CREATING WEALTH AND PROSPERITY THROUGH
CREATING WEALTH AND PROSPERITY THROUGH BUSINESS-ORIENTED AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES EDUCATION AND RESEARCH A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM YAOUNDÉ, CAMEROON 2014 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM ii CREATING WEALTH AND PROSPERITY THROUGH BUSINESS-ORIENTED AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES EDUCATION AND RESEARCH A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM YAOUNDÉ, CAMEROON August, 2014 iii A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM CORRECT CITATION: ANAFE 2014. Creating Wealth and Prosperity through BusinessOriented Agriculture and Natural Resources Education. A synthesis of the Fourth ANAFE Symposium held in Yaoundé, Cameroon 25-27 August 2014. ANAFE, Nairobi Kenya. © Copyright reserved. Any quotation and/or reference from this document must be appropriately acknowledged as per the above citation. This document has been financed by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). Sida does not necessarily share the views expressed in this material. Responsibility rests with the author. Photos © ANAFE, cover photo © ICRAF and additional photos by Prof. August Temu iv CONTENTS PREFACE2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS4 ACRONYMS5 YAOUNDÉ RESOLUTIONS ON AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH 6 SYMPOSIUM SYNTHESIS 10 Education Reforms 11 Youth, Women and Agriculture 14 Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation 16 Reforms in Research and Innovation 18 Delivering on Agriculture through CAADP 19 Farmers’ Risks and Vulnerability 21 Food and Nutritional Security 23 Forestry, Land Management and Risk Prevention 26 Keynote Addresses Presented 29 Papers Presented 30 Poster Competition 33 Exhibitions34 List of Participants 35 1 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM PREFACE The Symposium organized every four years by the African Network for Agriculture, Agroforestry and Natural Resources Education (ANAFE) offers opportunities for lecturers, researchers, scientists and students to exchange their research outputs reinforce old partnerships and build new ones. The 2014 Symposium held in Yaoundé, Cameroon coincided with ANAFE’s 20th Anniversary. It was supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) through the ANAFE programme of Strengthening Africa’s Strategic Agricultural Capacity for Impact on Development (SASACID). The programme linking University with Business and Research in Agricultural Innovations (UniBRAIN) led by the Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa (FARA) also supported the Symposium. Both SASACID and UniBRAIN seek to address the linkage between Tertiary Agricultural and Natural Resources Education (TANRE) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) more effectively to community and businesses. The Symposium brought together over 130 participants from education and research institutes, Pan African agricultural organizations such as the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD), FARA and from international research and development organizations like the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). For the first time in ANAFE symposium history, the private sector was strongly represented by the Pan African Agribusiness Consortium (PanAAC) and all six Universities, Business and Research in Agricultural Innovation (UniBRAIN) consortia that also exhibited their products. The Symposium Declaration, endorsed by all participants, is a powerful sensitization and lobbying tool that will be used by ANAFE and all interested member institutions and partners to rally for more support to education and research that is meaningful to local populations. The Symposium resolutions captured in this document have important messages to various stakeholders, including educators, researchers, the private sector, policy makers and local communities. If all play their requisite roles as indicated, we will achieve more relevant and useful education in 2 agriculture, agroforestry and natural resources management. A key role for ANAFE in the coming four years will focus on sharing and following up on these resolutions through supportive projects and programmes with its partners. It is my hope that at the next Symposium in 2018, substantive progress would have been achieved on each resolution. The Symposium synthesis report is a valuable record of our work. It inspires us to strengthen coordination and collaboration with like-minded organizations in a transformative approach that will make agricultural education more popular, relevant, effective and efficiently delivered to produce the entrepreneurs Africa needs. It is a ‘must read’ for stakeholders in this field. Dr. (Mrs.) Aissetou Dramé Yayé Executive Secretary, ANAFE 3 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank the sponsors; namely, Sida, FARA and ICRAF, and all the institutions and organizations that participated and made this a great event. The participation of vice chancellors, principals and deans was highly appreciated and I express my sincere thanks to all of them. This event would not have been successfully without the strong support of the University of Dschang. I sincerely thank the Vice Chancellor of the University of Dschang, Prof. Anaclet Fomethe, the head of the local organizing team and Dr. Marie Louise Avana for all the time, energy and money invested in this. The dinner offered by the Vice Chancellor of Dschang to celebrate ANAFE’s 20th Anniversary was indeed a wonderful occasion that was much appreciated by all participants. Thanks again to Prof. Anaclet Fomethe. Let me also take this opportunity to thank Dr. Zacharie Tchoundjeu, ICRAF West and Central Africa Regional Coordinator, who handled the logistics with great professionalism. Dr. Tchoundjeu and his team deserve our thanks and gratitude. Last but not least, I wish to express my profound gratitude, to Prof. August Temu, the immediate former Deputy Director General of ICRAF and former Executive Secretary of ANAFE, who not only facilitated the scientific component of the Symposium, but also developed this report. Special thanks go to the Board of ANAFE led by the outgoing Chair, Prof. John Saka, the Vice Chancellor of the University of Malawi, who has presided over the impressive growth of ANAFE over the past 7 years. To all scientists, lecturers, graduates, students, Northern partners, UniBRAIN consortia and other partners, I say thank you and see you again at the next Symposium. Dr. (Mrs.) Aissetou Dramé Yayé, Executive Secretary, ANAFE 4 ACRONYMS ABCF African Biosciences Challenge Fund ANAFE African Network for Agriculture, Agroforestry and Natural Resources Education BecA Biosciences eastern and central Africa CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme CBO Community-Based Organization CIFOR Center for International Forest Research MRV Monitoring, Reporting and Verification FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FARA Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa ICRAF International Centre for Research in Agroforestry or World Agroforestry Centre IUFRO International Union of Forest Research Organizations NEPAD-AUC New Partnership for Africa’s Development-African Union Commission NGO Non-Governmental Organization NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product PanAAC Pan African Agribusiness and Agroindustry Consortium REDD+ Reduced Emissions through Forest Deforestation and Degradation RIFFEAC Réseau des Institutions de Formation Forestière et Environnementale d’Afrique centrale Sida Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency TFP Total Factor Productivity UniBRAIN Universities, Business and Research in Agricultural Innovation 5 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM YAOUNDÉ RESOLUTIONS ON AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH The Fourth ANAFE Symposium held in Yaoundé from 25th to 27th August 2014 attracted 138 participants from 20 countries representing 44 institutions teaching agriculture and natural resources management and other stakeholder organizations including those in