1. travel
2. transports
3. road travel
4. road accident

A
ROAD
STUDY
TRAFFIC
OF
ACCIDENTS
IN
LAGOS
THESIS
SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF MEDICINE,
UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW
BY
JOSEPH AYODELE SHYNGLE,
B. A. l M. A.,
M. ß. CH. B.
DEPARTMENT OF SURGERY,
LAGOS UNIVERSITY TEACHING
LAGOS, NIGERIA.
HOSPITAL
DECEMBER, 1980
ýý aýi
>ýýý
1ýý.ýý
ý
,.
ý-,
C0NTENTS
PAGE
TABLE
..
ILLUSTRATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
SUMMARY
4
40 0
00
00
00
06
" 40
60
".
4
00
00
40 0
0"
5
00
7
00
11
....
....
I
CHAPTER
Introduction
r.
....
II
CHAPTER
Review
Past
Relevant
of
Alcohol
Pedestrians
Motor
."
17
....
..
00
18
....
..
00
19
*a
20
06
21
00
22
Cyclists
Crash
cars
Seat
belts
w.
..
helmets
Motor
15
"w
wr
Driver
Work
....
....
..
.r
+"
Airbags
09
Headrests
. 00
ww
..
40
23
""
0
r.
0"
26
..
00
27
40
30
CHAPTER III
Medical
Factors
in
Accidents
the
causation
..
of
CHAPTER IV
Road Casualties
International
f"
33
CHAPTER, V
and Methods
Materials
Pilot
Scheme
.0
37
0"
37
40 M
39
..
The
Present
Survey
..
3
CONTENTS (contd.
)
PAGE
CHAPTER
VI
Results
CHAPTER
....
.
....
..
43
""
71
VII
Discussion
CHAPTER
..
""
."
""
VIII
Conclusion
REFERENCES
....
.,
..
....
..
79
....
84
APPENDIX
I
QUESTIONNAIRE
APPENDIX
Method
....
..
91
."
94
sugar
95
2
Map of
APPENDIX
....
Hospital
Catchment
Area
3
used
for
determination
of
blood
4
TABLES
TABLE
1.
PAGE
is recorded
Time death
as due to Road
Accidents
in various
Traffic
countries.
2.
Number
3.
Class
4.
Occupational
5.
Age Pattern
6.
Sex
Incidence
7.
First
Aid
8.
Drivers
involved
9.
Interval
of
killed
persons
Road Users
of
and
injured.
,
36
injured.
46
Status.
47
48
49
Treatment
Scene
at
who had alcohol
in Road Traffic
Elasping
of
Accident
50
being
51
to
prior
Accident.
since
last
visual
low blood
Accidents.
test.
10.
Drivers
Commercial
with
in Road Traffic
involved
11.
Severity
12.
Time
of
13.
Soft
Tissue
14.
Fractures
15.
Types and number of injuries
who died in the hospital.
on victims
16.
Time
in
17.
Number
18.
Accidents
on Road with
19.
Abrasions
and
sugar
52
53
59
Injury
of
of
33
61
Accidents.
Injuries
53
64
death
of
of
the
victims
Professionals
killed.
hospital.
66
67
68
bumps.
lacerations.
ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
FIGURE
1.
Victims
2.
Bony
of
Injuries.
hit
and
run
70
93
5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
thesis
This
as Principal
tenure
of
Head of
the
Teaching
for
that
period
department,
Medical
for
of
his
I would
like
to
E. Grattan
of
the
for
me the
sending
under
his
S. O.
Johnson
Department
advice
and
thesis
was undertaken
Professor
Lagos
guidance
E. A.
Elebute,
University
to
Teaching
the
use
facilities
the
acknowledge
Transport
kindness
of
and Road Research
England
for
publications
his
the
on
and
advice
work
under-
for
the
given
by
assistance
and members
of
the
am indebted
to
the
of
College
of
Illustra-
Medical
University
Medicine,
Lagos.
I
Department
for
his
University
Lagos
direction.
I am grateful
of
Surgery,
permission
Crowthorne,
tion
P. Omo-Dare,
Professor
of
to
the
Laboratory,
Mr.
Department
the
hospital.
the
taken
to
this
and
Director
Hospital
Mr.
Department
the
his
due
are
Hospital,
through
of
in
my
Surgery.
My thanks
in
during
Officer
Medical
Lagos
the
Nigeria,
Hospital,
Teaching
University
in
was undertaken
his
aspects
provided
of
Community
valuable
of
this
me with
YY,
Dr.
valuable
Senior
Curran,
Glasgow
Medicine,
discussion
research,
A. P.
and comments
and
to
the
information:
Lecturer,
University
on various
following
who
6
Inspector-General
The
Mr. O. Onimole
Lagos'-University
I
colleagues
and
Emergency
Centre
Hospital
arance
for
the
of
the
period
to
am pleased
to
me by my wife,
proof
of
the
the
this
acknowledge
Accident
and
patience
of
my
and
Teaching
University
assistance,
given
thesis.
Staff
Lagos
to
my gratitude
register
the
their
thesis
Department,
the Records
Hospital.
Teaching
Nursing
of
throughout
I
to
wish
also
of
Nigeria.
Police,
of
forebe-
study.
the
Mrs.
D.
Shyngle
and Mrs.
D.
Fahm who
assistance
who read
typed
the
this
7
SUMMARY
has
There
are
in
available
have
been
injuries,
their
specific
(Oyemade,
1973;
this
carried
findings
by
little
very
Nigeria.
limited
to
reporting
on
Post
who died
the
scopes
of
sketchy,
and
the
from
1976
Aina
et
generality
of
and outcome
Kale
cases
studies
review
1977).
on coroner
study
Such
management
Oluduro,
further
been
whole
Accidents
on Road Traffic
that
the
on
Mortem
traffic
road
accidents.
In
been
limited
only
be drawn
and
traffic
accidents
fill
a large
number
Lagos
1978
of
Lagos,
31st
and
this
gaps
that
exist
in
1,650
to,
brought
1978
December,
and
Hospital
Teaching
University
therefore
Metropolis
the
involved
victims
in
accidents
in
of
could
seems
tan epidemiological
undertake
road
5,802
It
of
on
of
Lagos
to
subject.
traffic
in
managed
the
study
this
road
between
formed
have
studies
conclusions
reservations.
with
to
appropriate
these
1st
study
the
January,
group
work.
Standard
their
age,
with
regards
was designed
and used
occupation,
and
of
time,
status
proforma
sex,
to
passengers,
pedestrians,
passengers
and cyclists.
their
motor
account
as
cyclists,
road
to
the
users,
pillion
record
accident
drivers,
8
gave his
The victim
into
made
was
Enquiry
Lagos,
Metropolis
of
History
the
of
were
was carried
state
well
level
as any
Author
to
out
of
also
accident
the
from
obtained
eye
A full
all
inquiries
possible
reception
inquired
into
examination
in
first
of
alcohol
mellitus
to
addition
as
unconsciousness
or
consciousness
of
diabetes
victim.
detail
of
history
and
sight
the
pattern.
medical
past
to
flow
traffic
and
accident.
of
condition
road
accident,
regard
with
victim
the
the
of
own account
treatment.
aid
pre
consumption
condition.
Blood
samples
blood
determine
level
sugar
immediately
taken
were
the
and
on
blood
to
arrival
pressure
was
alcohol
blood
measured.
It
because
level
of
road
out
the
through
The
drivers
of
accidents
study
of
period
was carried
traffic
of
studied
on
accidents
erected
on
in
on
the
the
national
of
obituaries
during
country
daily
the
to
newspapers
who lost
victims
find
lives
their
accidents.
effect
was
two
out
professionals
of
number
the
in
the
äf' facilities.
lack
of
A check
to determine
possible
was not
it.
the
and
a road
campaign
so also
before
to
stop
was
and
that
after
hit
of
and
run
the
number
bumps
were
9
these
Of
886
the
as
vertebrae
to
injuries,
head
had
long
the
victims
bones
these
697 victims
3% of
the
group.
113
and
of
accounted
injured
in
hours
the
hospital,
32 of
the
victims
the
hospital.
The
average
and
pedestrian
and
cyclist
the
of
the
on
the
injuries.
driver
the
of
six
motor-
injuries.
1.4
was
in
head
of
case
mg % to
42 mg%) was
involved
drivers
43.7%
accidents.
(38
sugar
amoug commercial
in
drivers
traffic
road
took
found
alcohol
prior
driving.
Only
at
it
first
the
found
in
and
passenger
Low blood
to
1.9
a mortality
within
as a result
hospital,
the
113 who died
the
injuries
of
was
arrival
at
died
died
number
professional
representing
Of
41 victims
hospital,
on
in
died
2.1%.
were
and of
cases
the
from
dead
Injury
tibia.
the
were
9 victims
2,300
for
cervical
injury.
whiplash
of
fatalities
the
54 fractured
and
result
injuries,
had multiple
5,146
the
4.9%
scene
The
using
in
traffic
accidents
of
the
first
aid
treatment
accident.
between
of
three
for
accidents
was highly
erected.
had
victims
spectacles
was 30% reduction
were
the
difference
drivers
road
of
and
significant
accidents
yearly
driving
and
those
eye
test
not
involved
involved
in
(PL 0.00006).
on a road
of
where
There
bumps
10
20 of
occurred
as
100 drivers
the
of
drivers
they
were
said
there
limit
speed
the
the
because
at
night
lights
street
The
highest
was between
5 p. m.
the
October
to
November
Lagos
55,772
incidence
population
health
one
there
and
state,
of
of
centres
Road Traffic
the
is
the
out
fracture
of
reduce
drivers
injury
the
died
a form
forward
severity
of
of
hospitals,
Lagos
restraint
in
the
of
neck
head injuries.
moving
injury.
the
treat
State.
to
the wearing
cervical
a
a number
that
to vehicle
of
road
a
million
number of
the
of
serves
head injuries
that
possible
the
of
number
4.5
in
the
thrust
of
victims
As all
that
I. e.
season
hospital
clinics
whiplash
were
representing
private
the
possible
5,802,
main
reduce
from
raining
The
will
body being
could
was
number of
is
an hour
people
the
helmet
resulted
it
high
it
motorcyclists,
crash
and
in
and most
1978;
8 other
Accident
With
(106)
in
million
are
place.
cases).
10.4%.
of
no
were
Hospital,
victims
15
while
Teaching
treated
show
control
took
accidents
(1,301
University
accident
hospital
there
following
months
patients
traffic
that
6 p. m.
and
in
the
tyres,
accidentsfigure
injured
In
the
on when
lost
burst
reported
to
signs
drivers
of
accidents
vehicles,
other
no road
5 vehicle
and
vehicles
who drove
overtaking
were
the
that
admitted
this
the
of
injuries.
vertebra
occupants,
against
the
vehicle
66.7% of
11
CHAPTER
ONE
N`
INTR0DUCT10
lies
Nigeria
4°
latitudes
This
is
country
of
Benin,
by
the
on
the
East
bounded
of
Ocean.
the
of
between
Greenwich
Meridian.
by
Republic
West
the
on
North
the
Republic
Atlantic
the
14°
and
tropics
the
within
the
by Niger
Republic,
Cameroun
and on
It
has
an area
the
on
South
the
923,768
of
East
by
square
kilometres.
Lagos
Nigeria
is
is
of
the
areas,
the
by
south
the
third
on
and
the
of
of
airport
the
country.
Two thirds
the
centre.
is
bounded
and only
6°
above
is
is
Lagos
It
area
the
on
residential
are
commercial
Most
mainland.
located
are
the
of
the
of
kilometres.
square
islands
Ocean,
Republic
urban,
on
the
the
and
the
rest
area.
Very
few
account
the
roads
have
crossings
between.
congested
all
islands
Atlantic
Pedestrian
far
West
the
equator.
