FOCUS VA SAN D I EG O HEA LT H CA R E S YS TE M — NU RS I NG AN D P AT I EN T C A RE S ERV I C ES — Professional Models of Care A message from Janet Jones, RN ACOS/Nursing & Patient Care Services Magnet Hospitals are known for employing professional models of care that give nurses the responsibility and authority for the provision of patient care. In these models, nurses coordinate the care of the patient and are accountable for their own practice. A variety of professional care models are found in hospitals that have achieved Magnet status. Whether the care models are termed Primary, Patient-centered, or Holistic, they all possess certain key professional practice components. These characteristics include giving the nurse responsibility and the related authority for the care of a group of patients, and holding nurses accountable for their own practice. In all care models studied, nurses coordinate the care of their patients, set standards, and function in a collegial manner with other members of the treatment team to meet the needs of the patient. The Hospital has the responsibility to provide the professional practice environment that supports nurses practicing nursing. Nurses working in professional care models realize an increased sense of respect and recognition within the practice setting, have a sense of being valued, and are viewed as a productive member of the health care team. Patients being cared for in these practice environments are more satisfied with their care. At VASDHS we continuously strive for excellence by supporting nursing and patient care practices that demonstrate these characteristics. Thank you for you contributions to this important work in caring for veterans. Volume 1, Issue 3 July 2004 VA San Diego Healthcare System 2004 Performance Improvement Fair “Measuring Success” by Vilma Divinagracia RN, MSN, CNS Out of a total of 24 PI storyboards submitted in the PI Fair last April, 12 projects involved nurses. A total of 165 staff participated in the annual PI fair and out of this 67 (41%) were nurses. Below are the awardwinning entries which all had Nursing participants. First Place: Improving Blood Readiness in the Operating Arena (2 nurses: Pam Stevens CSD, Julia Azurin CSD) The problem addressed was the lack of blood readiness before surgical procedures. Timely delivery of blood improved to 75%, then to 100%. Second Place: Patients Complete Lab Orders for Renal Clinic Appointments (6 nurses: Heidi Gutierrez RN, Aniceta Banayo RN, Lisa Garcenila RN, Bernadette Bauer RN, Jose Flores LVN, Raelene Paulus RN) Before this PI project, only 50% of patients completed their lab work before their scheduled Renal appointment. Changes resulted an improvement to 90%. Third Place: Total Quality Improvement Project: To Improve Patient Satisfaction in the DOU (4 nurses: Bob Bledsoe RN, Susan Hamamlow RN, Priscilla Cortez RN, David Newton RN) Areas which DOU patients expressed dissatisfaction through a patient satisfaction survey were addressed. The areas were poor quality of patient education, not being informed or updated about their treatment plan, pain management regimen, and environmental cleanliness. Honorable Mention: Janet Jones, RN, ACOS/Nursing & PCS addresses staff during the Nurses Week Celebration in May ‘04 1. Improved Cholesterol Profiles and Glycemic Control in Patients with Diabetes (2 nurses: Mitch Rice NP, Joan Fitzgerald, NP) The improvement actions consisted of education of healthcare providers of the Diabetes Clinic, standardized testing and institution of treatment, establishing a dedicated Lipid Clinic for difficult cases, and the use of Cont’d on next page Page 2 FOCUS Cont’d from page 1 Clinical Reminders set if LDL-C was greater than 100 mg/dl. The follow up LDL-C after a minimum of six months in the Diabetes Clinic decreased to a mean of 101 mg/dl with 85% of the patients below 130 mg/dl, and 55 % of the patients below 100 mg/dl. The mean HBA1c decreased to 7.2%. 2. Reduction of Wait Times and Improved Patient Satisfaction in the Anticoagulation Clinic (4 nurses: Julienne Awtrey RN, Imelda Mina RN, Sue Randolph LVN, Jerry Sabio LVN) By expanding clinic times and increasing FTEE, patient-waiting time in the Anticoagulation Clinic was decreased by 58% despite a 67% increase in number of patient visits. People’s Choice Award: Successful Outreach Leads to Increased Access for Women Veterans (2 nurses: Rita Osterman CNS, Robert Scinta CNS) This PI project led to a 31% increase in the number of women veterans seeking services at the WAVE Clinic. KUDOS!!! Several RNs from VA San Diego Healthcare System where honored at the Commencement Ceremony at the University of Phoenix on June 26, 2004. The name of our staff receiving the following degrees are listed below. Master of Science in Nursing/MBA/Health Care Management: Julia Azurin Dawn Berthiaume Cindy Gerlan Laureen Pada Linda Shepherd Master of Science in Nursing: JoAnne Costanzo Bachelor of Science in Nursing: Perla Bambico Jacquelyn Thomas Editor’s note: If you have completed a degree and would like to be recognized in a future edition of FOCUS, please send an email