education, research, development policy and the private sector. The Symposium attracted, among others, vice chancellors, deans of faculties, college principals, lecturers and students. The theme was “Agribusiness Development and Managing Risk and Uncertainty in African Agriculture”. There were two sub-themes: i. Agribusiness and risk management education: Curricula, policy reforms and best practices ii.Ecosystem sustainability and climate change: Institutionalizing Agribusiness In his opening remarks, the Cameroon Minister for Higher Education (represented by the Rector of the University of Dschang) emphasized the role of education and research in solving the agricultural development challenges in Africa. The Symposium programme enabled a rich exchange of knowledge, experience and new ideas regarding agribusiness, forestry, agroforestry and natural resources management education and research. Participants brainstormed on strategies for improving the content and quality delivery of education, with special focus on strengthening the roles of the ANAFE network, and its members, governments, the private sector and partner organizations. Harvesting ideas from the rich papers and posters presented and the ensuing discussions, the following action-oriented recommendations were agreed to by all participants as key declarations for sensitization and lobbying: Recognizing the importance of Agriculture and natural resources management on the development of African countries; Aware of the role of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) and its implementation framework, and particularly 6 anchored on the NEPAD/FARA-led Science Agenda for Africa where human and institutional capacity are emphasized; Noting that African countries are already investing in agricultural and natural resources management education and research; and the need for them to secure good returns on this investment; Conscious of the impacts of climate change and other environmental risks on agriculture and natural resources productivity; Cognizant of the role of education and research in human development and ecosystem sustainability; Recognizing that graduates of current agriculture and natural resources education are inadequately prepared to develop and manage enterprises; Convinced that major transformations are needed in tertiary agriculture and natural resources education and research especially in strengthening enterprise development; and Excited by evident benefits of enhanced networking and collaboration through ANAFE: Therefore: Participants of the Fourth ANAFE Symposium resolved as follows:1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 For African governments and policy/decision makers, to: Institute policies and actions that will transform the image of agriculture from that of poverty and deprivation to the fitting image of driver of social and economic development. Allocate more resources for education and research in agriculture and secure increased human and institutional capacity at the vocational and technical training levels. Step up support for farmers and farmer organizations to function effectively and efficiently especially to engage in agribusiness for their own prosperity. 7 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3. 3.1 3.2 4. 4.1 4.2 For colleges and universities teaching agriculture, forestry and natural resources management, to: Transform teaching and learning content and processes towards generating new enterprises that respond to current demands. This includes institutional reforms. Facilitate the retraining of educators to adapt to current trends and encourage the development of locally-relevant learning resources. Establish strong links with the private sector, farmers and other stakeholders to enable better and effective practicum for students. Emphasize capacity for analysis and innovation. Pay special attention to the empowerment of youth and women with knowledge and skills to develop and manage enterprises. For the private sector, to: Enhance engagement with agriculture and natural resources education and research institutions to strengthen enterprise development, through practicum, internship, thesis research etc. Assist the youth in the development and operationalization of profitable enterprises along the whole value chain. For development organizations and partners, to: Collaborate with ANAFE in building capacity and sharing agriculture and natural resources knowledge and lessons of experience. Invest in technical cooperation with ANAFE in programmes that reach colleges, universities, the youth, women and a wide range of stakeholders. 5. For farmers and farmer organizations, to: 5.1 Articulate the local needs for capacity building and research priorities. 5.2 Self-organize and federate so as to be able to make informed choices in the adoption of innovations and especially to capture the full benefits of agribusiness. 5.3 Share local knowledge wisely primarily for the betterment of local livelihoods and the environment. Promote farmer-to-farmer learning. 8 5.4 Collaborate with educators and researchers to support relevant studies and facilitate solutions to local problems. 6. 6.1 For students and the youth, to: Participate in and influence the development of greater interest in agriculture and natural resource education to meet future aspirations and prosperity. Self-organize and federate to improve the voice and capacity to advance the interest of students and the youth. Engage with the private sector to learn more on entrepreneurship and profitability. 6.2 6.3 7. 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 8. 8.1 For researchers, to: Support the development and testing of viable models for business in agriculture and national resources with focus on enterprises development at different scales. Undertake user-focused research and popularize/influence the transformation of relevant research findings into profitable enterprises. Undertake cross-sectoral and multi-disciplinary research and development for improved food security, nutrition and wealth. Step up usable research and ensure thorough reviews to avoid repeating studies already undertaken. For other organizations and the African diaspora, to: Liaise with ANAFE that provides special links to African institutions of learning, research and development in agriculture and natural resources and take advantage of this to forge links and collaboration with ANAFE and other education and research networks and organizations in Africa. UNANIMOUSLY APPROVED BY ALL PARTICIPANTS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM ON 27TH AUGUST 2014, AND ENDORSED BY THE BOARD OF ANAFE ON 28TH AUGUST 2014. 9 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM SYMPOSIUM SYNTHESIS On many fronts in agriculture and natural resources education, ANAFE speaks for Africa. Professor Anaclet Fomethe, Rector of the University of Dschang, Cameroon Opening Session The inaugural ceremony was graced by a speech from the Minister for Higher Education in Cameroon, Honourable Prof. Jacques Fame Ndongo read on his behalf by the Rector of the University of Dschang, Prof. Anaclet Fomethe. The Honourable Minister positioned Cameroon well in terms of the government’s commitment to effective agriculture and natural resources education, and thanked ANAFE for choosing to host the Symposium in Yaoundé, jointly with the University of Dschang. Referring to Cameroon’s ambition to become a ‘’tiger’’ economy by 2035, the minister underlined the important roles of the youth in building the agriculture and natural resource sectors. Prior to the opening speech, various dignitaries, including the ANAFE Board Chair Prof. John Saka and Executive Secretary Dr. (Mrs.) Aissetou Dramé Yayé expounded on the Symposium objectives and themes. They also thanked the Government of Cameroon and especially the University of Dschang for the support and dedication in organizing and materializing the Symposium. Special congratulatory messages on ANAFE’s 20th anniversary celebrations were presented by representatives from NEPAD, FARA, ICRAF and IUFRO in recognition of ANAFE’s noble work. Glowing tribute was paid to ANAFE’s work in building capacity and in networking on education in Africa. Going down the annals of history, ANAFE was characterized as a prime African-owned and African-managed network of universities on the continent. The minister hoped that the declared objectives and outputs of the Symposium would be achieved and invited participants to enjoy Yaoundé, the “city of seven hills” and the tourist attractions of Cameroon. 