
of degradation testing are often based on weight change, which
can require a sensitive analytical balance and be expensive. The
aim of this study was to evaluate an inexpensive surface area
alternative to gravimetric analysis.
Methods: Five polymer samples were exposed to 50 different
commercial chemical products for 24 hours. Gravimetric and
surface area analyses were performed before and after the
chemical exposures. Gravimetric analysis was conducted using
an analytical balance. Surface area change was evaluated using
a digital scanner and ImageJ software (National Institutes of
Health).
Results: The percent change data were compared between
the weight change (x) and the surface area change (y) results
for each condition. The regression line given was y=0.4841x +
0.0187 and the R2 value was 0.9096. There was a strong positive
correlation (Pearson r = 0.9519; p ≤ 0.05) between percent
weight change and percent surface area change. On average,
the percent change for surface area was about half that of the
weight change, which indicated that the surface area method
was more sensitive than the gravimetric determination.
Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that surface area
change is an effective, sensitive and inexpensive alternative to
gravimetric analysis for the evaluation of chemical degradation.
Using this information, a rating system was developed for
determining the degradation of gloves using surface area.
These methods are of use to practicing industrial hygienists
who need to select appropriate chemical resistant gloves for
complex mixtures and when chemical resistance data are not
readily available.
SR-125-05
Evaluation of the Chemical Degradation of Polymers
Exposed to Complex Mixtures: Can We Predict
Performance Based on Major Ingredients?
T. Pelham, K. Steele, R. Phalen, California State University
San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA
Objective: Current chemical resistant guides for gloves are
designed to help determine which polymer type is appropriate
for handling a specific chemical. However, many guides only
provide information on common, pure chemicals, making these
guides limited in scope. Most do not address the numerous
commercial products and complex mixtures common to many
industries. The aim of this study was to determine if current
degradation information for pure chemicals can be used to
predict the chemical degradation of polymer materials exposed
to complex chemical mixtures, based on the major ingredients.
Methods: Five common polymers were evaluated: butyl,
natural latex, neoprene, nitrile rubber, and vinyl. A total of 50
commercial products were used to evaluate predicted versus
observed chemical degradation. The product safety data sheets
were used to identify the main chemical constituents for each
product. Chemical resistant charts and databases were used
to predict which polymer was most suitable. Both gravimetric
and tensile strength analyses were used to evaluate chemical
degradation following constant immersion within the chemical
mixture.
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61
Results: The evaluations of pure chemical glove recommendations
did not reliably determine an appropriate glove recommendation
for mixed chemicals. In 58% of the cases, the mixed chemical
required a different glove than that of its pure chemical
components. In addition, it was determined that current guides
using solely weight change and/or permeation data were missing
important information on tensile test performance. There were
several instances (15%) in which the initial glove recommendation
would be changed to a lower recommendation rating if the results
of a tensile test were included.
vests were hung with the interior exposed to air. To roughly
simulate an internal metabolic heat source, two heating pads,
along with T probes and the cooling vest, were placed on the
surface of a manikin. The surface T of each vest were evaluated
using infrared thermography (IRT) at each ambient condition three
times, for a total of nine tests with and nine without an internal heat
source. IRT was utilized every 20 minutes for four hours, for a total
of 12 measurements for each test. The highest performing vest, as
determined by the previous tests, was then used under reflective
gear evaluated in the same manner.
Conclusions: Current degradation information for pure
chemicals cannot be used to reliably predict the chemical
degradation of polymer materials exposed to complex chemical
mixtures, based on the major ingredients. Degradation testing,
in the form of weight and tensile property changes, can assist
in the selection of an appropriate polymer type for chemical
resistance. Tensile testing provides additional information, as it
would relate to molecular changes within the polymer that can
aid in the selection of an appropriate polymer material.
Results: Across all 3 ambient conditions, and without an internal
heating source, the unadjusted mean relative percent difference
(RPD) in T change, measured via IRT, for the IPV and CCV were
15.97° (n=9) and 8.25° (n= 9) Celsius, respectively. For the IPV
and CCV, the unadjusted mean RPD in surface T was 29.18°
(n=9) and 9.85° (n=9) Celsius, respectively. Lastly, the internal
probe results demonstrated an unadjusted mean RPD of 16.65°
(n=9) and 14.86° (n=9) Celsius for the IPV and CCV, respectively.
SR-125-06
I’m Loading 1,3-butadiene. What Respirator Should I
Use?
D. Shoop, Total Safety, Houston, TX
Objective: Determine whether Short-Term Exposure Level
(STEL) and or full shift exposures to 1,3-butadiene require
the use of a full face piece supplied air respirator to provide
adequate protection from vapors.
Methods: Active monitoring with pump and tube was done for
short tasks of connecting and disconnecting transfer hoses to
tank trucks. There are control measures to reduce emissions
of vapors. These samples were analyzed by OSHA method 56.
Passive Organic Vapor Monitors were used to sample for full
shift exposure to 1,3-butadiene. Time weighted average samples
were analyzed by NIOSH 1024M GC/FID method.
Results: Statistical analysis of four years of sampling data
indicate that monitored levels can significantly exceed
permissible exposure limits and the assigned protection
factors for air purifying respirators. Sampling was performed at
multiple locations.
Conclusions: The chance of exceedance of the PEL’s for
1,3-butadiene while loading and unloading tank trucks is very
likely. Representative sampling indicates the level of exposure is
high enough to warrant a full face piece supplied air respirator.
SR-125-07
Evaluation of Personal Cooling Gear for Occupational
Settings
K. Myers, R. Reed, E. Lutz, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
Objective: In some industries with high ambient temperatures
(T) that are difficult to control, personal cooling vests are
considered a potential control for preventing heat strain in
workers. This study evaluated the effectiveness of 3 cooling
vests and reflective gear in 3 different controlled environments.
Methods: The cooling effectiveness of three personal vests,
including a circulatory cooling vest (CCV), an ice pack vest (IPV)
and an air compressor vest (ACV), were evaluated with and without
an internal heating source, and at three ambient conditions
(approximately 25° Celsius, 32° Celsius, and 39° Celsius). Ambient
T and relative humidity were continuously monitored throughout
the study. For assessments without an internal heating source,
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Conclusions: In our study, the CCV outperformed the IPV. We
anticipate that the ACV will outperform the IPV and CCV. The
ACV, however, is limited by its mobility and may not be feasible
in some settings, such as firefighting or underground mining.
We also anticipate that the addition of the reflective gear will
significantly increase the vests’ cooling performance. This
study will help inform industries’ policy and risk management
decisions as they work to prevent heat strain.
PO126
Environmental and International EH&S Issues
Wednesday, June 3, 2015, 10:00 AM - 12:20 PM
SR-126-01
Environmental Impacts of Hydraulic Fracturing
on a Lake in West Virginia: A Case of Radionuclide
Partitioning and Disequilibrium
A. Nelson, M. Schultz, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Objective: Hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling (i.e.,
unconventional drilling) for shale gas has emerged as an
important technology for supplying energy to the United States
and the rest of the world. However, there are many unknown
and uncharacterized potential environmental pollution risks.
Naturally-occurring radioactive materials (NORM) are some of
the least characterized environmental pollutants generated by
unconventional drilling. Emerging reports have indicated that
NORM is not fully removed from liquid wastes during wastewater
treatment processes and can enter riparian environments.
Though, these reports have focused on a single radionuclide,
radium-226, and have not addressed radium-226 decay
products. The goal of this study was to investigate levels and
equilibrium status of radium-226 and its decay products (lead210 and polonium-210) in water and sediment in an aqueous
environment impacted by hydraulic fracturing.
Methods: Water and sediment samples were collected
upstream, within, and downstream of a freshwater lake in
West Virginia, using routine methods as recommended by the
U.S. EPA. All metal, inorganic, organic, gamma spectrometry
(HPGe), and water quality measurements were performed by
University of Iowa State Hygienic Laboratory in accordance with
NELAC standards. Alpha-emitting isotopes (natural uranium,
polonium-210) were analyzed by isotope-dilution alpha
spectrometry using NIST-traceable standards.
Results: Radioactivity concentrations of NORM in stream
sediments were generally lower than NORM levels in the lake
and well below action levels (180 Bq/kg). Levels of uranium-238
and uranium-234 in the lake were less than 25 Bq/kg. Levels
of lead-210 (98-125 Bq/kg) and polonium-210 (110-163 Bq/kg)
were significantly elevated over levels of radium-226 (52-65 Bq/
kg). Levels of NORM in water samples were in the low mBq/L
range.
Conclusions: We found levels of lead-210 and polonium-210
in sediments of a lake receiving treated unconventional
drilling liquid wastes were 3-5 fold higher than levels of the
supporting radionuclide, radium-226. This work suggests that
lead-210 and polonium-210 cannot be assumed in equilibrium
with radium-226. Risk, exposure, and environmental impact
assessments to NORM liberated by unconventional drilling
should consider radium-226 decay products.
SR-126-02
Erionite as an Occupational and Environmental Hazard
in the Western U.S.
M. Harper, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV
Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the presence
and hazard potential of the fibrous zeolite mineral erionite in the
western states.
Methods: Samples containing erionite have been collected
from several areas. Cliffs in north-west Oregon were sampled
at various horizons and examined under an optical microscope
in the field. Approximately 10 kg of rock with the greatest
concentration of erionite fibers (about 80%) were collected
and transferred to RTI International to be made available as a
research material. Cliffs in the Custer National Forest of South
Dakota and Montana were also sampled. The Arikaree Formation
(Palaeogene) contained up to 20% erionite. Finally, “woolly”
erionite was collected near Austin, Nevada. These materials
have been examined by phase-contrast and polarized light
microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy
(with energy-dispersive spectroscopy) and x-ray diffraction.
Preliminary toxicological experiments have been carried out to
provide data on which to base a more comprehensive study.
Results: Rome, OR erionite is now available in 10 gm vials
from RTI International. Erionite is seen to be a highly diverse
mineral, with a range of morphologies, and a considerable
range of cation chemistry between sources, and also between
individual particles from a single source. A cation content
methodology for identifying erionite could not be supported
and a method based on polarized-light microscopy and x-ray
diffraction appears necessary. Finally, preliminary studies
point to possible differences in toxicity between materials from
different locations.
Conclusions: Exposures to erionite have already been
documented in aggregate mineral extraction and road
construction and maintenance. However, the hazard posed by
erionite may vary from location to location.
SR-126-03
Association of Urinary 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine
Levels with Aging and Increased Fractional Exhaled
Nitric Oxide in Elder Chinese Women
J. Yuan, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan,
China
Objective: Indoor air pollutants from environmental tobacco
smoke and cooking oil fumes can cause respiratory problems
in Chinese women, lead to the releases in proinflammatory
cytokines and oxidative DNA damage. However, effects of
normal ageing and increased fractional exhaled nitric oxide on
urinary 8-OHdG levels in elderly Chinese women are unknown.
Methods: Subjects were derived from the baseline survey of a
cohort study. Among 3053 participants, those with missing data
on FeNO, urinary 8-OHdG levels, height and weight and certain
diseases (such as cancer, stroke, diabetes, ischemic heart
disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma)
were excluded. Finally, a total of 2224 adults (779 males and 1445
females) were included in this study. Information on personal
social-demographic characteristics, occupational history,
personal medical history, life habit and living conditions, type
of cooking fuel used, coal kitchen ventilation ways was obtained
by interviewing study subjects using structured questionnaires.
Physical examination (such as height, weight, waist and hip
circumference) and blood and urinary sample investigations
(urinary 8-OHdG levels) for all participants were conducted.
Factors affecting urinary 8-OHdG levels were analyzed using
multiple linear regression analysis.
Results: The results from multiple linear regression models
show that there was a relative increase in urinary 8-OHdG
levels in females aged ≥ 64 years without active and passive
smoking and with lower FeNO ( 59.7% (95% CI: 5.0-142.9%)
or higher FeNO (71.5%, 95% CI: 23.5-138.0%), compared to
females aged < 64 years without active and passive smoking
and with lower FeNO. After adjusting for potential confounders,
we found a relative increase in urinary 8-OHdG levels (△% of
urinary 8-OHdG: 74.1% (95% CI: 17.7–157.4%) in females aged
≥ 64 years with higher FeNO and self-catering using LPS only,
without active and passive smoking, compared to females aged
< 64 years with lower FeNO and self-catering using fuel LPS
only, without active and passive smoking.
Conclusions: Cooking-related pollutants may chronically induce
inflamed state in Chinese women aged ≥ 64 years without active
and passive smoking, and increased the urinary 8-OHdG levels,
synchronously, ageing also enhanced the health impact.
CS-126-04
Meeting the Challenge of Measuring Health and Safety
Performance Globally: ASTM Standard E2920 - 14 for
Recording Occupational Injuries and Illnesses
D. Woodhull, S. Newell, ORCHSE Strategies, LLC,
Washington, D.C.
Situation/Problem: As U.S.-based companies have expanded
their operations globally, accurate accounting of occupational
injuries and illnesses in non-U.S.-based locations has proven
difficult. In seeking a means to standardize measurement of
their worldwide safety and health performance, many have
faced the challenge of imposing the U.S. OSHA recordkeeping
requirements throughout their sites. This has created confusion
and inaccuracy due largely to the differing definitions of medical
treatment in different cultures. Less-serious cases have gone
unreported in cultures that place a high value on conforming
to the norm. In addition, work relatedness of cases as set forth
by OSHA has been difficult to understand and apply consistently
across the globe.
Resolution: ASTM Standard E2920 - 14, Standard Guide
for Recording Occupational Injuries and Illnesses was
drafted “to establish definitions and criteria for recording
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63
occupational injuries and illnesses to be used for measuring
safety performance, evaluating safety program performance,
and improving consistency when comparing international
performance.” The criteria for recording cases are based on
the outcomes of the cases, that is, the type of injury or illness
sustained by the employee, and are limited to those of sufficient
severity to cause death, are life threatening, life altering, or so
serious that they require immediate intervention for recovery.
Results: Several companies have implemented the standard
in their global operations. The criteria have enabled them to
make definitive decisions to record cases in which employees
have sustained serious injuries or illnesses but have received
treatments with the traditional medicine practices of specific
Asian countries. Differences in approaches to treatment between
U.S. and non-U.S. physicians and health care providers have
been made irrelevant because of the focus on case outcomes,
which has simplified the decision making process. The standard
has made their injury and illness metrics more accurate and
consistent.
Lessons Learned: Case outcome as a key criterion for recording
occupational injuries and illnesses provides a more consistent,
accurate measure of safety and health performance than medical
treatment. Focusing on cases that result in death, or that are
life threatening, life altering or so serious that they require
immediate medical intervention for recovery raises the likelihood
of reporting and recording and provides for greater consistency.
CS-126-05
Mentored Skill Building Increases Asbestos Hazard
Awareness in Indonesia
K. Gunderson, University of California, Berkeley, San
Ramon, CA
Situation/Problem: Chrysotile asbestos is imported into
Indonesia and workers who process it are often unaware of
its hazards. Indonesian academics and industry, influenced by
the Chrysotile Institute, perpetuate the perception that white
asbestos is safe. Only one grassroots worker safety advocacy
group exists in Indonesia, the Local Initiative for OSH Network
(LION), a registered non-governmental organization (NGO).
It lacked the funds, tools and skills to perform an exposure
assessment that could inform asbestos workers about the
hazards in their factories.
Resolution: Funded primarily by a $2,500 AIHA (Northern
California Section) Developing World Outreach Initiative
(DWOI) grant and mentored by expatriate DWOI member Karen
Gunderson, LION conducted an exposure assessment, including
air sampling and medical exams, at an Indonesian asbestos
roofing material factory. LION staff made strong connections
with the union and workers, identified high risk work practices,
collected bulk, air and environmental samples, and coordinated
medical screening for asbestos-related disease in eleven high
risk employees.
Results: The results were used to advise union members
about hazards related to their asbestos exposures and to
make recommendations for union advocacy to improve plant
safety. Not only did LION staff gain exposure assessment
skills, but they also made connections with supportive public
health professors, a PhD student whose thesis will address
early asbestosis in Indonesian workers, and the government’s
occupational health minister. They learned which local medical
facilities and practitioners are qualified to screen for asbestos
related disease. All of the above are critical to LION’s continued
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ability to impact worker safety. In fact, last July LION was
awarded a new grant from Korea Green Asia to perform an
exposure assessment at another asbestos processing factory.
Lessons Learned: Social connections, networking and building
trust prior to collaboration in Indonesia was very important and
slowed the project down, but once established the links were
strong and will be used in future endeavors. The main lesson
learned was that a small technical grant to a developing country,
combined with the support of a knowledgeable mentor, opened
up paths for a worker safety advocacy group to make greater
impacts on worker safety and bring about social change.
CS-126-06
Personal Breathing Zone Employee Exposure
Monitoring for an Anaesthetic Agent at a Research and
Development Facility in India
A. Sharma, International Safety Systems, Inc., Faridabad,
India; M. Mehta, International Safety Systems, Inc.,
Washingtonville, NY
Situation/Problem: Immunization and surgeries are performed
on rats / mice, as a part of research and development
experiments. Immunization is performed by first anaesthetizing
rats / mice in an induction chamber and then handing over to the
investigators to perform immunization. Isoflurane (anaesthetic
agent) vapors are supplied at a fixed concentration along with
oxygen to the anaesthetic chambers. The anaesthetic chambers
and the investigator work-bench are provided each with a
prototype Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV) for capturing waste
anaesthetic gases. For surgery, isoflurane along with oxygen
is supplied for anesthetization (pre-surgery, performed in an
induction chamber) and is also supplied during surgery (for
life support). A spot extractor (LEV) is available for induction
chamber and a prototype LEV is available for surgery. Potential
for employee exposure to investigators, surgeons and support
staff existed during the routine activities.
Resolution: Full shift/Eight-hour Time Weighted Average
(TWA) and/or activity based personal breathing zone employee
exposure monitoring for isoflurane was carried out using
modified Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
103 method. The results were compared with the Health and
Safety Executive (HSE, UK) established Workplace Exposure
limit (WEL)-TWA of 50 ppm (for an eight-hour work-shift).
Results: The eight-hour TWA employee exposures to isoflurane
was below10 % of the HSE (UK) established WEL-TWA of 50 ppm.
Lessons Learned: The prototype LEVs and the spot extractor
were effective in containing employee exposures below the
recommended guideline values. When the absolute laboratory
reported detection was studied among different employee
exposure samples collected for similar surgery procedures,
elevated isoflurane detection appeared in one of the samples,
potentially due to unavailability of power back-up for the
prototype LEV during surgery (as isoflurane supply was not
interrupted during power-cut to ensure life support to rats /
mice). It is recommended to ensure power back-up for prototype
LEVs during surgeries.
PO127
IH General Practice II
Wednesday, June 3, 2015, 1:00 PM - 5:00 PM
SR-127-01
Identification of the Electron Dose Threshold for
Asbestos Fiber Chemical Analysis by TEM
J. Martin, M. Beauparlant, IRSST, Montreal, QC, Canada; G.
L’Espérance, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montreal,
QC, Canada
Objective: Asbestos analysis is still an important part of industrial
hygiene analysis. Today a lot of interest is in very fine fibers.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is the most powerful
technique for counting and identification of asbestos fibres, its
high image resolution allows the detection of the smallest fibers
and the combination of X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy
analysis (EDS) and selected-area electron diffraction (SAED)
leads to an unambiguous identification. While working on the
assessment of the current analysis methods, it was observed
that the electron dose should be less than a critical value to
avoid the loss of certain elements. Exceeding this value leads to
a decrease of the X-rays intensity of certain elements relative to
others. This is an important part of the identification procedure.
The objectives of this research are to define the value of this
critical electron dose and determine if this value is unique for all
chrysotile fibers, independently of their size.
Methods: All analyses were performed using a 200 kV TEM
equipped with a field emission gun (JEOL JEM-2100F) and a SiLi detector was used for EDS analysis. All chrysotile samples
are from UICC Asbestos standards, Chrysotile “A” Rhodesian, on
lacey carbon copper TEM grid. All analyses were done at a 100
kV. The electron dose was measured using the phosphorescent
screen of the TEM calibrated with a Faraday cage.
Results: The identification of chrysotile thin fibers often
relies on elemental composition, and more particularly on the
intensity ratio of magnesium and silicon. This research has
shown that the characteristics of the electron beam applied on
a fiber can significantly influence this ratio. Since magnesium
is more weakly bound, it is most affected by radiation damage.
Several parameters characterize irradiation: current, beam size
and accelerating voltage, they were studied to understand how
to avoid this elemental degradation. Many chrysotile fibers of
different sizes were tested and in certain cases it was possible
to determine the value of the electron dose below which the
analysis should be conducted to consider the results stable and
reliable.
Conclusions: The optimal parameters of the electron beam in
TEM have been identified for the analysis of asbestos thin fibers.
A value of electron dose threshold was found for many fibers and
can be used to improve the reliability of the current methods.
CS-127-02
Identification of Naturally Occurring Asbestos Work
Areas in Coordination with an Exposure Management
Program during Vegetation Management Activities
L. O’Heir, San Francisco Public Utilities Commission, San
Francisco, CA; B. Drews, Kennedy/Jenks Consultants, San
Francisco, CA
Situation/Problem: The San Francisco Public Utilities
Commission (SFPUC) performs extensive vegetation
management throughout Northern California where naturally
occurring asbestos (NOA) is known or suspected. The following
steps were followed by SFPUC during their 2010 and 2013 NOA
exposure assessments: 1) NOA potential maps were used to
identify possible worker exposures and to identify NOA work
areas; 2) soil samples were collected to verify NOA map data;
3) employees were trained on NOA work practices; 4) activity
based personal air monitoring was performed as part of an
Exposure Management Program (EMP); and 5) work was done
safely, verified by exposure assessments and field observations.
Resolution: Published NOA map data was compiled into a single
geographic information system (GIS) map layer which was
superimposed over existing SFPUC GIS infrastructure maps.
Bulk samples were collected in work locations to verify NOA
mapped areas while personal air samples were collected during
routine work tasks.
Results: Fifty-three full shift personal air samples were
collected during Phase I (2010) work. Weed whacking produced
the highest 8-hour TWA asbestos exposure at 100% of the PEL
via TEM analysis. As a result, employee weed whacking practices
were amended to reduce exposures. In Phase II (2013), five of
nine vegetation management tracts were designated as nonNOA work areas after evaluation of map data in combination
with soil sampling results. Twenty-seven (8-hour TWA) and
twenty-one (30-minute TWA) personal air samples were
collected during Phase II vegetation management activities. Soil
discing produced the highest 8-hour TWA asbestos exposure at
43% of the PEL while equipment cleaning produced the highest
30-minute TWA exposure at 11% of the EL (via PCM).
Lessons Learned: Local geology, NOA map data and soil
sampling can allow management to distinguish NOA versus nonNOA work locations prior to the start of vegetation management
work. Identification of non-NOA work areas can help to reduce
operational costs and labor efforts. Activity based air monitoring
indicates that a routine activity such as weed whacking can
create significant personal exposures from localized emissions.
An ongoing EMP is necessary to accommodate wide variations in
NOA geological units, work practices and air monitoring results.
Key aspects of an EMP should be reflected in task specific Codes
of Safe Practice.
SR-127-03
Determinations of Synthetic Musks in Personal Care
Products by Solid-Phase Microextraction
W. Tseng, S. Tsai, Institute of Environmental Health, College
of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Objective: Emerging environmental pollutants have caused
concerned in recent years. For example, a variety of chemical
components such as synthetic musks (e.g., galaxolide (HHCB)
and tonalide (AHTN)), which have been detected from consumer
products, may be released into the environment. To assess the
possible health effects, a method for the analysis of HHCB and
AHTN in personal care products was developed in this research.