announcement with your name, school, degree, and date of graduation to Carole Hair, ACNS/Education. Pictured at the University of Phoenix Commencement Ceremony are: Linda Shepherd (1st on the left), Dawn Berthiaume (3rd on the left), Laureen Pada (6th on the left) and Cindy Gerlan (7th on the left). Nursing Council and Committees Reports May—July 2004 compiled by Vilma C. Divinagracia, MSN, CNS Report from Education Council: 1. Cultural Awareness Taskforce: a. Completed template/ guide for cultural storytelling. Will be shared with staff through Education Council facilitators. b. Handout and short quiz on cultural awareness and sensitivity completed for Nursing Orientation. c. Diversity exam in Vista being revised. Has been shared and approved through EEO/ Special Emphasis Program. Will be presented to the VASDHS Employee Education and Training Team (EETT) for approval. 2. Current Projects: Computer training and competency testing- will be designed and implemented by the CNS members of Education Council 3. Current Issues: Age-specific care for patients in the Early adulthood and Adulthood stages has been identified as a new learning need with the influx of younger, war-wounded veterans from Iraq. VHA initiative teaching materials available through Intranet/ Internet on the care of this special population. Administrative Council: Mary Ellen Dellefield presented the final role differentiations tables for ECC, Inpatient, and Ambulatory Care areas to the Nursing Executive Team (NET) in June. The tables will improve role clarity, and assist managers and employees in their roles, Cont’d on next page Page 3 FOCUS Cont’d from page 2 and scope of practice. Before implementation, a short policy will be developed to accompany the tables. This policy and the tables will be reviewed with all staff when approved. Clinical Practice Council: A memorandum from Kathy Dunn and Chris Trelease was circulated outlining the plans to update resources for wound management and skin care. Material from the Puget Sound VA wound care website will be used to update our policies and procedures. Additional classes will be given for staff, and a website for reference will be created. Patient education materials will be incorporated into the new resources. The CNS Committee is delineating what tests, treatments, and medications can be ordered by different groups of nurses without a provider’s order. Routine, common, necessary tests, procedures, and medications such as immunizations will be emphasized. Brown Bag lunch presentations on the topic of “Autonomy” were held June 8 and June 10. This came about as a result of the RN Survey data last fall that showed some of the autonomy scores were lower than some other scores. ECC, UCC, OR, ASU, 3N, 3E, and 5E had lower group and individual autonomy scores. ICU, DOU,2S, and specialty clinics had lower individual autonomy scores. Hemodialysis had lower group autonomy scores. Our thought is that if we can educate nurses as to what nurse autonomy is, we hope to positively affect their scores in this aspect when we repeat the RN survey this fall. Staff nurses are highly encouraged to attend the classes. Clinical Policy and Procedure Subcommittee: NET approved “Cleaning and High-Level Disinfecting of Flexible Endoscopes in the Procedure Center” in June. Documentation Subcommittee: The Psychiatry CNT Admission form has been started with ITS. The RN Reassessment Note was demonstrated on June The PACU documentation note in CPRS was approved with changes. The group is still working on the Nursing Documentation Policy, and guidelines for Clinical Reminders. Plans of Care Subcommittee: The ICU pilot test of plans of care in CPRS was highly successful. The DOU would also like to use the computerized format, and both groups would like to expand the list of diagnoses to the full 29 which are available. Once this is done, the plans of care can be expanded and reorganized according to patient problems, but this will take considerable time and effort. Plans of care in the Outpatient Areas are usually integrated into the note rather than listed separately due to time constraints Research Council: The Research Council coordinated efforts to display research posters for Nurses’ Week. The Council also sponsored a brown bag seminar, “Linking Research Evidence to Your Practice,” presented by Ann Kelly and Cathy Magruder during Nurses’ Week. This will be repeated on December 8 (0800-0900) for the Outpatient staff. The program will be presented via VTel.. The next brown bag presentation will be held on September 9 in the ICU Conference (5095) from 121300. The topic will be “CALNOC – the data on nursesensitive indicators, and how we measure up”. Ann Kelly will be the presenter. Extensive publicity will be arranged, including the Nursing Education Calendar. The program will be submitted for CEUs. The 9th Joint Southern California Chapters of Sigma Theta Tau International, Nursing Research Conference will be held in San Diego on October 2122, 2004. Four nurses have submitted abstracts: Candice Bowman, Jacquelyn Thomas, Marty Shively, and Mary Ellen Dellefield. The ICU staff