10 As agriculture and natural resources education expands in Africa, engaging with the private sector is needed to improve business education and practice and ultimately benefit our people. Dr. (Mrs) Aissetou Dramé Yayé, Executive Secretary of ANAFE ANAFE and IUFRO are natural partners in forestry: We have to build on the Africa Forest Congress of 2012. Prof. Dr. Habil Piotr PaschalisJakubowicz of Poland, presenting the special message from the President and Vice President of IUFRO Education Reforms Africa’s food security is threatened primarily by natural resource constraints, inadequate production capacity, natural and anthropogenic risks, high postharvest losses and unstable social and political environments exacerbated by macroeconomic imbalances in global trade. However, Africa has the potential to overcome all these odds if we develop and deploy the needed human and institutional capacity, coupled with good governance. Africa’s land resources are adequate and, on per capita basis, exceed those of China and India as elaborated in Table 1. In principle, therefore, Africa should be able to feed itself and produce surplus food for export. 11 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM Table 1: Africa’s land resources Parameters Africa China India Population (Millions) 1,032 1,347 1,210 Land area (Million Sq. Kms.) 30.22 9.60 2.97 Desert area (Million Sq. Kms) 4.73 0.22 0.22 Net potentially productive area (Million Sq. Kms) 25.49 9.38 2.75 Productive land area per capita (ha) 2.5 0.70 0.23 Agriculture education and research were initiated by our fore-parents and passed on through generations. All over the world, the crops currently grown and livestock reared were bred and developed by farmers. Formal agriculture education and research are recent mechanisms to accumulate and share knowledge. For Africa, this has not worked well partly because our own knowledge has barely made it to current literature. This partly explains the observed mismatch between the agriculture learned in school and the actual practices of farmers. Currently, formal education is designed and delivered to produce planners and advisers primarily focused on production. Graduates are poorly equipped to undertake, develop or manage enterprises so they lack the business approach to agriculture and natural resources management. In recent years, many countries in Africa have tended to promote professional training (degree level) at the expense of technical training. This is a huge disaster for farmers because it denies them access to knowledge and practical support in the adoption of agricultural innovations, as university graduates rarely have direct access to farmers. The number of extension workers has been declining for years thanks to policies adopted to weaken extension capacity with the assumption that NGOs and the private sector would fill in the void, which did not happen. Thus, failure to produce enough vocational and technical personnel reduces the impact of education and research. 12 Stable agribusiness must take into consideration environmental aspects. We need to address the ecological conditions so that we can have the ecosystem growing – which is the essence of a green economy. Although the concept of monetizing ecological services is still nascent, we need to incorporate this in all agricultural planning and management. Thus, education and research in agriculture and natural resources management need major reforms, especially to: • Help our educators to become good farmers, so some retraining is essential; • Train entrepreneurial farmers rather than bureaucrats; • Massively expand vocational and technical training; • Invest in promoting local knowledge and crops; • Stimulate local and regional markets to absorb production; and • Incorporate sustainable management of ecological services on agricultural landscapes. Further to these actions, research and foresight studies are needed to guide Africa on how best to reduce the number of smallholder farmers especially through expansion of agro-processing and marketing. This transformation will build on the ambition to open up agribusiness opportunities for the youth. It is not realistic to continue with 70-80% of the population as farmers. A strategic direction in this respect will enable better deployment of the youth in agricultural link industries. 13 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM This Symposium comes at the right time and in the right place. Quality and relevance of education in agriculture and natural resources are crucial for sustenance of life and the environment. Prof. John Saka, Vice Chancellor of the University of Malawi and Chair of the Board of ANAFE Youth, Women and Agriculture One of the most exciting debates at the Symposium was about the future of the youth and women in agriculture. Tracer studies undertaken in Ghana, Kenya, Uganda and Zambia and surveys conducted in Côte d’Ivoire provided solid data to anchor the discussions. The findings showed that youth interest in agriculture was diminished due to: • • • • The social perception that farming is a low-class job; Perceived risks in the production aspects of agriculture; Low probability of making profits and raising living standards; Confinement to the rural environment where modern amenities are lacking; • Their parents’ bad experience with farming (drudgery) and their strong opinion that their children are better off doing something else; • Lack of access to substantial land resources for serious production; and • The fact that in formal schools, agricultural activities are used as punishment for misbehaving students. The aforementioned points apply to all youths (men and women) irrespective of their levels of education. For those trained in agriculture, the findings show that the majority (72% and above) preferred employment in government and corporate/private bodies. Less than 10% of them ventured into entrepreneurial agriculture. Less than 50% of them believe that they received the right type and quality of training, and they especially criticized practical exposures, seminars, class discussions and experimenting. 14 Employers had their own view on graduates of agriculture. They posited that graduates had little or no skills in problem solving, a reflection that their training involved memorization of facts, limited hands-on experience and limited exposure to the real problems on the ground. Employers need specialized graduates in the various sectors of agriculture. They also demand capacity for soft skills, innovation, entrepreneurship, risk assessment and competitiveness. This, they believe, would reduce the need for the on-job training they are compelled to do. Participants were of the view that the interest of the youth and women would be better served through the following actions: • Formulating policies and incentives that elevate the status of agriculture; • Increasing the presence and availability of modern technologies in rural settings; • Supporting youths and women through on-the-job training and mentoring; • Assisting the youth to form and manage their own social and business groups; • Establishing access to rural credit facilities; • Establishing links with the private sector to support women and the youth through internships and; • Strengthening rural agro-industries. 