Vory
two
South
3,345
the
and
while
and
of
an area
industries
Federal
the
of
three
made up of
mainland,
rural
capital
and covers
It
on
the
as
year
the
these
round.
or
the
potholes
are
the
feeder
in
only
sidewalks.
bridges
and overhead
Some of
of
footpaths
roads
them.
ones
few
are
are
not
and
motorable
Many
roads
open
to
get
traffic
12
being
Lagos,
heavy
for
rains
this
the
of
Workers
to
their
With
roads
the
the
6,000
cases
in
Accidents
Department,
vague
from
gleaned
of
and
Road Traffic
Thus
injured
5,552
(Table
these
1974 of
4,922
were
2).
in
but
an upward
not
about
i
the
the
trend
dearth
the
Road Traffic
from
country
Police
are
impression
in
incidence
Accidents.
for
and in
of
records
imply
is
a year.
statistics
reliable;
not
it
revealed
Available
the
fatal.
1978 the
18,660
In
number
the
consideration
treats
epidemiology
Hospital
and
Hospital
literature
Nigeria.
on
pedestrians
into
in
heavy
causes
and weather,
victims
the
on
and mainland
this
round.
taking
the
on
roads.
year
and
and
blocked
are
and
Teaching
available
work
reported
rather
of
found
etc,
roads
accident
of
A review
of
the
that
deeper,
islands
the
and
the
of
and
many
traffic
of
same time,
conditions
surprising
the
density
the
at
between
all
year.
are
of
During
the
these
flooding
road
of
drains
to
subjected
made wider
factories
the
on
months
some of
commute
offices,
traffic
six
and
and
overflow
causing
coast
Open
roads
is
the
are
slippery.
roads
sides
about
potholes
period
the
on
people
1975 the
had risen
reportedly
figures
to 9,252
were
13
It
our
of
percent
(Oluduro,
is
naira
to
Federal
in
Casualty
taken
road
safety
in
these
Recognising
find
been
country
in
1975.
the
(One
8).
have
Governments
the
have
mounted
toll
the
so that
author
casualty
rate
victims
survival.
of
a chance
of
and
centre
improved
of
number
but
the
problem,
year.
(N1-£O.
country
have
will
on which
the
Accident
have
this
a basis
the
up.
places
to
reduce
Committees
Departments
to
to
order
goes
per
State
and
three
and
(GNP)
sterling
pounds
Safety
still
injured
0.8
Road
on
campaigns
naira
Government
new highways
casualties.
the
billion
equivalent
The
built
hundred
one
about
loss
economic
accidents
two
Product
National
The
1977).
Nigeria,
between
of
equivalent
Gross
in
that
estimated
the
cost
currently
was
been
has
to
decided
could
be
reduced.
The
author
factors
of
injuries
minimising
the
treatment
the
and
immediate
predisposing
the
to
response
and
nature
treatment
by
for
recommendations
and long
of
and mortality
morbidity
be noted
will
the
find
Accidents;
analysing
The
victims
to
out
Road Traffic
and
pattern,
the
set
term
results
of
renlibility
of
injuries.
It
was against
statistics
carry
out
in
this
Nigeria
pilot
the
stated
that
study
the
lack
author
try order
set
out
of
to
to more precisely
14
the
relate
influence
in
the
in
the
the
Lagos
hope
of
reducing
figures
various
and outcome
epidemiology
Metropolis
highlighting
the
resulting
incidence,
from
and
morbidity
Road Traffic
of
accidents
findings
evaluate
factors
to
known
of)factors
parameters
which
might
with
help
and mortality
Accidents.
15.
TWO
CHAPTER
The death
London,
in
of
the
was one of
1696,
The
Royal
(1972)
recorded
deaths
had
people
were
first
for
that
by
to
7,763
risen
in
Britain
(1975).
Prevention
the
the
the
that
during
and
26 0626
and
Accidents
of
1972,
year
injured
seriously
pedest-
of
recorded
accident
to Gibson
Society
Palace,
Crystal
of
two deaths
of
vehicle
according
WORK
Driscoll
Bridget
due to motor
rians
PAST
OF RELEVANT
REVIEW
of
number
91,338
year
slightly
injured.
It
the
reduce
Mr.
Drake,
or
number
of
County
Surveyor
the
studied
ways
compared
fewer
road.
The
which
include
the
flow
and
lanes,
areas
of
on
are
traffic.
well
Green
Britain,
in
found
types
hard
traffic
and
only
for
shoulders
well
for
of
features
safety
separating
exits
he
motorways
built-in
and
of
Lancashire
and
facilities
defined
in
on other
directions,
entries
help
AG and M6 Motor-
the
these
reservations
service
the
Lancaster,
and
many
different
stops
traffic
service
has
central
in
Hampson
accidents
motorway
travelling
on
same distances
the
with
emergency
Preston
between
motorways
Lancashire
of
and
that
and with
accidents
Broughton
between
roughly
accidents,
of
number
significantly
the
(1969)
was shown by Leeming
the
in
from
away
use
the
of
line
the
of
16
According
Crowthorne,
areas;
age,
the
and
child
from
risk.
The
in
that
fatalities
The
injuries
of
that
Cumbernauld
done
this
and
motor
New Town
the old
of
the
of
system
of
in
and
the
1963
the
It
highways.
on the
It
segrega-
the
had
drastically
2010 there
in
roads
Britain,
in
resulting
can be surmised
usage
abdomen.
was reported
by the year
cars;
caused
Scotland
were
that
the
rest
and
Stirlingshire,
them private
highway
chest
vehicles.
vehicles
also
of
the
suggested
casualties
of
upwards
57 percent
to
estimated
million
million
congestion
greater
that
with
figures
casualties
be high.
will
Tillman
drivers
ssive
in
from
pedestrian
be forty
thirty
injury
years
Laboratory
injuries
head
in
Buchanan
reduced.
to
Report
pedestrian
years
same Research
in
place
ten
under
casualties
or
Buchanan
tion
will
due
took
sixty-five
pedestrian
were
by multiple
pedestrians
in
Laboratory
casualties
elderly
a special
found
Road Research
the
91% pedestrian
built-up
are
to
who were
offences,
in
both
youth
of
found
repeaters
tendencies,
a higher
rate
(1949)
accident
anti-social
court
greater
and Hobbs
Canada that
showed marked
more frequent
and adult
incidence
attendance
in
of
at
life
for
venereal
social
aggre-
appearances
non-traffic
diseases
and welfare
and a
agencies.
17
Willett
found
persons
been
had
of
to
(1953)
car
freedom
to
does
persons
convicted
of
divided
drivers"
were
fully
signs
unnecessary
drivers"
time
fully
were
to
groups
driving
and conditions
time
of
aware
made false
showed
lack
of
four
that
driving
of
style
random
with
The
groups.
and
reacted
to
The
"injudicious
it
without
information,
judgements.
awareness
The
or
"safe
information
relevant
the
more
irrespon-
the
risks.
of
has
misfits.
careless
of
a person
He concluded
the
aware
driving.
unsocial,
of
social
into
were
driver
the
that
motor-
worse
of
compared
them
manoeuvres
even
from
presence
are
has
and
but
23.2%
offences.
offenders
traits.
(1968)
controls
on road
the
violator
Quenault
same or
personality
change,
antisocial
traffic
chronic
non-motoring
habitual
that
653
the
offences,
disqualified
stated
not
even
the
and
demonstrate
and
sible
for
commit
in
that
traffic
previously
common among those
the
found
also
serious
repeatedly
Canty
of
guilty
tended
offences
very
in
had
convicted
Offenders
ing
(1964)
but
two
remaining
of
neglect
from
relevant
information.
ALCOHOL
In
admitted
a survey
to Drogheda
127 (24%) of
their
carried
accidents
out
Hospital,
531 motor
drivers
as had 62 of
by Mr.
V.
Sheehan
Ireland,
had taken
the
it
on
patients
was found
alcohol
310 motor
cyclists,
that
before
18.
there
that
were
studies.
no control
Drivers
Cohen
drivers
bus
of
through
drive
distance
made
alcohol
drivers
were
the
between
gap
and
drive
of
mance
the
and
the
drivers.
trustworthiness
impaired
was
skill
that
of
a man's
after
as
of
alcohol
of
the
finding
in
judgement
little
perfor-
was
that
his
driving
about
of
concentration
alcohol
of
a quantity
ml.
Drew et
blood
quantity
there
that
found
An important
were
answer
deterioration
of
could
a specified
at
posts
was
the
a blood
producing
50mg/100
It
them.
they
a positive
giving
level
the
two
Three
driving.
whether
asked
bus
of
performance
then
and
between
was a relationship
consumed
after
through
the
studied
taking
away,
to
(1958)
al
et
after
groups
as
307 pedestrians
the
be observed
must however
It
studied.
1.
and 43 of
226 cyclists
the
18 of
(1958,1959)
al
concentrations
alcohol
ml in
80 mg/loo
that
errors
with
increase
in
a miles
the
160%deterioration
The equivalent
with
of
a maximum blood
an 70.4
kg.
several
workers.
man.
of
motor
performance
in blood
three
alcohol
This
alcohol.
alcohol
double
driving
of
This
and found
increased
subjects
amounted
give
whiskies
of
to about
of
concentration
peak
20,40,60,
trainer
their
of
effects
approximately
concentration
finding
the
studied
80 mg/100ml.
on average,
for
80mg/100ml
has been confirmed
by
19,
The driving
this
of
in
in
a fall
Britain
accident
rates
hours
8G6 fewer
people
the
of
during
previous
the
increase
2.
the
traffic
road
(1959)
al
et
killed.
compared
in
casualties
and midnight
despite
a one
the
with
percent
previous
proportion
those
fatally
injured
of
in
fatalities.
pedestrian
killed
had
above,
a much
of
pedestrians
From
every
victim
following
week
the
of
interviewed
year.
victim.
for
alcohol
the
on
at
people
that
they
of
after
they
among
visited
same
the
the
those
ml or
control
accidents.
blood-
accident
of
The
analysis,
content
and
of
47% of
in
in
a scene
the
121
50 mg/lOO
of
than
same day
among
made a study
involved
not
and
pedestrians
found
proportion
accident,
four
intoxicated
level
killed
taken
was
(1961),
al
New York,
alcohol
higher
group
et
They
a blood
(1957)
Gerber
52% intoxicated
Haddon
a high
the
1967
pedestrians
found
found
as
roads
p. m.
compared
to
regards
pedestrians
that
the
Pedestrians
with
sample
10.00
of
the
by May 1968,
a fall
was
led
and
during
on
November,
of
1967
that
killed
breath-
of
October,
such
There
hours
level.
alcohol
particularly
been
year.
month
in
Eckert
had
adversely
introduction
in
darkness
of
49% between
blood
the
to
Great
dangerous
with
led
is
many persons
small
nature
test
alyser
to
of
by relatively
affected
Work
skill
at
the
the
sex
same hour
scene
of
and
the
as
accident
same age
20.
They
alcohol
to
contrast
groups
-a
or
at
not
all
and
drinking
in
in
Oslo
that
or
older
0.05%
at
the
et
had
drive
A blood
serious
of
who had
been
drinking
of
middle
aged
persons
(1962)
found
43% of
al
control
intoxicated
were
fatally
injured
a blood
showed
the
group
two
discreet
little
who had
the
when
is
also
200 pedestrians
and Solheim
(1964)
pedestrians
age
accident.
blood
is
alcohol
intoxication
is
this
above
on people
out
carried
it
Norway
In
20
over
concentration
alcohol
the
of
alcoholic
who are
in
involved
accidents.
Cyclists
(1962)
Bothwell
traffic
accident
Western
Germany
cycles
in
use
road
traffic
were
97 and
of
elderly
test
fatal
or
Motor
the
this
of
moment
to
suspected
from
consisted
20% of
years
limit.
data
blood
injured
a group
New York
forbidden
for
heavily.