The surveillance of the concentrations in food detergent samples
in Taiwan was also performed.
Methods: HHCB and AHTN were prepared in mixtures as
standard solutions. The samples were first diluted by water
and equilibrated for 5 minutes before the extraction. Hence,
the extraction was performed at 25°C for 30 minutes with 500
rpm. The 65μm PDMS/DVB fiber was exposed to the headspace
over the samples. After adsorption equilibrium has been
reached, the SPME fiber was inserted into the injector of the gas
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65
chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry for thermal
desorption and further analysis.
Results: The SPME procedure coupled with GC/MS/MS analysis
for the determinations of HHCB and AHTN in the samples of
personal care products was established in this study. No carryover effect was observed from the thermal desorption of the
sample. The linear range of all compounds ranged from 0.005
to 0.05 μg ml-1, and the method detection limits were 0.00015
to 0.00075 μg ml-1. Good linearity and precision were presented.
More than 100 food detergents samples in Taiwan were
determined for the concentrations of HHCB and AHTN. Health
risk associated with the possible exposures were also assessed.
Conclusions: The SPME procedure was applied in this study.
Advantages over conventional methods, such as solve-free
and time-saving, were reached. The sensitivities of the method
for different compounds were low enough to determine the
concentrations from personal care products.
SR-127-04
Effects of a Series of Ketone Compounds on Liver
Microsomal Aniline Hydroxylase Activity in Mice:
Implications for Ketone-Drug Interactions in Exposed
Workers
W. Luttrell, Oklahoma Christian University, Edmond, OK
Objective: Exposure to toxic chemicals in the workplace
or environment can alter the way the body responds to the
administration of therapeutic drugs, other xenobiotics, and
endogenous materials. Studies have shown that ketones, such
as acetone and pinacolone can produce liver microsomal enzyme
enhancement. The purpose of this study was to determine the
effect of ketone pretreatment on activity of microsomal aniline
hydroxylase activity in the liver of mice. In order to determine
if the size of the ketone metabolite influences degree of
enzyme enhancement, five ketones of increasing size (acetone,
2-butanone, 2-pentanone, 2-hexanone, and pinacolone) were
selected for pretreating mice.
Methods: Groups of male CD-1 mice (n = 6) were pretreated
subcutaneously with 90% LDLo (lowest published lethal dose)
for each compound and then sacrificed 12 hours later. Liver
microsomes were isolated and aniline hydroxylase activity was
determined spectrophotometrically. The para-hydroxylation of
aniline to para-aminophenol was used to assess the cytochrome
P-450-dependent mixed-function oxidase system in liver
microsomes. In this assay the para-aminophenol metabolite
was chemically converted to a phenol-indophenol complex with
an absorption maximum at 630 nm. Enzyme activities were
expressed as nmol para-aminophenol formed per minute per
milligram protein of tissue. Using a substrate concentration
of 10 mM aniline HCl, the velocity of the enzyme reaction was
determined in each assay, and was reported as the percent of
the control enzyme activity. Using SPSS, statistical differences (p
< 0.05) between the values of percent of control enzyme activity
from ketone pretreated and control mice were determined.
Results: Aniline hydroxylase activities were increased following
pretreatment with all ketone compounds. There was increasing
enzyme activity with increasing size of the ketone compound.
Lower concentrations of the ketones were found to be enzyme
stimulating in vitro, but higher concentrations of the ketones
were found to be enzyme inhibiting in vitro.
Conclusions: Pretreatment with ketone compounds of
increasing size resulted in increasing liver aniline hydroxylase
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activity in mice. This implies that workers exposed to these
ketone compounds, as well as other common workplace or
environmental compounds that have ketone metabolites, may
be at risk for ketone-drug interactions due to enhancement of
drug-metabolizing enzymes.
SR-127-05
Modern Design of Colorimetric Sensor Devices for
Bisphenol A Dust Measurements
A. Rossner, R. Alkasir, S. Andreescu, Clarkson University,
Potsdam, NY
Objective: Objective: The purpose of our work is to evaluate a
new design for a portable paper-based sensing device for the
colorimetric detection of Bisphenol A (BPA) in household dust.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is found in polycarbonate plastic and epoxy
resin and is used in variety a of commercial and consumer
products. The leaching of BPA consumer products can result in
human exposure via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal routes.
As a result, humans have been exposed in their home and work
environment to BPA. Several studies have reported detectable
levels of total urinary BPA in the majority of individuals in a
number of populations, in the United States and other locations
around the world. To reduce human exposure we need improved
sensing devices to allow for quick, effective and inexpensive
screening of our living and working environment.
Methods: Methods: A rapid procedure for dust collection is used
with a sensitive method for BPA detection, based on the formation
of a greenish color, on the test zone of the sensing device. The color
results from the formation of a Schiff base compound, quinineimine, formed by reaction of chitosan with the enzymatic product
of tyrosinase o-quinone on paper coated in a layer-by-layer (LbL)
assembly approach. The designed system includes a paper-based
sensor disk with a diameter of 0.6 cm. as a test zone for BPA
detection, and the air-sampling cassette with a diameter of 37 mm
as a collection area for household dust. Colorimetric response
was concentration dependent with a detection limit of 0.28 μg/g.
The color started to appear within the first 60 s and stabilized after
30 min. Replicate samples were run on a Gas Chromatography
(GC) as means of validating the colorimetric data. Field sampling
was conducted in a series of homes where dust specimens were
collected from different homes and a day care center.
Results: Results between the GC and colorimeteric sensor
showed a linear regression (R2 = 0.9743) for samples measured
by both of the colorimetric and GC methods. In this work, BPA
ranged in concentration from 0.05 to 3.87 μg/g in 57 samples of
household dust when both methods were used.
Conclusions: While the sample set was relatively small (n=57),
the correlation between the colorimetric sensor and GC method
was excellent, thus we feel the sensors is promising as a quick,
inexpensive means of measuring BPA in settled dust in the
home and work environment.
SR-127-06
Adsorption Characterization of Fabricated SingleWalled Carbon Nanotube (SWNT) Buckypapers for
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Sampling
C. Lungu, J. Oh, University of Alabama- Birmingham,
Birmingham, AL; E. Floyd, OUHSC, Oklahoma City, OK
Objective: To compare adsorption efficiency of single-walled
carbon nanotube (SWNT) buckypapers obtained through
different fabrication methods to be used as volatile organic
compound (VOC) adsorbent.
field extraction on sample integrity and sample quality.
Methods: Arc discharge SWNTs suspended in surfactants
(1% W/V of sodium cholate and sodium dodecyl sulfate) was
fabricated into buckypaper. For that, 200 mL (50 mg) of the
SWNT solution was suspended (diluted) in 400 mL of acetone for
15 hours, filtered through a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane
filter under vacuum. SWNT cake deposited onto the filter was
delaminated to obtain a buckypaper (no cleaning process). For
cleaning SWNTs, additional steps were involved after SWNT
solution was vacuum-filtered. SWNT cake was cleaned with
250 mL of deionized (DI) water and 50 mL of acetone (acetonecleaned). Alternatively, methanol was used to suspend SWNTs
and in the cleaning process as well (methanol-cleaned). The
fabricated buckypapers (n=2) were examined for adsorption
efficiency in terms of surface area, pore size, and adsorption
isotherm. Surface area and pore size were measured using a
physisorption analyzer and adsorption isotherms were obtained
by repeated indirect injection of liquid toluene into an adsorption
chamber until adsorbent was saturated at 23°C.
Results: Sample stability results demonstrated field-extracted
samples (glass fiber filters in 3-mL extraction solution), and nonfield extracted (dry filters) samples were equivalently stable:
recoveries of 100% were obtained for both types of samples
after 22-days, at ambient temperature. It has been suggested
that field extraction will produce higher results. Sample result
data for field extracted samples, show no observed trend in
increased sample concentrations over previous years. Results
from side-by-side field samples fail to reveal statistical
difference between the two sample extraction methods. Quality
control spiked samples are used to assess the Sampling and
Analytical Error (SAE), a measure of uncertainty in analytical
quantitative results. CSHO field extracted isocyanate samples
has increased the SAE by over 5%. In addition, a significant
percentage of field-extracted samples arriving at SLTC show
signs of sample leakage.
Results: Buckypapers without cleaning had 43 m2/g Brunauer,
Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area (SA) with 15 nm average
pore width while buckypapers cleaned with acetone and
methanol exhibited 217 and 348 m2/g BET surface areas with
9 and 8 nm average pore widths, respectively. The toluene
adsorption capacities were 52, 58, and 69 mg (toluene)/g
(buckypaper) for not cleaned, acetone-, and methanol-cleaned
buckypapers, respectively.
Conclusions: The cleaning process with DI water and solvents
(acetone and methanol) increased BET surface area and
decreased the average pore size of the buckypapers. Toluene
adsorption capacity increased with increasing surface area of
buckypaper. Overall, buckyapers cleaned with DI water and
methanol were the most adsorptive. The methanol-cleaned
buckypapers will be investigated for desorption efficiency
using a photothermal desorption technique which desorbs an
analyte by irradiating the sorbent with light, eliminating sample
preparation time for analysis.
SR-127-07
Isocyanates: Assessing Field Extraction
D. LaGarde, OSHA, Sandy, UT
Objective: OSHA has operated a National Emphasis Program
(NEP) for Isocyanates that began June 2013. The NEP requires
OSHA Compliance Officers (CSHOs) to perform a field extraction
of air samples and then ship the extracted samples to Salt
Lake Technical Center (SLTC) for analysis. Field extraction has
been proposed to more effectively derivatize large isocyanate
particles, providing higher and more accurate analytical results.
Prior to the NEP, OSHA samples were laboratory extracted.
Methods: In an effort to determine the impact of field extraction
on compliance work, SLTC staff has been evaluating different
aspects of field extraction versus non-field extraction techniques.
SLTC performed a stability study to evaluate the necessity of
special handling, over-night shipping, and/or cold storage of the
field-extracted samples prior to analysis. Sample results were
analyzed over the course of the NEP, and statistically evaluated
the data against OSHA’s historical sample results. SLTC has
coordinated side-by-side samples of non-field extracted and
field extracted samples for isocyanates in different occupational
processes. To assess the impact of field extraction on sample
integrity and sample quality, spiked filters were sent to the field
and extracted alongside field samples to assess the impact of
Conclusions: Studies performed to date, within the OSHA
monitoring program for isocyanate sampling and analysis; show
no compelling advantage of field extraction over laboratory
extraction.
SR-127-08
Determinations of Bisphenol A in Household Dusts by
Microwave-Assisted Solid-Phase Microextraction
C. Chang, C. Chang, S. Tsai, Department of Public Health &
Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health,
National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Objective: Indoor dust has been known as a sink for many
semi-volatile organic compounds, such as bisphenol A (BPA).
Since indoor environment can protect dust from sunlight, rain
and biological degradation, pollutants then could be persistent
and accumulated in the residential environment. Up to now,
the analysis of BPA in dust is solvent and time consuming.
Therefore, the purpose of this research was to develop a method
for the determinations of BPA in dusts simultaneously by using
microwave assisted headspace solid-phase microextraction
(MAE-HS-SPME).
Methods: In this study, commercial vacuum cleaner was used to
collect household dusts while particles with diameter smaller
than 150μm were filtered out by stainless mesh. After cleaning
by the Soxhlet extraction, the sample with known amounts
of BPA spiked was then put in a vial for the MAE-HS-SPME
extraction followed by the analysis with gas chromatograph and
mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Several parameters affecting the
SPME extraction efficiency were optimized.
Results: The results showed that the desorption efficiency was
100% when the desorption time was 5 min under 250°C. The
best suitable fiber coating was 65μm Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)
and the optimum condition of MAE-HS-SPME for extraction of
BPA in dust was 20 minutes at 80°C by the addition of 1 mL
water. The linear range for the analysis was 1.25 ~ 125 ng/g dust
(r=0.99).
Conclusions: Compared with tradition extraction methods, the
MAE-HS-SPME provides a time saving, easy for operation and
solvent-free procedure.
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67
CS-127-09
Vacuum Desiccation Applications for the Increase of
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Filter Stability
C. Irwin, Galson Laboratories, East Syracuse, NY
Situation/Problem: Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) filters having
a 37-mm diameter and a 5 μm pore width are widely used as
industrial hygiene sampling media and are recommended as the
media of choice in an array of NIOSH gravimetric methodologies
(NIOSH 0500/0600/5000). Precise post sampling quantitation of
tared media after analysis depends on the long term stability
of the media. The gradual loss of weight in PVC filters was
observed over time in both the laboratory setting and in a survey
of returned field blanks. Over an 84 day period, laboratory blanks
were weighed daily and lost 0.026 ±0.008 mg (n = 15) by day 42.
In a separate study of all returned field blanks between January,
1, 2010 and October 21, 2013, filters returned to the lab after 35
days in the field also lost 0.015 ± 0.010 mg (n = 11,475).
Resolution: With both laboratory and field studies indicating
a slow loss of weight in un-used PVC filters, the possibility of
passive off-gassing of the PVC material in the filter matrix was
investigated. A vacuum desiccation study of laboratory media
blanks was performed similar in function to the recommended
procedure in OSHA PV2121.
Results: After the vacuum desiccation treatment (60°C, 48
hours, -0. 05 MPa), tared PVC filters immediately demonstrated
a decline in weight of 0.044 ± 0.028 mg (n=10), and did not
regain this weight during the following 42 days of monitoring.
Post-treatment analytical accuracy (Standard Deviation*2 of
60 repeated tare weights of the same filter) and coefficient of
variance (Standard Deviation*Mean Weight-1 of the same set
of 60 repeated filter weights) comparisons between vacuum
desiccated and control filters indicate an increase in media
stability. The accuracy of 37-mm diameter PVC filters increased
from +/- 0.010 mg to +/- 0.008 (95% confidence interval or
k=2) and the coefficient of variance decreased from 0.00040 to
0.00030.
Lessons Learned: The vacuum desiccation of PVC sampling
media was an effective treatment that increased the
reproducibility of initial tare weights in 37-mm diameter 5 μm
pore width PVC filter media.
SR-127-10
Effect of Particle Loading on the Performance of
Thermal Desorption Tubes
C. Chang, C. Lin, S. Huang, J. Lai, C. Chen, National Taiwan
University, Taipei, Taiwan; C. Chang, J. Wu, Chang Jung
Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan; J
adsorption and desorption tests to quantify the mass of acetone.
For aerosol loading experiment, a constant output atomizer
was used to generate submicron aerosol particles. The size
distribution was CMD 62.2 nm with GSD of 1.81 and the mass
concentration was around 25 mg/m3. A scanning mobility particle
sizer was employed to measure the aerosol concentrations and
size distributions upstream and downstream of the sorbent.
Challenge aerosol flow varied from 0.1 to 0.3 L/min, to study the
flow dependency. A pressure transducer was used to monitor
the pressure drop during adsorption and desorption.
Results: The 50% breakthrough time of Carbopack X and Tenax
TA was 475 s and 235 s, respectively. The collected acetone
mass by Carbopack X and Tenax TA was 0.376 and 0.186 mg,
respectively. Aerosol penetration of the most penetrating size
through 200 mg Carbopack X increased from 9 to 15%, as the
aerosol flow increased from 0.1 to 0.3 L/min, indicating that test
aerosols entered deeply into the sorbent. The sorption capacity of
sorbents could only be reduced by the loading of liquid aerosols.
For solid particle loading, the slope of the breakthrough curves
became less sharp, meaning shorter 10% breakthrough time
and longer 90% breakthrough time. It is inferred that deposited
particles acted as a barrier to slow down the organic vapor either
going in or coming out the micro-channels of the sorbents.
Conclusions: Liquid aerosols were more poisonous than solid
ones because they might form films covering more activated
site of sorbents. Aerosol loading deteriorated the sorbent’s
performance. The reduction in breakthrough time increased
with increasing loaded mass. The glass-wool filter installed
upstream of the sorbents would help to protect against aerosol
contamination, especially for liquid aerosols.
CS-127-11
Toxicity-Hazard Index and the “Critical Point”
R. Prugh, Chilworth Technology, Inc., Princeton, NJ
Situation/Problem: Recently, the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration published Assigned Protection Factors
for several types of breathing-protection devices, as part of the
OSHA standard in 29 CFR 1910.134(d)(3)(i)(A). Proper use of such
devices would allow a person to enter an environment that was
at the Maximum Use Concentration of the toxic gas or vapor of
interest. Thus, it is essential that the concentration of the gas or
vapor be known prior to protected entry into that environment.
Objective: Thermal desorption tubes are commonly used to
quantify trace amount of volatile organic compounds in the
workplace. These tubes are reused after regeneration. The
deposited particles might affect the performance of TDTs. So,
this study aimed to characterize the effect of aerosol loading on
the performance of TDTs, during both sorption and desorption
processes.
Resolution: For many toxic vapors, the “worst-case” equilibrium
concentration above a spill of the liquid at a given temperature
can be readily calculated from the Antoine vapor-pressure
equation - with three coefficients - or, with somewhat greater
accuracy, using an equation with five coefficients. Thus, for
example, the maximum volumetric concentration of vapor
above a spill at “room temperature” can be easily obtained as
the ratio of the vapor pressure divided by atmospheric pressure.
Then, the type of respirator to protect against that calculation
can be determined. Also, the ratio of the maximum equilibrium
concentration divided by the OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit
could be considered to be a Toxicity-Hazard Index, and this Index
would be numerically equal to the required Protection Factor.
Methods: Carbopack X and Tenax TA were used as the sorbents
and acetone as the attack agent. The sorbent in the regular
package weighed 200 mg. The challenge acetone concentration
was set 100 ppm. Flame ionization detector was used for both
Results: However, with novel or complex compounds, the
coefficients
for
a
vapor-pressure-versus-temperature
equation may not be available. If one set of vapor pressure
and temperature values is known, an equation can be derived
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AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce
through use of the “infinite point”, at about 1,625°C and 55,500
psia [about 2.9x106 mmHg].
Lessons Learned: The purpose of this paper is to show how
Toxicity-Hazard Indexes can be obtained and how the “infinite
point” can be used to estimate room-temperature concentrations
of toxic vapors.
SR-127-12
Improvement of Selectivity of the Method for
N-Nitrosamine Determination by GC-NPD in Workplace
Air
M. Huard, S. Aubin, L René, L. Locas, S. Paradis, IRSST,
Montreal, QC, Canada
Objective: The goal of this study was to improve the analytical
method for the determination of N-nitrosamines in air by gas
chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection (GCNPD). The need was to overcome the problems associated with
chromatographic interferences present for field samples. This
method helps in evaluating the presence of some carcinogenic
N-nitrosamines in the rubber industry.
Methods: For nitrosamine determination, the method used was
a sampler adapted by the IRSST and developed by the Institut
National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS) of France. It consists
of a sampling train containing 2 tubes in series. The first tube
is a guard to trap amines. The second tube, which contained
Florisil®, traps the nitrosamines and only this part is analyzed.
The Florisil® is then transferred to a vial, and a liquid-solid
extraction is performed with 2 mL of acetone:dichloromethane
(98:2) containing an internal standard. The extract is then
analyzed by GC-NPD using internal calibration to quantify
8 nitrosamines. Each extract is analyzed twice on two types
of configurations simultaneously on the same GC-NPD. A
multimode inlet (MMI) with temperature programming is used
with a high polarity column for the front NPD detector of the
GC. A split/splitless inlet in splitless mode is used with a middle
polarity column for the back NPD detector of the GC.
Results: A complete validation was carried out and an LOQ of
0.040 μg per sample was obtained for all 8 nitrosamines, for each
column, which corresponds to a concentration in air of 0.06 μg/m³
assuming a sampled volume of 720 L. Some compounds sensitive
to thermal degradation can produce undesirable interference if
you put them in a hot inlet. Injecting the sample into a cool inlet
with the MMI reduced the number of peaks present for some
samples and therefore reduced the possibility of interference.
Injecting the sample into two different columns (with two different
stationary phases) reduced the possibility of false positives, since
the probability is really low for an interference to have the same
retention time on the two columns.
Conclusions: The method for nitrosamine analysis was
therefore improved. The possibility of giving false positives was
greatly reduced. Some real sample results will be discussed to
demonstrate this conclusion.
PO128
Advances in Laboratory Sampling and
Analysis
Thursday, June 4, 2015, 9:00 AM - 12:20 PM
SR-128-01
Respirable Crystalline Silica Wipe Study
D. Johansen, B. Albrecht, OSHA, Sandy, UT
Objective: In the analysis of respirable crystalline silica (RCS)
it is important to ensure all analyte material is being effectively
recovered. A common practice to transfer all RCS material
from the sample cassette is to use the sample media to remove
excess dust by wiping. This practice was evaluated to determine
its effectiveness.
Methods: Forty-nine field samples were prepared following
OSHA ID-142 and wiped. The samples were then re-wiped in
order to determine if any RCS remained on the sample after
preparation.
Results: The analysis of the samples determined quartz loadings
on the filters ranged from 15 to over 900 μg. Effectiveness of the
wiping procedure was addressed by comparing the results of
the original samples to the second wipes.
Conclusions: Current sample cassette wiping practices are
adequate at the proposed and established target concentrations
for RCS.
SR-128-02
Possible Replacements for DM450 Filters in FTIR
Analysis of Silica in Coal Mine Dust
D. Farcas, T. Lee, W. Chisholm, J. Soo, M. Harper, NIOSH,
Morgantown, WV
Objective: To find a replacement filter for the vinyl/acrylic copolymer filter (DM-450) that is currently used in US standard
methods (MSHA) P-7 method and (NIOSH) Manual of Analytical
Methods (NMAM) 7603 but which is no longer commercially
available.
Methods: Nylon (47 mm, 0.45 μm pore size, HNWP04700,
Millipore), polypropylene (PP, 47 mm, 0.45μm pore size,
PP04547100, Sterlitech) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC, 47 mm,
5μm pore size, FPVC547, Zefon) filters were considered because
the filters have high IR transmittance in the spectral region 6001000 cm-1. Calibration curves using these filters were prepared
according to the NMAM 7603 by pipet deposition of a suspension
of standard reference material, respirable α-quartz (1878a), in
isopropyl alcohol. Absorbance spectra of the quartz samples
on the various filters were recorded and analyzed by the NMAM
7603 and MSHA P-7 methods. Limits of detection (LOD) and
limits of quantification (LOQ) were determined from multiple
measurements of blank filters. Coefficients of variation (CV)
were determined from IR measurements of known masses (3
- 10 μg) of quartz for each filter. The filters were also tested to
determine quartz masses in ashed coal dust samples by both
methods. Pore size for each type of filter was determined by
the bubble point test. Breakthrough of quartz particles for each
filter was also investigated.
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69
Results: LODs and LOQs from nylon filters determined
according to MSHA P-7 were larger than those of PP and PVC.
The values determined from the same spectra according to the
NIOSH method were similar. The CV of the known masses of
quartz samples were in the range of 1-18%. The nylon filter did
not provide even particle deposition on filter possibly due to
pressure drop across the filters when two different filters were
superimposed during the redeposition procedure. A regression
analysis of quartz masses determined by NIOSH and MSHA
showed a relationship close to unity. Pore size measurements
yielded values in close agreement with the manufacturers’
advertised pore sizes. No breakthrough of the quartz particles
through any of the filters was observed.
Conclusions: The DM-450 filter specified by NIOSH and MSHA
for quartz measurement in coal dust by FTIR can be replaced
with PP and PVC filters without other modifications of their
methods. The nylon filter is not as suitable due to uneven
particle deposition.
