Third Form Spelling Patterns Name: ................................... Form: .......... Introduction Welcome to the Third Form Spelling Patterns booklet. The twenty spelling patterns in this booklet are drawn from the Key Stage 3 National Strategy for teaching English. For each pattern, there is an Explanation of the rule or convention followed by Examples of words to learn. Additional commonly misspelled words are listed under Extras. At the bottom of each page, there are references to Wordshark, for further practice. Wordshark is a games based software programme by a company called Whitespace Ltd. You can access it on the KCS intranet via the remote link, or it can be purchased in CD form on Amazon. In most cases it is preferable to select the ‘extended list’ of spellings from Wordshark. To get the most out of this booklet, you need to know a few rules. The five vowels can be pronounced in two ways - a short vowel such as a as in apple, e as in egg, i as in ink, o as in octopus, u as in umbrella and a long vowel where A, E, I, O, U sound the same as the names of the letters. A number of spelling patterns are based on letters at the beginning and / or end of a word. A ‘prefix’ such as ‘il-’ placed in front of ‘legible’ makes ‘illegible’. Adding a ‘suffix’ such as ‘ful’ to the end of a word like ‘joy’ changes the meaning of the original word. People learn to spell in different ways. Some try to remember the look of a word. Others learn by ‘sounding out’ and repeating the word. Others learn by writing the word or tracing it in the air to get a feel for the shape of it. Many of us use a combination of these methods. There is no right or wrong way – the trick is to find out what works best for you. Keep this booklet safe with all your other English work. You will be using it regularly in class to revise key spelling patterns but you can also use the booklet independently at home. For further help and advice, see your English teacher or a member of the Learning Enrichment department. Some of us are lucky enough to be ‘natural’ spellers, and may only need to look at a word a few times to learn it. Many of us, however, do not find spelling so easy. Given that over 80% of English spellings are regular, it makes sense to learn spellings by patterns. This booklet seeks to help you with this. Useful Resources www.spellathon.net www.timesspellingbee.co.uk Wordshark software Tips for Learning Spellings Try out some of these methods for learning spellings, and see which strategies work best for you: 1. Use the Look / Say / Cover / Write / Check method. 2. Look for words within a word, and highlight them. eg. s old ier, sep a rat e 3. Separate and sound out the syllables. eg. hos-pi-tal, dis-in-fec-tant 4. Say the word aloud as it is spelt. eg. Wed-nes-day, bus-i-ness 5. Invent a mnemonic for the word. eg. because: ‘baby elephants can always use small exits’ 6. Trace out the word with your finger in the air (as though you are writing on an imaginary whiteboard). 7. Use highlighters and coloured pens to make common patterns, or unusual features stand out. Most of us remember things more easily if they are in colour! 8. Compile an individual ‘black list’ of spellings that you spell incorrectly on a regular basis. 9. Say letter names to a rhythmic beat, like a chant. eg. u-n-i-o-n, w-e-i-r-d 10. Learn the derivation of a word. eg. television, telephone Contents Vowel Choices 1. Unstressed Vowels 2. Double Consonants 3. Soft ‘c’ and ‘g’ 4. ‘ie’ and ‘ei’ 5. ‘ow’ and ‘ou’, ‘aw’ and ‘au’ Pluralisation 6. ‘-es’ and ‘-ves’ 7. Words ending ‘y’ and irregulars Word Endings 8. Vowel Suffixes (‘y’ to ‘i’ and ‘drop e’) 9. Consonant Suffixes (‘-ly’ and ‘-ful’) 10. ‘-able’ and ‘-ible’ 11. ‘-tion’, ‘-sion’ and ‘-ssion’ 12. ‘-ent’, ‘-ence’ and ‘-ant’, ‘-ance’ 13. ‘-ous’, ‘-ious’ and ‘-cious’ Prefixes 14. Antonym Prefixes 15. Classical Prefixes High Frequency Words 16. Common Letter Clusters (‘-our’, ‘-ough’, ‘-ear’, ‘-au’) 17. Homophones 18. ‘ph’ words 19. Silent Letters (h, w, k, l) 20. Silent Letters (h, ue, k, g) Appendix Subject Spellings 1. Unstressed Vowels Explanation: Some vowels are difficult to hear because they are spoken quickly or quietly. Identify and sound out the syllables (bus-i-ness). ‘er’ patterns such as ‘int-er-est-ing’ are common. Examples: ‘er’ words Unstressed ‘a’ Others 1. desperate 5. boundary 12. definitely 2. generally 6. familiar 13. similar 3. interesting 7. February 14. medicine 4. mystery 8. parliament 15. memorable 9. separate 16. vegetable 10. signature 11. valuable Extras: 17. acquaintance 18. alcohol 19. argument 20. assessment Wordshark - Literacy Hour KS1 and 2, unstressed vowels (various lists) 2. Double Consonants Explanation: Double consonants in the middle of a word mark the boundary of two syllables (sum-mer). A double consonant follows the short vowel (correct). For a short vowel word ending in a single consonant, double the consonant before adding vowel suffixes such as ‘-ing’, ‘-er’ or ‘-ed’. Examples: Double consonants + ‘-ing’, ‘-er’ or ‘-ed’ Beginning and medial double consonants 1. fit, fitter 5. accommodation 2. hop, hopping 6. address 3. stop, stopped 7. beginning 4. swim, swimming 8. brilliant 9. difficult 10. embarrass 11. exaggerate 12. luggage 13. mammal 14. permitted 15. recommend 16. success Extras: 17. atmosphere 18. audible 19. benefited 20. beneath Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 7, Rule 1, double Group 8, Suffix 11, 1 and 11, 2 3. Soft ‘c’ and ‘g’ Explanation: The letter ‘c’ can be pronounced with a hard ‘c’ as in ‘can’ and a soft ‘c’ as in city when followed by an ‘e’, ‘i’ or ‘y’. Common endings include ‘-ice’ and ‘-ace’. Similarly, the letter ‘g’ can be pronounced with a soft ‘g’ as in ‘gate’ or a hard ‘g’ as in ‘gentle’. Common endings include ‘-dge’ and ‘-age’. Examples: Soft ‘c’ Soft ‘g’ 1. circumference 9. gigantic 2. citizen 10. engineer 3. coincidence 11. imagination 4. disciple 12. religion 5. celebrity 13. generosity 6. cement 14. gesture 7. centenary 15. exaggerate 8. except 16. tragedy Extras: 17. caught 18. column 19. concentration 20. conclusion Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 5, soft c soft g 4. ‘ie’ and ‘ei’ Explanation: Usually ‘i’ comes before ‘e’ except after ‘c’. One exception is ‘weird’, a ‘weird’ word! ‘ie’ usually says ‘ee’ as in ‘field’ while ‘ei’ usually says ‘ay’ as in ‘eight’. Examples: ‘ie’ words ‘ei’ after ‘c’ words ‘ei’ words 1. achievement 11. deceitful 13. foreigner 2. besiege 12. receipt 14. protein 3. fierce 15. vein 4. grieve 16. weird 5. mischievous 6. pier 7. piece 8. shriek 9. shield 10. siege Extras: 17. conscience 18. consequence 19. continuous 20. decision Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 8, odd letter strings - rule –ie, cei - ei as long a - odd ie/ei/long i 5. ‘ow’ and ‘ou’, ‘aw’ and ‘au’ Explanation: Vowel sounds have a number of common alternative spellings. ‘Ow’ can be spelled ‘ow’ as in ‘brown’ or ‘ou’ as in house. ‘Or’ can be spelled ‘aw’ as in ‘awful’ or ‘au’ as in ‘August’. Examples: ‘ow’ words ‘aw’ words 1. brown 9. awful 2. clown 10. drawer 3. flower 11. lawn 4. powder 12. yawn ‘ou’ words ‘au’ words 5. about 13. August 6. ground 14. autumn 7. house 15. caution 8. mountain 16. laundry Extras: 17. description 18. definitely 19. disappointed 20. disappear Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 6, long a long o - final -ow –own oi, oy, ou, ow, au, aw, oar - ow - as in ‘how’ - ou 2 - au - aw 6. ‘-es’ and ‘-ves’ Explanation: The plural of most nouns is formed by adding ‘-s’ to the singular. Nouns ending in ‘hissing’ (kiss), ‘buzzing’ (fox) or ‘shushing’ sounds (wish) usually end ‘-es’ in the plural (kisses, foxes, wishes) as do words ending ‘-o’ (potatoes). For words ending in ‘-f’ (thief) or ‘-fe’ (knife), change ‘-f’ or ‘-fe’ to ‘v’ and add ‘-es’ (thieves, knives). However, there are a