15 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM The general consensus is that there is a sense of urgency to take up these tasks because without them Africa’s future food production will be compromised as the average age of farmers is rising quite fast and in some countries it is above 50 years. This is, in itself, a food security risk. Food is big business but who makes the money? With 80% of the population working at the bottom of the value chain where the most risky chain links lie, we cannot expect them to prosper Prof. August B. Temu, Executive Director, Capacity Development Resources, Tanzania Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Discussions on this topic were underpinned by research activities carried out in Cameroon, Kenya, Togo and Côte d’Ivoire. It was quite clear that there is poor distinction between the effects of climate change and those of periodic climate variation. There was no empirical data to demonstrate the effect of climate change. In any case, when we bundle together the effects of climate change and climate variation, it is vivid that farmers are experiencing greater challenges in the production of food, fuel and fibre. This was captured through farmer perception studies especially using their recollections on the rates of decline in annual crop production. There were also references to declining biodiversity and shifts in seasons. Perhaps the most interesting aspects of this discussion were the methods used by farmers to adapt to climate change/variation effects. Farmers in Kenya responded by growing traditional drought-tolerant crops including Sorghum bicolor, Cajanus cajan, Vigna unguiculata, Vigna radiata, Dolichos iablab and Manihot esculentum. Interestingly, the age of the farmer had a significant influence on planting drought-tolerant crops, with elderly farmers being more likely to plant them. Education level also had a significant influence on planting drought-tolerant crops; with higher level of education, one is more likely to plant drought-tolerant crops! 16 Other adaptation measures included charcoal burning for cash income, joining CBOs for jobs and other opportunities, harvesting sand for sale to builders, rain-water harvesting for irrigation, apiculture (honey production), hunting, and sometimes migration to other areas. Most of these adaptation measures are autonomous and they fundamentally changed livelihood strategies. It is obvious that some strategies have serious ecological and social impacts. Environmental education and knowledge are important in choosing adaptation strategies. The main constraints to devising adaptation strategies are lack of finances and skills and inadequate information on climate change. In the long term, the adaptation measures mapped out constitute huge environmental risks if they are not monitored and technically supported. In areas where REDD+ projects were being implemented, it was clear that many farmers did not know what carbon was (as a product) and they felt unclear on what exactly they would gain from planting and retaining trees on their farms, outside the usual products they are used to. Challenges related to the complexity of allometric equations for the estimation of carbon and the whole process of Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) also exist. The following actions were agreed to as key to addressing climate change: • Establish an early warning system on the weather and the onset of pests and diseases; • Actively promote water harvesting and efficient irrigation systems; • Support local drought- and flood-resistant crops development; • Develop and apply proper techniques and processes for alternative income-generating activities such as sand harvesting to ensure protection of the environment and future farming; • Expand agricultural extension/advisory content to include concrete actions to address climate change/variation adaptation and mitigation strategies. There are no simple fixes for climate change. With so little empirical data, it is hard to be definitive on the right actions and results. Nonetheless, the environmental costs of leaving farmers to carry out their own adaptation measures independently are very high. 17 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM Reforms in Research and Innovation If Africa is to succeed, we must agree that the right place for the hand hoe is the museum; and if our science does not deliver, posterity will hold us responsible. We must use CAADP to take Africa out of the woods. ANAFE is a strong partner to progress education and human capacity development. Dr. Yemi Akinbamijo, Executive Director, FARA One certain thing about Africa is the uncertainty of its agriculture. This is driven, in part, by the enormous diversity of conditions and the impacts of climate change or climate variation. This has placed Africa on the begging trajectory for decades! However, things don’t have to be this way. Africa can and must build its own granary and this begins with every home. The Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) provides a fitting framework for the development and application of science to transform Africa’s farming. The question is: How best can Africa capture the opportunities it has to drive serious institutional reforms and technical (biological) innovations to achieve greater productivity and profitability? Africa’s food import bill currently stands at US dollars 50 billion and is likely to keep rising if nothing is done to change its course. Agricultural science has a huge potential, but it cannot be realized unless there is a substantive increase in our investment in research and innovation. Currently, the capacity for agricultural research is so low that our global visibility of scientific and technological innovations in agriculture is at best diminutive. At the same time, we have an ambition to double the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) of Africa by 2025. This is a daring ambition. There is no doubt that major transformations are needed at country and local levels to achieve the desired ambition. The needed changes are, inter alia: 18 • Improve coordination of efforts by national research institutes, universities and the private sector to form holistic and strategic programmes that address the real problems of agriculture; • Eliminate diversion of attention by research-supporting institutions, which tend to choose their own agenda for African researchers to implement; • Focus on assisting farmers to advance further on what they are already good at in addition to adopting new innovations; • Attract more investment in research by demonstrating that it works! All too often we tend to push a single crop and far too narrow concepts that do not work well in the integrated systems used by our farmers; • Pay attention to conservation that boosts ecological functionality of farming systems; • Undertake foresight studies to identify the future research trajectory for Africa; and • Intensify collaboration among research stakeholders especially in countries that have just emerged from food insecurity. One major key to the transformation of agriculture is systematic reduction or elimination of the large number of risks associated with the whole value chain. Research into this area must be given the highest priority. Another key aspect is that of mining natural capital. Continuous cropping without fertilization exhausts naturally-supplied nutrients from soils. Agroforestry innovations are able to restore soil fertility. Fundamental in this is the need to retain and sustainably manage ecological functionality for the sustenance of ecological products and services. Delivering on Agriculture through CAADP Africa’s agricultural resources are not adequately tapped largely because short-term planning to meet immediate needs has preoccupied policy and decision making for long-term needs. CAADP seeks to achieve 6% sustained economic growth. Its Pillar IV seeks to underline the primacy of science, innovation and capacity as key elements for productivity and prosperity. Even as we enter the second decade with CAADP, universities and other training institutions have not been given adequate attention. 