will be submitting the work they did on the NG/Feeding policies for the Greater LA conference. A newly designed web site is available for providing instruments for use in health-related research. The web site is www.measurementexperts. org. Jill Bormann, Ph.D., RN, and Ann Kelly, MN, RN, attended the 37th Annual Communicating Nursing Research Conference and 18th Annual WIN Assembly, April 22-24, 2004, in Portland, OR. Bormann presented a poster, “Mantram Repetition for Managing Stress in Veterans,” in collaboration with coinvestigators Sheryl Becker, MN, RN, Madeline Gershwin, MA, RN, and Ann Kelly, MN, RN. The hospital-wide electronic Research Journal Club is transitioning to Outlook from VISTA. Some issues remain, such as enrolling the members. At present there is no mechanism for new members to self-enroll. Once this is done, the club will begin again. The focus will be basics of research articles, how to read a study, etc. Barbara Rose, PhD(c), RN has become the new Co-Chair of the Research Council as of April 2004. Performance Improvement Council: Presentation of unit-based Performance Improvement projects continues. 5E presented their project on using a revised Kardex communication tool. Service goal for the year is to increase SHEP scores on emotional support, with emphasis on assessing fears or concerns for Cont’d on next page Page 4 FOCUS Cont’d from page 3 all patients at time of assessments/reassessments. Unit Coordinators Committee: The group has completed their charter, roster, and mail group. They will also be working on a general job description, then unit specific job descriptions. Differentiating Nursing Practice by Mary Ellen Dellefield, RN, PhD, ECC Clinical Program Manager The Nursing Service at VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS) is comprised of a variety of types of nursing staff members. It includes health technicians, nursing assistants, licensed vocational nurses, nursing students (Valor program participants, student nurse externs, and student nurse technicians), graduate nurse technicians, and registered nurses, some of whom are also nurse practitioners. Each of these nursing roles is associated with a specific educational requirement and, in some cases, a licensing and/or certification requirement. The staff members performing each role contribute in unique ways to the achievement of desired clinical outcomes for our Veteran patients. Because there is such a diversity of roles within the Nursing Service, it can be challenging to remember what nursing activity a staff member is able to perform, given each person’s specific educational and licensing background. It is also difficult to hold people accountable for individual practice if the specific clinical activities that are associated with a specific nursing role are not clearly identified. For both these reasons, members of the Nursing Leadership Council decided to develop some guidelines that would assist staff members and managers in easily identifying the nurse practice roles of specific members of the nursing staff. These guidelines are entirely based on existing and approved policies and procedures of the Nursing Service. The guidelines simply provide a new format for more easily identifying practice roles and scopes that have already been established. After significant efforts by members of the Nursing Leadership Council, three tables were developed, with a fourth still under development. The tables are useful for new orientees, for charge nurses developing shiftspecific assignments, and for any staff member wanting to recall a specific clinical activity attached to a specific nursing role. The tables will be periodically updated, as existing policies and procedures are revised, and role-specific clinical activities change. Because the nature of each staff member’s nursing practice is affected by the clinical setting and accreditation standards that provide the context of practice, the tables have been developed for three settings. These include acute care services, ambulatory services, and extended care services. The fourth setting, intensive care services, will be addressed in a table that is still under development. All tables have the same format, consisting of several rows and columns. The clinical activity for the nursing staff member is identified in the left-hand column. The remaining rows and columns identify which nursing staff member (i.e. RN, LVN, SNT, etc) is able to perform the activity. If there are any special educational requirements for an activity, these are identified in the final column. It is important to note that the tables were not constructed to delineate specific clinical activities of the nurse practitioners and advanced practice nurses in various settings. These tables will ultimately be available in Docushare. For ease of access, they may be included in the schedule book on each unit as a resource to staff members. As our Nursing Service prepares for the Magnet Accreditation visit, the tables on differentiated nursing practice may also be seen as tools to enable nurse managers to monitor and evaluate the delivery of nursing