number of exceptions (roofs). Examples: ‘Hissing’, ‘buzzing’ and ‘shushing’ words ‘-f’ or ‘-fe’ words 1. benches 9. calves 2. classes 10. halves 3. boxes 11. shelves 4. taxes 12. ourselves ‘-o’ words Exceptions 5. cargoes 13. cafes 6. dominoes 14. cast-offs 7. echoes 15. chiefs 8. volcanoes 16. dwarfs Extras: 17. dessert 18. energy 19. enquire 20. evaluation Wordshark - KS3 Subject Lists, English KS3 Literacy Hour, Pluralisation - plurals -es - plurals -oes - plurals -f>v 7. Words ending ‘-y’ and irregulars Explanation: For vowel + ‘y’ words, add ‘-s’ (monkeys). For consonant + ‘y’ words, change the ‘-y’ to an ‘i’ and add ‘-es’ (cherries). A number of nouns have unusual plurals. These include words that have no singular (scissors), words that are the same in the singular and the plural (sheep), and words that change the medial vowel (goose, geese). Examples: ‘-y’ to ‘i’ and add ‘-es’ Unusual plurals 1. countries 9. antenna, antennae 2. enemies 10. deer, deer 3. factories 11. formula, formulae 4. hobbies 12. louse, lice 5. injuries 13. criteria 6. libraries 14. paparazzi 7. memories 15. phenomena 8. parties 16. strata Extras: 17. evidence 18. explanation 19. fulfil 20. gradually Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 7, Plurals - plurals -ies - plurals irregular 8. Vowel Suffixes (‘y’ to ‘i’ and ‘drop e’) Explanation: For words ending vowel + ‘y’ (play), keep the ‘y’ when adding a vowel suffix such as ‘-ed’ (played). For words ending consonant + ‘y’, change the ‘y’ to an ‘i’ when adding a vowel suffix such as ‘-ed’(try, tried) or ‘-er’ (lazy, lazier). Keep the ‘y’ when adding ‘-ing’ (marrying). For words ending vowel + consonant + ‘e’, drop the silent ‘e’ when adding a vowel suffix such as ‘-ing’ (smile, smiling). Examples: ‘y’ to ‘i’ + vowel suffix Drop ‘e’ + vowel suffix 1. marry, married, marrying 7. celebrate, celebrating 2. reply, replied, replying 8. compete, competing 3. satisfy, satisfied, satisfying 9. damage, damaging 4. busy, busier 10. decide, deciding 5. clumsy, clumsier 11. imagine, imagining 6. hungry, hungrier 12. increase, increasing 13. measure, measuring 14. traipse, traipsing 15. wriggle, wriggling 16. write, writing Extras: 17. height 18. imaginary 19. improvise 20. interrupt Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 7, Suffix 1 Rule 11 and 111- drop e + ing Rule V, V1 and V11- change y to i 9. Consonant Suffixes (‘-ly’ and ‘-ful’) Explanation: Consonant suffixes like ‘-ly’ (‘in this manner’) and ‘-ful’ (‘full of’) can generally be added without changing the base word. However, for words ending consonant + ‘y’, change the ‘y’ to an ‘i’ when adding ‘-ly’ (angry, angrily) or ‘-ful’ (beauty, beautiful). Examples: ‘-ly’ words ‘y’ to ‘i’ + ‘ly 1. immediately 9. happily 2. originally 10. hungrily 3. properly 11. necessarily 4. sincerely 12. steadily ‘-ful’ words ‘y’ to ‘i’ + ‘-ful’ 5. doubtful 13. beautiful 6. resentful 14. merciful 7. sorrowful 15. pitiful 8. wonderful 16. plentiful Extras: 17. jewellery 18. knowledge 19. listening 20. material Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 9, Suffixes - full –ful adj - suffix –ly -ful 10. ‘-able’ and ‘-ible’ Explanation: ‘-able’ endings are more common than ‘-ible’ ones. There is no clear ‘rule’ but dropping ‘-able’ often leaves a generally recognisable word (agreeable, agree). For the majority of words ending ‘e’, drop the ‘e’ before adding ‘-able’ (value, valuable) or ‘-ible’ (reverse, reversible). Keep the final ‘e’ to preserve a soft ‘c’ (noticeable) or ‘g’ (manageable). Examples: ‘-able’ words Keep ‘e’ ‘-able’ words 1. capable 9. changeable 2. remarkable 10. knowledgeable 3. respectable 11. manageable 4. vegetable 12. noticeable Drop ‘e’ ‘-able’ words ‘-ible’ words 5. believable 13. accessible 6. curable 14. invincible 7. debatable 15. sensible 8. valuable 16. visible Extras: 17. miscellaneous 18. murmur 19. outrageous 20. panicked Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 