19 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM At the continental level, there seems to be all the good signs of vision and political commitment. However, funding of specific activities within countries receives much less support than expected and, therefore, the desired impacts of CAADP are yet to be realized. There is need to move beyond commitment to action. Sub-regional and regional networks like ANAFE have a very important role to play in enabling institutions to take action and share their experiences. Human capacity development must be placed at the apex of our priorities. In this respect, ANAFE’s work is well anchored in CAADP to help in the creation of a critical mass of leaders in agriculture and natural resources in Africa. Prof. Aggrey Ambali, Science Adviser and Head of NEPAD Science, Technology and Innovation Hub (NSTIH) At the regional scale, initiatives such as BeCA and Bio-innovate are at the nexus of agriculture, industry and the environment. BeCA has the African Biosciences Challenge Fund (ABCF) that gives research fellowships to create a community of practice for researchers handling diverse issues. Notably, these programmes receive the bulk of support from sources external to Africa, and it is not clear how much buying in or influence Africa has on the research agenda. This has repercussions on the adoptability of innovations generated in these programmes. The Science, Technology and Innovation (STISA 2024) defines the science agenda and Human Development Policy for Africa. STISA is a tool to help the African Union achieve Vision 2063. However, there are some gaps in the implementation of CAADP. Some key disciplines such as forestry, agroforestry, fisheries and natural resources management receive very little attention. There are many examples of trees, tree products and services that could be used to enrich agricultural production and contribute immensely to food security and agribusiness. 20 For example, the fruit of Allanblackia stuhlmanii has high content of stearic acid (52-58%) and oleic acid (39-45%). These stable components make it possible for the fat extracted from the fruit to remain solid at room temperature. The demand for this fat is in the hundreds of thousands of tons, but Africa is only able to provide 200 tons! Recent advances in science by ICRAF have shown that the tree can be propagated vegetatively to start producing at the age of only 6 years. There are many similarly developed tree and shrub species with the potential to produce fruits, nuts, spices, pharmaceutical products, cosmetics, fodder and fuelwood. These seem to be ignored in all planning for agriculture. Just like the diminishing cultivation of traditional crops, these represent lost opportunities for Africa to bring out its best heritage. To redress the situation, the following actions are needed: • Elevate the roles of useful trees and shrubs and encourage integrated agricultural systems; • Initiate and support research and training on tree domestication into agriculture and especially horticulture. There is need to recognize that forestry is not just about timber. • Cultivate a culture of planning and managing agriculture collaboratively with link sectors especially forestry, agroforestry, water, energy, wildlife, beekeeping and the environment. Farmers’ Risks and Vulnerability Studies undertaken in Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya, Niger and Senegal underpin the analysis and suggestions in this section. An analysis of risks along the agricultural value chain shows clearly that the highest risks are borne at the production and harvesting stages. The risks then diminish progressively all through the rest of the stages. This has very important implications for Africa because it means that the highest risks are borne by the least educated/trained and least-facilitated communities who already suffer from countless problems such as poverty, poor access to credit, weak supporting infrastructure and vulnerability to diseases due to the poor living environment. 21 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM Besides, rural communities endure huge risks by handling agrochemicals they know so little about thereby risking poisoning as well diseases such as cancer due to long-term and/or inappropriate exposure to dangerous agrochemicals or other poisonous or health-risking substances (e.g. Uranium, Zinc and Mercury in Niger). Participants shared examples where for a single crop of capsicum, farmers had up to 14 different chemicals to select from. Some farmers mixed the chemicals and applied up to three times the recommended dosage. It is, therefore, absurd to imagine that these are the people to take on production—the heaviest burden in solving food insecurity problems. Even when production can be raised, experience has shown that due to poor product management facilities and processes and weak transport infrastructure, food losses of up to 40% are experienced in rural settings (e.g. the Senegal case on loss of tomatoes). Further, due to unfavourable rural-urban terms of trade, food insecurity is more prevalent in rural and peri-urban areas. Big cities seem to enjoy considerably better food security (e.g. In Côte d’Ivoire). Weaknesses in policies and policy implementation underline the failure of agriculture in Africa. While most developed countries subsidize their farmers and support them with knowledge, African countries seem to simply endorse donor recommendations to do exactly the opposite. Farmers are sometimes buying expired or infected seeds as well as expired and hazardous agrochemicals and incurring huge losses. Yet they have traditional solutions that are not supported by local institutions or government. Many of the problems facing farmers can be solved locally. For example, there is clear evidence that capacity for risk management rises with education and training, especially in relation to management of credit facilities, agrochemical uses, post-harvest management and overall access to information. This was quite clear in Kenya. Thus, better training of farmers is one of the essential steps to be taken. Further actions required include: • Enacting policies that ensure that greater support and subsidies are provided to farmers; • Establishing strong cooperatives that federate farmers’ voices and enhance their negotiation capacity; 22 • Building granaries in all villages to ensure good post-harvest management; • Cottage industrialization to shorten the value chains and put more money in the hands of farmers; • Supporting the use of traditional technologies and crops that are more resilient; and • Managing standards to ensure full protection of rural communities from dangerous substances. It is time we considered smallholder farmers as private entrepreneurs who must make profit, not just subsist. If each small farmer just makes a small profit every year, whole nations would leap forward in food security. Food and Nutritional Security For Africa, food and nutritional security is still a big challenge. The overall productivity per unit area of land is far too low compared to the global average. Additionally, the consumption of foods that provide minerals and vitamins, especially fruits and vegetables, is far too low to meet the minimum requirements. The need for better management of Africa’s food was highlighted in several presentations. The major challenges to scientists are: • Providing fitting germplasm for the different ecosystems and production ecologies; • Developing supporting mechanisms that enable farmers to manage the production systems more effectively; • Advising policy makers on how best to formulate favourable policies that ensure that useful indigenous crops are not lost as we adopt new varieties of crops; • Developing effective strategies for cutting post-harvest food losses; • Ensuring that silos are developed and properly managed at all levels from individual households to the national and regional levels; and 23 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM • Controlling trade and markets to ensure that Africa’s prime foods are used primarily to fix the needs of Africa. We need a Pan-African food management system that works for Africa. What can we do without food? Dr. Mousa Seck, Board Chair of the Pan African Agribusiness Consortium (PanAAC) The pros and cons of agricultural biotechnology were an interesting area of debate. There are differing opinions among African academics and researchers on the place of biotechnology, especially genetically-modified foods. Experts working on biotechnology have the strong view that it can provide solutions to Africa’s food security challenges. However, only three