SR-128-03
Interference Removal in Analysis of Respirable
Crystalline Silica by Microwave Digestion
B. Albrecht, D. Johansen, OSHA, Sandy, UT
Objective: Kaolinite, a very commonly occurring mineral,
interferes with the analysis of respirable crystalline silica (RCS)
because some of its analytical diffraction lines overlap with
those of quartz and cristobalite. A new closed vessel microwave
technique to acid wash samples was developed to quickly digest
the kaolinite while leaving polymorphs of RCS intact so they can
be re-deposited for interference free analysis. This technique
was tested to quantify its effectiveness.
Methods: Laboratory created samples containing target levels
of RCS (40 μg of quartz and 40 μg of cristobalite) were spiked
with maximum expected levels of interfering solids (2000 μg of
kaolinite) to test the ability of a new closed vessel microwave
acid digestion procedure to remove unwanted interferences
and leave the RCS polymorphs of interest intact. Samples were
analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) both before and after the acid
digestion.
Results: The microwave acid wash procedure enables the
collection of much cleaner peak scans on useful analytical
angles and recoveries suggest that RCS lost in the process
is minimal. This is apparent in both the visual appearance of
the peak scans and in the analytical recoveries obtained. Preacid wash recoveries for quartz on its analytical angles were
primary through quaternary were 58.7, 39.7, 50.6, and 372
μg respectively. Post-acid wash results were much closer to
theoretical 44.8, 42.5, 41.2, and 38.5 μg. Cristobalite data was
similar: 52.4, 636.4, and 54.0 μg pre-wash and 38.2, 43.5, and
37.6 μg post-wash.
Conclusions: In some cases where interfering solid material
makes the quantification of RCS difficult, improved results can
quickly be obtained following a closed vessel microwave acid
digestion procedure to remove unwanted solid material.
SR-128-04
Internal Cassette Deposits in Respirable Samplers
J. Soo, T. Lee, M. Kashon, M. Harper, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV
Objective: To compare quartz mass in coal dust deposited on
internal surface of polystyrene and polypropylene (conductive)
cassettes types for respirable size-selective samplers.
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AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce
Methods: Pittsburgh seam coal dust was aerosolized in a calm
air chamber by using a fluidized bed aerosol generator without
neutralization under the assumption that the procedure is
similar to field sampling conditions. Four different respirable
size-selective samplers (10-mm Dorr-Oliver nylon, SKC
Aluminum, BGI4L, and GK2.69 cyclones) were employed with
two different cassette types (polystyrene and polypropylene
(conductive) cassettes). Two different levels of dust mass were
tested with at least three repetitions for each level. The mass
of coal dust was measured gravimetrically and quartz mass
was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
according to NIOSH Manual of Analytical Method 7603. Coal
dust deposited inside of the cassettes was wiped out with two or
three successive PVC filters wetted with isopropyl alcohol until
the surface of the cassettes was clean to visual inspection.
Results: A total of 216 samples were collected. The mass
fractions of the total quartz sample on the internal cassette
surface are significantly different between polystyrene and
polypropylene (conductive) cassettes for all cyclones (p<0.05).
However, no consistent relationship between quartz mass on
cassette internal surface and coal dust filter mass was observed.
The BGI4L cyclone showed larger (but not significantly) and the
GK2.69 cyclone showed significantly lower (p<0.05) internal
surface deposit quartz mass fraction for polystyrene cassettes
compared to other cyclones.
Conclusions: This study confirms previous observations that
the quartz residue on interior surface of polystyrene cassettes
attached to cyclone pre-selectors can be a substantial part of
the sample, and therefore need to be included in any analysis for
accurate exposure assessment. On the other hand, the finding
of the present study supports that the dust adhesion on interior
wall of polypropylene (conductive) cassettes used with sizeselective cyclones are negligible and that it is only necessary to
analyze the filter catch.
CS-128-05
Dispelling the Myths: Understanding the Complexity of
Isocyanate Sampling in the Workplace
D. LaGarde, OSHA, Sandy, UT
Situation/Problem: Workplace exposure to isocyanates is wellstudied with established sampling and analytical protocols.
Occupational sampling for isocyanates began over 50 years ago,
yet research is ongoing and workers exposed to isocyanates
continue to exhibit illness, why? Persons working in the same
occupational environment exhibit different responses to
isocyanate exposure, ranging from no response to potentially
fatal hyper-sensitization. Exposures can be acute or chronic,
where isocyanate concentrations can be very low for many
hours or at a high concentration for just a few seconds. Routes
of exposure may be inhalation and dermal. In addition, the
measurement of isocyanates in an occupational environment is
challenging to sample and analyze. Isocyanates can exist in the
air as a vapor or as an aerosol with a wide range of particle sizes.
Isocyanates are highly reactive and are comprised of numerous
chemical species, monomers, pre-polymers, and polymers.
Analytical standards are not available for many species. A
number of “problems” are associated with current sampling
methodology used for isocyanates including the mobility on a
dry derivative filter, stability of the derivative prior to sampling,
and under derivatization of large particles. Published research
is often limited in scope; conclusions can be widespread, broadly
interpreted, become myth, and then fact.
Resolution: Dispel myths that have evolved surrounding
isocyanate exposure, sample collection, and analysis through
research, education, and collaboration. Scientifically evaluate
proposed improvements and empirical observations regarding
occupational isocyanate exposure assessment and eliminate
the myths that can lead to erroneous results and exposure
conclusions.
Results: Comparisons performed to evaluate common issues
associated with isocyanate sampling reveal the complexity of
isocyanate sampling and analysis. The most accurate sampling
and assessment for worker exposure comes from a thoughtful
evaluation of the environment, isocyanates and co-reactants
present, potential formation or breakdown products, and
potential interferences using sampling protocols in established
validated sampling and analytical methods.
Lessons Learned: Evaluate myths through the scientific method.
Cause and effect, or empirical evidence, is not equal to scientific
testing. Publications, advertisements, new sampler designs
and processes do not supplant the tests completed to validate
scientific methods used for chemical exposure quantification.
SR-128-06
Measurement of the Potential Exposure to Isocyanates
Monomers and Oligomers during Spray Painting
J. Brown, E. Barrey, O. Shimelis, M. Halpenny, M. Ye, SigmaAldrich / Supelco, Bellefonte, PA
Objective: Monitoring of isocyanates in the workplace
environment is important as these reactive compounds are
capable of inducing respiratory disorders like “occupational
asthma”. Airborne monomer and oligomer isocyanates can
occur together in product formulations, such as automotive
clear coat finishes. Analyzing the monomer and oligomer
isocyanates in a single method provides the most efficient
solution for determining the concentrations present during
potential exposures.
Methods: In this field study, the sampling device used to collect
the air samples incorporated a Dibutylamine impregnated
media. The Dibutylamine derivatized the reactive isocyanates
to form stable urea derivatives. This “dry” air sampler allowed
sensitive and reliable detection of multiple isocyanates including
monomers and oligomers. Low detection limits were obtained by
using LC-MS-MS. Quantitative analysis of the isocyanates was
possible by using the available deuterated internal standards.
Results: Both monomers and polymers of Isophorone
diisocyanate (IPDI), and 1,6-Hexamethylene diisocyanate
(HDI) were detected during this study. The quantitative results
indicated that HDI-Isocyanurate and IPDI-Isocyanurate were
present at the highest concentration inside the spraybooth
during the spraying process. HDI polymeric species detected
included; HDI-Isocyanurate, HDI-Uretidone and HDI-Biuret.
The IPDI polymeric form IPDI-Isocyanurate was also present at
higher concentrations than the monomer form.
Conclusions: The use of the dry sampling device allowed
quantitative analysis and identification of the individual
isocyanate species. The study indicated that isocyanate
oligomers were present at much higher concentrations than the
monomers during the spray painting process.
CS-128-07
Isocyanate Field Extraction Procedure
J. Glowacki, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, WI
Situation/Problem: Successful isocyanate sample collection
depends upon sample derivatization at the time of collection.
Derivatization occurs when the isocyanates come into physical
contact with the derivatizing agent on the filter of the sampling
media to form a stable by-product. 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine is the
derivatizing agent on the 37mm glass fiber filters referenced in
OSHA 42 and 47 for the analysis of Diisocyanates. Isocyanate
vapors and very fine aerosols are captured well using this
method, as they react more completely on the filter to form the
stable derivative. Larger aerosol droplets and high particulate
air samples are problematic as their size impairs reaction with
the derivatizing agent.
Resolution: To minimize the loss of unreacted aerosol or
particulate isocyanate, the OSHA NEP now requires field
extraction of isocyanate sample filters. The field extraction
process will be clearly described, including detailed photographs.
Rationale for recommended tools and PPE (personal protective
equipment) will also be explained.
Results: Aerosol isocyanate samples that are field extracted will
yield three or more times more analyte over non field extracted
samples. Data showing the importance of isocyanate sample
field extraction will be presented.
Lessons Learned: Collection recoveries can be significantly
improved by field extracting aerosol and high particulate
isocyanate samples. What can go wrong with the field extraction
process? Real world samples present varied difficulties and
challenges. Proper planning and understanding of the field
extraction process can minimize these issues.
SR-128-08
Development and Validation of a New Personal Sampler
for Monitoring Inorganic Acid Mist and Gases
C. Chien, L. Shou, C. Wu, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL; A. Theodore, Fracture, Gainesville, FL; Y. Hsu, Wood
Buffalo Environmental Association, Fort McMurray,
AB, Canada; B. Birky, Florida Industrial and Phosphate
Research Institute, Bartow, FL
Objective: To develop a personal sampler to overcome the
inaccurate measurement of inorganic acid mist and gases using
NIOSH Method 7903.
Methods: To design a new sampler that consists of 3 components
in an ergonomic smart phone shape to collect aerosol and gases
separately: a parallel impactor for classifying acid mist following
ACGIH/ISO/CEN defined human respirable/thoracic fraction, a
porous membrane denuder for adsorbing acidic gases, and a
filter pack to collect small particles penetrating the impactor
and the denuder.
Results: Test results showed that the personal sampler
maintained particle collection efficiency greater than 99% for
4-hour sampling time as well as 4-hour gas collection efficiency
over 95% for SO2, HCl, and HNO3 with a feed concentration of
10, 10, and 4 ppm (two times of OSHA standards), respectively.
Additionally, the sampler successfully separated the collection
of SO2 from that of H2SO4, thus minimizing the interference when
SO2 and H2SO4 coexist. Testing was also carried out according to
OSHA’s Validation Guidelines for Air Sampling Methods Utilizing
Chromatographic Analysis. Under both low (22%) and high (64%)
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71
relative humidities, the sampler’s analyte recovery was above
99%. While particle growth due to the hygroscopicity of sulfuric
acid shifts particle collection toward the impactor at high RH,
the mass concentration of sulfuric acid was conserved for the
combined impactor and filter collection. The storage stability of
the H2SO4 samples taken every 5 days showed that, for ambient
storage, the overall standard error of the samples collected in
25 days was 5.76% with 95% confidence limit of 11.28%, while
for refrigerated samples, the standard error was 4.96% and 95%
confidence limit was 9.65%, indicating both storage methods
impose no significant effect on the samples.
Conclusions: This validated new personal sampler will provide
accurate and reliable monitoring of inorganic acid mist in
occupational setting over conventional methods which suffer from
interferences encountered when using current NIOSH method.
SR-128-09
Analytical Method Validation for the Use of Microfiber
Cloth Swatches in Surface Wipe Sampling
M. Malinsky, B. Mader, 3M, St. Paul, MN
Objective: Wipe sampling of workplace surfaces is a valuable
tool for dermal exposure assessments. The purpose of this
investigation was to evaluate the use of microfiber cloth
swatches, pre-wetted with solvent, as surface wipe media for
acrylates. The microfiber cloth, which is designed for cleaning
purposes, is physically more durable than other conventional
wipe media.
Methods: Sampled wipes were solvent extracted and then
analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/
MS). The following quality control samples were prepared
to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the analytical
methodology: wipe spikes (extraction efficiency), surface spikes
(sampling efficiency), blanks (media interferences), and holding
time spikes (analyte stability on the wipe media).
Results: Wipe spikes produced recoveries within 100±25%
demonstrating that the target analytes could be quantitatively
extracted from the microfiber media. Wipes sampled from
spiked aluminum foil demonstrated greater variability with
recoveries between 100±50%. The acrylates tested for this study
were stable on the wipe media for a minimum of fourteen days.
Conclusions: Microfiber wipes are a suitable media for surface
wipe sampling for acrylates and potentially other classes of
chemicals. The study demonstrated that quantitative results
can be obtained for the analysis of the wipe samples. However
the similarity of the transfer efficiency of the wipe sampling to
actual dermal uptake could not be quantified.
SR-128-10
Sampling of Semi-Volatile Compounds - A New
Sampling System for Simultaneous Sampling of
Droplets and Vapors
D. Breuer, C. Friedrich, IFA- Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health of the Germany Accident Insurance,
Sankt Augustin, Germany; G. Dragan, 2Joint Mass
Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics”, Helmholtz Zentrum München,
Neuherberg, Germany
Objective: The European Standard EN 13936 defines the basic
requirements for semi-volatile compounds that can occur as
vapor and particle at the same time at workplaces. Vapor and
particles shall not be sampled separately and particles have to
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be sampled as inhalable fraction. Sampler containing filter and
pumped sorbent tube in series are one of the suitable sampling
trains. IFA has developed a sampling head (GGP-Mini) which
is designed to sample the inhalable fraction at flow rates that
can be easily combined with commercially available adsorption
tubes. Particles will be sampled on a 13 mm filter. A basic set up
with glass fiber filter and charcoal tube was tested.
Methods: Laboratory tests were performed with compounds
in a boiling point range from 188 °C (propylene glycol) to 318
°C (n-octadecane). The substances were spiked directly on the
filter and then air sucked through (0.33 l/min, 2 h). For further
evaluation droplet/vapor mixtures of n-hexadecane, n-octadecane
and diethylene glycol with droplet sizes between 1 μm and 4 μm
were generated in a flow-tube reactor. All samples were analysed
with GC-FID. In the flow-tube the aerosols were analysed online
with a particle counter (particle number and concentration) and a
flame ionisation detector (total concentration).
Results: Mainly substances with boiling points above 230°C
up to 300°C were found on both substrates, filter and charcoal
tube. For n-hexadecane with a droplet size of 2 μm the online
measurements gives a result of 13 mg/m3 for the droplets and
24.2 mg/m3 for the overall concentration. The GGP-Mini showed
different results for droplets (8.5 mg/m3) and vapor (16.7 mg/
m3), the result for the sum of vapor and droplets (25.2 mg/m3)
was in good agreement to the online measurement. Parallel
sampling with charcoal tubes without upstream particle
sampling showed differences arise as soon as droplets are the
dominant component.
Conclusions: All tests have shown that the distribution between
vapor and droplets is not constant, and that only the sum of vapor
and droplets constitutes a reproducible result. The distribution
is dependent upon numerous influencing factors including the
concentration of the aerosol, the temperature, and, particularly
in the case of polar substances, the atmospheric humidity.
PS401
Poster Session 1
Author Attend Time: Monday 10:00 a.m. - 12:00 p.m.
*All posters are available for viewing in the expo hall
from Monday 9:00 a.m. through Wednesday 1:00 p.m.
SR-401-01
Size Distribution and Estimated Respiratory Deposition
of Total Chromium, Hexavalent Chromium, Manganese
and Nickel in Gas Metal Arc Welding Fume Aerosols
L. Cena, M. Keane, A. Cumpston, B. Chen, NIOSH,
Morgantown, WV
Objective: Assess the particle size distribution from 10 nm to
>30 μm of total Cr, Cr(VI), Mn and Ni in welding fumes generated
by GMAW of mild and stainless steel, establish the fraction of
Cr(VI) in total Cr for each particle size range, and provide an
understanding of the regional deposition of these metals in the
human respiratory system.
Methods: Welding fumes were generated with a robotic
welder operating in axial spray mode. Samples were collected
using a nano multiple orifice uniform deposition impactor
with polyvinyl chloride filters on each stage. The filters were
analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
and ion chromatography. Limits of detection and quantitation
were experimentally calculated and percent recoveries were
measured from metal spikes. The fraction of Cr(VI) in total Cr
was assessed by calculating the ratio of Cr(VI) to total Cr mass
for each particle size range. Regional deposition of each metal
was estimated according to respiratory-deposition models.
other hand, quartz concentrations for samples collected from
N-Nylone and N-AL, while analyzed using the DOF XRD method,
were found with no significant difference from those analyzed
using the NIOSH-7500 method.
Results: The weight percent (wt%; ± standard deviation) of Mn
in mild steel fumes was 9.2% (±6.8%). For stainless steel fumes,
the wt%s were 8.4% (±5.4%) for total Cr, 12.2% (±6.5%) for
Mn, 2.1% (±1.5%) for Ni and 0.5% (±0.4%) for Cr(VI). All metals
presented a submicron fraction between 0.04 and 0.6 μm. Total
Cr and Ni presented an additional fraction <0.03 μm. On average
6% of the Cr was found in the Cr(VI) valence state. There was
no statistical difference between the smallest and largest mean
Cr(VI) to total Cr mass ratio (p-value=0.19), hence particle size
did not affect the contribution of Cr(VI) relative to total Cr. The
predicted total respiratory deposition for the metal particles
was ~20%. The sites of principal deposition were the head
airways (7-10%) and the alveolar region (8-9%). Estimated Cr(VI)
deposition was highest in the alveolar region (8.8%).
Conclusions: It is concluded that the developed filter holder
is suitable for collecting and analyzing respirable free silica
samples using the DOF XRD method, which will be beneficial
for industries on reducing both cost and manpower on free
silica analysis as in comparison with the use of the NIOSH-7500
method.
Conclusions: Total fume mass obtained from gravimetric
analysis of the impactor stages presented a tri-modal
distribution with a substantial contribution of particles in the
0.006–0.06 μm range. Chemical analyses of the individual
metals did not reveal as prominent mass in this smaller size
range. The discrepancy may be due to the lesser reliability of
gravimetric analysis compared to chemical analysis. The wt%
of metals in the fumes differed from that of the consumables.
Future research should focus on other welding processes such
as SMAW, FCAW and gas tungsten arc welding.
SR-401-02
Developing and Validating of a New Filter Holder for
Direct On-filter Analysis of Free Silica Samples by
Using the XRD Method
C. Chen, P. Tsai, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan
City, Taiwan; C. Lai, Chung Shan Medical University,
Taichung City, TaiwanObjective: This study was set out to develop a new filter holder
for direct on-filter (DOF) analysis of free silica samples using
the XRD method.
Methods: The target uniformity of the deposition of particles
on a filter (=0.78) was determined according to NIOSH-7500
method, and was used as a guideline for developing a new filter
holder suitable for both the nylon cyclone and 25-mm aluminum
cyclone.
Results: A new filter holder with an120° outlet angle and a
50mm cowl length was developed based on repetitive laboratory
tests. Field validations were conducted on three selected
workplaces in a foundry plant. For any given workplace, two
nylon cyclones respectively mounted with a traditional and a
newly developed filter holder (denoted as T-Nylon and N-Nylon,
respectively) , and two 25-mm aluminum cyclone respectively
mounted with a traditional and the newly developed filter holder
(denoted as T-AL and N-AL, respectively) were used to collected
respirable dust samples. Results show that no significant
difference was found among the respirable dust concentrations
for samples collected from the T-Nylone, N-Nylone, T-AL and
N-AL suggesting that all testing cyclones shared a very similar
performance as a pre-selector for collecting the resparable
dust. The quartz concentrations for samples collected from
T-Nylone and T-AL analyzed using the DOF XRD method
were found to be higher than that of the NIOSH-7500. On the
CS-401-03
Controlling Open Pit Mine Ground Worker Respirable
Silica Exposure: A Case Study
D. Weber, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Glastonbury,
CT
Situation/Problem: Open pit mining and crushing of stone
provides needed material for the construction industry. A
ground worker commonly works around crushing and conveying
equipment. The ground worker cleans up material spills from
conveyors, picks stone from catwalks and monitors feed piles,
material transport and tunnel operations. During these activities,
excessively high airborne exposure to respirable dust containing
crystalline silica (quartz) was present. Excessive respirable
quartz exposure has been linked to lung fibrosis and silicosis.
The ground worker’s exposure to respirable dust containing
quartz was over 2 times the MSHA PEL. The worker wore a
NIOSH approved N95 filtering facepiece respirator. Industrial
hygiene recommendations following the hierarchy of controls
were submitted with emphasis on the need for enhanced dust
suppression at crushing and transfer points.
Resolution: Management actions included the installation of
cameras for observing the tunnel, the top feeds of the secondary
and recrush/tertiary crushers, permitting the worker to spend
more time in the control trailer. Cleaning was eliminated in the
vicinity of the primary ground area while the primary crusher
is operating. Conveyor skirting was improved to reduce spills
that required clean up. Improvements in water mist dust
suppression were implemented at the secondary and tertiary
crushers and at belt transfer points. The employee wears taskbased appropriate NIOSH approved respiratory protection in the
form of N95 filtering face piece respirators as needed and is
included in an effective Respiratory Protection Program.
Results: The enhanced controls resulted in the ground worker’s
respirable dust exposure being reduced to below the MSHA PEL.
Lessons Learned: A combined effort of modified work
procedures, remote process equipment monitoring in
conjunction with well designed, managed and maintained water
mist dust suppression can provide effective means of reducing
crushing plant ground worker respirable quartz exposure.
SR-401-04
Exposure Level of Airborne Fungi in Pig Buildings of
Korea
K. Kim, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan, Republic of
Korea; H. Ko, Korean National Open University, Seoul,
Republic of Korea; C. Kim, Yonsei University, Seoul,
Republic of Korea
Objective: This study was performed to assess exposure level of
airborne fungi in a pig building of Korea according to pig housing
type.
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73
Methods: The pig building surveyed in this study was enclosed type
operated with mechanical ventilation system and manure removal
by slurry pit. The sampling sites in pig building were gestation/
farrowing room, nursery room and growing/fattening room. It was
visited every month in 2012 and the mean data obtained for three
consecutive months were considered as a seasonal level: spring
(Mar. to May), summer (Jun. to Aug.), autumn (Sep. to Nov.) and
winter (Dec. to Feb.). Samples were collected at 1.5 m above the
middle floor in pig housing room. A six-stage viable particulate
cascade impactor was used to collect airborne fungi in the pig
building. The plate media for culturing airborne fungi was a Malt
Extract Agar (MEA). The statistical analysis was applied to verify
the significance of concentration difference in airborne fungi
among pig housing rooms and seasons.
Results: Mean concentration of airborne fungi in the housing
room of gestation/farrowing pigs were 3,004(±1,208)cfu m-3 in
spring, 2,536(±1,313)cfu m-3 in summer, 1,568(±836)cfu m-3 in
autumn, and 2,324(±1,315)cfu m-3 in winter, respectively. Mean
concentrations of airborne fungi in the housing room of nursery
pigs were 4,780(±2,008)cfu m-3 in spring, 4,117(±1,836)cfu m-3 in
summer, 1,796(±922)cfu m-3 in autumn, and 2,650(±1,235)cfu m-3
in winter, respectively. Mean concentrations of airborne fungi in
the housing room of growing/fattening pigs were 11,686(±3,864)
cfu m-3 in spring, 16,173(±3,805)cfu m-3 in summer, 1,994(±736)
cfu m-3 in autumn, and 7,983(±925)cfu m-3 in winter, respectively.
Overall airborne fungi which have particle size over 2.1㎛ (stage
1~stage 4) accounted for approximately 70~80% compared
to total airborne fungi regardless of pig housing type. The
predominant airborne fungi in pig building were Penicillium sp.