8, (Stage 111), endings - suffix -able - suffix -ible Group 7, Suffix 1, Rule 1V - suffix not drop e after ce and ge - drop/not drop e after ce and ge 11. ‘-tion’, ‘-sion’ and ‘-ssion’ Explanation: ‘-tion’, ‘-sion’ and ‘-ssion’ prefixes say ‘shun’. ‘-tion’ is the most common ending. Where the base word ends in ‘de’ (explode), use ‘-sion’ (explosion). ‘-ssion’words (permission) have a clear ‘sh’ sound. Examples: ‘-tion’ words ‘-sion’ words 1. competition 9. conclusion 2. conservation 10. collision 3. education 11. confusion 4. indigestion 12. decision 5. information 6. precaution ‘-ssion’ words 7. quotation 13. aggression 8. reflection 14. depression 15. impression 16. succession Extras: 17. parallel 18. peculiar 19. permanent 20. physical Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 8, (Stage 111), rr -tion -le -el -il -al –ally - suffix –tion verb > noun, - tion 2, - tion 3, - tion 4, - tion 5 - endings suffix –sion, - sion & -shion, -ssion noun > verb, -ssion 2 12. ‘-ent’, ‘-ence’ and ‘-ant’, ‘-ance’ Explanation: These words follow no specific rule and need to be learned. Examples: ‘-ent’ words ‘-ant’ words 1. announcement 9. arrogant 2. compliment 10. extravagant 3. intelligent 11. observant 4. Parliament 12. relevant ‘-ence’ words ‘-ance’ words 5. experience 13. endurance 6. obedience 14. hindrance 7. intelligence 15. significance 8. reference 16. tolerance Extras: 17. possession 18. potential 19. practical 20. preparation Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 5, soft c -ance, -ence, -ince 13. ‘-ous’, ‘-ious’ and ‘-cious’ Explanation: ‘-ous’ and ‘-ious’ endings say ‘us’ as in ‘bus’ whereas ‘-cious’ endings say ‘shus’ as in ‘precious’. Examples: ‘-ous’ words ‘-ious’ words 1. deciduous 9. anxious 2. disastrous 10. conscientious 3. humorous 11. mysterious 4. jealous 12. obviously 5. nervous 6. obnoxious ‘-cious’ words 7. poisonous 13. atrocious 8. vigorous 14. precious 15. suspicious 16. unconscious Extras: 17. prejudice 18. prioritise 19. privilege 20. proposition Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 8, (Stage 111), endings - ous - ious - itious -cious 14. Antonym Prefixes Explanation: Prefixes such as ‘im-’, ‘in-’, ‘il-’ and ‘ir-’ mean ‘not’. ‘un-’ means ‘not’ or ‘opposite of’. Double letters are often created when the prefix is added to a word beginning with the letter which ends the prefix (‘im-’ + mature = immature). Examples: ‘im-’ words ‘il-’ and ‘ir-’ words 1. immeasurable 9. illiterate 2. immobile 10. illogical 3. imperceptible 11. irresistible 4. implausible 12. irresponsible ‘in- words ‘un-’ words 5. inaccessible 13. unashamedly 6. indigestion 14. uncomfortable 7. inexcusable 15. unmistakable 8. insoluble 16. unpleasant Extras: 17. replaceable 18. recommend 19. remember 20. safety Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 9, (Stage 111), prefixes - prefix il- ir- negative - prefix im- negative - prefix in- negative 1 - prefix in- negative 2 - in- il- im- ir- mixed - prefix un- 15. Classical Prefixes Explanation: ‘aqua-’ means ‘water’ ‘aero-’ means ‘air’ ‘audi-’ means ‘hear’ ‘prim-’ means ‘first’ Examples: ‘aqua-’ words ‘audi-’ words 1. aquamarine 9. audible 2. aquarium 10. audience 3. Aquarius 11. audition 4. aquatic 12. auditorium ‘aero-’ words ‘prim-’ words 5. aerodrome 13. prime 6. aerodynamic 14. primary 7. aeronaut 15. primate 8. aeroplane 16. primeval Extras: 17. sequence 18. simultaneous 19. straight 20. substantial Wordshark - KS3 Subject Lists, English KS3 Literacy Hour, Obj 4 Prefixes - classical prefixes mixed 16. Common Letter Clusters (‘-our’, ‘-ough’, ‘-ear’, ‘-au’) Explanation: These common letter clusters make different sounds and need to be learned. Examples: ‘our’ words ‘ear’ words 1. armour 9. rehearse 2. humour 10. research 3. neighbour 11. heard 4. sour 12. yearn ‘ough’ words ‘au’ words 5. thorough 13. applause 6. although 14. clause 7. rough 15. pause 8. thoughtless 16. fault