McCarroll
killed
the
of
these
of
of
group
from
members
fatally
pedestrians
been
Analysis
content.
in
that
blood
take
to
proceeded
his
data
in
in
deaths
there
in
25.8.
that
were
1959,
deaths
a comprehensive
and
Western
109
Europe
deaths
He further
Great
per
32.9
representing
in
study
revealed
found
these
in
road
that
100,000
percent
Britain
of
in
motor
of
figures
a breakdown
all
+Rt';P
Relative
rates
casualty
1
18
11
13
Car
Motorcycle
Motor-Scooter
Moped
1
20
16
15
killed
killed
killed
killed
relationship
in motorcycle
machine/road
and traffic
this
in
that
1960
in
highest
age
group
than
six
the
the
60 years
months
accidents
were
more
of
riders/
highlighted
showed clearly
were
and
and
riders
with
about
than
more
six
with
typical
in
lowest
age
motorcycles
than
stable
of
had
with
that
terms
was also
data
70 years;
experience
He showed
triad
among motorcyclists
25 years
to
those
as
His
casualties
under
in
conditions
are
injured
injured
injured
injured.
seriously
seriously
seriously
seriously
accidents
by Bothwell.
study
mile
host/agent/environment
The epidemiological
in
vehicle
per
21.
(carsnl)
twice
less
as many
months
experience.
of
to
48 cm.
diameter
with
25 to
30 cme
40
scooters
the
wheels.
Helmets
Crash
In
1940,
to
helmets
shortly
certain
although
only
had
been
wearing
the
injury
of
with
those
duration
than
those
made
the
cyclists
in
one
twenty
helmet
crash
those
and
the
who did
use
of
1941,
not.
crash
the
helmets
frequency
were
The
helmets
Army
injured
riders
time
of
less
in
Council
compulsory
the
of
mild
were
crash
that
noted
dispatch
at
crash
with
unconsciousness
of
Cairns
of
issued
Army
British
motorcyclists,
without
in
the
after
accident,
compared
fracture
and
those
who wore
subsequently
for
all
motor
22.
In
in
Hospital
high
found
the
Oxford,
outcome
Later
the
part
the
head
that
if
injuries
was
of
the
cases
adequate
worn.
that
the
40% the
of
wearing
risk
a
injury
of
Chandler
was covered.
to
et
(1957).
Thompson
The
Road Research
gated
the
those
sold
best
adequate
to
type
the
comply
Research
protective
helmet,
Ist
in
sale
down
law
by
crash
all
are
the
of
give
not
1957
by
laid
as most
did
April,
Britain
standard
investi-
Crowthorne
time
that
at
Since
the
with
at
public
for
offered
Laboratory
of
protection.
helmets
expected
Road
Laboratory.
Carr
Motor
Colonel
United
States
to
ments
John
Paul
of
America
to a rocket
he brought
which
to
tion.
At a speed of
sledge
to a stop
of
40g,
harness,
(where
Stapp
Air
Force
g is
981 cm per
in
a stop
1020.2km
1.4
stiffness
acceleration
per
of
who undertook
sledge
per
hour
At
discomfort,
neck
of
rates
experiwas
positions
decelera-
he brought
the
average
bruising
the
deceleraaround
shock.
and equal
the
of
various
and temporary
due to gravity
second).
in
different
seconds.
he experienced
second
at
Corps
body can withstand
the
propelled
Medical
the
of
show how much force
harnessed
the
been
30'to
by
a number
avoided
confirmed
reduced
of
had
head
studies
helmet
crash
the
been
Military
head
of
in
and
the
at
frequency
have
might
for
protection
tion
that
among motorcyclists,
fatal
to
Cairns
1941,
to
23,
his
From
a car
crash
death
occurs
but
cause
car
hour
be
will
30 to
usually
40g
only
be over
will
On account
is
inside
100g
causing
in
the
et
Bull
rupture
at
the
deceleration
the
of
vessels
the
of
will
space
that
design
reduction
48 km per
barrier
available
so
interior
the
for
the
a car
centimetres
this
the
objects
with
60cm and
a few
of
important
a solid
45 cm to
but
fully
whereas
occupants
against
crumble
which
injuries.
serious
driven
A car
the
at
are
be minimal,
will
of
level
occupants
in
forces
primary
the
the
providing
collisions
secondary
below
only
injury
the
protected,
the
not
were
that
he showed
experiments
was
force
generated
he concluded
a car
of
fractures.
and
of
effects
secondary
collisions.
Gissane
of
front
and
seats
its
other
were
the
brain.
(1)
Seat
At
7% of
the
Road
70% of
63% of
seats
received
those
in
cars
in
Laboratory,
road
50% of
injuries
overturned.
that
Research
collisions.
received
21% of
occupants
the
with
drivers
windscreen
and
severe
72% of
injury
to
it
was
Belts
that
frontal
front
that
by contact
and
of
found
injured
surroundings,
occupants
found
(1965)
compared
rear
impacts
the
with
and
Crowthorne,
were
accidents
of
occupants
17% of
9% of
involved
those
those
these
in
in
side
cars
in
cars
impacts,
which
24.
The
workers
the
prevents
the
of
with
head
opinion
a car
from
it
that
and
the
which
of
occupant
vehicle
the
of
were
or
a seatbelt
being
out
ejected
kinetic
the
reduces
chest
that
energy
strikes
an object
America
it
in
the
vehicle.
United
the
In
from
ejection
a car
and
those
who remain
crash.
on
report
Canada,
from
year
operation
42.8%
not
July
Gissane
seat
belts
use
in
their
The
the
fatally
whilst
drivers
cars
belts
used
in
(1962)
in
the
front
included
was
in
Collision
results
Ontario,
full
first
the
of
injured
54.4%
to Road Safety
to people
of
follows:
as
According
are
Vehicle
were
them,
were
of
Motor
drivers,
using
belts
confirmed
by
1971.
all
of
injured
the
the
the
of
these
of
with
same type
in
of
risk
as compared
vehicle
the
the
studies.
the
of
times
that
proved
was
increased
a crash
five
been
Information
in
after
in
has
Birmingham
his
of
injuries
fatal
death
This
States
had
seat
46.1%
of
and of
but
were
drivers
belts,
but
the
all
to
failed
use
Command 3399,1967
number of
seats
of
fatal
cars
had
seat
them.
if
seat
and serious
will
were
non-fatally
63.2%
these
and
casualties
be reduced
by over
70%.
Bohlin
in
recorded
fatalities
amongst
vehicles
travelling
at
per
hour.
in
Sweden in
unbelted
occupants
conducted
studies
all
speeds
even as low
1968
of
as 19.2
km*
25.
whereas
97 km. per
28,000
the
of
hour
type
of
using
occupants
belts
seat
under
cars
there
was not
a
fatality.
single
In
another
for
car
of
crash.
They
in
dying
between
make
Legal
effective
carried
New York
of
651
analysed,
were
study
(1967)
Robinson
pairs
and year,
there
made compulsory
front
and
among other
Pratt
veness
vehicle
during
al
(1973)
drivers
driver
injured
was
of
in
over
18,000
a highly
fatalities
to
a degree
this
in
first
State
of
cases
became
Victoria
that
months
seat
in
a 15% reduction
but
2% R. :
only
statistical
the
reducing
requiring
belts
period.
the
significant
and
the
Victoria.
killed
70% difference
casualties
reducing
severity
occupants.
was
examined
in
and
was
twelve
there
users
belts
retrospectively
seat
first
road
a population
wearing
the
passenger
seat
accidents
impact
in
1971
seat
et
of
wearing
January,
belts
driver
50,000
and unbelted
and
were
et
matched
that
of
during
by Kihlberg
which
of
belted
23rd
in
direction
concluded
enforcement
on
out
were
Australia,
ment.
37,000
and carrying
lap-shoulder
the
involving
accidents
effecti-
number
Tests
of
data
of
that
revealed
factor
in
the
number
surgical
motor
or
from
belt:
reducing
of
medical
drivers
treat-
26.
According
vehicle
of
occupants
belts;
but
by
spinal
injury.
The
not
the
cars,
fitted
injury
the
stand
thrown
to
(2)
et
from
Air
that
a car.
The
of
the
not
the
on
car
have
found
accident.
in
children
Laboratory,
use
if
restraints
should
children
or
on
stand
the
of
that
leading
had
survived
thoracic
be delayed
of
the
They
should
risk
of
being
of
the
ejection
cause
177 occupants
which
and
an accident.
the
was
injury
seats.
because
in
injuries
the
seat
front
(1968)
Gikas
in
rear
of
abdominal
available,
the
seats
the
editorial,
advised
inflates
if
wearing
died.
belts
seat
death
of
40% of
been
in
those
worn.
Bags
In'an
resulting
should
rear
the
could
children
forward
accidents
killed
Research
seat
namely
After
Road
behind
the
days
severity
using
the
could
protection
and
sit
violently
Huelke
139
abdomen,
of
and
cars
on
occupant
girdle
a few
that
immediately
not
pelvic
the
until
found
be encouraged
floor
to
Transport
in
or
the
He divided
groups,
the
of
that
three
51% of
had
or
result
found
investigation
Crowthone,
the
as
into
column
appeared
During
saved
drawback.
belt
seat
injury,
and
its
had
either
(1973)
(1963)
Milsom
et
reduced
Shennan,
belt
caused
Lister
were
injuries
their
seat
to
a passive
air
from
when
occupant.
bag
frontal
impact
British
restrain
will
system
reduce
collision
occurs,
As the
air
Medical
the
of
to
bag
form
will
(1973)
Journal
is
necessary
severity
cars.
of
It
injuries
automatically
a cushion
be
inside
installed
in
front
when
27.
the
car
is
manufactured,
the
bag
is
used
a method
should
(3)
Rests
Head
for
during
the
occupant
injury
to
results
test
it
from
hyperextension
thrown
backwards
from
prevented
450 from
the
line
the
torso
This
type
to
the
neck.
(1967)
by Mertz
70.4
up
to
design
of
head
Arcombination
of
km p. h.
of
speeds
up
the
forces
The
best
to
are
injury
will
has
been
simulated
He found
that
the
p. h.
serious
as
in
distributed
the
the
with
end collisions
rear
support
will
a large
over
proper
will
support
seat
neck
impact
be eliminated.
could
and
to
back more ý., K..
at
head
97 km,
lolling
a sledge
adequate
of
relative
injury
injury
of
head
of
this
rest,
hyperextension
prevent
on
the
of
the
since
head is
this
of
frequently.
accident
is
car
before
years
On account
the
speeds
that
time.
If
studied
at
the
of
be done
not
first
traffic
a road
the body.
than
the
take
could
be devised
Whiplash
neck
it
ensure
part
of
the
body.
type
adjustable
proper
height
type
of
head
rest
is
if
the
head
because
more
serious
injury
the
is
onepiece
rest
likely
is
non-
not
at
to
result.
the
,ýým
28.
To come home to Nigeria
traffic
road
the
studied
their
problem
Oyemade
It
at
the
University
1966,717
traffic
these
that
accident
cases
hospital
nearly
doubled
period.
She also
beds
were
a large
to
be
not
treated
there
and
and
1,599
to
State
(1974)
Hospital,
that
road
in
four
the
trauma
1,316.
to
risen
7% of
the
year
hospital
that
yet
patients,
had
hospitalisation
who needed
the
beds
Lagos
State
because
showed
9,585
just
were
Pathology
victims
injured
discovered
that
examinations
Ikorodu
Road which
1973.10.1%
twenty
the
conducted
were
of
is
most of
could
were
Laboratory
in
in
on
between
the
roads
killed.
(1976)
post-mortem
that
persons
were
Aina
et
management
by
accident
use.
people
showed that
during
although
occupied
victims
of
1973;
Kale
coroner
that
facts.
treatment
for
lamented
have
reveal
number
as outpatients
Shojobi
1968
in
found
had
figures
presenting
continuously
number
College
1970
who have
traffic
road
of
by
and
the
all
on
those
and
accidents
getting
a review
be noted
will
traffic
in
in
was,
in
complete
(1973)
treated
Ibadan
not
road
of
difficulty
great
victims
are
accidents
information
detailed
the
on
accidents
kilometres
455 victims
be instituted.
road
31%, of
at
all
the
traffic
occurred
long.
di`dbefore
Lagos
accident
on
Their
the
study
medical
29.