(15~25%), Cladosporium sp. (10~15%) and Aspergillus sp. (5~10%).
Conclusions: Exposure level of airborne fungi in terms of pig
housing type were highest in growing/fattening housing room
followed by nursery housing room and gestation/farrowing
housing room (p<0.05). The pig building showed the highest
levels of airborne fungi in summer followed by spring, winter
and autumn. There was, however, no significant difference
among seasonal exposure levels (p>0.05).
SR-401-05
Filtration of Combustion Aerosols by N95, R95 and P95
Filtering Facepiece Respirator Filters
S. Gao, S. Grinshpun, J. Kim, M. Yermakov, Y. Elmashae,
T. Reponen, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH; X. He,
West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV;
Objective: To evaluate the performance of filter samples from
an N95 filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) against combustion
aerosol particles and conventional NaCl aerosol challenge.
While interpreting the data acquired for N95 filters, a secondary
goal was established: to conduct the same evaluation for R95
and P95 filters.
Methods: First, 38.5 cm2 filter samples were cut from an N95
FFR and mounted on a holder. The filters were challenged with
three combustion aerosols (generated by burning wood, paper
and plastic) and with NaCl aerosol. The sample surface area and
flow rate were chosen to match the average face velocity through
the entire respirator operating at inhalation flow rates of 15,
30, 55 and 85 L/min. The size-resolved particle concentrations
upstream (Cup_dp) and downstream (Cdown_dp) were measured
with a Nanocheck (Grimm Technologies, Germany). The sizeresolved particle penetration (Pdp) was determined as (Cdown_dp/
Cup_dp)×100%. Second, the penetration was similarly determined
for R95 and P95 FFRs.
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AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce
Results: For the N95 filter, the combustion particles featured
significantly higher penetrations than NaCl (p<0.05). Increasing
the inhalation flow resulted in an increase in Pdp for all challenge
aerosols. The particle size, inhalation flow rate and challenge
aerosol type were significant factors (p<0.05) affecting the
penetration of combustion particles. The most penetrating
particle size (MPPS) ranged from 35 to 105 nm and depended on
the aerosol type. In contrast to N95, the data collected with R95
and P95 filters provided no evidence of a greater penetration of
combustion particles compared to that of NaCl. This difference
suggests that “oily” particles generated during combustion
could reduce the particle collection efficiency of N-type filters,
which are not designed to against “oily” materials, while no
similar negative effect occurs for the R- and P-types that are
capable to operate in “oily” environments. Other mechanisms
that can explain the finding of this study include chemical
reactions between the combustion particles and the fibers, as
well as electrostatic effects.
Conclusions: The N95 filter performance obtained with NaCl
particles may not accurately predict (rather overestimate) the
protection level offered by the same filters against combustion
particles. R95 and P95 FFRs could offer better protection against
combustion particles than N95 FFR.
CS-401-06
Airborne Lead and Arsenic Exposures Arising during
Metal Bridge Deck Demolition: A Case Study
D. Weber, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company, Glastonbury,
CT
Situation/Problem: The renovation of a bridge with a metal
deck required the removal of the metal deck from structural
frame members in sections. Torch cutting was employed to
cut the deck into sections. During this process, excessively
high airborne concentrations of lead were present outside of
the torch operator’s respiratory protection. One individual’s air
sample contained excessive airborne arsenic. Excessive lead
exposure has been linked to neurological, gastrointestinal and
heme synthesis affects. Excessive arsenic exposure has been
linked to gastrointestinal effects and cancer. Sampling revealed
exposures that could represent acute as well as chronic health
hazards. Torch cutting worker TWA exposures outside the PAPR’s
were in excess of 30 times the lead PEL and slightly above the
arsenic PEL. Air samples collected inside one workers PAPR
revealed no quantifiable lead exposure for the worker wearing
the PAPR continuously. Another worker removed his PAPR on
the bridge deck to consume beverages for a short period of time
resulting in his sample containing 2.6 ug/cu.m. of lead. Worker
protection consisted of Tyvek suits, gloves and NIOSH approved
PAPR’s equipped with and P100 filters. Beverage consumption
and smoking were permitted on the bridge deck. Industrial
hygiene recommendations following the hierarchy of controls
were submitted with emphasis on the need for management
to act expeditiously to implement lead and arsenic control
programs.
Resolution: Management actions included investigating other
suitable means of bridge deck demolition, implementation of
a comprehensive lead and arsenic control programs. Requiring
all workers on the bridge deck to wear accepted PPE, the
elimination of ingestion and smoking on the bridge deck.
Management was investigating the acquisition of a sectional
trailer for washing, showering and changing clothes.
Results: These exposures were managed for the duration of
the job as management continued to investigate other suitable
means for metal bridge deck demolition for future jobs.
Lessons Learned: Pre-construction planning for comprehensive
management of metal fume exposures arising from bridge
deck demolition is critical. If worn properly, PAPR’s provide an
effective means of airborne fume exposure control.
CS-401-07
Performance of Ergonomic Evaluation of Identified
Plant Site Job Positions for Development of Specific
Physical Demands Assessment and Revised Job
Description Documentation
J. Koehn, L. McKelvey, W. Young, JK, Inc., Houston, TX
Situation/Problem: Professional and technical consulting
services were requested by an industrial plant manufacturing
Client to perform ergonomic evaluations for outlined job
positions with specific physical demands including work task
assessments at a facility located in Houston, Texas during
2013–2014. Review of prepared position descriptions and work
activities was completed for a defined consulting scope of work
to update documented and defined criteria subsequently used
for job placement by nursing personnel working through Human
Resources.
Resolution: A project team was assembled for defined plant site
assessment of prioritized job work tasks and to prepare necessary
documentation. The consulting team members included a
Certified Industrial Hygienist (CIH), field/plant knowledgeable
Industrial Hygienists, and a Certified Professional Ergonomist
(CPE). Observations of physical and strenuous job tasks, noted
work positions, and specific manual activities for operations,
maintenance, and support groups were gathered for ergonomic
quantification of risk levels for the Client. Process included
extensive recordkeeping in addition to professional and technical
evaluation, personnel interviews, administration of job position
surveys, and work task investigation and documentation.
Results: Technical content of the outlined physical assessment
categories related to health risk hazards and specific ergonomic
work task evaluation was properly addressed through definition
of two different conditions as “normal or representative” and also
“worst case scenario”. Specific job positions were investigated
including recordkeeping through digital photographs and
videos for accurate assessment and quantification of required
physical demands. Updated job description documents for use
by plant site nursing personnel related to new employee hiring
procedures and position placement were finalized.
Lessons Learned: Industrial hygiene and plant operations
knowledge was valuable for this project to facilitate plant site
assessment and categorize risk levels for various job positions.
Review of observed work task documentation provided specific
quantification of noted repetitive activities with ergonomic risk
assessment of required manual and strenuous components.
This information was further employed by plant Human
Resources personnel to outline elements of pre-employment
physical assessment procedures for job position evaluations.
SR-401-08
Field Study of High Flow Rate Respirable Size Selective
Samplers for Silica Measurement
T. Lee, M. Harper, M. Kashon, NIOSH, Morgantown, WV
Objective: To determine the feasibility of utilizing the high flow
rate samplers (CIP10-R, FSP10 and GK2.69) in measurements of
respirable crystalline silica collected from various occupational
environments by comparison with low flow rate samplers (10mm nylon cyclone and Higgins-Dewell type cyclone).
Methods: Samples were collected in seven occupational sites in
the US, including construction (masonry and demolition), silica
sand production, metal mine and labor union training centers, and
five stonemasonry sites in Ireland. Side-by-side personal sampling
was conducted with 6 combinations of high and low flow rate
samplers. When personal sampling was unavailable, a stationary
Lippman-type sampling apparatus was utilized and placed near
the working area. Gravimetric analysis was used to determine
respirable dust mass concentration and X-ray diffraction analysis
was used to determine quartz mass concentration.
Results: Eleven sets of area samples and 268 pairs of personal
samples were obtained. Due to large variation in field condition,
the respirable dust mass and quartz mass concentrations ratios
<0.3 and >3.0 between the high and low flow rate samplers
were considered as outliers. The frequency of samples above
the limit of detection of quartz (5μg) was significantly (p<0.05)
higher when the CIP10-R and FSP10 samplers were used
compared to low flow rate samplers while the GK2.69 cyclone
did not show significant difference from low flow rate samplers.
The same result was produced in the frequency of above limit of
quantification (15 μg) between high and low flow rates samplers.
Some pairs of the samplers showed significant differences
(p<0.05) in respirable dust mass concentration and quartz mass
concentration but these differences disappeared when outliers
were removed. Some pairs of the samplers showed a significant
difference from a 1:1 relationship in accordance with linear
regression analysis when outliers were removed. However,
while the differences were significant, they are not large.
Conclusions: The high flow rate samplers did not generally
show significant differences in respirable dust mass and quartz
mass concentration. The high flow rate samplers also provide
more dust for subsequent sample analysis, allowing for better
precision. However, higher flow-rate samplers may have other
attributes that could influence the decision as to whether they
should be used for personal sampling.
SR-401-09
Measuring Workers’ Exposure to Metals in Smelter
Materials Used as Fill and Assessing Potential Risk
L. Beyer, M. Seeley, G. Greenberg, B. Beck, Gradient,
Cambridge, MA;; S. Thakali, URS Corporation, Philadelphia,
PA; F. Melnikov, Yale University, New Haven, CT
Objective: Smelter material (brick, smelter residue, retort), has
been used for road construction in the US. When workers handle
these materials while repairing roads and bridges, metals could
be transferred to hands and subsequently ingested, resulting in
a potential health risk. We conducted a hand transfer study to
simulate potential exposure. Our objectives were to measure the
amount of metals workers might get on their hands as a result
of contacting the smelter material used as fill, estimate intake
by workers potentially contacting the materials, and assess risk.
Methods: We evaluated exposure to metals from direct contact
with smelter material following a study procedure based on
peer-reviewed methodology. Smelter material was collected
alongside roads and bridges and shipped to a laboratory
where, according to a detailed protocol, volunteers handled the
material in a manner simulating how workers would contact
the material. The volunteers’ hands were then rinsed, and the
rinsate was analyzed for lead, zinc, arsenic, and cadmium.
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75
Using the analytical results, as well as site-specific information
regarding potential worker contact with smelter materials and
standard US EPA risk assessment methodology, we calculated
exposure from dermal contact and inadvertent ingestion of
material on hands.
Results: The maximum amount transferred to the hands
for cadmium, lead, and zinc was 0.002, 0.035, and 0.98 mg,
respectively. Zinc was detected most frequently and at the
highest concentration, lead and cadmium were each detected
in two samples, and arsenic was not detected. We calculated
a hazard quotient (HQ) of 0.017 for cadmium (ingestion and
dermal contact) and 0.0015 for zinc (ingestion only, as there
is no dermal absorption). The total hazard index was 0.02. For
lead, we estimated the daily intake of 1.96 μg for a 70-kg man,
which would have no detectable impact on blood lead levels.
None of the detected metals are considered carcinogens via
ingestion, so handling smelter material would not be associated
with excess cancer risk.
Conclusions: Based on the study results and risk calculations,
handling smelter material did not represent a significant source
of exposure, and the potential health risks associated with
workers handling smelter material did not exceed acceptable
risk levels. Nonetheless, exposure could be decreased through
use of appropriate protective gloves.
CS-401-10
A Comparison of the Use of Differing Occupational
Exposure Limits Using Real World Silica Exposure
Measurements
E. Reed, R. Newton, Liberty Mutual Insurance Company,
Wheat Ridge, CO
Situation/Problem: The application of occupational exposure
limits for silica exposures has long drawn attention from
legislators, lobbyists, field practitioners, worker’s rights
advocates and industry leaders. A Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking (NPRM) published by OSHA which suggests a
reduced Permissible Exposure Limit for crystalline silica has
heightened interest amongst many industry trade groups and
associations.
Resolution: This paper examines exposure data for respirable
crystalline silica exposures from 185 field measurements
collected at 33 different sites in 6 States, for 28 different similar
exposure groups on 50 different dates over a seven year time
span. This real-world exposure data was analyzed to develop
a comparison of the % of the worker population that would be
over-exposed when compared to four different occupational
exposure limits for crystalline silica: 1) 29 CFR 1926.55 (OSHA
Construction Standard), 2) 30 CFR part §56.5005 (MSHA
Standard) / 29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-3 (OSHA General Industry
Standard), 3) Newly Proposed OSHA PEL (Federal Register,
September 12, 2013), and 4) the 2014 ACGIH TLV®.
Results: Percentages of worker populations that would be over
exposed are reported for 28 similar exposure groups (SEGs) as
compared with the five referenced occupational exposure limits.
Lessons Learned: The purpose of this paper is to provide
insights on the application of differing occupational exposure
limits using real world data.
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CS-401-11
Use of Direct Reading Aerosol Monitors to Evaluate
Exposures to Respirable Dusts Containing Crystalline
Silica
M. Wiggins, Liberty Mutual Insurance, Lexington, SC
Situation/Problem: Evaluating silica exposures can pose
challenges due to limitations of the sampling method. Due to the
high sample volume requirements, it is difficult to evaluate dust
exposures that occur due to performing individual work tasks
that create exposures. Direct reading aerosol monitors can be
used to evaluate respirable dust exposures during specific work
tasks, which can be useful for estimating silica exposures that
occur due to specific work operations/tasks.
Resolution: Direct reading aerosol monitors were used to
evaluate respirable dust exposures, in conjunction with
using NIOSH method 0600/7500. The direct reading aerosol
monitor can help identify sources of exposure and can support
recommendations concerning engineering controls and
required respirator usage.
Results: Direct reading monitors can be configured to collect
personal breathing zone air samples. If the percentage of
crystalline silica that is typically present in the dusts is known,
dust exposures can be estimated during specific work tasks/
operations.
Lessons Learned: Prior or concurrent air sample data using
NIOSH method 0600/7500 is needed in order to estimate
exposures during individual tasks or specific operations. While
the results may not directly correlate to sample results obtained
using NIOSH method 0600/7500, the data obtained from the
aerosol monitor can be used for identifying tasks /exposure
sources that contribute to excessive exposures. Although the
use of direct reading monitors is not a substitute for using
established NIOSH sampling method, it can be a useful tool for
evaluating exposures. Data obtained from use of direct reading
aerosol monitors can be incorporated in to performance based
exposure determinations.
CS-401-12
Industrial Hygiene Turnaround Support Services
W. Yip, National University of Singapore, Singapore
Situation/Problem: In the petrochemical and refining industry,
a turnaround is probably one of the most highly hazardous
events that it has to deal with. A turnaround is an event whereby
the entire plant is being brought offline so that most of its work
such as inspection, repair, replacement and alteration can be
carried out. These events are not only expensive and timeconsuming but it can also be very complex and labor intensive.
With many competing factors, it is crucial that the industrial
hygiene support towards such an event be well planned so that
the health hazards are addressed. This case study serves to
provide guidelines for developing plans and providing IH support
for turnarounds.
Resolution: Industrial hygiene (IH) provides guidelines for
developing plans and IH support during turnarounds (TA). IH
involvement starts from integration of IH elements in work plan
during the planning phase prior to TA and ends after the post
turnaround review. Below is a list of IH activities performed
during the TA in chronological order: Pre TA: Integration of IH
into TA planning cycles; Evaluation and identification of potential
health hazards during turnaround; Determining control
measures for managing the hazards; Identify health regulatory
requirements; Assessment of IH monitoring needs and
responsibilities; Develop IH Plan; and provide pre-TA support.
During TA: Periodically conduct field checks/walkthroughs of TA
areas; Use of verification tools to measure success in meeting
occupational health standards; Follow up on IH emphasis areas;
and Dedicate available resources to area where greater risk
exists
emissions flux core wire is recommend if it is technically feasible
and meets the welding quality requirements/specifications. The
low manganese emissions flux core wire in conjunction with
other control measures such as local exhaust ventilation, which
was not used during this study, and welder awareness training
is also recommended to aid in reducing welders’ exposure to
manganese welding fume as well as to other welding fume.
Results: By communicating & getting involved in the early
planning stages of the TA organization, it will ensure that the
TA organization is aware of the IH requirements and needs. This
will provide sufficient time for preparation and planning and
ensure that resources will be made available to the IH. During
TA, IH activities are more field based verification checks and this
will help verify whether if the recommendations put in place are
adequate.
PS402
Lessons Learned: In order to learn, improve and be better
prepared for the next TA, IH typically will conduct the following
post TA activities: Conduct post TA reviews and feedback; Review
of exposure monitoring data; Review of IH TA checklists for
trends, significant successes or failures; Update IH procedures
if required; Participate in post -TA critiques; and Document
learnings.
SR-402-01
Biomonitoring of Arsenic Exposure, Health Effect and
DNA Methylation for Workers in Semiconductor and
Electro-optics Industries
I. Mao, Chung Shan medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
SR-401-13
Reducing Welders’ Exposure to Manganese Welding
Fume Using Low Manganese Emissions Flux Core Wire
J. Capuzzi, ESIS, Cape May Courthouse, NJ
Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine if welders’
exposure to manganese welding fume is reduced by substituting
low manganese emissions flux core wire for the standard flux
core wire.
Methods: Full shift or representative full shift personal
breathing zone samples were collected for welding fumes using
25mm mixed cellulose ester filter sampling cassettes at a flow
rate of 1–2 liters per minute. SKC AirChek sampling pumps
provided the vacuum source. Pumps were calibrated prior to
and after the sample collection using a TSI 4100 Series mass
flow meter traceable to the National Institute of Standards
and Technology in conjunction with the filter media. The filter
cassette was placed inside the welding helmet. Ten welders
using the standard flux core wire (Hobart Formula XL-550 flux
core welding wire) were monitored on day one of the study while
conducting typical welding activity on railroad tank car parts
and tanks. Ten welders using the low manganese flux core wire
(Hobart Element 71T1C low manganese emissions flux core
wire) were monitored on day two of the study while conducting
typical welding activity on railroad tank car parts and tanks
Results: The mean worker exposure using the 71T1C low
manganese flux core wire was 0.359 mg/m3 which represent
a reduction from the baseline XL-550 wire mean of 1.02 mg/
m3. The Mann-Whitney U-test showed that the difference
between the data was statistically significant at α = 0.05. None
of the exposure concentrations measured using the 71T1C
low manganese flux core wire was less than the American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) of 0.02 mg/m3 as an 8-hour timeweighted average (TWA) for manganese despite the significant
reductions in exposure concentration shown.
Conclusions: The low manganese emissions flux core wire
did have a statistically significant desired outcome of reducing
welders’ exposure to manganese. The use of the low manganese
Poster Session 2
Author Attend Time: Monday 2:00 p.m. - 4:00
p.m.
*All posters are available for viewing in the expo hall
from Monday 9:00 a.m. through Wednesday 1:00 p.m.
Objective: Employees in semiconductor and electro-optics
industries are prone to chronic exposure of low level arsenic.
This study evaluated the arsenic exposure, health effects and
blood DNA methylation for workers in these industries.
Methods: One hundred and thirty three subjects, including
74 subjects in the exposure group and 59 subjects in the
control group, were recruited from three semiconductor and
electro-optics industries. All of the subjects were evaluated by
questionnaires, total arsenic (tAs) in blood, biochemical indices
of liver and renal functions, as well as DNA methylation status
of the p53 and p16 genes.
Results: Analysis results indicated that the blood tAs in preventive
maintenance (PM) engineers (11.63±4.42 μg/L) were significantly
higher than those in operators (10.03±2.23 μg/L) (p<0.05).
Additionally, the blood tAs in semiconductor workers (11.93±2.32
μg/L) were significantly higher than those in electro-optics
workers (10.41±3.64 μg/L) (p<0.05). The abnormal proportion of
serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) in the exposure
group (33.8%) was significantly higher than that in the control
group (13.8%) (p<0.01). Moreover, the abnormal proportion of
serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) in the exposure
group (12.2%) was also higher than that in the control group
(5.2%). Furthermore, the subjects in the exposure group had a
higher proportion of methylated DNA both in p16 and p53 genes
(68.9%) than those in the control group (55.9%) (p=0.096).
Conclusions: In conclusion, this study indicated the liver function
and DNA hypermethylation status should be particularly
concerned for arsenic exposure workers in semiconductor and
electro-optics.
SR-402-02
Asbestos Manufacturing Industries - Analyzing 80
Years of Exposure Data
Z. Capshaw, E. Hsu, G. Anderson, C. Barlow, Cardno
ChemRisk, Boulder, CO
Objective: During the early-to-mid 20th century, individuals
working in asbestos product manufacturing industries had
opportunities for high exposures to asbestos fibers. These
exposures may still occur today in developing countries where
asbestos manufacturing industries still exist. Although industrial
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77
hygienists have historically characterized the exposures in
these industries on an individual level, to date there has been
no attempt to assimilate this literature and analyze large scale
trends in the data. The objective of this work was to aggregate
all available asbestos exposure literature for asbestos product
manufacturing industries in order to observe trends across
industry, process, time, and country.
Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted of
all publicly available documents that contained exposure data
on three different manufacturing settings: textiles, cement, and
friction products. The data was coded based on comparable
exposure groups, aggregated, and then stratified by several
variables including industry, time period, and country. Exposure
controls and trends in exposure over time were compared with
the applicable contemporaneous exposure guidelines and
regulations.
Results: The studies included in the review spanned over 80
years and were conducted in seven different countries. In
general, workers in the textile industry experienced the highest
exposures in all phases of production. For friction and cement
manufacturing workers, the highest exposures occurred during
the tasks associated with the processing phase and the fiber
preparation phase, respectively. Workers handling raw fiber
had much higher exposures than other process workers, who
in turn had higher exposures than clerical and maintenance
staff. Exposures in U.S. and European manufacturing settings
steadily decreased over time across all industries and tasks, as
regulations and knowledge increased. However, recent studies
confirmed that current exposures in developing nations may
still be excessive.
Conclusions: More industrial hygiene professionals and
programs, regulations, and enforcement are likely needed in
the asbestos industry within developing countries. By following
the example set by the U.S. and Europe in this respect, these
countries will be better able to protect the health of workers.
SR-402-03
Petroleum Refinery Worker Oil Mist Exposure
Evaluation
P. Owens, Shell Oil Company, Martinez, CA
Objective: Within this petroleum refinery rotating equipment
is lubricated continuously with an oil mist generated from a
special system. The oil mist system delivers lubricating mist
to the open atmosphere within millimeters of the surface of
the bearing. While some of the oil mist contacts the bearings,
the problem is some of it enters the atmosphere. Petroleum
refinery workers sometimes observe visual oil mist ‘haze’
around rotating equipment and throughout an area with many
oil mist release points. Workers have asked whether the oil mist
exposure exceeds exposure limits.
Methods: To resolve the question of exposure, full-shift and
grab ambient air area samples were collected where oil mist
concentrations were anticipated to be highest. One sample was
analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to determine
if any oil mist contacting the bearings converted molecular
structure. Several particle size grab samples were collected to
examine oil mist droplet size.
Results: The full-shift area air sample results were well below
the exposure limit. The modeling estimates were relatively close
to the sample results albeit slightly higher concentrations. One
sample analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons failed
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to detect any of these compounds. Given the inaccuracies with
the oil mist droplet size analysis, these generally show mist
diameters less than 10 microns.
Conclusions: Contrary to visual appearances, our lesson
learned was the presence of visual haze within a process unit
does not necessarily indicate a hazardous concentration of
airborne oil mist. The particle size of the oil mist appears to
effectively scatter light so the visual appearance exceeds true
mass concentration of oil mist.