countries in Africa have fully embraced GM food (Egypt, Kenya and South Africa). The debate on how this has helped continues. Experts on biosciences from BeCA are undertaking research that may resolve the situation. To achieve the African vision on food security, we must embrace biotechnology for improved productivity. Collaboration between universities, industry and policy makers is vital. Dr. Julius Ecuru, Scientist, BioInnovate, BeCA-ILRI. 24 The concept of diversifying food sources was covered through a paper on the domestication of tree crops in agroforestry systems. Participants were treated to rich science and practice in Cameroon and neighbouring countries where ICRAF is leading domestication of Dacryoides edulis (Safou), Irvingia gabonensis (bush mango) and Allanblackia stuhlmanii through vegetative propagation. The scientists have managed to produce fruits within 5 to 8 years of growing the trees. The nutritional content of these fruits surpasses many of the commonly marketed fruits globally. Already, there is global interest in the fruits of Allanblackia, thanks to its high quality oil, which enables it to remain solid at room temperature. Despite the opportunities provided to develop new crops like these, there are policy and investment challenges that need to be overcome to enable full-scale adoption and growing of these tree crops. Africa has many more unexplored tree crops and more research is needed to bring them out. Tree crops provide critical safety nets for farmers especially under the current climate change risks. Rapid development of tree product businesses is a priority for Africa; to make best use of our rich biodiversity. Dr. Zacharie Tchoundjeu, ICRAF Director, West and Central Africa Africa has a huge variety of tree and shrub products that can contribute much more to food, fibre and fuel supplies. Researchers and educators must find appropriate technologies to enable local communities to generate business on them. Dr. Ndoye Ousseynou, FAO Regional Coordinator, Cameroon 25 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM Forestry, Land Management and Risk Prevention Our forests and woodlands are crucial resources for supporting livelihoods and the environment. They also help to preserve biodiversity and may hold the crucial genes we need for future development of food and medicine. Without forests, clean water, air and the environment would be only a dream. Research undertaken in Cameroon, Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa and Uganda helped in reaching the analysis and synthesis in this section. The central theme was sustainable land management in the context of food security. All too often, it is assumed that food primacy implies that whatever land is available should be committed to produce food. This is the general perspective of agronomists who see forests and woodlands as ‘reserve areas’ for agriculture. On the opposing side, there are foresters and environmental experts who believe that farming creates a lot of damage to the environment and should be put under some form of control. Seeking a balance for sustainable land management is dicey as we have to deal with different communities, government structures, policies and pressure groups. 26 In Congo, a study was done to compare three different tools to determine their effectiveness in promoting sustainable forest management. The tools, which were Protected Areas, Biodiversity Hotspots and Forest Certification were not satisfactory although Forest Certification showed a slightly positive trend. One key observation was that the tools are foreign and poorly understood, so the risks of misinterpretation are high. Further, they did not effectively engage with and consider local traditions. The tools should be adapted to take cognisance of local needs. From the scientific standpoint, there should be no contradiction between food production and sustainable land management. Natural ecosystems have clearly demonstrated this. The challenge arises from the introduction of intensive artificial systems that lack diversity and, therefore, skew the ecology of an area to a single crop production year-on-year. Then, the natural ecological system is suppressed. Work in Senegal showed that the majority (52%) of land management actors are poorly educated on sustainable systems. While the situation was slightly better in Ethiopia and Tanzania, the trends in land degradation were more or less the same. The adoption of high-yielding crop varieties in Ghana and Senegal were not accompanied by any conservation measures. Such practices exacerbate the effects of climate change. On the margins of Kakamega forest and Mt. Elgon in Kenya, 11 species of invasive plants were introduced by farmers. The invasive species compete with crops as well as forest trees and shrubs, threatening both food security and the environment, most especially water resources. In Ghana, it was observed that riverine forests passing through farmlands had over 30% invasive species arising from farming activities. This had an impact on the quality and volume of water in the river. In forest areas close to human habitation, a good balance between farming and forestry can produce excellent results as was observed in North West Cameroon where blue duikers and bushbucks were flourishing and adding to the local diet. 27 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM Contradictions in the overall management of land can only lead to disasters. The following actions are essential to overcome conflicts and land degradation: • Establishing regional collaboration to fight against undesirable invasive species; • Enhancing collaboration between government ministries and institutions responsible for agriculture, forestry, the environment and wildlife management; • Establishing mechanisms for guaranteeing the involvement of local people in developing conservation tools; • Encouraging joint management of natural resources, epecially forests, water and wildlife; • Enhancing the good practices of forest communities (for example, the Pygmies); and • Encouraging agroforestry and reforestation of land by local communities. The bottom line is good will. There must be greater integration and collaboration across different land use sectors if the planet Earth is to be rescued from destruction. 28 Keynote Addresses Presented 1. Education reforms in agriculture: Are we on the right path? Prof. August B. Temu, Executive Director, Capacity Development Resources, Tanzania 2. Linking agricultural research with education and the private sector. Dr. Yemi Akinbamijo, Executive Director, FARA 3. Reinforcing business approaches to tertiary agricultural education: Dr. Aissétou Dramé Yayé, Executive Secretary of ANAFE 4. Sustaining forests: The role of forestry education: Prof. Dr. Habil Piotr Paschalis-Jakubowicz, IUFRO representative 5. Agricultural science and technology: Achieving the African vision: Dr. Julius Ecuru, Bio-Innovate, BeCA-ILRI 6. Marketing of agroforestry products: The example of Allanblackia in Cameroon: Dr. Zac Tchoundjeu, Regional Director for West and Central Africa of ICRAF 7. NEPAD’s vision for agricultural science and technology in Africa: Prof. Aggrey Ambali, Director of S&T, NEPAD, South Africa 8. Non-timber forest products and their marketing in Africa: Ndoye Ousseynou (FAOSFC): FAO Cameroon 9. The private sector and its role in African development: Dr. Moussa Seck, Chair of the PanAAC Board 29 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM Papers Presented 30 The captive audience enjoyed many exiting presentations and discussions (Inset: Dr. Ouattara-Soro Fatou (left) from Côte D’Ivoire and Lynette Achieng from Kenya. Ms. Tsabong R. Rabiatou, a PhD student from Cameroon presenting a paper during the Symposium. 