(1977)
Oluduro
1970-75,70%
in
which
of
not
also
observed
total
driving
of
age,
the
more
60% of
from
found
road
than
his
population
the
fatal
during
that
deaths
two
occurred
vehicles
were
that
studies
were
the
under
crashes
period
in
accidents
45% of
although
thirty
occurred
He
involved.
five
in
this
the
years
group.
30 .
III
CHAPTER
FACTORS IN THE CAUSATION OF ACCIDENTS
MEDICAL
A number
loss
sudden
can
of
of
Grattan
in
and when
only
minor
for
drivers
or
was a cause
by
about
of
in
the
cases
the
road
passenger
drivers
reported
vehicles.
in
of
serious
account
disease
chronic
prevalence,
1,000
per
into
that
and
to
accidents
that
vehicle
all
of
the
motor
were
severe
account
driver
of
rare
pain
The
this,
involved
only
and occurred
by drivers
In
vehicles.
chest
of
driver.
the
travelled
board
an attack.
brought
accidents
kilometres
transport
infarction
myocardial
consciousness
vehicle
and on
which
of
incidents
had
warning
side,
third
loss
such
sufficient
593
reported
one
448 million
London
taken
cyclists
1.5
was
found
a low
Motor
or
were
the
that
concluded
accidents
had
a vehicle
users.
drivers
also
of
driver
cause
cyclists.
sudden
Nevertheless,
once
0.5%
(1962)
of
of
accidents
factor
motor
Norman
in
They
only
the
(1967)
serious
1,000.
as a contributory
which
road
illness
serious
was 4 per
accounted
of
and
conditions
of
Jeffcoate
sudden
involved
it
safety
et
of
medical
consciousness
the
endanger
incidence
acute
which
drivers
few
most
gave
at
stopped
cases
collided
have
with
been
other
31,
Andreasson
in
Course
1978
Traffic
involved
in
revealed
10,000
they
the
had
they
less
prone
fell
rate
the
possibility
was
always
diet
either
the
control
zero,
whereas
of
Such
present.
drivers
thereafter
and
this
condition
by
diet
and
had
hyper
should
insulin.
the
by diet
insulin
either
driving
of
achieved
where
into
going
their
disease
or
that
aware
up studies
about
alone
hospital,
not
Follow
control
was
on drivers
in
who were
their
The
December
presentation
careful
of
accidents.
by
to
told
in
Paris
then.
more
Post-Graduate
conducted
on
until
been
however
in
drivers
became
they
was achkeved
Where
accidents
disease
to
held
diabetic
had
at Third
an investigation
motor
that
after
a lecture
Medicine
that
reported
showed
in
to
accident
be used
hypoglycaemia
or
be warned
about
driving.
Fterner
cause
of
causes
et
of
serious
concluded
in
one
Ysander
drivers
with
chronic
disease,
renal
organs
found
accidents
these
(1966)
as compared
in
diseases,
disorders
conditions
with
into
that
disease,
thousand
every
hand
cardiovascular
sense
drivers
other
On the
Sweden
only
investigation
and cardiovascular
epilepsy
for
accounted
their
in
in
illness
sudden
were
(1966)
al
did
the
frequent
but
both
accidents.
his
in
study
änainly
diabetes,
and
disease
not
cause
a control
series.
of
more
32.
(1965)
Waller
California
diabetes,
epilepsy,
and mental
many
as in
supported
illness
accidents
the
control
per
in
finding
former
studies
views
cardiovascular
caused
on
1~600,000
group.
the
that
drivers
disease,
average
kilometres
in
conducted
with
alcoholism
twice
of
as
driving
33.
IV
CHAPTER
ROAD CASUALTIES
INTERNATIONAL
The
due
to
the
fact
the
death
are
not
difficulty
if
death
the
or
1,600,000
times
also
stems
from
for
accident
the
statistics
number
period
the
the
on
number
10,000
per
is
The mortality
road.
100,000
per
during
death
the
an accident,
an accident
as
the
as
of
the
The
vehicles.
kilometres
driven
each
the
lapse
between
year
number
is
at
used.
I
death
in
below
shows
of
each
five
Accident
Road Traffic
Traffic
after
vehicle
Table
variation
to
expressed
population
and
occurs
as due
30 days
allow
countries
usually
per
in
included
be
deaths
the
after
allowed
to
victim
countries
various
of
number
similar.
recorded
is
in
periods
the
of
Most
which
the
that
comparing
of
accidents
road
the
makes
Accident
it
true
It
death.
impossible
deaths
for
countries
from
will
accident
acceptance
be
to
properly
the
different
seen
that
compare
Country
Nigeria
1 month
U. S. A.
12 months
Austria
3
Poland
48
Belgium
on
I-
this
Road
countries.
death
Time within
which
recorded
as due to Road
Traffic
Accident
TABLE
as
is
days
hours
the
spot
Time Death is recorded
as due to Road
Traffic
Accidents
in various
countries.
34,
Over
from
road
over
the
250,000 deaths
traffic
of
of
1970
7,499.
had
19,193
and
annually
all
roads
had
times.
twice
roads.
West
about
on the
S.
road
to note
is
the United
similar.
the
the
similar
to
This
number of
the
had
inspite
but
persons
about
two-thirds
the
population
of
the
total
the
popula-
and the
and the
cars
from
twice
Countries,
is
Germany
had about
had over
States
Weat
of
Germany
that
European
Britain
Great
number
Italy
cases
four
more than
the
it
above
are
has
be seen
will
Britain,
the
countries
similar
figures),
in
cars
of
in
Although
America
deaths
deaths
twice
whilst
of
road
Italy
it
about
States
of
whilst
(1969
10,208.
interesting
tion
road
14,664
Britain
fatal
49
between
having
three
have
Italy
and
varying
size
first
of
had
France
number of
on its
injured
numbers.
Italy
two and a half
is
the
their
France
number of
similar
number
as Great
United
Britain
on
the
that
It
Great
these
of
was
the
Germany,
with
cars
two-thirds
killed
reported
roughly
and 58 millions,
above
are
West
population
In
accidents
people
world.
France,
numbers
and ten million
total
European
of
fewer
the
fact
motor
that
cycles
35.
distribution
The
in
users
road
being
different.
United
States
than
the
divided
Of
500
of
car
occupants
population
in
deaths
in
as
the
less
and
Europe
deaths
the
occupants,
pedes-
vehicles.
from
in
accidents
road
e
as estimatecl'by
27% had
alone,
injuries.
,
the
head
Australia
and
Australia
the World
from
resulting
the
United
main
15 and
cause
of
America,
24 years,
and was
for
passengers
22% had multiple
and
that
or
death
of
was
and
injuries
head
injuries
blood
States
drivers
among
25% had
chest
finding
A suprise
asphyxia
In
in
fatalities
on by HOSSACK (1972),
reported
of
road
wheeled
rate
reported
the
whereas
various
Organisation.
Health
are
mortality
100,000
28 per
two
of
been
also
among car
equally
riders
The crude
are
the
of
pedestrians
almost
between
have
groups
America
of
of
trians'and
is
two
Two-thirds
one-fifth
are
deaths
of
to
7% was due
vomitus.
accidents
the
between
people
40% in
traffic
road
this
for
1969
ages
age
group.
In
countries
fatalities
requires
priate
be
the
in
Table
often
urgent
where
rise
situation
2.
at, -inn
safety
in
alarming
stem
Nigeria
this
where
to
trend.
this
this
and
rate
be
increasing,
is
transportation
measures
to
authorities,
motor
taken
This
trend
by
the
often
appro-
appears
is
to
illustrated
36.
From
1974
has
to
1978
it
table
this
the
be seen
will
number
1974
4,922
18,660
1975
5,552
20,132
1976
6,761
28,155
1977
8,000
30,023
1978
9,252
28,854
TABLE 2. - Number of
The
of
number
number
of
plates
started
vehicles
on Tuesdays,
those
with
odd
Wednesdays,
when
role
Fridays;
odd
in
the
the
road
reduction
were
and
Saturdays
even
that
numbers
the
day
of
can
drastic
might
have
Road Traffic
ply
reduction
played
Accident
the
on
roads
free
were
number
Whereas
only.
the
use
the
whose
allowed
number
Sundays
and
per
Vehicles
only
could
limited
that
edict
1978;
in
dropped
roads.
an even
numbers
and
both
the
and
RECORDS.
the
to
Thursdays
may be concluded
on
due
on
with
roads
number
roads
killed
persons
Injured.
injured
persons
be partly
could
POLICE
NIGERIA
SOURCE:
It
the
on
No* of persons
injured.
No. of persons
killed.
Year
cars
period
doubled.
almost
this
killed
persons
of
the
that
on Mondays,
days
for
the
roads.
in
all
car
a significant
that
year.
37,
V
CHAPTER
Scheme
Pilot
A pilot
31st
which
would
study
on Road Traffic
with
Lagos
University
traffic
road
the
time,
to
to
the
admitted
of
as a result
it
as
in
the
that
felt
was
shortest
admitted
always
cases
were
the
Family
for
case
of
the
Family
and
carried
analysed.
the
death
to
were
details
of
those
the
on
of
the
the
of
1975,
the
of
kin
injuries
patients
and
such
patients
next
occupation,
out
hospital
in
kept
fatal
inquest.
studied
details
corpse
and
to
taken
were
the
Centres.
hospital,
the
cases
minor
only
and Health
and
the
limit
to
for
hospital
Doctors
and
Doctors,
was decided
accidents
coroners
notes
it
referred
of
status,
mechanism
at
were
personal
marital
treatment
with
area,
scene
confirmation
contained
and
serious
seen
cases
at
The
the
of
by the
serious
mortuary
the
patients
treated
victims
sex,
scale
those
of
Hospital
be identified
consultation
Centres
study
for
a full
problems
hospital.
Health
All
out
studied
were
the
as
Following
were
out
notes
case
Teaching
could
especially
the
the
only
accidents
problems
main
carrying
the
find
June
of
Accidents.
To begin
the
in
involved
be
to
1977
August,
of
1st
the
from
out
was carried
scheme
the
to
1977
to
METHODS
AND
MATERIALS
as age,
as well
sustained.
were
also
as
The
reviewed
38.
As it
study
covered
by
catchment
area,
since
accidents
in
the
area
this
the
would
taken
to
which
has
the
only
Accident
population
of
Research
Laboratory
at
Crowthorne
consulted
and
the
on work
already
(Appendix
As a result
Crowthorne
This
date
type
of
and a copy
age,
of
the
of
and
or
the
and a completed
accident
victim.
knowledge
gained
Laboratory
at
A copy
details
The
history
the
of
person
occupation,
of
The
class
the
accident
of
road
änd
recorded.
the
hospital
completed
an unconscious
to
questionnaire
for
treat-
was interviewed
accident
patient
the
of
I.
accident,
questionnaire
a child
the
Research
the
traffic
also
was
literature
status,
were
Road
with
prepared.
who attended
road
who accompanied
the
study
personal
sustained
of
safety.
marital
The
England
as appendix
sex,
person
in
Road
the
time
one
road
was
attached
injury
case of
interviewed
for
the
was noted.
ment on account
out
cover-
kilometres
million.
furnished
pilot
from
and
Each injured
people
the
of
contained
involved
the
on
name,
-
address,
In
performed
is
form
injured
was
a questionnaire
questionnaire
the
Hospital
Department
square
is
area
Author
literature
the
user
treatment
2)
The
from
traffic
road
Teaching
1,000
the
which
area,
in
Emergency
and
about
the
appropriate
hospital
University
Lagos
is
ing
the
persons
who needed
that
was considered
was
injured
all
area
be
Hospital
the
up a controlled
it
Accidents
Road Traffic
for
to set
possible
was not
for
the
the
patient,
the
patient.
hospital
form
thus
were
made
39.