Extras: 17. survey 18. technique 19. temporary 20. unfortunately Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 6, (Stage 11) oi, oy, ou, ow, au, aw, oar, - au ir, ur, er, ear 1 sound, - ear saying er Group 8, (Stage 111) odd letter strings, - aught and ought endings, - our 17. Homophones Explanation: ‘Homophones’ are words that sound the same but are spelled differently. Analogy with family groups can be helpful (here, where, there) or focusing on single letters (‘e’ for ‘envelope in ‘stationery’; ‘s’ for verb, ‘c’ for noun as in ‘to practise’). Examples: 1. there / their / they’re 2. were / where / we’re 3. to / two / too 4. of / off 5. are / our 6. its / it’s 7. hear / here 8. your / you’re 9. who’s / whose 10. past / passed 11. practice / practise 12. site / sight 13. pane / pain 14. knew / new 15. threw / through 16. rain / reign / rein Extras: 17. martyr 18. reservoir 19. spontaneous 20. unanimous Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 8, (Stage 111) - homophones bonanza 18. ‘ph’ words Explanation: In some words (of Greek origin), the letters ‘p’ and ‘h’ are put together to make a new sound ‘ph’ as in ‘phone’. Examples: ‘ph-’ at word beginnings Medial ‘ph-’ ‘ph-’ at word endings 1. pharmacist 6. blasphemy 10. atmosphere 2. phobia 7. emphasize 11. biography 3. physics 8. euphemism 12. catastrophe 4. physique 9. sophisticated 13. decipher 5. sphinx 14. prophet 15. sapphire 16. trophy Extras: 17. unconscious 18. unique 19. unnecessary 20. unnatural Wordshark - Group 8, odd letter strings - ph as f 19. Silent Letters (h, w, n, l) Explanation: Silent letters need to be learned by heart. Examples: Silent ‘h’ Silent ‘k’ 1. while 9. knew 2. whipped 10. knives 3. whisper 11. knuckle 4. somewhere 12. know Silent ‘w’ Silent ‘l’ 5. wrapper 13. calm 6. wrestle 14. half 7. wriggle 15. salmon 8. wrinkle 16. yolk Extras: 17. vaccination 18. vicious 19. tonsilitis 20. hideous Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 8, (Stage 111), silent letters - -kn -gn -silent k,g - -wr - silent w - - silent l 20. Silent Letters (h, ue, k, g) Explanation: Silent letters need to be learned by heart. Examples: Silent ‘h’ Silent ‘k’ 1. heir 9. knack 2. dinghy 10. knowledge 3. vehicle 11. knot 4. wheat 12. knuckle Silent ‘ue’ Silent ‘g’ 5. fatigue 13. design 6. intrigue 14. campaign 7. dialogue 15. sovereign 8. league 16. foreign Extras: 17. Wednesday 18. weight 19. whole 20. woollen Wordshark - Alpha to Omega, Group 8, (Stage 111), silent letters - silent letters mixed Third Form Subject Spellings English Maths alliteration algebraic antonym adjacent author corresponding atmosphere congruent description decagon dialogue estimate imagery heptagon metaphor hexagon onomatopoeia horizontal personification indices rhyme polygon rhythm octagon scene ratio simile rhombus synonym vector History Geography armada Brandt line Boleyn brownfield site Cleves communication dissolution congestion evidence conservation foreign demography government desert illegitimate endangered martyr environment monastery (-ies) extinct parliament globalisation probably leisure Protector pollution Protestants quaternary sector Reformation resource Renaissance rural Shakespeare secondary sector source site successful stadium (stadia) sustainable tertiary sector tourism urbanisation Science Religious Studies algae altar amphibian belief arachnid Buddhism bacteria communion carbohydrate crucifixion characteristic denomination chlorophyll enlightenment crustacean Eucharist environment gurdwara habitat Hinduism ingest mandir sulphur meditation photosynthesis reincarnation vein Sikhism worship Latin Art and Design accusative architecture adjective composition amphitheatre decorative comparative glaze dative highlight declension illuminate gladiator illusion imperfect modelling nominative refine perfect review plural Pompeii singular superlative theatre
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