1. Effective training for reducing the risk of adverse intersectoral drift of agriculture graduates in Africa Anderson Kipkoech (Kenya) 2. A Study on why Zimbabwe College of Forestry (ZCF)/ Forest Industries Training Centre (FITC) graduates are not taking up forestry businesses after graduating Ms. Joyce Gombe (Zimbabwe) 3. Analyse de l'incorporation de l'agrobusiness dans les programmes de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche Ouattara-Soro Fatou Scherazade (Côte d’Ivoire) 4. Youth involvement in agribusiness: Hope for Africa’s food security Lynette Achieng, Evergreen Agriculture 5. Assessing farmers’ perceptions about climate change: A descriptive approach Dr. Denis Opiyo (Kenya) 6. Assessing vulnerability to climate change and variability among small-scale farmers in Wote Division, Makueni County, Kenya Pius Mwenda (Kenya) 7. Dynamique de la biodiversité ligneuse et des stocks de carbone dans les systèmes agroforestiers à base de cacaoyers au Centre Cameroun: cas de Ngomedzap Tayo Gamo Kevin (Cameroon) 8. Climate change adaptation strategies by small-scale farmers in Yatta District, Kenya Dr. Benson Mburu (Kenya) 9. Managing risks and uncertainties in agriculture: The role of plant genetic resources of neglected and underutilized crop species in Africa Dr. Nyadanu (Ghana) 10. Evaluation de la menace de la biodiversité pour promouvoir l'agrobusiness des plantes medicinales au Togo Koudouvo, K. Togo) 11. Agriculture multi étagée et la réduction de la vulnérabilité des petites exploitations agricoles aux changements climatiques Sidiki Dembélé (Mali) 12. Contribution de Canarium schweinfurthii aux services ecosystemiques des agroforets caféières des Bamboutou (Oueast Cameroon) Mélanie Rosine (Cameroon) 13. Stratégie de lutte ecologique durable pour la protection post-recolte des denrees alimentaires stockees, par l'utilisation de biopesticides en milieu paysan, dans la region de Bouafle en Côte d’Ivoire Dr. Johnson Felicia (Côte d’Ivoire) 14. Factors influencing rice yield variability: A case for Ahero irrigation scheme in Kenya Samuel Onyango Omondi (Kenya) 15. Risque de contamination des eaux par les éléments traces métalliques dans la zone aurifère de Komabangou—Tillaberi Niger Abdourahamane Tankari Dan Badjo (Niger) 16. Contribution à l'étude des technologies de conservation et de valorization de la tomate par séchage dans la Vallée du Fleuve Seynabou DIACK (Senegal) 17. The UniBRAIN model Alex Ariho and Pia Chuzu, FARA 18. Entrepreneurship education in agricultural BSc. degree programmes: Case HAMK Eija Laitinen (Finland) 19. Valorisation des micro chaînes de valeur: minimization des coûts et maximization des profits Adamou dit Kimba Saley Aboubakar (Niger) 20. ANAFE work on linking tertiary agricultural education and research with the private sector James Aucha (Kenya) 21. Does adoption of sustainable land management enhance food security in the midst of climate shocks exposed to African farmers? Insights from a baseline survey Abayomi Samuel (South Africa) 22. Invasive plants of the Kakamega and Mt. Elgon forest ecosystem in Kenya and Uganda: An increasing environmental risk Dr. John Obiri (Kenya) 23. Conservation status of the blue Duiker and Bushbuck in the MBI Crater Games Reserve, North West Region of Cameroon Fotang Chefor (Cameroon) 24. Contribution à la mise en place d'un modéle de sylviculture communautaire: cas du réseau des Gestionnaires des Forêts Communautaires de la Boumba et Ngoko Mawanba Aristide (Cameroon) 25. Problématique de la conservation des forêts du bassin du Congo: quand le jeu des mots ne suffit plus Tsabong R Rabiatou (Cameroon) 26. Comparative analysis of woody species composition of riparian forests in farmland and forest reserve: Implications for sustainable agriculture in the savannas of Ghana Dr. Victor Rex Barne (Ghana) 31 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM 32 27. Insertion de légumineuses: Socle de développement de systèmes de production innovants d'intégration agriculture-élevage en zone subhumide du Mali Dr Coulibaly Drissa (Mali) 28. Agroforesterie pour une intégration efficiente de l'agriculture et l'élevage en vue d’une réduction de l'exposition aux risques et incertitudes Sidiki Dembele (Mali) 29. Employee factors rather than customer factors drive corporate strategies for agribusiness investment in Uganda Samuel Kalimunjaye (Uganda) 30. Analysis of the socio-economic factors affecting the utilization of rainwater harvesting technology in Kajiado County, Kenya Mngoli M. (Kenya) 31. Contractualisation et gestion des risques: cas de la chaîne de valeur du mais industriel dans la région de Kaolack au Sénégal Idrissa Wade (Senegal) 32. Non-timber forest products governance: Case of Prunus africana in the North West Region of Cameroon Anoncho Valentine Fru (Cameroon) 33. La fixation des sols dunaires dégradés est un instrument de gestion de risques climatiques dans le Sud-est du Niger Dr. Adamou Didier TIDJANI (Niger) 34. Flore colonisatrice de vitellaria paradoxa et Vitex doniana dans les hautes savanes guineennes Fawa, G. Mapongmetsem P.M. (Cameroon) 35. Land use/cover change and environmental degradation in Nkambe Highlands of Cameroon Njini Loveline and Julius Tata (Cameroon) 36. Use of indigenous knowledge and ICTs in managing risks and uncertainties on agriculture in Kajiado County, Kenya Manei N. (Kenya) 37. Réduction des risques des petits éleveurs par la mise au point de rations d'embouche incorporant des especes exotiques de ligneux fourragers et d'herbacees Drisssa Coulibaly (Mali) 38. Étude de l'état phytosanitaire des parcelles de manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae) cultive en cultivé en Côte d’Ivoire Engueran Konan Djaha, Arthur Affery (Côte d’Ivoire) 39. Analyse de rentabilite de la production de semence cerealiere (mil/sorgho) au niveau des producteurs et son impact dans les exploitations familiales: cas de la zone de Mbour, au Sénégal Seye Boubacar (Senegal) 40. Price risks in the cocoa sector of Cameroon Lawong Kinenla Edith (Cameroon) Posters Displayed and Presented The poster sessions were exciting. Below is a list of posters displayed at the Symposium. 1. The best choice of fertilizer for maize (Zea mays) and climbing beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) rotation for rich, mean and poor farmers in South Kivu, DRC Janvier Bashagaluke Bigabwe (DRC) 2. A comparative study of physicochemical characteristics of the Artemisia annua antimalarial plant from the grass-field regions of Cameroon and from Luxembourg Rosine D.K. Chougou (Cameroon) 3. Domestication potential of the Afrostyrax lepidophyllus: Seed viability and rooting ability of cuttings in non-mist propagators Tchiofo Lontsi (Cameroon) 4. In vivo antisalmonellal activity of aqueous extract of Euphorbia prostrate Aiton (Euphorbiaceae) and its toxicological evaluation Donald S. Tala (Cameroon) 5. Évaluation de variétés de riz pour la résistance à quelques contraintes biotiques majeures et pour leurs performances agronomiques Alphonse Bouet Nadre, A. Gbedie (Cameroon) Poster Competition Following a competition on the quality and presentation of posters, the following persons were the winners. 1. Tchinmegni Felenou; International Bilingual Academy, Yaoundé, Cameroon 2. Marybem Chiatoh, University of Dschang, Cameroon 3. Yogom Tientcheu Boniface, University of Dschang, Cameroon Below is a photograph of the Committee that assessed the posters for the winners. The Chair of the Committee was Dr. Sebastian Chakeredza, Deputy Executive Secretary of ANAFE (extreme left), assisted by Dr. Marie Avana, Vice Chair of the ANAFE Board (extreme right). 33 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM Exhibitions 1. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) – Tree products, product processing and producer organizations (Contact: Julius Atia [email protected] ) 2. The University of Douala, Institute of Halieutic Science (Contact: Prof. Tchoumbougnang ([email protected]) 3. Central African Network for Forestry and Environmental Education (RIFFEAC) (Contact: [email protected]) 4. Allanblackia Women Group (Contact: Julius Atia or [email protected] 5. UniBRAIN – various tree products processed by local entrepreneurs 34 List of Participants No. Name Institution Position Country 1 Prof. John Saka University of Malawi Vice Chancellor Malawi 2 Dr. Aissetou Yaye ANAFE Executive Secretary Kenya 3 Prof. Stanley Makuza Chinhoyi University of Technology Executive Dean Zimbabwe 4 Prof. August Temu Capacity Development Resources Executive Director Kenya 5 Prof. Yemi Akinbamijo FARA Executive Director Ghana 6 Prof. Aggrey Ambali NEPAD Head South Africa 7 Prof. Brice Sinsin University of Abomey Calavi Rector Benin 8 Prof. James Kung'u Kenyatta University Dean, School of Environmental Studies Kenya 9 Prof. Chistine A. Onyango Taita Taveta University College Deputy Principal Kenya 10 Prof. Florence Fonteh Universite De Dschang Head, Center for Distance Education Cameroon 11 Dr. Zacharie Tchoundjeu ICRAF West and Central Africa Regional Coordinator, Cameroon 12 Prof. Paul Essetchi Université Félix HouphouëtBoigny Dean Cote d'Ivoire 13 Dr. Ndoye Ousseynou FAO Regional Coordinator Cameroon 14 Prof. Peter Kisinyo Rongo University College School of Agriculture, Natural Kenya Resource & Environmental Studies 15 Moussa Seck Pan AAC President Senegal 16 Dr. Sall Saidou Nourou Université Gaston Berger Saint-Louis du Sénégal Assistant Professor Sénégal 17 Dr. Koffi Koudouvo Universite De Lome Biologist Togo 18 Dr.Marie Louise Avana Universite De Dschang Senior Lecturer Cameroon 19 Dr. George Tumwesigye Pan AAC Business Mentor Uganda 20 Mutundu Julius Kioko Sorghum Value Chain Development Consortium CEO Kenya 21 Dr. Nacro Hassan Bismarck Centre Regional AGRHYMET/CILSS Chef du Department Niger 22 Dr. Idrissa Wade Ensa - Université de Thiès Lecturer Sénégal 23 Dr. Abayomi Samuel Oyekale North West University Lecturer South Africa 24 Ms. Lucy Ngare Kenyatta University Lecturer Kenya 25 Mr.Janvier Bashagaluke Catholic University Lecturer DRC 26 Dr. Benson Mburu Kenyatta University Lecturer Kenya 27 Dr. Nyadanu Daniel Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Lecturer Ghana 35 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM 36 28 Mvondo Ze Antoine FASA Dean Cameroon 29 Anaclet Fomethe Vice Chancellor University of Dschang Cameroon 30 Mr. Rick Williams AIMS Consultant USA 31 Dr. Mipro Hien Universite Polytechnique de Bobo Seniour Lecturer Burkina Faso 32 Dr.John Obiri Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology Senior Lecturer Kenya 33 Mr. Alex Ariho FARA Unibrain Facility Coordinator Ghana 34 Pia Chuzu FARA Programme Officer Unibrain Ghana 35 Dr. Ecuru Julius Beca ILRI Hub Consultant Kenya 36 Prof. Kone Daouda Université Félix HouphouëtBoigny SASACID Project Coordinator Côte d’Ivoire 37 Prof. Famanta Mahamoudou IPR/IFRA Director General Mali 38 Alain Souza INSAB Director General Gabon 39 Dr. Kouakou Tiecoura Université Félix HouphouëtBoigny Lecturer Cote d'Ivoire 40 Dr. Abdourahamane Tankari Faculté D'Agronomie De Dan-Badjo Niamey Lecturer Niger 41 Pr.Piotr PaschalisJakubowicz Warsaw University of Life Sciences Head of Department Poland 42 Prof. Mathias Fonteh Universite De Dschang Head of Department Cameroon 43 Dr. Anderson Kipkoech University of Eldoret Lecturer Kenya 44 Mr. Josephat Kaijage CURAD Incubatee Uganda 45 Mr. Denis Seninde CURAD Incubatee Uganda 46 Grace Okai CCLEAr - ABI Incubatee Ghana 47 Mlle Dao P. Celine Ingenieun Socio-economiste Burkina Faso 48 Dr. Victor Rex Barnes Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Lecturer / Postgraduate Coordinator Ghana 49 Dr. Amoukou Ibrahim Universite Abdou Moumoni Lecturer Niger 50 Dr. Felicia Johnson Université Félix HouphouëtBoigny lecturer Cote d'Ivoire 51 Dr. Ouattara-Soro Fatou Scherazade Université Félix HouphouëtBoigny Lecturer Cote d'Ivoire 52 Dr. Coulibaly Drissa IPR/IFRA Lecturer Mali 53 Apollo Segawa CURAD Managing Director Uganda 54 Mr. Adamou dit Kimba S. Aboubakar Sahel Bio-Production Master Niger 55 Eshun Aba Esther CCLEAr - ABI Operations Manager Ghana 56 Mr. James Aucha ANAFE Programme Officer Kenya 57 Dr. Sebastian Chakeredza ANAFE Deputy Executive Secretary Kenya 58 Dr. Murat Sartas Wageningen UniversityKnowledge, Technology and Innovation Researcher Sweden 59 Alfred Ochola ANAFE Communication Officer Kenya 60 Prof. Daniel Abwa Vrepdtic Uyi Université de Yaoundé I Vice Rector Cameroon 61 Dr. Nobah Céline Sidonie Koco Ecole Normale Superieure Lecturer Côte d’Ivoire 62 Dr. Siaka Kone Lecturer Côte d’Ivoire 63 Fosso Lionel Universite De Dschang Lecturer Cameroon 64 Somda Irenee Université Polytechnique de Bobo Lecturer Burkina Faso 65 Dr. Eija Laitinen Hamk University of Applied Sciences Finland 66 Mr. Samuel Kalimunjaye Uganda Christian University Lecturer Uganda 67 Dr. Bell Jean Marcial CRESA 68 Dr. Gabriel Dembele IPR/IFRA Mali 69 Renaat Van Rompaey Wageningen International Experts Wix Consultant Netherlands 70 Ebenezer Asaah ICRAF Country Representative 71 Longo Lucas Ministere de l'Agriculture et du Development Rural DEFACC - Yaounde Cameroon 72 Loga Leonard Justin College Regional D'Agriculture Bambili Director Cameroon 73 Prof. Zambou Ngoufack Francois Universite De Dschang Lecturer Cameroon 74 Tarla Divine Universite De Dschang Lecturer Cameroon 75 Efole Ewoukem Thomas Universite De Dschang Lecturer Cameroon 76 Prof. Foudjet Erick Universite De Dschang Lecturer Cameroon 77 Prof. Nguelefack Telesphore Universite De Dschang Head of Department Cameroon 78 Tchiofo Rodine Universite De Dschang Assistant Lecturer Cameroon 79 Ngameni Emmanuel Universite De Dschang Dean Cameroon 80 Prof. Tchamba Martin Universite De Dschang Country Leader Cameroon 81 Dr Djimeli Alexandre Universite De Dschang lecturer Cameroon 82 Kamgaing Theophile Universite De Dschang Lecturer Cameroon 83 Prof Womeni Hilaire Universite De Dschang Senior Lecturer Cameroon 84 Dr. Wansi Sylvie Universite De Dschang Lecturer Cameroon 85 Tayo Gano Universite De Dschang Lecturer Cameroon 86 Mr Tenonfo Maurice Universite De Dschang Lecturer Cameroon 87 Dr Tchoumbongnang Université de Douala Representative of the Director ISH Cameroon 88 Rosine Desiree Chougouo Kengne Université des Montagnes Director (Education and Research) Cameroon 89 Ms. Edith Soup ICRAF Regional HR Administrator Cameroon 90 Dr. Denis Opiyo Olila University of Nairobi Student Kenya 91 Mr. Pius Mwenda Kenyatta University Student Kenya 92 Dr. Samuel Onyango Omondi University of Nairobi Student Kenya 37 A SYNTHESIS OF THE FOURTH ANAFE SYMPOSIUM 38 93 Mr. Blessing Dete Zimbabwe College of Forestry Student Zimbabwe 94 Fotang Chefor Universite De Dschang Student Cameroon 95 Onyango Lynette Achieng ICRAF Student Kenya 96 Akesse Ettien Narcice Université Félix HouphouëtBoigny Student Cote d'Ivoire 97 Tsafack Borice Universite De Dschang Student Cameroon 98 Silatsa Tedou Francis Brice Universite De Dschang Student Cameroon 99 Gbedie Nadre Audrey Université Félix HouphouëtBoigny Student Côte d’Ivoire 100 Dr. Affery Arthur Martin Université Félix HouphouëtBoigny Student Côte d’Ivoire 101 Mr. SEYE Boubacar. Université Gaston Berger Saint-Louis du Sénégal Student Sénégal 102 Ms. DIACK Seynbou. Université Gaston Berger Saint-Louis du Sénégal Student Sénégal 103 Tsewoue Mélanie Rosine Universite De Dschang Student Cameroon 104 Njoupouo Poumie Irene Universite De Dschang Cameroon 105 Mawamba Dongmo Aristide Universite De Dschang Student Cameroon 106 Nouboudem Sandrine Christiane Universite De Dschang Student Cameroon 107 Guemdjo Tekam Maryvonne Universite De Dschang Student Cameroon 108 Ngoumtsop Victor Herman Universite De Dschang Student Cameroon 109 Edith Keguep ICRAF Office Assistant Cameroon 110 Julius Atia Iseli ICRAF Communication Cameroon 111 Festus Shu ICRAF Cameroon 112 Olu Ttibi ICRAF Cameroon 113 Josephine Oyoo ANAFE Accounts Officer Kenya 114 Nzeugan Raoul University of Dschang Student Cameroon 115 Nouboudem Sandrine Christiane University of Dschang Student Cameroon 116 Yogom Tientcheu University of Dschang Student Cameroon 117 Tchiofo Lontsi University of Dschang Lecturer Cameroon 118 Donald Tala University of Dschang Phd Student Cameroon 119 Anoncho Valentine University of Dschang Phd Student Cameroon 120 Akitio Tsape University of Dschang Phd Student Cameroon 121 Tsabong Ribouem Rabiatou University of Dschang Phd Student Cameroon 122 Mme Abamda Mare Joel Universite De Dschang Secretary - Yaounde CRESA Cameroon 39 African Network for Agriculture, Agroforestry and Natural Resources Education Secretariat P.O Box 30677-00 100, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: +254 20 7224135, 7224000 (operator) or via USA +1 650 8336645 Fax: +254 20 7224001 or via USA +1 650 8336646 Email: [email protected] www.anafe-africa.org
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