The
present
(A)
survey
The
the
at
seen
Accident
have
for
effective
kilometres
of
Each
examined
The
(Appendix
I)
of
patients
Lagos
the
system
is
the
hospital
in
has
by
accidents
used
ten
of
a range
a bleeper
carried
traffic
road
and
so
Centre
the
arrived.
person
by
bleeper
author
Accident
1978
throughout
The
patient
the
Centre
system
injured
in
accident
communication
all
as each
as soon
all
A bleeper
radius.
was notified
on
Hospital.
purposes.
emergency
out
Emergency
and
Teaching
University
to
was carried
study
was
Author
and
The
completed.
and medically
Centre
Emergency
and
the
interviewed
the
of
Hospital
the
questionnaire
Medical
included
examination
he following:
Laboratory
and
Radiological
Where
the
patients
comae
the
Police
Officers
full
obtain
The
visions
tested.
they
were
tested
visions
sex
of
If
they
of
and
when
their
a controlled
age were
Crew,
in
was
Fire
Brigade
were
used
to
accident.
were
as
or
communicate
Interpreters
to
when
similarly
their
were
glasses
to
the
visions
last
these
investigated.
accidents
wearers,
spectacle
previous
group
in
involved
drivers
all
questioned
and or
and or
the
of
to
Ambulance
Officers,
story
were
for
was unable
and Witnesses
indicated.
as
investigations
were
changed.
drivers
were
last
The
matched
40e
injured
All
consumed
drink,
any
the
amount
blood
The
facilities
this
The
The
drivers
the
accident.
Each
injuries
to
injured
way of
Emergency
and
tissue
Severity
for
victims
Emergency
and
(Appendix
recording
to
the
i. e.
soft
in
This
in
was
and
tissue
to
a table
(Table
the
position
or
bone.
the
record
2 was used
Fig.
to
found
the
injury,
of
site
busy
the
before
meal
2 was used
depicted
record
any
3).
give
Accident
19)
a
and
was
and
type
of
injuries.
Iniury
of
party
Europe
driver
examined
as
Fig.
diagram
this
for
had
because
Lagos.
accident
Accident
involved
Similarly
used
The author
working
of
the
commercial
the
they
recorded
in
in
was measured.
fractured.
making
each
was carefully
depicted
Centre.
prepared
type
measured
available
the
level
system
bone
was not
which
whether
were
This
the
record
from
to
sugar
victim
diagram
had
before
taken
was
not
for
asked
fractured.
quick
soft
blood
tissues/organ
bone
taken
brought
sustained
The
were
accidents
were
it
time
this
was
were
study
Centre.
the
the
The
accident.
concentration
doing
blood
in
involved
they
whether
ascertained.
alcohol
for
Venous
in
also
the
the
and
asked
were
before
alcohol
were
accident
persons
used
of
which
the
is
the
classification
United
as follows:
Nations
recommended
Economic
,
by the
Commission
41.
DCATHS:
Persons
E
die
were
the
from
injuries
their
from
killed
reported
if
only
within
thirty
person
is
they
days
accident.
SERIOUS INJURY:
An injury
in
for
as an in-patient
hospital
injuries
following
in
detained
or
nor
crushing,
severe
detained
the
any of
or
whether
hospital,
and lacerations,
ing
the
which
general
I,
he his
severe
cuts
shock
requir-
treatment.
INJURY:
SLIGHT
An injury
or
of
bruises,
but
a minor
included
who complain
persons
if
injury
no other
who sustain
they
such as sprain
character
of
shock
are only
treat-
to need medical
appear
ment.
The time
divided
were
The
was
of
progress
followed
made of
day in which
into
of
until
complications
hourly
those
the
occurred
accidents
periods.
into
admitted
discharged
and
or
progress.
hospital
demise,
and
wards
records
42.
(B)
A Study
of
drivers
before
to
out
the
A check
during
(D)
The
on
was
find
number
traffic
effects
a five
studied.
to
victims
a public
of
the
(Daily
find
group
out
lost
out
hit
of
traffic
campaign
in
and
how many
their
the
of
accidents.
obituaries
Times
was carried
victims
the
whether
road
run
and
campaign
their
neglecting
to
Newspapers
1978
of
after
was made on
professional
road
and
was made
affected
Daily
number
drivers
stop
roads
(c)
the
two
Daily
Sketch)
people
in
as
the
lives
National
the
result
of
accidents.
of
road
kilometre
bumps
on
residential
road
traffic
road
near
accidents
the
hospital
43.
CHAPTER
VI
RESULTS
The
accidents
covered
which
of
persons
presented
Teaching
Hospital
dead
on
arrival
hospital.
There
traffic
University
Lagos
3% of
was
an infant
femora.
the
at
were
175
total
-4
Hospital
in
in
Of
and
113
among
who presented
at
injured.
people
old
-
with
Lagos
2.1
of
the
University
9 were
these,
died
these
in
of
hospital
road
accounting
youngest
fracture
the
percent.
victims
The
the
injured
the
a mortality
infants
months
area
period.
hospital
represents
the
5,802
managed
the
This
the
in
1978
and environs.
during
traffic
road
Teaching
and were
accidents
for
1,650
during
occurred
by Lagos
municipality
\
investigated
author
of
victim
both
44.
ACCOUNT OF THE
20 of
the
drivers
they
were
occurred
as
they
driven
it
had
is
ACCIDENTS
overtaking
the
accidents
other
accidents
If
vehicles.
and due
attention
proper
that
VICTIMS
that
admitted
with
possible
BY THE
care,
have
could
been
prevented.
is
It
interesting
the
above
well
The
limit
speed
drivers
115 drivers
Metropolis
were
to
few
show
the
'. era? n.i, ng
the
But
very
Lagos.
of
One hundred
signs
limits.
driving
were
50 km. p. h.
no road
speed
there
said
is
were
and maximum
the
for
Lagos
there
said
minimum
in
they
that
limit
speed
61 drivers
that
note
information
the
Volunteered
to
road
with
places
signs.
The
types
drivers
their
of
15 of
at
night,
had
full
drivers
',said
the
lights
knocked
All
on,
ran
down
the
into
when
the
where
and
in
the
trying
ditches,
in
the
hit
took
accidents
place
had
vehicles
on coming
to
accidents
head-on
avoid
poles
electric
or
pedestrians.
37 commercial
have breakfast
other
roads
and
control
involved
who were
lights
no street
lost
burst.
vehicles
the
collisions
5 vehicles
of
178 drivers
on the
drivers
morning
had their
of
meals
they
said
the
did
but
accident
prior
to
not
the
the
accidents.
45
the
31 of
to
The
the
reduce
184
remaining
there
said
the
across
constructed
forced
drivers
roads
speed
so
that
on
did
drivers
were
drivers
that
the
of
bumps
have
be
will
section
not
r
bumps
road.
their
on
roads.
1307 pedestrians
11
sidewalks,
were
and
they
1,527
one
side
run
across
were
pedestrians
of
the
the
road
road
no pedestrian
were
473 of
pedestrian
streets
indiscrimately
parked
crossings
the
said
the
said
the
overhead
drains,
and with
no pedestrian
walk
that
in
moving
overhead
bridges
bridges,
near
or
vehicles
vehicles.
moving
get
from
side,
they
had
vehicles
as
there
to
order
opposite
between
pedestrians
no footpaths
were
had-open
to
forced
to
there
admitted
sidewalks
or
that
to
subways.
the
roads
and closed
drains.
i
had
46.
Class
Road User
of
No. of Persons
injured
Driver
Motor
cyclists
215
3.7
19103
19.0
Cyclist
Passenger
Pillion
Passenger
Pedestrian
be seen from
will
kerbs
like
roads
The
is
they
pedestrian
This
pillion
could
15.9
168
2.9
57.0
in
were
most
rare
affected
to
draw
constitute
were
victims
pillon
be due to very
passengers.
3 that
well
the
the
period
is
Lagos
a feature
of
wide
motorways
and
crossings
or
and
were
attention
to
only
trunk
between.
far
group
about
of
by the
covered
not
pedestrian
half
over
It
pedestrians.
were
Road,
accident
numbers
during
even
interest
of
922
Table
were
sidewalks
Ikorodu
next
although
their
that
bridges
overhead
It
or
victims
Secondly,
roads.
1.5
3 -- CLASS OF ROAD USERS INJURED
of the accident
int, ereO, ý.. ',,
to note
study,
87
3,307
TABLE
It
Percentage
motor
the
sixth
(1/6)
passengers.
few motor
that
fact
(1/3)
one-third
one
cyclists.
cycliatlcarrying
of
of
47.
No. of persons
Injured.
Occupation
Professional
516
Business
784
Housewife
536
Student
711
Labourer
1816
949
unemployed
Don't
know
545
OCCUPATIONAL
TABLE -4With
conclude
economy
(22.4%)
of
and business
professional
to
1,300
of
that
the
this
country.
would
the
classes,
have
STATUS
in
victims
it
is
involved
the
incontrovertible
a loss
in
the
48.
Age
No. of
injured
persons
Cº--10yrs
1,323
10+-
20 "
464
20+-
30 "
19616
30+-
40
1474
"
40+-t,
ff
676
{ýý
50+-. 60
253
ý
TOTAL
5,802
TABLE -5-
AGE PATTERN
The largest
accidents
of
our
homes and their
in
or
thus
are
is
It
voluntary
and compulsory
children
to road
is
retirement
during
for
the
first
commute between
rush
hours
they
run
accidents,
working
of
the
the
life.
of
in
activity
peak of
People
commute
usually
places,
traffic
fall
as
in
number during
age is
at
the
to
state
that
set
at
45 years
peak
in
incidence
risk
in
old
fa.
other
decade
may be because
home and school
day and more lacking
greater
By
accidents.
noteworthy
retirement
The explanation
occurring
the
population.
a sharp
decades.
retiring
decades
and fourth
traffic
road
vehicles.
exposed
there
contrast,
Nigeria
third
in
involved
people
constitutes
life
pcdcsttians
They
their
period
the working
between
in
were
This
number of
of involvement
in
during
the
road
sense,
in
road
traffic
49.
Age
Male
0-10yrs
Female
663
660
10+-
20 "
310
154
20+-
30 "
l t212
404
30+. - 40 "
980
490
40+-
50
"
396
280
50+-
60
"
130
123
3,691
Total
2,111
,ý-
TABLE -6-
It
is
difference
the
that
differential
for
environmental
In
injured,
and
the
to
boys
traffic
It
no sex
in
accidents
must be remarked
based
school
and
males
life
more
take
who worked
in
bound
as housewives
markets
near
30 years,
three
of
occupations
wares
20 -
group
were
decades
females
going
is
there
girls
on sex
in
the
same
having
equal
traffic.
age
there
various
The
the
third
children
the
road
no prejudices
conditions;
to
exposure
are
of
in Lagos.
years
there
that
to note
incidence
the
0-10
age group
however
interest
of
in
SEX INCIDENCE
them
were
their
for
injured.
males
long
female
the
During
work
distances
mainly
traders
houses
whilst
and mothers.
each
their
and often
from
and
second
home.
sold
some were
their
house-
50.
No. of victims
who had
first-aid
treatment
at
the scene of Accident
No. of victims
have first
aid
at
284 (4.9%)
TABLE -7-
the
scene
5,518
First
Aid
Treatment
who did
treatment
of
accident
(95.1%)
at
Scene
of
Accident.
Table
Aid
-7
Treatment
surprising
country.
at
as
first
shows
the
that
scene
aid
is
very
of
not
few
accidents.
widely
had
victims
is
This
taught
in
first
not
the
not
51.
No.
did
No. of drivers
who took alcohol
of drivers
not take
DRIVERS WHO HAD ALCOHOL PRIOR TO BEING
TABLE -8-
INVOLVED
the
94 of
it
the
215
in
Accidents
was
possible
not
blood
because
the
this
analysis,
in
the
of
alcohol
is
group
on
to
owned
Although
of
all
the
facilities
of
high
proportion
possible
a
pointer
during
to
up
pattern
in
in
drivers
do
the
alcohol
to
driving.
the
Road
taken
having
been
to
of
in
involved
as had
the
correlate
lack
judgement
drivers
of
series
level
alcohol
of
the
ACCIDENT
ROAD TRAFFIC
IN
(43.7%)
driving.
to
prior
alcohol
15
106
94
Traffic
No. of drivers
that
not say
could
they had
whether
or not.
alcohol
who
alcohol
out
pointed
Table
the
8 with
series
necessary
consuming
deleterious
drivers
effect
52.