care. The hope is that these tables will be routinely updated to serve as practical clinical and management tools for all nursing staff members. VASDHS NURSING VALOR PROGRAM by: Jane Edens, BSN, RN The VA Valor Program is designed to give student nurses who have achieved academic excellence through the junior year an opportunity to expand knowledge and skills through an intensive 10-week summer clinical internship. The VALOR intern provides professional nursing care to patients under the direct supervision of a BSN prepared RN preceptor. Through this, the student achieves the overall goals of the internship, expansion of theoretical knowledge base, improved psychomotor skills and experience in the application of the nursing process to patients in a specific unit of interest. All Valor students at VASDHS chose to continue this program on a part time basis while completing their senior year of school. Valor students (and externs completing similar hours of clinical experience on a specific unit) receive an additional step to their starting salary upon conversion to a RN in recognition of their success in the program and their continued commitment and performance to their “Valor” unit. Recent Valor students and their areas include: Cont’d on next page Page 5 FOCUS Cont’d from page 4 2002—2003 2003—2004 2004—2005 Allison Gove –ER/UCC Laura Kobulnicky- SCI Anne Leonard- SCI LeAnn Shipp – ICU Tanya Noland- DOU Rebecca Villamil- DOU Amber Costello- SCI Theresa Liu- SCI Melinda Christian- DOU Autumn Messerli- DOU Joan Oliveros- ICU Jeremy Cabrera- ICU Jennifer Heintz- 2South Stanley Szary- ER/UCC Elizabeth Bushouer- 3N/Hemodialysis Mark Sarigan- 5East We congratulate all of you and wish you continued success in your nursing career at the VASDHS. We will highlight the Extern and SNT programs in our next Focus issue. Patient Education: TEACH for Success Who Should Attend Clinical staff who are involved in educating patients, including but not limited to: Nurses Advanced practice nurses Physicians Physician assistants Dietitians Pharmacists Psychologists Social workers Therapists—physical, occupational, speech, hearing Continuing Education Credit The VA Employee Education System designates the complete course for 22.5 contact hours. CEUs have been approved for physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and social workers. Read your email for upcoming classes to register for Patient Education: TEACH for Success. Register for the Preview Session to find out more about the course program. Please contact Laureen Pada, Patient Health Education Coordinator for questions about the course content at x3988. Photos from Nurses Week—May ‘04 by Laureen Pada, RN, BSN, Patient Education Coordinator Frustrated with your current efforts? Want to get more out of your teaching? Want patients to be more successful? Want to feel more satisfied—and have satisfied patients, too? Then this course is for you. Features of the Course It’s a blended learning experience: O You learn about state-of-the-art, evidence-based strategies through self-study using an interactive CD-ROM O You practice the techniques in the classroom with your colleagues using simulated patients and case scenarios Based on a self-assessment you complete during the Preview Session, you attend as many units as you need Each unit stands alone and carries its own continuing education credit, so you can take only one or all five— it’s up to you You can take the units in any order, although the TEACH sequence is recommended The course meets JCAHO requirements for patient education skill development Staff from the night shift of the Extended Care Center in their Thursday orange scrubs looked awake and radiant during the Nurses Week breakfast. From left to right: Sylvia Chanchico RN (charge nurse), Rachel Ann Edrosolo RN, Edil Belisario RN, and Ronald de la Cruz, LVN The ocean theme adopted for the celebration was evident in many gift baskets displayed at the Nurses Week reception. Page 6 FOCUS VA San Diego Nurses The Honey Bees Goal Sharing Team Needs You!! by Kathleen O’Hanlon, RN, MSN, Certified Diabetes Educator Goal of Team: To create a core group of nurses with comprehensive training to become Diabetes Resource Nurses who can foster knowledge of diabetes in their respective areas. Format: A total of 8 hours course work that includes diabetes management goals, pharmacology, diet, patient self-care issues, exciting innovations and research findings. Attendees will also share what is learned with their fellow workers through an activity of their choice. Course will be offered three times this summer, with CEUs. Request AA! First Step: So that we may tailor our course to meet your needs, please complete the “Honey Bee” survey distributed to your area, and return it to the designated collection envelope. Second Step: Let your supervisor know that you’re interested in attending our program! Third Step: Be on the lookout for details about dates/ time of classes. Contact Kathleen O’Hanlon RN, MSN, CDE for questions (x7245). VA Nursing Education for Employees Program (VANEEP) by Carole Hair, RN, PhD, ACNS/Education