SR-402-04
The Effects of Silica Exposure on Cardiac and
Renal Inflammatory and Fibrotic Response and the
Antagonistic Role of interleukin-1 beta in C57BL/6 Mice
T. Shi, Hubei Center for Disease Prevention and Control,
Wuhan, China
Objective: Current epidemiological studies suggest that
crystalline silica exposure is associated with an increased risk
of cardiovascular and renal disease, however, the potential
pathological damage of the heart and kidney and its underlying
mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. This study
tried to investigate the silica-induced inflammatory and
fibrotic changes of the heart and kidney and evaluate the role
of interleukin (IL)-1beta (β) in silica-induced cardiac and renal
damage.
Methods: In this study, a silica-exposed model was generated
by intratracheally instilling silica dust in mice. The anti-IL-1β
monoclonal antibody (mAb) was used to neutralise IL-1β in
the pulmonary alveolus and serum. The mice were randomly
divided into four groups: the blank control, silica exposure, the
silica+Ab and the silica+C-Ab group. Each group consisted of 32
mice and each group was further subdivided into four groups
(n=8 for each group) for days 1, 7, 28 and 84 after treatment.
Results: The real-time PCR studies showed that 1) inhalational
silica induced inflammatory responses in the heart and kidney by
elevated mRNA levels of TNF-β, IL-6 and MCP-1; 2) early fibrotic
responses in the heart were observed as elevated mRNA levels
of collagen β and fibronectin. What’s more, fibrosis of the kidney
was demonstrated by pathological results and significantly
increased mRNA levels of TGF-β, collagen β, collagen III and
fibronectin. Further studies showed that usage of anti-IL-1β
mAb decreased the inflammatory response of the heart and
kidney induced by inhalational silica and also attenuated fibrosis
in the mouse kidney.
Conclusions: This study found that inhaled silica induced
inflammatory and early fibrotic responses in the mouse
heart, and inflammatory response and fibrosis in the mouse
kidney. Neutralisation of IL-1β attenuated the silica-induced
inflammatory response of the heart and kidney and decreased
fibrosis in the mouse kidney.
SR-402-05
Use of High Level Disinfectants in Healthcare: A Survey
of Precautionary Practices
S. Henn, J. Boiano, A. Steege, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH
Objective: The primary objective of this study was to describe
the precautionary practices, including exposure controls, among
healthcare workers who use high level disinfectants (HLDs) to
disinfect medical and dental devices, identification of barriers
to using personal protective equipment (PPE) during handling
of HLDs, and to characterize current use of specific HLDs.
HLDs are used in healthcare to chemically disinfect reusable,
semi-critical medical and dental devices to control and prevent
healthcare associated infections among patient populations.
Healthcare workers who use HLDs are at risk of being exposed
to these chemicals, some of which are recognized as respiratory
and skin irritants and sensitizers.
Methods: NIOSH conducted a web-based survey of healthcare
workers in 2011. The study population included members of
professional practice organizations who indicated that they
handled HLDs in the past seven calendar days. Participating
organizations invited either all or a random sample of members
via email which included a hyperlink to the survey. Descriptive
analyses of the survey results were conducted including simple
frequencies and prevalences.
Results: A total of 4,657 respondents completed the survey.
HLDs used most often were glutaraldehyde (59%), peracetic
acid (16%), and ortho-phthalaldehyde (15%). Among the survey
respondents 19% reported their employer lacked or that they
were unaware of standard procedures for handling of HLDs
while 17% reported having never received training on the safe
handling of HLDs. Failure to wear recommended PPE was
reported for water-resistant gown (44%) and protective gloves
(9%). The most commonly reported reason for not wearing
PPE was ‘minimal exposure’. Twelve percent of respondents
reported skin contact with HLDs within the previous seven days.
Respondents reporting skin exposure were four times more
likely not to wear gloves. A spill or leak of HLDs in the previous
seven days was reported by 5% of respondents.
Conclusions: Findings indicated precautionary practices were
not always used, underscoring the importance of improved
training and education on HLD hazards among employers and
workers.
SR-402-06
Use of Precautionary Practices Reported by Nurses and
Pharmacy Personnel Who Compound Antineoplastic
Drugs
J. Boiano, A. Steege, M. Sweeney, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH
Objective: Precautionary guidelines detailing standards of
practice and equipment to minimize exposure to antineoplastic
drugs during handling activities have been available for nearly
three decades. The purpose of this study was to describe
work conditions and practices including availability and use
of exposure controls and barriers to using personal protective
equipment by healthcare workers who prepare chemotherapy
drugs. This survey is the first to examine use of engineering and
administrative controls among pharmacy professionals.
Methods: Several professional practice organizations
representing pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and oncology
nurses collaborated with NIOSH to develop and implement the
survey. Organizations invited members via email with a link to
the anonymous web-based survey.
Results: 241 nurses and 183 pharmacy professionals who
compounded antineoplastic drugs in the past week completed
the survey. Lack of universal adherence to recommended
guidelines, reported by nurses and pharmacy professionals
respectively, include: failure to always use engineering controls
including closed-system drug transfer devices (75%, 53%),
biological safety cabinets (11%, 23%) and needleless systems
(59%, 75%); failure to always wear non-absorbent gown with
closed front and tight cuffs (38%, 20%) or chemotherapy
gloves (8%, 10%); I.V. lines sometimes/always primed with
antineoplastic agent (19%, 30%) instead of non-drug solution;
taking home potentially contaminated clothing (24%, 9%); and
lack of hazard awareness training (9%, 13%). Sixty-one percent
of nurses and 45% of pharmacy professionals reported that
their employer did not provide a medical surveillance program.
The most common reason for not wearing chemotherapy gloves
by both groups was “skin exposure was minimal.” Top reasons
for not wearing protective gowns were: “not part of our protocol”
(nurses) and “an engineering control was being used” (pharmacy
professionals). However, 11% of nurses and 4% of pharmacy
professionals reported skin contact with antineoplastic drugs
during the past week.
Conclusions: Despite the long-standing availability of safe
handling guidance recommended practices are not always
followed placing workers, co-workers, and even family members
at risk. Employers and healthcare workers share responsibility
for ensuring safe compounding of antineoplastic drugs. Study
findings can be used to raise awareness of hazards and exposure
controls among both groups.
SR-402-07
Exposure Evaluation and Control of Acetone in a
Plastination Laboratory
M. Valigosky, S. Milz, S. Rohrs, F. Akbar-Khanzadeh, A.
Ames, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH
Objective: Occupational exposure monitoring to acetone
was conducted in a university laboratory that specializes in
the process of plastination, a unique method of specimen
preservation. Exposure to acetone occurs during the dehydration
and transferring of specimens to and from large, open-top
vats of acetone. This study evaluated four different ventilation
systems to determine the most effective method for removing
acetone vapors, decreasing LEL and reducing occupational
exposures below acceptable occupational exposure limits.
General ventilation, increase in negative pressure in general
ventilation, and two local exhaust ventilation systems were
evaluated.
Methods: Exposure sampling was conducted during 2012–2013
using a handheld volatile organic compound (VOC) detector
with a photoionization detector (PID) that ranges from 0 to
10,000 ppm (MiniRAE 2000, RAE Systems). The instrument
was calibrated with isobutylene. The acetone correction factor
was applied to accurately measure acetone vapor exposure.
Exposure concentrations were logged during the entire
specimen transfer process, typically 10 to 60 minutes. ProRAESuite was used to calculate the STEL and TWA of exposure to
acetone. Comparisons of all four ventilation designs were used
to determine which system provided the most effective means
of control.
Results: Ventilation Design 1 used general exhaust as the primary
method of removing acetone vapors and resulted in a STEL of
1420 ppm. In comparison, Ventilation Design 4 was a slotted
hood and make-up air system with dedicated fans. The resulting
changes to the ventilation design proved successful as the STEL
was reduced to 714 ppm. This is below the ACGIH STEL for acetone
(750 ppm), and is nearly half of the original STEL with Ventilation
Design 1. The highest calculated 8-hr TWA was 48 ppm, well
below the OSHA PEL of 1000 ppm and ACGIH TLV of 500 ppm.
Conclusions: The final ventilation design was determined to be
the most effective at reducing acetone exposure and eliminating
potentially explosive atmospheres. The results indicated a
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slotted hood with dedicated exhaust and supply fan was the
most effective at reducing exposure and removing acetone
vapors from the workplace.
SR-402-08
Identification of Chemicals and By-products Generated
from Semiconductor Photo-lithography Process
K. Shin, J. Hong, H. Jung, K. Kim, D. Kim, Samsung
Electronics, Yong-in, Republic of Korea
Objective: A photosensitive material called PR(photoresist) is
used in Semiconductor photo-lithography process. Since the
components of PR are the core technology of the PR material,
the components are kept as trade secret by PR manufacturing
companies. Thus, it is necessary to verify safety of photolithography process in health’s point of view. In this study, the
uncertainty of the hazard of photo-lithography process will be
resolved by confirming the by-products. More specifically, the
study is focused on figuring out if any by-products may possibly
cause hematopoietic and lymphatic cancers or not.
Methods: A qualitative analysis on the PR components and
by-products produced in photo-lithography process were
evaluated. Analysis of the by-products was performed under
equivalent condition as the real photo-lithography process,
by detection of out-gassing in each step of photo-lithography
process (PR coating, soft bake, exposure, post exposure bake).
5975C GC/MSD tool interconnected to Agilent 7890A GC system
and Teledyne Tekmar HT3 Headspace tool were used. PR is
categorized in 3 different groups, including I-line, KrF and
ArF PR. And 4 I-line PR, 5 KrF PR and 5 ArF PR samples were
selected for this study which are used most commonly in two
semiconductor workplaces.
Results: As a result of this study on PR components and byproducts of photo-lithography process, 39 chemicals in I-line
PR, 25 chemicals in KrF PR and 23 chemicals in ArF PR were
detected through analysis. Further study was executed on
whether the detected chemicals include any hematopoietic
and lymphatic cancers causing chemicals categorized by IARC
or not. In conclusion, there were no chemicals that cause
hematopoietic and lymphatic cancers (benzene, formaldehyde,
ethylene oxide, etc) among the chemicals identified in this study.
Conclusions: 39 chemicals were found in I-line PR, 25 chemicals
in KrF PR and 23 chemicals in ArF PR. However, it was verified
that there are no direct relationship between semiconductor
photo-lithography process and hematopoietic and lymphatic
cancers. In results, the uncertainty of the hazard of photolithography process is resolved. Future studies will be continued
on other toxicity (CMR, etc), and if such hazardous chemicals are
found, exposure assessment will be held to confirm whether the
workers are exposed to them. Although exposure assessment
was not performed, this study on the identification of possible
hazard chemicals is still meaningful by itself.
CS-402-09
Case Study of Several Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
Assessments Which Identify Non-traditional Causes/
Agents Associated with the Described Complaints/
Symptoms/Concerns of Office Occupants
M. Heaney, Liberty Mutual Group, Bedford, NH
Situation/Problem: This poster session is a discussion of
several case studies of Indoor Air Quality assessments that
were determined through the on-site investigation to involve
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agents which are not traditionally associated with poor air
quality. It was determined that a more detailed and creative
assessment strategy is warranted to identify causes of unusual
odors, rashes/insect bites and incidents of headaches.
Resolution: The purpose of these Industrial Hygiene Indoor Air
Quality Assessments/Investigations was: -To obtain information
on the employee complaints/concerns as they related to the office
environment through employee interviews and by conducting an
on-site evaluation. -To review the building’s Heating, Ventilation
and Air Conditioning System, obtain readings of general Indoor
Air Quality parameters and to investigate possible contributing
factors associated with the symptoms/concerns. -To identify
possible causes either from internal (within the building) or
external (outside the building) contaminant source(s) for the
symptoms/complaints/concerns related to the respective office
environment. and -To identify corrective action(s) to remove the
suspected “cause” for the symptoms/complaints/concerns.
Results: Industrial Hygiene investigations of concerns/
complaints/symptoms that were initially believed to be related
to poor Indoor Air Quality, turned out to be caused by agents
such as insects (yellow sac spiders), rodents (lizards aka
“skinks”) and a lack of adequate lighting. Some of conclusions
were developed immediately, and some conclusions may involve
the use of outside experts (pest control and a local zoo) to help
specify the causative agent.
Lessons Learned: Employee concerns/complaints/symptoms
may be presented to an industrial hygienist as an “Indoor Air
Quality” issue. Once an investigation takes place, the actual
issue/cause for the complaint might be related to physical
(noise or lighting) or biological (in these cases, insect or
rodent) in nature. Utilization of good industrial hygiene hazard
assessment methods can yield a positive outcome in these nonconventional Indoor Air Quality assessments by thinking outside
of the box and considering causative agents that may not be
typically associated with poor indoor air quality.
SR-402-10
Determinations of the Indoor Air Quality in
Hairdressing Salons in Taipei
C. Chang, W. Tseng, C. Chang, S. Tsai, Institute of
Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National
Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Objective: Various cosmetic hair products are constantly used
in hairdressing salons. Aside from skin absorption, different
hazards may be released during hair treatments. Previous
studies have indicated that increased risks of cancers, respiratory
symptoms, reproductive disorders, and skin symptoms were
found among hairdressers. However, the exposure assessments
are few. To assess the hairdressing environment in Taipei, the
walk-through survey and air sampling of formaldehyde, volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), and phthalates were performed in
this study.
Methods: Charcoal, XAD-2, and OVS-Tenax tubes were used for
the air sampling, and the flow rates were 50 mL min-1, 100 mL
min-1, and 1000 mL min-1, respectively. Both 5-hour average
environmental sampling and customer’s personal sampling
during hair treatments were performed. After absorbents were
desorbed, the samples were analyzed with gas chromatography/
mass spectrometry. A direct-reading device was used to observe
changes of formaldehyde concentrations during opening
hours. Meanwhile, environmental characteristics and products
ingredients were also recorded in this study.
Results: Ten hairdressing salons were included for walk-through
survey, and 5 salons were involved for field sampling. There were
total 89 environmental samples, 12 customer’s personal samples,
and 72 short-term formaldehyde samples. As for the results of
air sampling, formaldehyde concentrations was ranged from 0.01
to 1.04 mg m-3, and the maximum level was above the permissible
exposure limit (PEL) of American Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA). Additionally, about 16.67 % samples
exceeded action level, and 83.33 % levels were higher than the
recommendation of World Health Organization (WHO). For VOCs
and phthalate esters, some levels measured were higher than
the concentrations of general indoor environments reported
by earlier research. The results of short-term formaldehyde
concentrations showed that chemicals might accumulate in hair
salons during opening hours.
Conclusions: The results indicated that airborne chemical
exposure, especially formaldehyde, is the problem worthy of
attention in hairdressing salons. Therefore, monitoring the
indoor air quality, giving workers health educations, choosing
the safe products, and increasing the ventilation rates are all
crucial to minimize the exposure in hairdressing environments.
SR-402-11
Endotoxin in Urban Homes: Health Effects and Home
Conditions
J. Crawford, SUNY College of Environmental Science
and Forestry, Syracuse, NY; P. Rosenbaum, J. Abraham,
SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; A. Hunt,
University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX
Objective: Endotoxin is a component of gram-negative bacteria
capable of causing a strong inflammatory response. Endotoxin
exposure can exacerbate asthma and respiratory symptoms but
may also protect against the development of allergic responses.
Low-income urban areas are of concern because of high child
asthma rates. This study sought to determine the distribution
of endotoxin concentration in house dust of homes of infants
in low income areas of Syracuse, NY. We investigated whether
endotoxin exposure was related to wheezing and eczema
incidence among these infants and whether home conditions
predicted endotoxin concentrations.
Methods: 101 homes were inspected and house dust was
collected by vacuum. Samples were analyzed for endotoxin with
the limulus amebocyte lysate test. Infant health was evaluated
at home visits by a nurse practitioner and through medical
record review. Multivariable logistic regression was used to
relate endotoxin levels and health effects (episodes of wheeze
or eczema). Multiple linear regression was used to relate
endotoxin levels and household conditions.
Results: The geometric mean concentration was 76 EU/mg
(endotoxin units/mg dust) range (8.4 - 658 EU/mg). Multiple
linear regression showed that significant predictors of endotoxin
(p<0.05) were high relative humidity, fall season, housekeeping
issues, baby’s race and a dog in the home. Infants exposed to
the highest endotoxin concentrations (4th quartile), had three
times the risk of wheeze compared with infants in the lowest
quartile (OR 3.19 95% CI 1.0–10.2). After adjustment for birth
season, baby gender, baby’s race and Medicaid insurance,
the endotoxin-wheeze relationship was attenuated and was
no longer significant. Eczema risk did not differ by quartile of
endotoxin concentration. The odds ratio point estimates were
all <1, showing a tendency for reduced eczema risk, but results
were not significant at p<0.05.
Conclusions: The major predictors of endotoxin in household
dust were fall season, relative humidity, housekeeping issues,
race, and dogs in the home. Endotoxin was not associated with
eczema in this cohort. High endotoxin concentration was related
to episodes of infant wheeze; however the positive association
was partially explained by perinatal and socioeconomic factors.
CS-402-12
Performance of Specified Indoor Air Quality
Investigations with Site Monitoring including Airborne
Chemical Substances and Microbial Agents to Address
Client Goals Related to Potential Workplace Exposures,
Resolution of Odor Complaints, and Response to
Reported Personnel Concerns
J. Koehn, L. McKelvey, W. Young, JK, Inc., Houston, TX
Situation/Problem: Industrial hygiene consulting services were
requested by a variety of Clients to address indoor air quality (IAQ)
assessments in numerous types of workplaces within Houston,
Texas during 2012–2014. Specific proactive IAQ monitoring work
was performed for multi-story office complexes and hospitals
involving implementation of defined airborne sampling
strategies including determination of microbial agents. Reactive
responses were often conducted for public facilities, tenant
offices, and also school districts. Industrial hygiene challenges
were encountered to meet the needs of facility management
Clients and impacted personnel involving strategy development,
data documentation, interpretation, and hazard communication.
Resolution: Proactive as well as reactive IAQ and other
workplace monitoring projects are routinely performed as
site industrial hygiene investigations for Clients. Published
sampling and analytical methods are researched to best meet
the specific site needs and provide pertinent monitoring data for
workplace assessment and other outlined project goals. Various
criteria routinely included are: basic IAQ parameters, microbial
agents (i.e. culturable versus non-culturable methods), specific
chemical substances or particulates, and use of direct-reading
instruments for an outlined airborne strategy and thorough site
investigation.
Results: Project monitoring of numerous workplaces is
routinely addressed within multi-tenant office buildings,
schools, industrial plant and office settings, and specific
incident response criteria as needed. Assessment results are
summarized and report documents prepared to record existing
potential occupational exposures for review and consideration
by the Client with recommendations provided to assist with
resolution and/or additional areas of investigation.
Lessons Learned: A range of assessment techniques can be
utilized to provide IAQ data from project site investigations for
various occupational environments. Specific industrial hygiene
and IAQ knowledge involving referenced methodologies along
with subsequent data interpretation are employed to address
the outlined facility management needs and provide project
documentation and hazard communication information for
appropriate work site assessment. Client budgets must be
considered to best meet the project workplace monitoring
goals along with anticipated resolution of personnel exposure
concerns or nuisance issues.
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CS-402-13
Ventilation Renovation Disconnect
S. Ahrenholz, R. Niemeier, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH
Situation/Problem: NIOSH received a Health Hazard Evaluation
(HHE) request to evaluate the potential for TB transmission
at a detainee processing facility. Immigration and customs
enforcement officers process detainees whose tuberculosis
disease (TB) status may not be known. Concerns existed that
the ventilation system in the facility was inadequate to reduce
potential for TB transmission. HHE investigators found that
return air from the detainee areas, including an isolation holding
room, mixed with return air for the rest of the building. The
detainee processing area was under positive pressure relative
to other parts of the building.
Resolution: HHE final report recommendations were reportedly
used to develop building renovation plans. NIOSH investigators
did a followback site visit to visually inspect and measure air
flows of new ventilation systems using a flow hood, smoke tubes,
and micromanometer. Building systems were undergoing startup and refinement of system operation following completion of
renovation and re-occupancy of the building during the NIOSH
follow back site visit.
Results: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
recommendations for reducing recirculation of return air from
detainee processing, detention cell, and isolation rooms were not
met by the new ventilation systems. Air changes per hour (ACH)
were less than the 12 recommended for general ventilation to
facilitate TB prevention and control. Ventilation systems serving
the detainee processing area and office areas of the building
overlapped. A review of renovation plans disclosed design
specifications used for the new ventilation systems conformed to
local building code ACHs instead of the higher levels for TB control.
Lessons Learned: Ventilation system plans must be reviewed
and revised prior to final approval and construction to ensure
specified ventilation system ACHs, configuration, and areas
served conform to additional requirements for TB prevention
and control. Ventilation system design and construction to
meet required building codes may not meet requirements for
specialized applications.
CS-402-14
Aircraft Cabin Crew Noise Exposure
R. Higley, ESIS, Corona, CA
Situation/Problem: In 2012, a Memorandum of Understanding
between the FAA and OSHA gave OSHA jurisdiction on noise
exposure for cabin flight crews for commercial aircraft. This
resulted in airlines needing to determine if their cabin flight
attendants would be required to participate in a Hearing
Conservation Program (HCP). One airline came to ESIS
requesting assistance to determine if their flight attendants are
exposed to noise above the Action Level of 85 dBA TWA.
Resolution: The airline operates regional jets and propeller
driven aircraft with flights lasting from less than an hour up to
3 hours. Initial data gathered by the airline indicated that the
smallest regional jet and the propeller driven aircraft have the
greatest noise exposure. Initial problem - identify the “average”
work day and noise exposure to cabin crew. Break down crew
work days into segments - time in the terminal, tarmac, pretake off, taxi, take-off, cruise, descent, landing, taxiing and
layover in the terminal. While no day is “typical”, an effort was
made to evaluate the noise exposure for an 8 hour day. Note that
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cabin crew are provided with hearing protection for use at their
discretion. Casella Cel 350 Dosimeters were used to evaluate
cabin crew noise exposure. Total of 11 measurements obtained
over a 3 day period. Cabin crew members were provided with
the dosimeters and trained on how to operate the dosimeters as
they would have layovers including overnight stays in other cities.
Upon return, information from the dosimeters was downloaded
to a computer program and recorded. Flight attendants were
interviewed following their trips to help determine noise
sources, exposure times etc.
Results: Measured average noise exposures ranged from 7884 dBA TWA for the propeller driven aircraft. While the average
noise exposures fall below the requirements for a Hearing
Conservation Program, segments of the flight (take off, cruise)
had noise levels approaching and in some cases, exceeding
90 dBA. The use of hearing protection is encouraged during at
least these flight segments. Measured noise exposures for the
jet aircraft was 77 dBA TWA. A formal Hearing Conservation
Program was not mandatory.
Lessons Learned: Predicting cabin crew noise exposure
can be challenging given the widely varying schedules and
crew assignments. Identifying and evaluating the ‘worst
case’ exposures assures that appropriate controls are being
implemented to help protect cabin crew members hearing.
SR-402-15
Environmental Noise Impacting a Neighborhood near a
Higher Education Research Facility
A. Ames, M. Valigosky, S. Milz, T. Hagood, R. Roberts, F.
Akbar-Khanzadeh, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH
Objective: Noise within the occupational environment can easily
affect surrounding neighborhoods. This may cause discomfort
in local residents and subsequent complaints. This study
investigated whether noise initiated in a Higher Education site
had an unfavorable effect on local neighborhoods. The sources
of noise were evaluated to determine whether the noise levels
may create excessive exposure to the residents. The study
focused on the noise levels generated from HVAC equipment
including a cooling tower, generators, rotating machinery and
other mechanical sources at the Higher Education site.