0-1
9-
TABLE-
INTERVAL
VISUAL
The
in
the
of
vision
Table
were
9.
using
drivers
of
A sample
sex
and
their
drivers
eyes
not
With
accident
for
58.6%
(Pß'0.00006).
only
104
drivers
not
involved
drivers
driving
before
over
for
involved
in
of
the
in
it
accidents,
difference
in
their
drivers
is
in
shown
be questioned.
traffic
road
matched
highly
for
vision.
had not
the
tested
case of
was 27.9%.
to
who
be asked
who were
accidents
But
is
accidents
could
involved
years.
accident
the
99 could
about
the
driving
in
they
driving
questioned
three
for
involved
5 died
those
ý
testing-of
the
since
for
also
n'ý
29
(27.9%)
SINCE LAST
spectacles
spectacles
age were
(9:
E1
58
(58.6%
TEST*
drivers
for
of
using
58.6% of
10
ELAPSING
using
104
the
vision
accidents
1
31
1 (29.8%)
elapsing
spectacles
their
about
interval
time
yrs
24
(24.2%)
(7.1%)
34
(32.7%)
Non - accident
drivers.
2+ -3
yrs
7
10
(10.1%)
drivers
Accident
1+ -2
yr
Over
3 yrs
27.9%
of
significant
non-
the
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58.
(1977)
Johnson
blood
60±
be
to
sugar
levels
He regarded
in
5mg % in
is
oxidase
method
the
true
glucose
level.
It
will
be seen in Table
of
the
accidents
in
level
commercial
drivers
this
is
for
and lies
this
below
Lagosians
is
This
during
the
It
low
inspite
the
sugar
contributory
early
is
the
öfter
phases
therefore
level
normal
in
factor
not
these
to
between
road
fact
that
metabolic
sugar
traffic
38mg/100mi
3) and falls
level
so defined
hyperglycaemia
has
reaction
in
infer
that
the
been
a
man
injury.
unreasonable'to
individuals
their
fasting
in
hypoglycaemic
the
of
the
See Appendix
method.
in
hypoglycaemia.
involved
(1977).
as
population.
5 mg % higher
10 that
ranging
fasting
normal
Lagosian
usually
by Johnson
documented
been
study
(oxidase
and 42mg/100ml
the
the
40mg % as biochemical
of
Glucose
than
found
a study
accident.
could
have
59.
Type
Month
Minor
Fatal
48
9
258
FEB.
564
59
8
631
MAR.
401
137
15
553
APR.
268
73
8
349
MAY.
297
146
13
456
JUNE
372
85
7
464
JULY
321
114
8
443
AUG.
217
175
9
401
SEP.
266
177
16
45 9
OCT.
499
185
12
696
NOV.
522
73
10
605
DEC.
283
197
7
487
SEVERITY
OF INJURY
severity
of
II
accidents
-
shows
an analysis
sustained
environment
number
of
showed
marked
October
and
Nigeria
this
is
season
are
dry
cidd
when
and
number
and
period
of
to
related
they
in
injured
increases
it
there
the
of
year
conditions.
people
November.
raining
roads
II
injuries
therefore
The
the
Serious
201
Table
long
Total
JAN.
TABLE
and
Injury
of
is
to
during
drivers
could
the
be noted
immediately
have
travel
traffic
road
months
that
in
following
the
at
opinion
fast
of
Lagos,
the
that
speeds,
60 .
but
occasionally
vehicle
too,
are
unstable
pedestrians
not
usually
come across
potholes
which
made the
and so caused
accidents.
At
the
slippery
as the
find
fully
roads
dried
following
the
this
time
roads
raining
season.
The raining
falls
recorded
followed
season
during
by a short
starts
the months
break
in
in
of
August.
April
June
and the
and July,
heaviest
to be
61.
NO, OF ACCIDENTS
TIME
1.00
Midht
1.00
a. m.
a. m.
..
a. m
M
3.00
4.00
5.00
5.00
a. m.
a. m.
a. m.
i
8.00
9.00
10.00
a. m.
a. m.
a. m.
11100 a. m.
12 noon
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
$. 00
6,00
7,00
8.0Ci
M.
P.
p. m.
10,00
11.00
a. m.
30
a. m.
54
a. m.
73
a. m.
96
a. m.
62
6.00
7.00
ý
8.00
..
9.00
10,00
...
11.00
r
12.
..
a. m
2.00
..
3.00
w
4.00
ý
..
p. m.
w
5,00
6.00
R. m.
ý
p. m.
w
p. m.
..
p. m.
f
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
p. m.
ý
p. m.
a
11,00
p. m.
p, m.
p. m.
p. m.
p. m.
p. m.
P. M.
79
81
65
71
EO
106
83
P. M.
64
p. m.
61
p. m.
59
p. m.
45
12 midnight
30
322
Unknown
Total
TABLE
78
75
noon
1.00
p. m.
ý9.00
a. m.
13
5.00
ý
p. m.
a. m.
6
4,00
..
a. m.
a. m.
10
3.00
w
7.00
a. m.
18
2.00
w
2.00
a. m.
9
12 - TIME OF ACCIDENT
1,650
62.
Table
largest
12 shows
number
light
hours
-
pedestrians
accidents
7.00
a. m.
during
number
rush
hours
(lam
rose
to
6.00
the
p. m. ).
early
being
of
their
It
of
the
roads
during
this
the
more
hours.
increased
the
of
from
morning
late
in
and
day
when
for
home
(4.00
pm
through
the
night
to
work
morning.
The
lowest
3.00
and
4.00
a. m.
the
hours
working
hours
rush
diminished
between
recorded
were
through
places
then
hours
There
night
the
day
the
during
p. m.
accidents
during
The
accidents.
7.00
on
9am)
-
a peak
leave
the
of
occurred
to
vehicles
The
workers
time
of
and
than
period
the
figures
a. m.
(6
accidents).
The highest
between
occurred
5.00
a high
combination
of
on the
along
road
and hence
predispose
figures
accident
lowered
with
p. m. and 6.00
number of
the
period
concentration
to accident.
of
106 in
p. m. v when the
vehicles
of
would
an hour
and pedestrians
maximum weariness
be'expected
to
63.
Part
Total
Abrasions
Lacerations
Head
886
738
Face
1ti156
the
of
body
17
70
Arms
19216
326
Hands
711
256,
Chest
419
116.
GLuteal
region
Back
Legs
Table
case
result
victims
99
42
51.
30
666
victims
of
of
had
a person
road
in
the
that
this
traffic
group.
least
only
having
INJURIES
largest
the
on
the
while
275
SOFT TISSUE
occurred
arms
656
13 -
13 shows
injuries
and
ý
3 70
TABLE -
tissue
33
1 p236
Feet
the
1 *004
Neck
Abdomen
legs
To tal
face,
was
one
in
injury
multiple
accident,
there
number
of
by
followed
the
soft
the
abdomen.
each;
in
but
injuries
as
were
5146
the
fi4.
Part
the
of
Total
number
injuries.
body
565
Skull
Maxilla
89
Mandible
37
55
Vertebra
Cervical
369
Clavicle
Scapula
84
Sternum
11
Humerus
20 2
Radius
287
Ulna
2 20
Metacarpus
106
Rib
277
Vertebra
Thoracic
21
11
Vertebra
Lumbar
Pelvis
225
Femur
378
Tibia
697
Fibula
516
51
(1etatarsus
14 -
TADLE
to the
Injury
(representing
Table
were
in
long
39.4% of
14 the most
recorded
of
bones
all
injured
697 victims
pedestrian
FRACTURES
victims.
this
for
As will
cases)
bone
in
accounted
is
the
series.
tibia
Of
2,300
cases.
be seen
in
which
was
these
403
65.
Cont.
The next
most
which
accounted
for
these
413 occurred
11 in
and
Of
found
and
rj
the
among
due
43 cases
in
of
(9.7% of
53
pedestrians,
fractured
69
in
55 cases
of
fracture
whiplash
injury.
the
total),
in
in
involved
vehicles
of
bone is
injured
565 cases
225 cases
skull
of
motor
cyclists
accidents.
91 were
pelvis
passengers
vehicle
drivers.
were
-ý-There
Fractures
commonly
pedestrians,
52 among
vertebra
for
drivers
14
Table
to
and
vehicle
passengers
of
Drivers
12.
the
Cervical
accounted
zed
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°
I,
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ro
W4
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ý
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41
tO
m
( ý
w
0
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H
I
O
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öE
'C7
U
H
r
ý
w
N
4
H
E
ý
6 3.
No.
Months
No.
of people
killed
of
Professionals
killed
GO
January
2
February
141
6
March
136
2
April
135
8
May
131
5
June
83
1
July
92
3
August
75
4
September
66
3
October
224
7
November
221
3
December
118
2
ý..,..
1,512
Total
17 -
TABLE SOURCE:
as the
result
as recorded
TIMES
AND DAILY
17
the
shows
-
of
in
NUMBER OF PROFESSIONALS
DAILY
Table
46
road
traffic
the obituaries
SKETC11.
number of
accidents
of
KILLED
people
in
the
two national
who died
country
daily
newpapers.
3.0% of
group.
those
who died
were
in
the
professional
I
69.
ý
O
Ch
tl%
ý
"
r-1
0
ti
4)
"
U
ý
0
.C
aqs
"
ka
0
1.
ö
z
y
.-+
ý
D
N
M
ý
i.
.
N
C)
.ý
"rl
aa
"
N
U
O
H
0
E
x
«a
C)
N
ß
äk
0
N
ac
"
ý
"
4
M
z
0
N
H
ý
O'º
H
ý
h
H
V
C
0
v
C)
43
U
C)
L.ý
Co
ý
ý
M
n
N
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t
ý
. -ý
4r
ý
C
N
CJ ý
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C)
-41
ý
u
C)
44
4.4
C)
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C)
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a)
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a)
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cn
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4)
M
tvi
Co
ºi
N
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a
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C)
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70
2018-ý
161a-ý
12ý
10.
äJ
4+ 8
O
N
I
r---4
I-]
;. " FIG. " 1
traffic
Vict#sLof
,
Hit-
and, Run J;
f{
hit
run
and
road
in June
educating
the
of
shows victims
-1
accidents.
A campaign
to give
public
was started
and for
accidents
on the
them.
Within
drivers
roads,
three
fig.
I started
victims
for
the months
1979 (2)
are
it
incidence
for
environmental
same and in
the
compared
is
obvious
the
period.
to get
the
to
with
is
absence
marked
of
these
any major
as
number of
and February
1979 (3)
can safely
of
the
their
for
victims
1978 (13)
January
there
of
help
medical
If
January
of
victims
number of
fall.
same periods
conditions
the
but
traffic
road
of
to leave
not
months,
seen in
1978 (15)
to victims
assistance
accidents
during
I t-
Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
the
Year
Months-of
-,,
+.
I;
.
Jan Febrlar
Figure
I.
-Ill
and February
in
difference
years
be assumed
road
when
to be the
constructions
71.
CHAPTER
VII
DISCUSSION
During
patients
the
Of
in
sustained
113 died
later
mortality
in
2.1%.
of
by
statistics
Police
for
the
accidents
only
(GAMBO,
1980).
(89.7%)
653
on
injured
Teaching
number
injured
the
Metropolis
that
Lagos
hospitals
Hospital
hospitals
health
(Adisa,
take
that
1976)
no way be
in
1978
600
beds
a fair
keeping
and
makes
load
in
it
these
have
clinics
at
the
on
the
which
figures
The
available.
as
it
The
this
latter
been
moment
total
in
is
brought
home
is
one
of
several
National
number
in
the
accidents
1000,
of
and
spot
no
OrthoGeneral
the
private
of
as Government
as well
of
regarded
cases.
a large
patient
deaths
University
capacity
and
3706
Lagos
when
a
Nigeria
that
Hospital
these
a bed
the
traffic
road
and
occurred.
were
in
122
computed
surprisingly
injured
in
with
with
record
centres
died
Teaching
and clinics
Centres
fact
University
with
have
Lagos
of
dealing
Hospital
to
persons
and
showed
728
in
arrival
of
as having
presenting
can
of
of
in
people
patients
Hospital
of
paedic
of
Lagos
Not
9 victims
a total
resulted
hospital.
figure
on
division
of
reported
number
dead
same period
documented
These
in
actual
5802
Metropolis
were
75 occurred
the
Road Traffic
were
10.4%
of
making
Over
the
This
were
hospital
Teaching
injuries
with
Accidents.
Accidents.
55772
study
University
presented
incidence
Road Traffic
this
Lagos
the
Road Traffic
a hospital
represents
these
in
5802
these
by
covered
treated
were
Hospital.
period
Health
area
and
the
hospitals,
reported
difficult
as poor
if
not
72.,
to
impossible
the
the
in
world
is
in
not
in
areas
various
this
difficulty
of
road
traffic
in
Sweden
support
unique
anyway
workers
other
of
seem to
traffic
road
of
municipality.
Lagos
experiences
the
of
in
finding
Our
for
get
victims
accident
incidence
a true
in
compu-
>1
ting
I
in
Thus
victims.
that
reported
injured
were
statistics.
slightly
injured.
injured
did
in
studies
injuries
Sande,
and
at
third
the
(1973)
that
Birmingham
in
the
of
seriously
figures.
official
their
from
concluded
injuries
as
recorded
serious
of
one-sixth
about
slight
road
official
half
one
all
Roberts
and
the
20% were
about
appear
seriously
did
in
appear
not
notifications.
(57%)
3307
In
a Metropolis
or
walks
side
were
for
struggle
crossing
fb1AdSýWithin
there
is
it
not
of
the
little
are
or
injuries.
no
the
are
road
where
few
respect
that
in
all
pedestrian
with
their
have
pedestrians
absent,
city
Lagos
the
of
period
previously,
absent
therefore
surprising
the
as stated
use of
the
over
literally
and where
netwalk
the
the
pedestrians.
where
are
in
managed
patients
Hospital
Teaching
University
study
injured
5802
the
Of
brunt
in
as such
Thus
and one
Police
it
Thorson
persons
A further
not
Bull
Similarly
28% of
only
reported
accident
zebra
a study
accident
I
(1969)
ý':
incidence
a reliable
others
flyovers
to
where
across
and
far
between,
for
the
highway
pedestrians
road
should
PcPress
where
code,
take
9t
the
73.
The
Author
out
the
of
in
found
the
site
vehicles
their
of
vehicles.
It
(1964)
had opined
that
parking
on roads
in
they
close
increased
parked
they
in
at
forced
were
between
moving
that
Smeed
to prevent
measures
up to
give
the
of
to observe
pertinent
might
were
or
them)
of
a ten
percent
three
(1103)
reduction
accidents.
One
injured
this
road
traffic
vehicles
they
as
presence
choice
of
in
also
the
metropolis
moving
in
the
of
totalled
accidents
the
the
on
threading
drivers
road
of
hold
up.
road
traffic
the
of
themselves
laws,
makes
They
way
flow
between
in
are
moving
occupants
and passengers)
total
victims
Of
and 922 their
all
their
an attempt
who were
series).
whole
enquiry,
unwise.
traffic
Lagos
direction
sides
their
drivers
1137 (19.6%
traffic
the
as stated
of
during
accidents
(i. e.
in
Author
the
of
formed
that
opposite
nearside
direction
and lorries
traffic
drains
of
habit
Victims
cars
the
the
traffic
beat
to
on
to
Under
in
related
(21.9%
series)
be noted
driving
the
this
to
open
in
were
is
of
vehicle
series
It
motorcyclists
because
in
and
cyclists.
motor
1271
totalling
victims
group.
these
the
of
motorcyclists
are
with
injured
of
and
series
passengers
major
between
the
this
accident
previously
ride
in
group
next
hundred
one
pillion
Thus
the
thousand
patients
168 were
of
one-third
and that
road
is
static
pedestrians
indiscrimately
were
on the
1307
than
that
accidents
to walk
thereby
(more
suggesting
that
opinion
that
series
injured
3307
information
gave
this
commercial
in
of
road
this
215
passengers.
vehicles
this
X74.
are
required
year.
every
is
flouted
agents
of
of
is
them
said
the
they
of
his
studies
that
to
a reduction
led
of
accidents
road
aimed
a built-up
plying
habit
of
In
this
spectacles
involved
in
children
of
in
had
the
in
accidents
road
the
same
bumps
of
on
vehicles
and
in
using
traffic
accidents
their
Thus
using
the
road.
retested
the
in
many
were
accident.
drivers
Lagos
speed
drivers
not
out
the
of
across
of
During
a 30% drop
the
when
carried
erection
running
them
group
injuries
near
road
reducing
58.6%
a control
of
studies
before
areas
a study
work,
involved
3 years
over
urban
accidents.
the
of
concluded
traffic
who were
that
showed
(1968)
road
following
series,
other
and
showed
and
playing
Twenty
area.
occurred.
in
limit
where
were
overtaking
Hospital
area
they
the
the
at
fatalities
forcibly
at
in
Cohen
stretch
Teaching
University
series
in
research
kilometre
a five
number
this
of
the
accidents
a speed
(61)
one
admitted
limit
that
note
as a result
of
They
their
vehicles
regulation
actually
were
when
in
enforcing
whose
Sixty
traffic
.,
law
owners
accidents
speed
to
course
with
in
law
this
by
document.
occurred.
above
that
vehicle
flouting
well
sustained
not
involved
interest
obeyed
over
the
this
improperly
from
for
malpractices
without
accident
vehicle
the
of
and
Road Worthiness
of
rumoured
admitted
driving
(20)
certificate
strongly
hand
drivers
the
time
the
is
roads
themselves
the
It
on one
the
It
obtain
as a result
the
ply
to
compared
who were
glasses
area,
eyes
of
the
same
lpýqs
age
and
27.9%
sex
had
and
not
apparent
retested
health
their
status
eyes
for
in
whom only
over
3 years.
o75.
(1969)
Norman
may be
so gradual
inadequacy
in
drivers,
reason
to
triennial
four
traffic
road
the
-
and usually
adds
is
of
to
their
all
the
that
24% of
drivers
in
to
(1963)
driving
alcohol
emphasize
that
his
from
be
would
taking
avoided
led
which
concluded
Collisions
25% of
to
the
Republic
the
prevented
before
using
road.
is
commercial
this
noteworthy
to
drivers
involved
series
level
determination
range
38 mg% -
studies
42mg%.
level
concluded
sugar
of
of
from
the
their
showed
hypoalvcaemie
his
to
prior
in
had
they
said
hours
several
of
although
she is.
Norman
users
road
no driver
he or
prior
accidents.
quantities
small
road
cane
sugar
sober
alcohol
up
in
alcohol
drinking
to
their
before
-
in
involved
from
spirit
the
licence.
admitted
series
side
on
a visual
however
found
took
that
It
in
safe
accidents.
studies
if
that
danger
(1973)
Ireland
this
road
good
have
those
of
prepared
observed
absolutely
Sheehan
(43.7%)
the
is
driving
their
drivers
on
intrinsic
to
there
found
as a pre-requisite
of
locally
sold
(1968)
Cohen
that
should
renewal
accidents
"0gogoro"
frequently
opticians
in
as
and
most
drivers
older
their
by
Ninety
vision
that
conducted
each
is
vision
of
may be unnoticed
he maintained
hold
to
test
distant
of
older
it
that
deterioration
that
had observed
blood
his
This
studies
Lagosians
is
accidents
their
had
not
blood
Blood
below
falls
by
level
of
that
the
60+5mgN
the
sugar
in
levels
sugar
for
meals
accidents.
as defined
sugar
traffic
road
37
the
all
the
(1977)
Johnson
and
in
He
Lagosians.
normal
limit
upper
fasting
regarded
levels
blood
76.
40mg% as biochemically
of
Gissane
a finding
died
and
of
as compared
ways)
types
on other
Indicating
of
that
(and
number
in
figures
Britain
of
injuries
are
than
on
on
: 3.7;
more
fruitful
death
in
area
investigation
the
the
is
in
sustained
injuries
and 1.9
than
both
that
the
highways
to
than
the
on
occupants.
series
4 drivers
the
Lagos
of
speed
and
death
were
8 drivers
the
ways
number
compared
series
Gissane
Bull
and
It
seems
for
injuries.
of
(1963)
Laboratory
in
the
Britain
showed
causing
or
head and neck of
and 70 pedestrians
(50 percent)
had head injuries,
urban
then
number
injuries
to
metropolis
responsible
Road Research
report
the
of
a half.
factors
Gissane
of
the
on
even
the
! 60 and 70 percent
causing
those
victims
Coroners'
the
of
and
in
figures
speeds
approximately
for
look
to
vehicle
this
lower
victims
other
of
(32.9%)
the
was an average
series
motorways;
this
capable
Of these
as
determines
injuries
victims
non-motorway
of
between
In
present
comparable
the
to
According
that
on
more
are
those
1.9
accidents
interpreted
extent
of
likely
more
travelling
vehicles
with
are
is
It
Bull.
of
from
victims.
These
Lagos
the
on driver
injuries
of
died
may be
severity)
who
(Express-
Motorways
on victims
a great
1964
accident.
pedestrian
and
to
speed
in
series
on victims
the
on
This
road.
The finding
of
3.7
therefore
traffic
1.4
of
with
their
5.; 6 injuries
accidents
of
in
recorded
an average
as a result
road
Bull
hypoglycaemic.
clinically
and
died.
and 23 pedestrians
some with
gross
brain
damage.
77.
is
It
not
to
imp8rtant
available
Correcting
for
6 driver
as a result
with
the
the
Among
fracture
of
the
of
available
were
These
compare
Road
Research
closely
in
Journal
(1973)
months
of
seat
State,
Australia
being
belts
there
belts
remaining
not
are
the
worn
by
Medical
British
during
in
made compulsory
a 5% rise
Victoria
12.5% road
of
in
twelve
first
the
was a reduction
with
compared
the
and
country.
that
observed
vertebra.
drivers
Seat
there
Hospital,
cervical
commentary
an editorial
casualties
the
were
this
accidents
Teaching
of
victims
occupants
traffic
road
passengers.
vehicle
In
the
University
Lagos
55 cases
43 (48.2%)
of
victims
the
at
vehicle
by
50 pedestrian
the
reports
the
4 'of
team (1963).
Laboratory
12 were
mortem
found
percent
that
23 of
and
injuries.
head
of
60-70
treated
66.7%)
e.
20 pedestrians.
be surmised
can
were
reports
mortem
and
on whom post
died
were
(i.
(46%)
victims
it
these
victims
post
drivers
two
on
that
note
the
each of
10 years.
previous
Pratt
(1973)
al
et
found
from
18000 cases
a population
of
over
was a highly
significant
test
that
in
factor
of
seat
data
from
belt
wearing
driver
reducing
fatalities.
(1980)
Russell
Sir
year
that
if
seatbelts
serious
Henry
all
Yellowlees,
and
motorists
it
injuries
would
prevent
from
in
that
reported
Chief
front
1000
accidents
January
last
of
Officer
Medical
s
passengers
wore
deaths
and
11,000
a year
as well
seat
all
as
rd
saving
-78.
(N125 million).
£100 million
Pedestrians
70(61.9%)
ings
out
and Bull
149 road
fatalities,
the whole
on taking
the
outside
and this
(1961)
in
97 resulted
city
find-
where
and
pedestrians,
in
183 fatalities
of
study
the
Birmingham
87 were
series
this
supports
in
hospital
the
during
accident
pedestrians
were
Gissane
of
of
traffic
any other
in
113 deaths
Of the
road
of
as a result
often
users.
road
of
class
more than
suffer
deaths
the
and
of
pedes-
in
market
trians.
Segregation
babies
she
on
it
an accident
has
carries
fatally.
Author
within
remaining
accident
victims
injuries
and in
deficiency
It
reached
arrival
appears
as if
could
our
previous
122 deaths
of
as dying
reported
of
in
arrival
the
of
hospital
of
have
in
the
present
on the
spot,
hospital
113 road
with
traffic
various
and respiratory
the
in
arrival
(Table
correct
the
Thus
later.