Methods: Noise levels were measured using a set of dosimeters
(Larson Davis Spark 705+) in and around potential noise sources
and at a property bordering the Higher Education site. Nine
days of sampling were performed over three months (May-July)
during 2013. Dosimeters were programmed to record noise for
24 hours a day (at one minute intervals), using ACGIH and OSHA
dosimeter parameters. The dosimeters were calibrated using a
Larson Davis CAL150. Data from the instruments were uploaded
to Blaze software and exported for analysis in SPSS Statistical
Package.
Results: The findings indicated significant variations in noise
levels depending on the monitoring location and time of day. The
minute-average noise levels [Mean±SD (Min-Max)] in terms of
Leq (dBA) of daytime noise levels at the residential property line,
summarized by equipment status included: 60.2±2.67 (53.071.2), cooling tower off, generator off; 74.3±0.76 (70.8-74.7)
cooling tower off, generator on; 62.3±1.30 (60.4-90.1) cooling
tower low operation, generator off; 77.0±1.02 (71.3-77.9) cooling
tower low operation, generator on; and 68.7±1.57 (66.9-74.5)
cooling tower high operation, generator off. The Mean±SD (MinMax) in dBA of observed nighttime noise levels at the residential
property line included: 63.0±1.69 (58.3-66.9), cooling tower
off, generator off and 61.9±0.43 (61.1-68.7) cooling tower low
operation, generator off.
Conclusions: Based on the noise ordinance for the city, noise
levels within a residential area must not exceed 60 dBA between
the hours of 7 am and 10 pm or 55 dBA between the hours of
10 pm and 7 am. The noise levels measured at the residential
property line were affected by the noise emissions. The results
from this study suggested a possible violation of the city’s noise
ordinances and required a remediation program to return to
continuous compliance.
SR-402-16
Task Specific Noise Levels during Live Fire Training
L. Gilbertson, D. Vosburgh, University of Wisconsin –
Whitewater, Whitewater, WI
Objective: Previous research shows that firefighters are at
an increased risk for noise induced hearing loss and operate
equipment with noise levels greater than 85 dB. However, it
is often reported that firefighters do not reach an eight hour
time weighted average (TWA) of 85 dB or greater. The high
variability in occupational tasks and intermittent noise exposure
of firefighters offers an explanation for the low eight hour TWA.
The current study aims to evaluate specific occupational tasks
and shift responsibilities that present the greatest risk to the
hearing health of firefighters during a live training exercise.
Methods: Three volunteer firefighters wore a noise dosimeter
during a four hour live fire training exercise. Each firefighter
had different overall shift responsibilities: run the pump on
the engine, control operations near the fire scene, or operate
communication in the engine. In addition to noise dosimeter
measurements, a member of the study team recorded the
occupational activities of the firefighters and the time when
they occurred in order to link the task with specific noise levels
recorded during the corresponding time on the dosimeter.
Results: Analysis of the data revealed that the three occupational
tasks with the highest noise levels were the operation of the
water pump on the fire engine (89 dBA), traveling time in one of
the three fire engines (86 dBA), and clean up at the fire house
(84 dBA). There were significant differences between the noise
levels of the three engines during the travel to and from the fire
station to the live fire training site (p = 0.004). The firefighter
responsible for operating the water pump on the engine
recorded the highest TWA (86 dBA). The activity closest to the
fire, as measured by the firefighter responsible for controlling
ground operation on scene, recorded a TWA of 80 dBA. The tasks
conducted inside the cab of the engine while on scene recorded
a TWA of 77 dBA.
Conclusions: In the current study, the occupational activity
that posed the greatest risk to firefighters’ hearing health was
the operation of the water pump on the engine. The firefighter
who ran the pump on the engine would need to be enrolled in a
hearing conservation program if his 4 hour TWA were continued
for a full 8 hours. Results support hearing conservation plans
for firefighters that are routinely responsible for high noise level
tasks during their shift.
SR-402-17
Using Commercially Available Smartphones to Measure
Occupational Noise Exposure
B. Roberts,R. Neitzel, University of Michigan School of
Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI
Objective: Occupational noise exposure is one of the most
frequent hazards present in the workplace; up to 22 million
workers have potentially hazardous noise exposures in the
U.S. As a result, noise-induced hearing loss is one of the most
common occupational injuries in the United States, and workers
in manufacturing, construction, and the military are at especially
high risk for hearing loss. Despite the large number of people
exposed to high levels of noise at work, many professions have
not been adequately evaluated for noise exposure. In 2014,
a study conducted by the National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH) found evidence that certain
smartphone applications maybe suitable for noise monitoring.
The objective of this experiment was to investigate whether
or not smartphones could be used as reliable instruments to
measure time-integrated noise exposures.
Methods: For this study three different types of microphones
were tested with a single model of smartphone: the internal
microphones on the phone, a low-end lapel microphone, and a
high-end lapel microphone marketed as ANSI type 2-compliant.
All possible combinations of microphones and multiple timeintegrating smartphone noise measurement applications were
tested in a controlled environment using several different levels
of pink noise. Results were compared to noise measured using
a Type 2 sound level meter. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and
Tukey’s HSD test was used to determine if the results differed by
microphone or noise measurement application.
Results: Few smartphone applications capable of timeintegrated noise measurements are currently commercially
available. Measured noise levels were found to differ between
noise measurement applications. Measurements made with
high-end lapel microphones combined with certain noise
measurement applications did not differ significantly from
measurements made with the Type 2 sound level meter.
Conclusions: It may be possible for certain smartphones, with
the proper applications and external microphones, to be used
to collect reliable, time-integrated occupational noise exposure
data. Further research is needed to determine how these
devices compare to traditional noise dosimeter devices under
real-world conditions.
PS403
Poster Session 3
Author Attend Time: Tuesday 10:00 a.m. - 12:00 p.m.
*All posters are available for viewing in the expo hall
from Monday 9:00 a.m. through Wednesday 1:00 p.m.
SR-403-01
Evaluation of the Impact of the “Restraining Line Rule”
on the Incidence of Total and Head Injuries Occurring
During NFL Kickoffs
P. Ruestow, J. Pierce, T. Duke, L. Roberts, B. Finley, Cardno
ChemRisk, Chicago
Objective: Retired National Football League (NFL) players
have been found to be at increased risk of neurodegenerative
diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer’s
disease as a result of mild traumatic brain injuries. With
increased attention on the chronic effects associated with
football, the NFL has implemented rules in efforts to protect
the health of its players. For example, prior to the 2011 season,
the “Restraining Line Rule” was implemented whereby the
restraining line was moved from the 30- to the 35-yard line in an
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effort to increase touchbacks, and all kicking team players other
than the kicker were required to line up no more than 5 yards
behind their restraining line (eliminating the 15–20 yard running
“head start”). The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the
effects of this rule on injury incidence.
Methods: Data on injuries occurring during kickoffs during
the 2010 and 2011 NFL seasons were obtained from publically
available NFL injury reports. The incidences of total and head
injuries per 1,000 total kickoffs (including touchbacks) and per
1,000 kickoff returns prior to and after the enactment of the rule
were compared using incidence rate ratios (RR). To evaluate if
factors unrelated to the rule change were impacting injury rates
a similar analysis was performed for punts, which would not
have been affected by the rule.
Results: A statistically significant decrease was observed in
the incidence of total injuries occurring during kickoffs in 2010
vs. 2011 (RR: 2.2, 1.3–3.8). When the analysis was restricted to
kickoff returns this change was no longer significant (RR: 1.5,
0.8–2.5). While the incidence of head injuries decreased by
approximately 3-fold during all kickoffs and 2-fold for kickoff
returns, neither of these changes was significant (RR: 3.0, 0.8–
11.2, and RR: 2.0, 0.5–7.5). No difference was observed in total
or head injury incidence during punts or punt returns between
the two seasons.
Conclusions: These results suggest that the decrease in total
injuries occurring during kickoffs was principally impacted by
the increased frequency of touchbacks, and not the elimination
of the running “head start.” The absence of a significant change
in head injuries during kickoffs was unexpected, but may
be attributable to small sample size. Injury incidence rates
occurring during punt plays did not change from 2010 to 2011,
which further supports the use of rule changes in sports injury
prevention.
interactions with job and year were also tested.
Results: The models explained 71% of air and 89% of blood
between-result variances. For air, exposure declined 7%/yr and
GMs varied >70-fold across 8 jobs, with the highest predicted for
abrasive blasters and painters. Air GMs for auto radiator repair,
steel/bridge construction and shipyards were 5, 23, and 34
times higher than general construction. Other predictors of air
GMs included containment use, lead paint abatement work and
analytic method. For blood, exposure declined 6%/yr for steel
structure construction, 2%/yr for auto repair services and <1%/
yr for general and residential construction. Job blood GMs varied
8-fold, with abrasive blasters having the highest GMs. Blood
lead GMs for auto radiator repair, steel/bridge construction,
and shipyards exposures were 8, 1.3 and 1.4 times higher than
general construction. Other predictors of blood lead GMs were
job*industry interactions, worst-case scenario, respirator use
and lead-based paint abatement work inside containments.
Conclusions: The contrasts in lead concentrations across time,
job, and industry observed here using meta-regression of
published data can aid retrospective exposure assessment in
US population-based studies.
SR-403-03
Occupational Hearing Loss among Chinese Municipal
Solid Waste Landfill Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study
Y. Liu, Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention,
Wuhan, China
Objective: Occupational hearing loss is an increasingly
prevalent occupational condition worldwide, and has been
reported to occur in a wide range of workplaces; however, its
prevalence among workers from municipal solid waste landfills
(MSWLs) remains less clear. This study aimed to investigate the
occupational hearing loss among Chinese MSWL workers.
SR-403-02
Identifying Predictors of Historical Lead Exposure
Using the Published Literature and Meta-regression
Model
S. Locke, M. Friesen, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda,
MD; N. Deziel, Yale University, New Haven, CT; D. Koh,
National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
Methods: A cross-sectional study of 249 workers from 4
Chinese MSWLs was conducted. Noise levels at worksites of the
4 MSWLs were determined. We conducted hearing examinations
for all workers to determine the hearing thresholds. Prevalence
of occupational hearing loss was evaluated based on the US
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard.
Using unconditional Logistic regression, we estimated the odds
ratios (ORs) of MSWL workers associated with hearing loss.
Objective: The published literature is a rich data resource that
can be used in reconstructing exposures for population-based
studies; however, the data are reported as summary statistics,
creating statistical challenges. Using meta-regression to
account for each statistic’s variance and measurement number,
we evaluated predictors of lead exposure for U.S. workers
performing activities related to lead-based paint or cutting/
joining metal with heat using personal air and blood lead
measurements from the published literature.
Results: According to the work history for each worker, the
study subjects were divided into 3 groups, including Group
1 of 64 workers without occupational hazards, Group 2 of
85 workers with a few or short-period occupational hazards
related to MSWLs, and Group 3 of 100 workers with continuous
occupational hazards related to MSWLs. The mean noise levels
at work sites of Group 1, Group 2 and Group 3 were 57.5 dB,
60.7 dB and 70.1 dB, respectively. Noise levels of 3 work sites
of Group 3 were higher than 85 dB. Significantly poorer hearing
thresholds at frequencies of 2, 3 and 4 kHz were found in Group
3. The overall prevalence rate of hearing loss was found to be
23.3%, with the highest in Group 3 (36.0%). Compared to Group
1, the OR of Group 3 associated with hearing loss was 3.46 (95%
confidence interval [CI]: 1.30-9.19).
Methods: From the literature, we extracted geometric mean
(GM), geometric standard deviation (GSD), measurement number
and other ancillary exposure variables. Mixed-effects metaregression models were developed separately for 206 air and
107 blood statistics, with log-transformed GM as the dependent
variable. A random intercept was incorporated that weighted
each result by a combination of the between- and withinresult variances, where the within-result variance equaled 1/
[(logGSD)2/N].Variables examined were year, job, industry,
sampling strategy, containment use, worst case scenario, lead
paint abatement work, respirator use, analytic method. Industry
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Conclusions: MSWL workers suffer from significantly hearing
impairment. MSWLs should consider hearing conservation
programs.
SR-403-04
Plasma Hsp70 and Hsp27 Levels and the Risk of COPD
in Coal Miners: A Case-control Study
X. Cui, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of
Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Objective: This case-control study aimed to investigate the
associations between plasma levels of heat shock protein
70 (Hsp70) and heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) and the risk of
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in coal miners.
Methods: This study included 60 COPD cases and 30 agematched healthy controls, all of which were male coal miners
and worked in a same coal mine for at least 20 years. The COPD
group consisted of 30 COPD patients without coal worker’s
pneumoconiosis (CWP) and 30 COPD patients complicated with
CWP. For every participant, fasting venous blood was collected
by heparinized tubes. Plasma was isolated by centrifugating and
then stored at -80℃ until detection by enzyme-linked immuno
sorbent assay. All statistical analyses were performed using
SAS version 9.1. Analysis of variance and chi-square test were
used for statistical comparisons between groups. Multiple
logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios
(ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to estimate the effects
of Hsp70 and Hsp27 on COPD.
Results: The plasma Hsp70 levels of all COPD cases were
significantly higher than those of healthy controls (P<0.01).
Plasma Hsp27 levels of all COPD cases were significantly lower
than those of controls (P<0.01). We found significant associations
between higher plasma Hsp70 levels and risk of COPD with and
without CWP, with ORs of 75.69 (95% CI 6.98-820.69) and 10.29
(95% CI 1.81-58.62) respectively. Lower plasma Hsp27 levels
were significantly associated with COPD without CWP (OR 2.79;
95% CI 0.48-16.31), as well as COPD with CWP (OR 23.58; 95% CI
3.41–163.34), which was much higher than the former.
Conclusions: In summary, this case-control study showed that
the up-regulation of plasma Hsp70 and the down-regulation
of plasma Hsp27 might be associated with the risk of COPD
among coal miners. Plasma Hsp70 and plasma Hsp27 may have
the potential to be used as peripheral biomarkers for COPD
monitoring in coal miners.
SR-403-05
Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolites
and Altered Lung Function: A Population-based Study
in China
Y. Zhou, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,
Wuhan, China
Objective: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure
has been associated with adverse human health effects.
However, the association between internal exposure to PAHs
and altered lung function remains unclear. This study aimed
to investigate dose-response relationships between urinary
metabolites of PAHs and lung function in general population.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional investigation of
3,053 adults in two communities in China. Each participant was
administrated a standard questionnaire and a lung function
test. Ten detectable urinary PAH metabolites (1-OHNa, 2-OHNa,
2-OHFlu, 9-OHFlu, 1-OHPh, 2-OHPh, 3-OHPh, 4-OHPh,
9-OHPh and 1-OHP) were analyzed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). Multivariable linear regression
and principle component regression were used to conduct
dose-response analyses and compare the effect of each PAH
metabolite on lung function alteration. We also explored possible
correlation between internal PAHs exposure and exposure to
traffic-related air pollution.
Results: With adjustment for potential confounders, 1-standarddeviation increase in ln9-OHFlu, ln2-OHFlu , ln4-OHPh, ln1OHPh, ln2-OHPh, ln1-OHP and ln-total OH-PAHs was associated
with a -20.15, -31.55, -22.81, -31.35, -31.33, -25.74 and -34.86
ml reduction in FEV1, respectively (all p<0.05), while 1-standarddeviation increase in ln2-OHFlu, ln2-OHPh, ln1-OHP and ln-total
OH-PAHs was associated with a -33.47, -35.46, -23.83, -31.86 mL
reduction in FVC, respectively (all p<0.05). Positive correlations
between total OH-PAHs and traffic exposure time were found in
both male (r=0.14) and female (r=0.24) nonsmokers, respectively
(both p<0.001).
Conclusions: Certain urinary PAH metabolites were potentially
associated with lung function decline in general population.
Exposure to traffic exhaust and cigarette smoke might
strengthen the associations.
SR-403-06
Comparison of Drinking Water Contaminant Levels
in New Jersey to Regulatory and Human-Health
Benchmarks
P. Williams, E Risk Sciences, LLP, Boulder, CO
Objective: Potential threats to drinking water and water quality
continue to be a major concern in many regions of the United
States. The purpose of the current analysis was to provide an up-todate evaluation of the occurrence and detected concentrations of
several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in public water systems,
private wells, and ambient groundwater wells in New Jersey based
on the best available data, and to put these results into context with
federal and state regulatory and human-health benchmarks.
Methods: Analyses were based on three databases that contain
water quality monitoring data for New Jersey: (1) Safe Drinking
Water Information System (1997 to 2011), (2) Private Well
Testing Act (2001-2011), and (3) National Water Information
System (1993-2012). Contaminant levels of tetrachloroethylene
(PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), benzene, and methyl tertiary
butyl ether (MTBE) were compared to federal or state primary
Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs), health-based MCLs, or
other derived human-health benchmarks.
Results: PCE was detected at a concentration ≥0.44 μg/L, ≥1
μg/L, and ≥5 μg/L in 6.9%, 3.9%, and 1% of sampled public water
systems, respectively. TCE was detected at a concentration ≥1
μg/L and ≥5 μg/L in 3.6% and 1.1% of sampled public water
systems, respectively. Benzene was detected at a concentration
≥0.15 μg/L, ≥1 μg/L, and ≥5 μg/L in 3.1%, 0.9%, and 0.3% of
sampled public water systems, respectively. MTBE was detected
at a concentration ≥10 μg/L, ≥20 μg/L, and ≥70 μg/L in 2%, 1.4%,
and 0.3% of sampled systems, respectively. Mean detected
concentrations of PCE, TCE, benzene, and MTBE were 1.3 μg/L,
1.5 μg/L, 1.1 μg/L, and 2.7 μg/L, respectively. The detection
frequency of these VOCs was notably lower in private wells, but
higher in ambient groundwater wells. PCE, TCE, and benzene
were detected more often above corresponding regulatory or
human-health benchmarks than MTBE, due to their higher
detected concentrations in water and/or greater toxicity values.
Conclusions: The current analysis provides useful data for
evaluating historical and current contamination of water
supplies in New Jersey and potential opportunities for public
exposures and health risks on a statewide basis.
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85
CS-403-07
Case Study in Providing Health Risk Assessment for
New Technology in Challenging Environments
T. Zaccaro, Shell Brasil, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
Situation/Problem: At Shell we require a Health Risk
Assessment (HRA) to be performed for all of our operations.
The HRA provides assurance of health hazard controls; a key
output being the remedial action plan addressing any identified
gaps. As the company seeks opportunities requiring the use
of new technologies in more challenging environments, the
industrial hygienist is tasked with completing assessments in
remote environments which are difficult to access and have
unique combinations of hazards. One such unique challenge is
the Floating Production Storage and Offtake (FPSO). This vessel
combines offshore drilling with oil storage and off loading
capabilities. Constraints to reaching the FPSO are the limited
number of persons who can be transported to the offshore
location, and limited capacity for persons on board. As a result
the HRA must be completed by the hygienist during a short on
site visit to the FPSO.
Resolution: Shell has established a global database of HRAs
using an inventory of health hazards and standard controls and
recovery measures. This reference material allows the hygienist
to build a majority of the HRA while on shore. This is done using
knowledge gained in previous completed HRAs from similar
operations, and by contacting operations, maintenance staff
and contractors to collect relevant details. During the on site
visit to the offshore facility, the hygienist then verifies the hazard
inventory is complete and controls and recovery measures are
adequate.
Results: A case study of an HRA for an FPSO off the coast of
Brazil is presented.
Lessons Learned: A high degree of flexibility and adaptability is
required by the hygienist to provide assurance of health hazard
controls in remote locations. Learnings from various areas of
the vessel in the production operations, marine maintenance,
catering, drilling, emergency response and helicopter operations
will be presented.
CS-403-08
Adjusting TLVs® for Reproductive and Developmental
Health
A. Reineke, J. Elias, Elias Occupational Hygiene Consulting,
Winnipeg, MB, Canada
Situation/Problem: TLVs® are not designed to be used as
regulatory standards. They are to be used as guidelines by
professional industrial hygienists while assessing health
risks to chemicals. Simply meeting the legislated criteria (an
adopted TLV®) may not protect all workers. One example of
this is reproductive and fetal development susceptibility. This
includes the health risks of the pregnant worker during fetal
development and to workers who are trying to get pregnant. To
meet professional obligations we must go beyond the legislated
demands and meet the intent of the TLV® Committee.
Resolution: Where the toxic effects of specific chemicals are
known, determining the appropriate protective action to be
taken is fairly straightforward. The industrial hygienist needs
some guidelines in their repertoire for adjusting TLVs® for the
pregnant worker when there is little to no reproductive and
developmental toxicity data available.
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Results: This paper provides some guidance for meeting those
demands. Topics include: The TLVs® that already protect against
reproductive and developmental effects. There are TLVs® that
protect workers against other health effects but are believed to
be low enough to protect against reproductive effects. Where
no data is available, there are safety factors, equations/models,
or other sources of information that can be used to assist in
assessing occupational exposures during pregnancy.
Lessons Learned: Using the TLVs® as legislated criteria to be
met does not always protect the worker. In order to adjust the
TLVs® appropriately, a competent person/professional industrial
hygienist is needed to do the research in order to find the best
solution.
CS-403-09
GHS Classifications for Diacetyl, 2,3-pentanedione, and
Mixtures Containing These Chemicals
R. Niemeier, A. Hubbs, K. Kreiss, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH
Situation/Problem: In 2012, OSHA revised the Hazard
Communication Standard (HCS) to align with the United Nations
Globally Harmonized System for Classification and Labelling
(GHS) of chemicals. This revised HCS standard provides criteria
for hazard classification, new label elements (pictograms, signal
words, hazard statements, and precautionary statements), and
a standardized safety data sheet (SDS) format. The previously
available GHS classifications for diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione
do not reflect the hazard data available and presented in the
soon to be finalized NIOSH criteria document, Occupational
Exposure to Diacetyl and 2,3-Pentanedione.
Resolution: Using the criteria outlined in the HCS, NIOSH
has provided, for the first time for any substances, GHS
classifications for diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione. These
classifications were based on the human health and animal
toxicology data, and exposure monitoring data provided in the
criteria document. Importantly, NIOSH also provided guidance
for the classification and labeling of mixtures containing diacetyl
and 2,3-pentanedione. Draft GHS classifications were published
for peer and public review in early 2014.
Results: Several GHS classifications were proposed for these
chemicals, and NIOSH also demonstrated that exposures over
the recommended exposure limits (RELs) for these chemicals
could still occur if the cut-off values for mixtures in the GHS
criteria were applied. NIOSH recommended that mixtures
containing diacetyl or 2,3-pentanedione at any concentration
that could generate vapors exceeding the NIOSH RELs should
provide the necessary classifications on product labels and
SDSs.
Lessons Learned: GHS classifications that represent the current
scientific understand of diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione are
important for the health protection of flavoring manufacturing
workers. In addition, the incorporation of occupational exposure
data should be considered when determining GHS classifications
for hazardous chemicals that are present in mixtures. In the
case of diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione, the sole reliance on
prescribed cut-off values for hazardous chemicals in mixtures
would not have provided hazard communication guidance that
was health protective for workers.
SR-403-10
Polish Recommendation on OEL for Methotrexate
M. Dobecka, S. Czerczak, Nofer Institut of Occupational
Medicine, Łódz, Poland
Objective: In 2013, The Group of Experts for Chemical Agents
(GECA), working in the Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine
in Poland proposed a health based Maximum Admissible
Concentrations value (MAC) for methotrexate (MTX).
Methods: The limit value for methotrexate was based on the
review of the recent global literature, databases, reports,
and documentation of use of the substance as anticancer,
antipsoriatic and RA drug.
Results: To determine the MAC value for MTX, the following
considerations were taken into account: methotrexate
causes non-threshold genotoxic effects that can occur at
any level of exposure; determination of the dose-response
curve is not possible on the basis of data in humans as well
as by extrapolating the results of animal studies; and MTX
manufacturers’ established MTX occupational exposure limits
at the level of 0.0003 - 0.0025 mg/m3.
Conclusions: Analysis of available literature data to assess the
health risk showed that on the basis of the dangerous drugs
classification (IPCS, NIOSH, ASHP, IACP) methotrexate should
have a value of permissible occupational exposure level of <0.01
mg/m3. This value was taken as the basis for determining the
MAC value and used arbitrarily uncertainty factor equal to 10,
taking into account the effects of distant resulting from MTX (ie.
genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity in humans), both fertility
and development of the offspring. It is proposed to adopt a limit
value for the inhalable fraction of methotrexate at the level
of 0.001 mg/m3. Determination of the limit value in the work
environment for MTX imposes on employers the obligation to
monitor the concentration of the chemotherapeutic agent in the
work environment and will allow the assessment of the actual
exposure of medical staff to the substance.
CS-403-11
Can Health and Safety and Art Co-exist? Integrating
Health and Safety Practices at an Art Museum
S. Deike, Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, ON, Canada
Situation/Problem: Art museums share many standard hazards
with other workplaces, such as toxic chemicals, materials
handling and working at heights. But working with art, in
its many forms, from traditional paintings and sculptures to
modern and contemporary pieces featuring electronics or
robotics, and even participative and performance art during
special events, often presents unique challenges that require
non-standard solutions. For example, substituting less toxic
paints for conserving art may not be possible as they may not
match the original work. Similarly, using a sling and hoist to
move a delicate and valuable sculpture may not be prudent.
Resolution: The successful integration of a health and safety
program requires learning about the art museum environment,
operations and business. It also requires identification
and collaboration with key stakeholders, such as such as
Curatorial, Conservation, Facilities, Protection Services and
Finance departments, who have responsibilities for the art,
building, visitors, and the business. Often materials, activities,
and processes that may be problematic for health and safety
reasons, may also be of concern to other departments and may
be introduced by visitors. For example, permitting visitors to
wear “skate shoes” in the gallery, could result in injuries, art
damage and marked floors. However, banning them without
providing notice or making temporary substitutes available may
result in loss of revenue. Similarly, electronic cigarettes, could
cause health issues for staff and visitors, could damage art, and
could result in fires.
Results: A checklist was developed by Health & Safety,
Conservation and Facilities to assist other departments
in flagging materials and activities that require further
consideration. Training on health and safety in live performance
and special events was provided. The Education department now
hosts regular planning meetings to inform other departments of
upcoming activities so issues can be raised and resolved well in
advance.
Lessons Learned: Art museums may require different solutions
to common workplace hazards. Visitors often introduce hazards
to the environment. By working collaboratively, it is often
possible to develop sound solutions that are acceptable to all
Gallery departments as well as visitors.
CS-403-12
Incorporation of Newer Risk Assessment Approaches
into Occupational Exposure Limits for Chemicals: The
Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL)
Model
M. Deveau, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; P.
Owens, Shell Oil Company, Martinez, CA; K. Still, Portland
State University, Portland, OR; S. Barnett Bucherl, pH2,
LLC, Indianapolis, IN
Situation/Problem: Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) exist
for only a minor fraction of the chemicals in commerce. For
chemicals with sufficient toxicological data to generate OELs,
a small pool of experts limits the development of consensusbased values. Moreover, older OELs might not be based on
recent data or risk assessment approaches.
Resolution: The Occupational Alliance for Risk Science (OARS)
Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL) committee
has a goal of promoting worker health by developing credible
OELs. OARS-WEEL activities include the development of new
OELs for chemicals with limited exposure guidance, and the
updating of existing—but potentially outdated—WEELs. Recent
WEEL assessments have considered incorporation of more
advanced risk assessment approaches, including benchmark
dose (BMD) modeling, physiologically-based pharmacokinetic
(PBPK) modeling, mode of action (MOA) analysis, quantitative
cancer risk assessments, and identification of sensitizing
compounds.
Results: Many new or updated WEELs have been assessed, of
which a few have been finalized and made publicly available.
Recent assessments have considered BMD and PBPK modeling
and MOA analysis. Moreover, formal guidance to supplement
existing Administrative Operational Procedures are in various
stages of development for these approaches and others,
including low dose cancer assessments and identification of
dermal and inhalation sensitizers. Because these approaches
are more complex than those used in traditional OELdevelopment processes, each will be described within the
context of proposed or finalized WEELs, to help industrial
hygienists better understand the basis of newer WEEL values.
Lessons Learned: Incorporation of more advanced risk
assessment approaches into OELs can present challenges, as
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87
they can be more difficult to understand and apply than simpler
traditional approaches. These approaches are not incorporated
into all WEELs, due to data limitations or the absence of a
specific need for some compounds; however, where they have
been incorporated, they can increase confidence in the relevance
of the WEEL to occupational exposure scenarios. Moving
forward, finalizing formal guidance for each of the approaches
should increase the consistency in their application in WEELs.
The outcome of this work is expected to promote worker health
through increased access to high quality OELs.
SR-403-13
Airborne Concentrations of Naturally Occurring
Diacetyl Associated with Various Coffee Products
A. Abelmann, S. Gaffney, A. Urban, M. Liong, L. McCarthy,
D. Hollins, Cardno ChemRisk, Chicago, IL; K. Unice, Cardno
ChemRisk, Pittsburgh, PA; J. Henshaw, Cardno ChemRisk,
Sanibel, FL; B. Finley, Cardno ChemRisk, Brooklyn, NY
Objective: Recently, some scientists have suggested that
occupational exposures to diacetyl in the food and flavoring
industries have been associated with impaired respiratory
function in some workers. Diacetyl also occurs naturally in
various consumer products, including roasted coffee beans.
Previously, we showed that large-scale coffee processing
is associated with exposures to naturally occurring diacetyl
that exceed various occupational exposure limits (OELs)
recommended by the ACGIH and proposed by NIOSH. Exposures
exceeded short-term OELs (0.020–0.025 ppm), however, it could
be reasonably expected that 8-hr OELs (0.005–0.010 ppm) could
be exceeded as well. Because there is a paucity of data for nonoccupational exposures related to handling or consuming coffee
products, we conducted a series of studies to characterize
the potential for various coffee products to release naturally
occurring diacetyl in other settings.
Methods: We conducted two separate laboratory tests to study
the container headspace concentrations associated with 1)
whole bean and ground coffee, and 2) brewed coffee. Samples
for whole bean and ground coffee were collected from a static
headspace concentration in a sealed syringe. For the second
study, coffee was brewed in standard coffee maker, transferred
to a stainless steel cup with a lid and sampling port, from which
samples were extracted with a syringe. Two types of coffee were
evaluated in each study: locally roasted, as well as a common
product purchased at a supermarket.
Results: The mean concentrations of diacetyl in the container
headspace of whole bean, ground coffee, and brewed coffee
were 2.7, 3.7, and 0.57 ppm, respectively. Coffee that was ground
on site from whole beans was generally associated with higher
concentrations of diacetyl.
Conclusions:
The
measured
container
headspace
concentrations compared well to the concentrations expected
based on chemical partitioning analysis for typical naturally
occurring diacetyl concentrations in coffee. The results of this
series of studies, combined with results that have previously
been published, indicate a potential for human exposure to
naturally occurring diacetyl at levels that may exceed workplace
OELs when coffee products are typically handled and consumed.
Further research should be conducted to investigate magnitude
of potential human exposures.
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SR-403-14
Pilot Study of Exposures to Airborne Concentrations
of Naturally Occurring Diacetyl during Coffee
Consumption
L. Spicer, J. Lotter, C. Comerford, A. Abelmann, J. Pierce,
Cardno ChemRisk, Chicago, IL; B. Finley, Cardno ChemRisk,
Brooklyn, NY
Objective: Over the past ten years, airborne exposures to
diacetyl have been suspected by some scientists as being
a possible cause of lung damage in workers in the food
and flavoring manufacturing industry, where it was used as
an additive. Although the Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) has yet to regulate diacetyl exposures,
several occupational exposure limits (OELs) for diacetyl have
been proposed or recommended. NIOSH proposed an eighthour time-weighted average (TWA) recommended exposure
limit (REL) of 0.005 ppm, with a 15 minute short term exposure
limit (STEL) of 0.025 ppm. Similarly, ACGIH adopted an eighthour TWA and 15 minute STEL Threshold Limit Values (TLVs)
of 0.01 ppm and 0.02 ppm, respectively. Most recently, the
European Commission published a draft diacetyl OEL of 0.02
ppm as an eight-hour TWA and 0.1 ppm as a 15-minute STEL.
Diacetyl also occurs naturally in a variety of consumer products,
including beverages such as tea, coffee, beer, wine, milk and
citrus juices. Limited data exist describing consumer exposures
to naturally occurring diacetyl in common food products. An
exposure simulation study was conducted to characterize
potential inhalation exposures to naturally occurring diacetyl as
a result of coffee consumption in an at-home setting.
Methods: Personal air samples were collected in the
breathing zone of a subject during the grinding of whole, dark
roast unflavored coffee beans and subsequent brewing and
consumption of coffee. Two cups of coffee were consumed in
1 hour. Four short-term (15 minute) and two long-term (60
minute) samples were collected on the left and right sides of the
study subject’s head. Additionally, one sample was collected in
the headspace of a pot of freshly brewed coffee. Samples were
analyzed for diacetyl in accordance with OSHA Method 1012.
Results: The mean concentration of diacetyl based on 60-minute
samples was 0.0015 ppm. The headspace concentration of the
coffee pot was 0.12 ppm. All concentrations based on shortterm sampling were below the limit of detection (LOD) (<0.005
ppm).
Conclusions: These findings indicate that proposed OELs are
similar to, and may be lower than, the airborne concentrations
of naturally occurring diacetyl associated with the handling
and consumption of coffee. Additional research is warranted to
better characterize these consumer and related occupational
(e.g., coffee shop workers) exposures.
PS404
Poster Session 4
Author Attend Time: Tuesday 1:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m.
*All posters are available for viewing in the expo hall
from Monday 9:00 a.m. through Wednesday 1:00 p.m.
SR-404-01
Study on Generation Characteristics of Powder
By-products for Novel Etching Process in the
Semiconductor Manufacturing Industry
H. An, K. Choi, D. Kim, Samsung Electronics, Yong-in,
Republic of Korea
Objective: Etching gases are the halogen compounds such
as HBr, Cl2, CF4, BCl3, and NF3 mainly used for the chemical
reaction; the by-product also depends on the etching target
substances. Since the trend in recent years of new target
materials can be applied it is necessary to check by-product
according to the change of the etching material. BSI (Backside
Illuminated Image Sensor) is the new product with the backside
of the wafer being used tungsten (W), titanium (Ti) and the like,
is applied at least 6-10 times thicker than the conventional.
Therefore, the focus of this study is to verify the change in the
hazard of new process equipment of BSI to verify by-products
generated in addition to etch gas.
Methods: The equipment studied are new process units of
etching tungsten & titanium compounds and the material of the
conventional silicon, the same model. By-product particles were
collected from the inner part materials and air sampling during
preventive maintenance of process equipment. The chemical
composition of by-products was determined by field emission
scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) equipped with energy
dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) respectively.
Results: At the inner part materials, the particle compounds
found were aluminum (Al), fluorine (F), titanium (Ti) and were
expected, such as Titanium fluoride (TiF4), Aluminum chloride
(AlCl3), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), titanium dioxide (TiO2). There
was no big difference between the new and existing process
equipment, in the case of area samples with personal air
sampler except for the environmental component. In the new
process equipment oxygen (O), silicon (Si), chromium (Cr),
chlorine (Cl) were generated; additionally an aluminum (Al),
iron (Fe), bromine (Br) were also generated in the conventional
process equipment.
Conclusions: From the results of SEM-EDS analysis, other types
of by-products occur in the new process equipment to produce
BSI. For example, tungsten hexafluoride (WF6) is generated by
the chemical reaction with tungsten and nitrogen trifluoride
(NF3). This material is expected by adsorption on the chamber
side wall after reaction with titanium (Ti). In summary, it would
be demonstrated that by-products generated not from etch
gases but target materials. Also, we figured out those titanium
(Ti) by-products were not scattered in to the air. The present
study elucidated the hazard characteristics such as chemical
composition from by-products considering target materials.
CS-404-02
Bring Back the Impinger
D. Duffy, ESIS, Inc., Chicago, IL
Situation/Problem: Impingers were the gold standard devices
for evaluating exposures and conducting area air monitoring for
various inorganic acids, as well as compounds such as acetic
acid, methanol, formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide and others.
We all agree that the use of impingers was cumbersome,
difficult for the monitored employee and as CIH consultants,
we were anxious to find a substitute for the impinger. Now, due
to safety and security issues for travel, transporting impinger
solutions and liquid samples has added to the difficulty. Since
the days when impinger use was common, new media has
been developed, including solid sorbent tubes, treated filters
and passive monitoring badges, all with the purpose of making
life easier for the CIH. At issue and as discussed in this poster,
is whether we have sacrificed accuracy for convenience. In
many instances, we were not finding significant contaminant
concentrations with the use of solid sorbet media in relation to
visual observations and employee concerns that suggested that
higher exposure levels may be present.
Resolution: To address this issue, we decided to conduct sideby-side exposure monitoring using impingers and the current
and accepted “non-impinger” monitoring method. A portion of
the side-by-side air samples were collected in the industrial
environment(s) and a portion in the laboratory. We also decided
to begin this study by conducting side-by-side monitoring for a
variety of industrial chemicals as opposed to one group, such as
inorganic acids.
Results: The use of impingers for many of our samples showed
higher contaminant concentrations, and at least preliminarily,
suggest that lower recovery and detection were observed on
solid media that was used for comparison. Particle size of the
contaminant and the presence of water vapor both can affect
recovery on treated filters and on solid sorbent media, especially
silica gel tubes. Side-by-side testing will be presented.
Lessons Learned: Solid sorbent tubes, passive monitors
and treated filters have replaced the impinging devices for
exposure monitoring. Our data suggest that this replacement,
while making the job of the CIH easier, may not be accurately
assessing employee exposures and area air contaminant levels.
It may be time to re-evaluate the need for impingers, and for
some chemicals, to develop more user-friendly impinging
devices.
CS-404-03
Sampling for Peak/IDLH Exposures Using Field
Portable GC/MS and Laboratory GC/MS to Investigate
and Characterize Chemical Exposure
D. Pearce, J. Hill, P. Smith, OSHA, Sandy, UT
Situation/Problem: Occupational sampling for an organic
chemical of interest is usually performed by taking samples
on activated charcoal tubes. Samples that are collected for 15
minutes, when an exposure is only a few seconds to minutes,
may produce low to not-detected results even when an exposure
may have exceeded a peak or IDLH value.
Resolution: This project looked at headspace and personal
sampling of tank gauging in the oil and gas industry. Nearly
instantaneous sampling was performed at several locations
by using a vacuum box to capture air into an aluminized gas
bag. Samples were collected at tank openings and personal
samples were collected from employee breathing zones. A field
portable gas chromatograph mass spectrometer using needle
trap with tri-bed sorbent and thermal desorption was used to
qualitatively characterize these samples in the field. Then the
hydrocarbons from the bag were stabilized on replicate charcoal
tubes for quantitative analysis in the laboratory by GC/FID and
GC/MS using carbon disulfide extraction. Samples of bulk crude
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oil were also collected for comparison.
Results: Several sites were characterized. Coconut shell
charcoal tube sample results for most of the sites were
essentially non-detects. However one sampled site (synthetic
charcoal) had significant findings for the headspace sample
and lower results for the personal air samples. All of the
bulk samples gave similar results for C3-C20 hydrocarbons.
Correlation of the field portable GC/MS results and the lab
analyses showed good qualitative agreement. Quantitation was
performed on 12 C5-C7 hydrocarbon solvent analytes. These
analytes combined to produce bulk concentrations between
7–12%, headspace between 10,000-15,700 ppm, and personal
between 0-1,500 ppm.
Lessons Learned: Exposure assessment for Peak and IDLH
situations using a bag to collect instantaneous samples and
either immediate analysis or stabilization to a sorbent tube
can be a useful technique. Using field portable GC/MS to
characterize a site can help determine what type of samples
to collect showing that in this case light C3-C7 hydrocarbons
should be characterized. Synthetic and coconut shell charcoal
tubes do not retain propane and butane as desired. Even though
the transfer from the bag to the tube passed 0.5 liter, significant
breakthrough was observed on charcoal tubes when analytes
were present in high concentrations.
CS-404-04
An Evaluation of a Quantitative X-ray Diffraction
Method for Analysis of Asbestos-Containing Materials
L. Greene, J. Ennis, W. Winstead, RTI International,
Research Triangle Park, NC
Situation/Problem: The use of appropriate test methods to
identify and quantify asbestos in bulk samples is critical to
ensure the best decisions may be made to protect human health.
Although polarized light microscopy (PLM) is widely accepted in
North America and Europe as the standard analysis method for
bulk asbestos, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) is also a useful tool
for asbestos analysis. In the United States, XRD is included as a
complement to PLM in the Environmental Protection Agency’s
1993 Method for the Determination of Asbestos in Bulk Building
Materials. XRD is limited, however, by potential interferences
from components commonly found in bulk building materials
and may not be able to achieve a detection limit low enough to
identify asbestos at or near 1% in all bulk samples.
Resolution: A quantitative XRD method was developed for the
determination of asbestos in bulk materials. This standard
additions method differs from the internal standard method
outlined in the 1993 EPA test method. Powder mixtures of known
composition were used for preliminary evaluation of the method.
Both the method and the sample preparation techniques used to
remove matrix interferences were further refined in routine use
of XRD for the characterization of “real-world” materials used
as proficiency testing materials.
Results: Analysis of formulated mixtures of known composition
indicates that the XRD method has good weight composition
accuracy and precision, with a detection limit approaching 1%
or even lower. Matrix interferences challenge application of the
method to complex real-world materials in which there is peak
overlap. However, judicious application of gravimetric sample
reduction techniques greatly enhances the method’s ability to
quantify asbestos at low levels in many real-world materials.
Lessons Learned: The successful application of quantitative
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powder XRD to bulk asbestos analysis is sample-dependent.
Method limitations include potential matrix interferences and
the inability to differentiate between fibrous and nonfibrous
analogs. When both fibrous and nonfibrous mineral forms
occur in one sample, the presence of the nonfibrous component
hampers quantitation of the fibrous component by XRD. XRD
may be most effective as a complement and confirmation to
microscopy techniques, such as visual estimation, that are
subjectively dependent on analyst training and experience.
SR-404-05
Comparison of the Standard and Dark-Medium
Objective Lens in Counting Asbestos Fibers by PhaseContrast Microscopy
E. Lee, J. Nelson, M. Kashon, M. Harper, NIOSH,
Morgantown, WV
Objective: A Japanese round-robin (RR) study revealed that the
analysts who used a dark-medium (DM) objective lens reported
higher fiber counts of Proficiency Analytical Testing (PAT)
chrysotile samples than those with a standard objective lens but
no causes of such differences were investigated. The purpose of
this study was to determine the major sources of the differences
of fiber counts between two objective lens types by performing
two sets of RR studies.
Methods: For the first RR study, 15 proficiency test sample
filters (five each of chrysotile and Amosite generated by
water-suspended method and five chrysotile generated by
aerosolization method) were purchased from the American
Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) and slides were prepared
with relocatable cover slips. Nine labs volunteered to participate
in the exercise. A single microscope with both standard and
DM objectives was circulated to each laboratory along with
the prepared slides. A second RR study was then performed
with six chrysotile field sample slides. Six out of nine labs who
participated in the first RR study participated. Additionally, an
8-form diatom test slide was examined by eight analysts to
compare resolutions between two objectives.
Results: For the PAT chrysotile reference slides, use of the
DM objective resulted in consistently higher fiber counts (1.45
times for all data) than the standard objective (p-values: <
0.05), regardless of the filter generation (water-suspension
or aerosol) method. For the PAT Amosite and chrysotile field
sample slides, the fiber counts between the two objectives were
not significantly different. There was no differences of resolution
from the 8-form diatom test slide examination.
Conclusions: The findings support the contrast caused by the
different phase plate absorption between the two objectives
as the main factor affecting high number of PAT chrysotile
fiber counts using the DM objective. The chrysotile fibers in
the PAT samples are thinner than the airborne contaminant
fibers collected from the field. If the thin PAT fibers are not
generally representative of field samples, it is not necessary to
recommend the DM objective be used for routine fiber-counting.
However, the DM objective does allow more very fine fibers to be
counted and may provide counts of those fine fibers, if present,
similar to that achievable with an electron microscope.
SR-404-06
Development of Analytical Methods as a Tool for
Checking Compliance with Newly Established OELs in
Poland
J. Gromiec, S. Brzeznicki, M. Bonczarowska, A. Wziatek,
Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Lodz, Poland
Objective: In Poland Occupational Exposure Limits are
called Maximum Admissible Concentrations (MAC) and are
published by the Minister of Labour and Social Policy (based on
documented proposals from the Interdepartmental Commission
for MACs for Agents Harmful to Health in the Work Environment)
and are legally binding. There is a practice that no MAC values
are published unless the appropriate analytical method is
available enabling determination of compliance. The objective
of the project was to develop analytical methods for 2-ethylhexyl
acrylate, methoxyaniline, cyclopentane and diphenylamine
introduced to the MAC list in 2013–2014.
Methods: Parameters of air sample collection (sorbent selection,
air volume, sampling rate, desorption efficiency) and analytical
conditions were investigated. Validation parameters, required
according to the European standard EN 482:2012 such as limit of
detection, analytical range, precision, specificity and expanded
uncertainty were also determined. Gas chromatography and
high performance liquid chromatography were used in analysis
of the compounds.
Results: Four analytical methods, meeting the criteria of EN
482:2012 were elaborated. The limits of determination are,
in mg/m3, 3 for 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 0.025 for isomers of
methoxyaniline, 30 for cyclopentane and 0.4 for diphenylamine.
The expanded uncertainty of all the methods is much better
than ± 30%.
Conclusions: The developed methods were presented in the
form analytical procedures meeting the requirements of the
Polish Standardization Committee for the national standards.
The methods, as specific and selective in presence of other
substances expected in the same work environment enable
evaluation of occupational exposure to the compounds newly
introduced to the MAC list.
SR-404-07
The Second Report of Studies of Passive Sampler
Equipped with FAN Motor for Indoor Sampling of
Nicotine
Y. Suzuki, T. Enomoto, T. Enomoto, SIBATA Science
Technology Ltd., Saitama, Japan; M. Noguchi, Seikei
University, Musashino, Japan; Y. Yanagisawa, Tokyo
Universtiy, Bunkyo ku, Japan
Objective: We examined whether or not, the diffusive sampler
system for measurement of Nicotine in the air, will work
efficiently. For passive sampling, Nicotine is one of objectives
that substance measurements are difficult. This is because the
Nicotine situation turns into gaseous, particulate, air oxidation,
UV degradation, water absorption, dimer formation and so
forth. It is also because this material causes adsorption (such
as particle adhesion, adhesion to glass). Our study is to solve
these problems.
Methods: In this study, we used the Semi-Active Sampler that
we had reported in AIHce2014. At Nicotine trapping, we adopted
a method of adsorbing to a PUF (Poly-Urethane Form). Herewith
we carried out efficient collection by increasing the equilibrium
velocity. The PUF can collect the Nicotine in a stable situation.