Thirty-two
1 hour, of
child
occasionally
haemodynamic
various
within
resuscitation
survival.
a total
6 hours
the
1978).
48 died
states.
involved
is
that
find
confirms
hours
six
to
their
carry
a mother
injuries
sustained
9 were
these
such
pedes-
of
mothers
unusual
association
and the
within
not
recorded
Of
who died
is
(SITYNGLE,
observation.
65 died
and when
also
This
series.
' Nigerian
backs
toll
the
reduce
could
Most
their
especially
pedestrians
traffic
deaths.
trians
in
the
from
area
of
65 (i. e.
49.2%)
hospital
died
16)
first
improved
aid
their
and/or
chances
better
of
79.
CHAPTER VIII
CONCLUSION
this
In
5802
which
managed
(1st
year
the
following
The
all
1978
in
road
commute
from
is
pedestrian
and
in
to
cyclists
and pillion
(1.6%).
Of the
the
road
user
the
pedestrian,
which
many more
another,
more
above
buses
by cars,
injuries
of
cycle
1271 motor
215 drivers
It
in
risk
by the
(0.7%)
23 died
that
obvious
is
Metropolis
motorcyclist.
per
person
different
by the
in
pillion
pedestrian,
from
the
others.
pedestrians
cyclists
died
is
group,
(motor
riders
Lagos
sustained
sustained
this
injured,
significantly
3307
in
occurring
group-driver,
number of
of
people
in hospital;
injuries
- was not
and 4 out
the
far
on arriving
9 died.
followed
of
a
6 were dead on
1271 motor
drivers,
passenger
9 out
in
injured,
deaths
at greatest
23 out
1.5%
for
by
form
least
the
unexpected
not
passengers)
The number of
However
the
was
do by cycles.
hand of
the
user
accounting
the
place
makes 76 (2.3%)
each of
1978),
57.0 %, whilst
cyclist
3307 pedestrians
on the other
with
the
and 70 subsequent
arrival,
in
Hospital
December
road
for
probably
which
than
the
Of
injured
is
users,
lorries
31st
to
in
and
were
which
Teaching
accounted
one
Lagos
found.
This
cases.
largest
this
January
injured
population
and
University
They
frequently
cases
accident
frequently
most
in
accidents
Lagos
were
pedestrian.
of
traffic
the
one
of
study
road
in
1650
as compared
and pillion
as a result
of
passengers,
injuries
80.
included
which
the
the
belongs
is
the
the
which
professional
also
traffic
this
its
of
This
therefore
highest
the
two
age
interest
males
in
as
females
the
few
first
of
the
period
them
ratio;
male
periods
peak period
wear
to
that
of
two, äge'-groups.
cases
above.
in
the
first
age
group.
next
decade
life
of
life
6);
is
This
exposed
the
as
to
the
to
equally
third
decade,
work,
there
their
by.
That
is,
the
proportion
by
interference
differ
as many
period
from
to
of
females
far
tend
is
It
approximately
users
in
injuries
life.
of
go out
usage
the
and
The
of
(Table
during
injuries
third
occurred.
are
road
road
the
this
work
female
road
in
the
injured.
people
in
population
for
of
but
of
group
found
decade
sexes
to
age
as many males
third
are
when
trade
be
compared
times
road,
women going
which
sense.
result
pattern
decade
and both
schooling
group
in
and
fatal
a young
injured
are
the
the
the
road
the
as
distribution
three
In
dangers
5802
sex
that
the
the
to
found
was
groups
injured
are
is
force
of
When the
is
better
all
injured
the
all
be expected
have
has
may account
out
This
in
Nigeria
work
1323
group.
injured
occurred
incidence
where
of
3% of
number
life.
peak
the
of
group.
largest
of
(22.4%)
to
that
note
accidents
decade
of
fractures
serious
to
are
be expected
of
in
The
users
car
would
occurred
is
more
a fifth
over
to
members
It
far
skull.
Slightly
in
by
homes
occur,
of
the
which
are
as most
of
the
are
possibly,
considerably
in
the
81.
43.7%
this
study
admitted
prior
to
starting
on
The
journey.
their
at
the
to
be rampant
injured
or
history
three
opthalmology
the
age.
group
of
which
during
tested
been
is
the
involved
in
level
blood
normal
in
sugar
6O±5mg%.
It
meals-for
long
appears
may be a major
in
these
that
factor
is
in
not
In
sugar
a blood
tho
stress
The
hyperglycaemia.
the
of
hypoglycaemia
their
causing
blood
revealed
same sex and
(1977)
on by Johnson
before
periods
control
and had
injury
post
Nigerians
had been reported
the
accident.
injury
age group
to
regularly
years
investigated
post
in
eyes
38mg% and 42 mg%.
between
occur
changes
than
their
the
from
changes
lower
three
and
over
was obtained
accident
drivers
immediate
produced
had
were
injuries
spectacle
much
traffic
post
glasses
significant
proceeding
road
37 commercial
sugar
very
who had,
An immediate
in
that
high
tested
eyes
found
was
metropolis.
accident
their
alcohol
the
the
wear
may necessitate
figure
drivers
in
Evidence
years.
colleagues
eyes
This
having
not
of
day
to
drivers
traffic
road
suffered
the
of
who normally
during
or
produced
contributes
amongst
drivers
of
proceeding
in
possibly
consumption
58.6%
gave
and
taking
journey
locally
traffic
road
having
their
hours
all
in
to
of
selling
during
side
road
alcohol
injured
drivers
in
accidents
alcohol
the
all
of
from
having
not
to drive
starting
traffic
road
as
accidents
drivers.
The peak period
for
injuries
bringing
the
Teaching
Hospital
during
road
victims
the
traffic
to
the
period
accidents
Lagos
of
Ist
causing
University
January
1978
82,
December
1978
6 p. m.
Although
there
daylight
hours,
to
31st
(lam
morning
large
of
and November out
October
twelve
which
lasts
roads
are
may be
from
flooded,
and
imagined
that
still
pot-holes
driver
be
could
There
no side
walks.
vehicles
that
bumps were
where
Only
4.9ö
scene of
their
in
the
of
The victims
June
and after
5 was obtained
indicative
that
it
is
cause
signs
It
received
aid
that
possible
in
was found
by 30%
road.
first
first
between
reduced
were
the
have
roads
to walk
forced
on a residential
If
the
accidents.
accidents
victims
the
the
making
indiscrimately.
traffic
of
that
and a number of
are
deeper.
and
size
possible
constructed
is
season
the
thereby
and
so could
parked
it
of
raining
misjudge
and
accidents.
country
more chances
drivers
Pedestrians
road
long
the
made wider
careful
that
study
was conducted.
pot-holes
less
are
during
the
water
and
injured
when a number of
few road
are
research
of
months
to September,
with
unstable
vehicles
this
April
homes
their
the
during
following
the months
are
a
when
versa.
5802 who were
of
when this
months
These
It
and vice
injured
Lagos,
the
These
6pm).
between
commuting
work/school
were
rush
in
hours
in
hours
(4pm -
evening
are
people
the
the
during
accidents
more
rush
5 p. m* and
be between
to
during
the
1301 victims
the
were,
and'the
with
of
places
and
9am)
-
number
was
increasing
coincide
period
found,
aid
is
the
at
widely
taught
have
more victims
will
to 19 in
month of
survival.
of
hit
and run
to
a campaign
in
December
compaign
for
got
it,
stop
the
on road
year
safety
the
the
lowest
1978.
can
figure
This
is
of
83.
good
produce
results
Considering
had
fracture
is
It
study
Nigeria
are
wearing
of
those
bad
and
in
stops
from
a number
of
are
a form
of
forward
a time
head
injuries
in
states
giving
who
when
seem desirable.
at
helmets.
above.
occupants
thrust
that
to
the
of
vehicle
being
will
laws
passing
crash
of
that
vertebra,
body
dying
who advise
as
the
One can
found
from
Federation
the
abolish
what
when many motor
only
of
compulsory
that
conclude
be concluded
must
as
advice.
The
that
the
paradoxical
are
cyclists
number
cervical
vehicle
moving
this
the
against
restraint
any
the
of
by
as evidence
if
overall
the
vehicles
the
country
view
which
are
better
roads
parked
could
imarged
from
maintained,
properly,
be reduced.
the
number
this
study
sign
posted
of
accidents
is
84.
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APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE
A.
PERSONNAL
1.
I
ROAD TRAFFIC
-
ACCIDENT
DETAILS
HOSPITAL
UNIT
NO.
1
2.
DATE OF ACCIDENT
3.
SURNAME
(block
4.
-FORENAMES
.
5.
ADDRESS
6.
letters)
7
OCCUPATION
(If
an adult,
or father's
husband's
case of a child,
in case of housewife)
In the remainder
of
wise. stated,
record
appropriate
7.
number
9.
SEX
MARITAL
Month
June,
Year
otherthe
1975 - 28 06 75
A-9
1Male
2. - Female
ý
10
STATUS
1.
2,
3.
4.
5.
10.
28th
I
in
occupation
occupation
the form,
where
except
the answers
by entering
in each box.
DATE OF BIRTH e. g.
Day
8.
3456
2
- Single
- Married
- Widowed
11
Other
Not
applicable
(if
under 16 years)
PERSONS INVOLVED IN ACCIDENT
1. - Driver
2Passenger
3. - Pedestrian
4. - Motor cyclist
5. - Pillion
6. - Cyclist
Passenger
12
ý-j
lIýýJJ
f
92.
B.
MEDICAL
DATA
ACCIDENT GIVEN'BY
11., AC000NT of
THE VICTIM
z,
r
'1
WAS ANY FIRST AID TREATMENT GIVEN
SCENE OF ACCIDENT.
1-Yea
2aNo
3Not applicable
13.
I
HAD ALCOHOL BEEN TAKEN DY DRIVER
. ý.. ý. -,
1Y
Yes
2-
No
It
ly
A
Not known
3=
14.
13
AT THE
FOR
IF DRIVER USING SPECTACLES,
LAST
DRIVTti'r'
WHEN WAS VISION
15
TESTED?
I1
10--1year
1-2
2years
3
3=2
years
-4- Over 3 years
15.
BLOOD SUGAR OF COMMERCIAL DRIVER
16.
SEVERITY
OF ACCIDENT
1=Slight
'. 17;
18,
"TIME
2=
Serious
3=
Fatal
16.
.
1:1
OF ACCIDENT
DETAILED
INJURIES
ABRASIONS
SUSTAINED
RIGHT
SIDE
LEFT
SIDE
LACERATIONS
Table
19
-
Abrasions
and Lacerations
93.
Fractured
Diagram.
Indicate
on the
(Soft
(Sites
Tissue)
SITE OF SOFT
INJURY
TISSUE
RIGHT
SIDE
LEFT
SIDE
Head
Face
Neck
Arms
{
Hands
Chest
Abdomen
Gluteal
Region
Back
Legs
Feet
(J) site of
Tick
box.
; appropriate
r,
Fig.
2
Bony injuries.
injury
in
the
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95.
3.
Appendix
Method
free
Protein
0.1
into
m16 blood
(The
is
reagent
determination
for
used
filterate
2.9
ml.
of
pipetting
reagent.
precipitating
the
Sugar
by
was obtained
from
made up
Blood
of
followings.
NHC1,
tungstate,
Sodium
Sodium hydrogen
Sodium Chloride
1.0
colour
filterate
of
ml*
(This
reagent,
and
phosphate
Solution).
was
reagent
3.0
to
added
was made up
ml.
from
of
the
the
following:.
Hydrogen
Phosphate,
(Form cozyma)
Glucose
oxidase
Peroxidase
and
4-
The solution
and
colour
the
by the
obtained
reagent
The resulting
give
amino
blood
was
colour
sugar
(AAP),
Phenazone
mixture
incubated
at
was read
at
level
the
of
of
3700
the
filtrate
for
520 nanometer
drivers.
ten
minutes.
(NM),
to