Semi-Active Sampler is superior in serenity compared with the
active collection. In recovery rate measurement of Nicotine,
it was confirmed by the sampling performance. After adding
Nicotine to the PUF directly, it is operated in clean air for a
certain time, and the recovery rate superiority was confirmed by
GC / MS (EI) with a solvent extraction adsorbent. The sampling
was carried out in parallel with this method and with XAD-4
active sampling method in the smoking location.
Results: The spike recovery rates showed at about the
percentages of 55. In 24-hour collection, the results were
higher values even in comparison with the active method
(XAD-4 collected). For the pump method, Semi-Active Sampler
showed good correlation in Nicotine sampling results. However,
a fluctuation was observed in the measured value in such state
where smoke flux was drawn significantly. In addition, the
results with this present measurement method showed a good
correlation with those with a measurement of dust meter of
light scattering method.
Conclusions: Nicotine Collection, using the PUF adsorbent,
with Semi-Active Sampler turned out possible. However, we
observed the fluctuation of a significantly higher value than the
expectation in non-mixed state (such as near a smoking area)
and we also observed the necessity of further consideration in
the future. We would like to consider such substance as SVOC
in the future.
CS-404-08
Using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry in
Single Ion Monitoring Mode for Analysis of Diacetyl and
2,3-Pentanedione
M. Simmons, USDOL/OSHA, Sandy, UT
Situation/Problem: OSHA is currently using OSHA Method 1013
for the sampling and analysis of diacetyl and OSHA Method 1016
for 2,3-pentanedione. Both methods use gas chromatography
with flame ionization detection (GC/FID) for analysis. OSHA is also
using OHSA Method 1012 for the sampling and analysis of diacetyl,
with analysis by gas chromatography with electron capture
detection (GC/ECD) after derivatization with O-pentafluorobenzyl
hydroxylamine hydrochloride. All three methods use two 600 mg
silica gel sorbent tubes in series, have recommended sampling
times of 3 hours (9 L), and use ethanol for sample extraction. The
advantage of methods 1013 and 1016 is sample preparation can
be performed in one hour, but the reliable quantitation limit (RQL)
is 41.0 μg/m3 for diacetyl and 38.0 μg/m3 for 2,3-pentanedione.
The advantage of Method 1012 is that the RQL is 4.6 μg/m3 for
diacetyl, but the derivatization procedure requires 36 hours with
multiple derivatives of diacetyl (isomers) formed.
Resolution: Using OSHA “Validation Guidelines for Air Sampling
Methods Utilizing Chromatographic Analysis”, the sample
preparation procedure described in OSHA Method 1013 and
1016, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry in single ion
monitoring mode (GC/MS-SIM), new RQLs were determined for
diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione.
Results: A RQL of 11 μg/m3 was calculated for both diacetyl and
2,3-pentanedione using GC/MS-SIM.
Lessons Learned: The use of GC/MS-SIM improved the RQL for
both diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione as compared to the GC/FID
methods, and brought the diacetyl RQL closer to the reported
value of the GC/ECD method while avoiding the time consuming
derivatization step.
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SR-404-09
Validation of a Diffusive Sampler for Monitoring
Siloxanes in Air
J. Elder, SKC, Inc., Eighty Four, PA
Objective: Siloxanes are a family of organic compounds that are
used widely in the production of silicone polymers and other
organosilicone substances, electronics, textiles, and personal
care products. Siloxanes are found commonly in landfills where
they can be volatilized easily. Some toxicology studies report
effects on the liver, kidney, and female reproductive tract.
Studies to date have not demonstrated if this effect occurs
through a pathway that is relevant to humans. The objective of
this study was to determine if the 575-001 Passive Sampler is
suitable for monitoring octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) in air.
Methods: The method used to collect D4 was a 575-001 Passive
Sampler filled with activated carbon and analysis was by GC-FID.
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The test concentration was 20 ppm for D4, at a relative humidity
of 80% and a temperature of 30 C. Desorption efficiency studies
were performed for D4 at 0.1 to 2.0 times the WEEL (Workplace
Environmental Exposure Level) limit of 10 ppm. A storage study
was conducted for 2 weeks at room temperature (22 C) and
refrigerated temperature (< 4 C).
Results: The results showed that the mean sampling rate for
D4 was 7.16 ml/min with an 8.38% Relative Standard Deviation
(%RSD). The desorption efficiency (DE) was 87.2% with a 4.96%
RSD. The storage study showed that the sample could be stored
for up to 2 weeks at either ambient or freezer temperatures with
less than a 10% loss in recovery.
Conclusions: In conclusion, the data indicate that diffusive
sampling is a viable method for sampling D4 in workplace air.
Author Index
A
Abelmann, A. SR-403-13, SR-403-14,
SR-118-03
Abraham, J. SR-402-11
Ahrenholz, S. CS-402-13
Aizenberg, V. CS-104-01
Akbar-Khanzadeh, F. SR-104-05, SR402-15, SR-402-07, CS-114-01
Albrecht, B. SR-128-03, SR-128-01
Alkasir, R. SR-127-05
Altamirano, C. CS-111-06
Ames, A. SR-402-15, SR-402-07, CS114-01
An, H. SR-404-01
Anderson, D. CS-115-05
Anderson, G. SR-402-02
Anderson, L. CS-110-02
Andreescu, S. SR-127-05
Andrews, D. SR-113-03
Arce, S. SR-119-04
Archer, J. SR-102-02
Arnold, S. SR-119-04, SR-119-02, SR119-06, SR-119-05
Arrotti, G. CS-107-04
Aubin, S. SR-127-12
Austin, M. CS-114-04
Avens, H. SR-119-03
B
Balanay, J. SR-107-07
Bardhan, R. SR-114-06
Barlow, C. SR-119-03, SR-402-02
Barnett Bucherl, S. CS-403-12
Barrey, E. SR-128-06
Barton, C. CS-107-06
Barton, T. SR-115-03
Baxter, D. CS-117-06, CS-111-01
Beard, S. CS-107-08
Beauparlant, M. SR-127-01
Beck, B. SR-401-09
Bello, A. SR-105-07
Beltz, J. SR-122-02
Bergholz, P. CS-105-05, CS-118-05
Bergman, M. SR-122-06, SR-122-05, SR116-04
Bernard, T. SR-121-03
Bernhardt, S. SR-111-03
Beyer, L. SR-401-09
Birky, B. SR-128-08
Boelter, F. CS-103-01, CS-124-05, CS103-03
Boiano, J. SR-402-05, SR-402-06
Bonczarowska, M. SR-404-06
Boot, K. CS-108-01
Brandes, A. SR-123-05
Bratt, G. CS-124-01
Breuer, D. SR-128-10
Breysse, J. SR-118-09
Brinton, M. CS-102-04
Brosseau, L. SR-116-02
Brown, J. SR-128-06
Brown, K. SR-123-05
Brzeznicki, S. SR-404-06
Bullock, W. CS-103-03
Burge, H. SR-112-04, SR-112-05
Burns, A. SR-119-03
Burton, K. SR-116-05
Buttolph, T. CS-115-04
Byeon, S. SR-124-02
C
Cali, S. SR-118-09
Callahan, J. CS-106-08
Canary, J. SR-104-04
Canright, M. CS-112-06
Capshaw, Z. SR-402-02
Capuzzi, J. SR-401-13
Caraccio, A. SR-102-05
Carter, B. SR-118-10
Cena, L. SR-401-01
Chang, C. SR-402-10, SR-127-08, SR402-10, SR-127-08, SR-127-10, SR127-10
Chen, B. SR-401-01
Chen, C. SR-112-01, SR-127-10, SR-11702, SR-120-01, SR-117-05, SR-401-02
Chen, W. SR-118-11
Chen, Y. SR-120-02
Cheng, H. SR-117-05
Chien, C. SR-128-08
Chisholm, W. SR-401-01, SR-128-02
Choi, K. SR-404-01
Chute, D. CS-105-06
Cikalo, J. CS-105-01
Clarkson, D. SR-118-09
Clements, L. CS-118-05
Collingwood, S. SR-111-03
Comerford, C. SR-403-14
Courtney, T. SR-113-01
Crawford, J. SR-402-11
Cross, J. SR-121-06
Croteau, G. SR-104-03
Cui, X. SR-403-04
Cumpston, A. SR-401-01
Czerczak, S. SR-403-10
D
Dartt, A. CS-110-02
Davis, C. CS-115-02
DeBord, D. CS-123-01
Deike, S. CS-403-11
Delia, A. CS-111-01
Derman, S. SR-114-03
Desai, G. CS-118-02
Dessureault, P. CS-108-06
Deveau, M. CS-403-12
Deziel, N. SR-403-02
Dixon, S. SR-118-09
Dobecka, M. SR-403-10
Dotson, G. CS-124-03
Doughty, J. CS-115-06
Doyle, C. CS-118-05
Dragan, G. SR-128-10
Drews, B. CS-127-02
Driscoll, D. CS-109-07
Driscoll, J. SR-123-03
Drolet, D. CS-108-06
DuBose, W. SR-109-08
Duffy, D. CS-404-02
Duke, T. SR-403-01
Duling, M. SR-111-05
Dunn, K. CS-122-01
Dysart, A. SR-122-02
E
Eggett, D. SR-111-03
Elder, J. SR-404-09
Elias, J. CS-403-08
Elmashae, Y. SR-401-05, SR-116-03
Engler, J. SR-117-03
Ennis, J. CS-404-04
Enomoto, T. SR-404-07
Evans, CIH, CSP, P.E., S. CS-102-06
F
Fabian, P. CS-103-02
Farcas, D. SR-128-02
Finley, B. SR-403-13, SR-403-14, SR118-03, SR-403-01
Floyd, E. SR-120-06, SR-127-06, SR-12204
Fontaine, B. CS-104-09
Friedman, W. CS-102-01
Friedrich, C. SR-128-10
Friesen, M. SR-118-12, SR-403-02
Frisvad, J. SR-112-03
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G
Gaffney, S. SR-403-13, SR-118-03
Gallagher, S. CS-113-05, SR-113-02
Gallagher, T. CS-109-06
Gao, P. SR-125-03
Gao, S. SR-116-03, SR-401-05
Gay, R. SR-118-10
Gibbs, L. CS-115-01
Gibson, S. CS-113-05
Gilbertson, L. SR-109-03, SR-402-16
Gillen, M. CS-105-02
Glowacki, J. CS-128-07
Glynn, M. SR-118-03
Goldberg, M. CS-105-04
Gorny, R. SR-112-02
Graham, G. CS-109-05
Greenawald, L. SR-101-03
Greenberg, G. SR-401-09
Greene, L. CS-404-04
Greenley, P. CS-115-06
Grespin, M. SR-118-04
Grinshpun, S. SR-116-03, SR-401-05
Gromiec, J. SR-404-06
Gunderson, K. CS-126-05
Hung, H. SR-117-02
Hunt, A. SR-402-11
Huynh, T. SR-119-01
Hwang, J. SR-118-12
I
Iheanacho, I. SR-121-03
Imler, A. SR-102-02
Irwin, C. CS-127-09
J
Jacobs, D. SR-118-09
Jaques, P. SR-125-03
Johansen, D. SR-128-03, SR-128-01
Johnson, C. SR-118-12
Johnson, R. CS-108-02
Johnston, J. SR-111-03
Jones, A. SR-116-05
Jones, W. CS-118-06
Jouras, A. CS-114-05
Joy, G. CS-104-02
jung, H. SR-402-08
Jurjevic, Z. SR-112-03
H
K
Haan, M. CS-110-04
Hagood, T. SR-402-15
Halpenny, M. SR-128-06
Ham, M. SR-124-02
Han, C. SR-122-03
Haroun, L. CS-121-01
Harper, M. SR-401-08, SR-404-05, SR128-04, SR-128-02, SR-126-02
Harper, P. CS-106-04
Haury, C. CS-102-03
Hawkinson, T. CS-108-07
He, X. SR-116-03, SR-401-05, SR-12206, SR-122-05
Heaney, M. CS-402-09
Heath, R. SR-114-06
Henn, S. SR-402-05
Henshaw, J. SR-403-13, SR-119-03, SR118-03
Herrick, D. CS-115-06
Higley, R. CS-402-14
Hill, J. CS-123-04, CS-404-03
Hoang, T. SR-120-06
Hollins, D. SR-403-13
hong, J. SR-402-08
Hoover, M. CS-123-01
Horvatin, M. SR-122-06, SR-122-05
Hsu, C. SR-117-02, SR-117-05, SR-12002
Hsu, E. SR-402-02
Hsu, Y. SR-128-08
Huang, S. SR-112-01, SR-127-10, SR117-02, SR-120-01, SR-117-05
Huang, X. SR-122-03
Huard, M. SR-127-12
Hubbard, D. SR-109-09
Hubbs, A. CS-403-09
Kalil, A. CS-115-06
Kampa, O. CS-107-01
Kashon, M. SR-401-08, SR-404-05, SR128-04
Kawar, K. CS-107-03
Kayne, A. CS-125-02
Ke, W. SR-112-01, SR-120-01
Keane, M. SR-401-01
Ketzler, N. CS-113-05
Kim, C. SR-401-04
Kim, D. SR-404-01, SR-402-08
Kim, J. SR-116-03, SR-401-05
Kim, K. SR-401-04, SR-402-08
Kim, M. SR-124-02
Kind, J. CS-106-08
Ko, H. SR-401-04
Koehler, K. SR-109-04
Koehn, J. CS-402-12, CS-401-07
Koh, D. SR-403-02
Kominsky, J. SR-114-02, SR-111-04
Komrower, J. CS-109-06
Kondragunta, P. CS-106-06
Korchevskiy, A. SR-103-04, SR-124-06
Korczynski, R. CS-118-07
Kovein, R. SR-123-05
Kreiss, K. CS-403-09
Kuo, Y. SR-112-01, SR-117-02, SR-12001
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L’Espérance, G. SR-127-01
L’Orange, C. SR-117-04
Labossiere, J. CS-115-04
LaGarde, D. SR-127-07, CS-128-05
Lai, C. SR-401-02
Lai, J. SR-127-10, SR-117-02, SR-12001, SR-117-05
Lake, K. SR-109-04
Lamba, A. CS-124-04
Larson, R. SR-120-04
Lavoué, J. SR-118-12
Lawniczek-Walczyk, A. SR-112-02
Le, M. SR-118-04
LeBouf, R. SR-111-05
Lee, D. CS-110-06
Lee, E. SR-404-05
Lee, J. SR-124-02
Lee, N. CS-106-07
Lee, T. SR-401-08, SR-128-04, SR-12802
Lee, V. SR-109-08, SR-120-05
Lentz, T. CS-107-06
Lieb, C. SR-117-03
Light, E. SR-118-10
Lin, C. SR-112-01, SR-127-10
Lin, M. SR-120-02
Lin, T. SR-113-01
Lin, Y. CS-107-06
Liong, M. SR-403-13, SR-118-03
Liu, S. SR-120-03
Liu, Y. SR-110-05, SR-403-03
Locas, L. SR-127-12
Locke, S. SR-118-12, SR-403-02
Lombardi, D. SR-113-01
Lotter, J. SR-403-14, SR-118-03
Lowe, B. SR-113-03
Lungu, C. SR-107-07, SR-114-06, SR127-06, SR-122-04
Luttrell, W. SR-127-04
Lutz, E. SR-125-07, SR-121-04, SR-12102, SR-120-05, SR-109-08
M
Maclachlan, J. SR-123-03
Mader, B. SR-128-09
Madl, A. SR-119-03
Magnusson, B. SR-111-03
Maier, A. CS-107-06
Malinsky, M. SR-128-09
Manning, C. SR-101-01
Mao, I. SR-402-01
Maples, E. SR-114-06
Martin, J. SR-127-01
Martin, K. CS-111-01
Martinelli, J. CS-112-06
Martinez, K. CS-107-05
Mathew, T. SR-106-01
Mbah, W. CS-115-06
McCarthy, L. SR-403-13, SR-118-03
McDonough, V. CS-103-05
McGowan, B. CS-113-06
McKelvey, L. CS-402-12, CS-401-07
McKernan, L. CS-107-06
McNamara, K. SR-118-08
Mead, K. SR-123-05
Mecham, J. CS-107-01
Meeker, J. SR-105-03
Mehta, M. CS-126-06
Mellas-Hulett, E. CS-115-04
Melnikov, F. SR-401-09
Miller-lionberg, D. SR-117-04
Milz, S. SR-402-15, SR-402-07, CS-11401
Mims, A. CS-115-02
Monje, O. SR-102-05
Monnot, A. SR-118-04
Morris, T. CS-121-05, CS-106-02
Mugford, C. SR-105-07
Myers, K. SR-125-07
N
Neitzel, R. SR-402-17
Nelson, A. SR-126-01
Nelson, J. SR-404-05
Nesbitt, J. CS-114-04
Newell, S. CS-126-04
Newton, R. CS-401-10
Ngai, E. CS-107-06
Niemeier, R. CS-403-09, CS-124-03, CS402-13
Niezgoda, G. SR-116-04
Noguchi, M. SR-404-07
Nurkiewicz, T. SR-111-05
O
O’Heir, L. CS-127-02
O’Shaughnessy, P. SR-116-01
Oh, J. SR-127-06, SR-122-04
Ornstein, A. CS-124-01
Owens, P. SR-402-03, CS-403-12
P
Pahler, L. SR-120-04
Palmiero, A. SR-116-04
Paradis, S. SR-127-12
Parham, M. SR-101-04
Parker, J. SR-116-06, SR-101-02
Paschold, H. CS-108-04
Paustenbach, D. SR-119-03
Pearce, D. CS-123-04, CS-404-03
Pelham, T. SR-125-05, SR-125-04
Persky, J. CS-103-01, CS-124-05, CS103-03, CS-121-01
Peterson, S. SR-112-03
Phalen, R. SR-125-05, SR-125-04
Philips, M. SR-104-04
Pierce, J. SR-403-14, SR-118-03, SR403-01
Pizzani, S. CS-107-02
Plisko, M. CS-103-02
Podraza, D. CS-103-03
Pol, V. SR-122-02
Portnoff, L. SR-125-03
Pratap, P. SR-118-09
Prugh, R. CS-127-11
Q
Quarles, B. SR-101-01
Quick, H. SR-119-01
Quinn, C. SR-117-04
Quiroz, O. SR-121-04
R
Racz, L. CS-103-05
Ramachandran, G. SR-119-01, SR-11904, SR-119-02, SR-119-06, SR-119-05
Rando, R. SR-118-01
Rasmuson, E. SR-103-04, SR-124-06
Rasmuson, J. SR-103-04, SR-124-06
Redlich, C. SR-110-05
Reed, E. CS-401-10
Reed, R. SR-125-07, SR-121-04, SR-12102, SR-120-05, SR-109-08
Reineke, A. CS-403-08
René, L. SR-127-12
Reponen, T. SR-116-03, SR-401-05
Richard, M. SR-114-06
Robbins, W. SR-118-08
Roberts, B. SR-402-17
Roberts, L. SR-403-01
Roberts, R. SR-402-15
Roggli, V. SR-124-06
Rohr Daniel, A. CS-106-04
Rohrs, S. SR-402-07
Rollins, M. CS-108-08
Rosen, J. CS-107-08
Rosenbaum, P. SR-402-11
Rossner, A. SR-127-05, SR-111-02
Rottersman, R. CS-106-03
Ruestow, P. SR-403-01
Rundman, S. CS-110-01
Russ, D. SR-118-12
Ryan, T. SR-109-09
S
Sachdeva, S. CS-107-06
Sahmel, J. SR-119-03, CS-108-06
Saina, M. SR-122-04
Sanchez, M. SR-103-04
Savit, M. SR-121-02
Schmick, E. CS-125-01
Schneider, S. CS-105-02, CS-109-01
Schnorr, B. CS-103-01, CS-124-05
Schultz, M. SR-126-01
Scott, P. SR-119-03
Scribner, K. CS-106-08
Seals, C. CS-113-05
Seaton, M. CS-107-06
Seeley, M. SR-401-09
Selwyn, B. CS-109-02
Sesek, R. CS-113-05
Shao, Y. SR-119-04
Sharma, A. CS-126-06
Shaw, P. SR-123-05
Shi, T. SR-402-04
Shimelis, O. SR-128-06
Shin, K. SR-402-08
Shin, S. SR-124-02
Shoop, D. SR-125-06
Shou, L. SR-128-08
Shulenberger, C. CS-113-04
Shum, M. SR-108-03
Sides, S. CS-110-02
Sietsema, M. SR-116-02
Silva, T. CS-103-06
Simmons, M. CS-404-08
Slagley, J. SR-117-03
Sleeth, D. SR-120-04
Smigielski, K. SR-104-05
Smith, P. SR-123-02, CS-123-04, CS404-03
Song, S. CS-103-01, CS-124-05
Soo, J. SR-128-04, SR-128-02
Sparer, J. SR-110-05
Spencer, J. CS-103-02
Spicer, L. SR-403-14
Squillace, M. CS-114-04
Steege, A. SR-402-05, SR-402-06
Steele, K. SR-125-05, SR-125-04
Stefaniak, A. SR-111-05
Stein, D. CS-101-05
Stephenson, D. SR-106-05
Still, K. CS-403-12
Stobnicka, A. SR-112-02
Stowe, M. SR-110-05
Su, W. SR-117-01
Susi, P. SR-105-03, CS-105-04
Suzuki, Y. SR-404-07
Sweeney, M. SR-402-06
T
Thakali, S. SR-401-09
Theodore, A. SR-128-08
Thomas, R. CS-113-05
Tobin, M. SR-118-09
Torres CIH, CSP, C. CS-106-04
Tsai, P. SR-120-02, SR-401-02
Tsai, S. SR-402-10, SR-127-03, SR-12708, SR-122-03, SR-122-02
Tseng, W. SR-402-10, SR-127-03
U
Unice, K. SR-403-13, SR-119-03
Urban, A. SR-403-13
V
Valigosky, M. SR-402-15, SR-402-07, CS114-01
Verma, S. SR-113-01
Vo, E. SR-122-06, SR-122-05
Volckens, J. SR-109-04, SR-117-04
Voorhees, R. SR-123-05
Vosburgh, D. SR-109-03, SR-402-16
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Z
Wang, C. SR-120-02
Wang, H. SR-109-04
Wang, J. SR-120-06
Ward, R. SR-118-04
Weber, D. CS-401-03, CS-401-06
Weible, R. SR-125-03
Weinstein, M. CS-105-04
Weir, P. SR-113-03
[email protected],
SR-123-06
Westrum, D. CS-108-05
Whitelaw, J. SR-116-05
Wiggins, M. CS-104-06, CS-401-11
Williams, P. SR-403-06
Williams, S. CS-103-05
Wills, R. CS-106-04
Winstead, W. CS-404-04
Woodhull, D. CS-126-04
Woskie, S. SR-105-07
Wu, C. SR-128-08
Wu, J. SR-127-10
Wu, W. SR-112-01
Wziatek, A. SR-404-06
YANAGISAWA, Y. SR-404-07
Yasalonis, J. CS-124-01
Ye, M. SR-128-06
Yermakov, M. SR-116-03, SR-401-05
Yi, J. SR-111-05
Yip, W. CS-401-12
Young, W. CS-402-12, CS-401-07
Yuan, J. SR-126-03
Zaccaro, T. CS-403-07
Zalk, D. CS-108-06, CS-110-03
Zamzow, E. SR-106-05
Zhou, Y. SR-403-05
Zhu, J. SR-109-04
Zhuang, Z. SR-122-06, SR-122-05, SR116-04
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