Earlier this year the VA Health Care Staff Development and Retention Office (HCSDRO) announced the implementation of a new program called the VA Nursing Education for Employees Program or VANEEP in order to address workforce needs for the Veterans Health Administration. This new program is specifically focused on supporting current VA employees who are seeking to become Licensed Practical Nurses or Registered Nurses. The VANEEP program provides funding for VA medical centers to hire replacement personnel for a VANEEP participant, which enables the employee to attend the nursing program full-time and not have to maintain a full or part-time work schedule. This program was authorized under the authority of the existing Employee Incentive Scholarship Program (EISP). Employees who are approved to receive EISP funds for tuition, books and fees are also eligible to apply for VANEEP. The employee MUST be applying for EISP funding in order to apply for VANEEP. If you are thinking of returning to school to continue your education, this program may be for you. Contact Carole Hair, ACNS/Education at extension 3455 or Gary Cornaglia in Education Service at extension 3626 for more information about this program. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) by Grace Kirkland, RN, Infection Control Nurse Staphylococcus aureus is often referred to as "staph." The MR part stands for methicillin-resistant. When identified in the microbiology lab, this resistance pattern sends a red flag and is investigated to determine whether or not it is hospital-acquired. A patient with a positive culture, whether colonized or infected, is a possible source of spread. Staph aureus may be spread on inanimate objects but people are more likely, hence the term 'Staff-spread staph." It is not airborne. Once we know it's present and we know how it gets from one patient to another, we can utilize procedures to keep from spreading it. MRSA is tracked as one marker to indicate when a breakdown in our system, i.e. lack of hand hygiene or failure to use gloves appropriately, may have occurred. We have shown a decrease in hospital-acquired MRSA since Isagel® was introduced. Research has shown that serious MRSA infections such as bloodstream and surgical site infections have a higher mortality rate than antibiotic susceptible Staph aureus infections. MRSA infections also result in increased costs and lengths of stay for patients. Preventing these infections will decrease patient suffering and save the hospital much expense. Contact Precautions, as recommended by the CDC, are used to prevent spread of MRSA. Take this opportunity to role model and teach other staff: Gloves for all contact. Excellent hand hygiene when gloves removed. Gowns to prevent contact with clothes. Private room if possible. Disinfect all equipment. Contact Grace Kirkland RN, Infection Control Nurse, for questions or ideas to help prevent infections. -Interesting Fact About NursingAccording to a 2001 World Health Organization report, the number of psychiatric nurses in poor countries is about 0.1 per 100,000 persons. Page 7 FOCUS Keeping our Patients Safe by Vilma Divinagracia, RN, MSN, CNS Safety has always been a responsibility and concern for nurses. As the public is increasingly consumer conscious of the cost and quality of services they receive, there is an increased awareness of the important role of nursing personnel in maintaining a safe environment. What are some of the risks to you, your patients, or family members when you are hospitalized? Falls, infections, skin breakdown, and injury from improper or inappropriate use of restraints are some of the major issues, and not coincidentally, viewed as Nursing Sensitive Indicators by the American Nurses Credentialing Center. As defined by the Scope and Standards for Nurse Administrators (ANA, 1996), Nursing Sensitive Indicators are “Measures and indicators that reflect the impact of nursing actions on outcomes”. Hear are some safety facts about these measures and outcomes here at VASDHS: Restraints • Total hours of restraint in ICU have consistently increased over the last three quarters, presumably an effect of higher acuity patients with longer lengths of stay. • Episodes of restraints as a percentage of bed days of care are somewhat higher than CalNOC averages. • High utilizer patients (>72 hours) in ICU account for the vast majority of restraint use. For example, 20% of the patients in ICU account for almost 80% of the total hours of use. • DOU, 3N, 5E are all below the levels expected from CalNoc data comparison. • DOU has shown a slight increase in the use, but not at statistically significant levels. • 2 South (Psychiatry) has shown continued dramatic improvements in the use of seclusion and restraint. In 2003, a total of 6.5 hours were used for seclusion and less than 15 hours for restraints. This is compared to 2002, when 21 hours were used for seclusion and 77 for restraint. Pressure Ulcers Although official reports from CalNOC on our March 2004 pressure ulcer survey have not yet been received, we were able to determine the following about pressure ulcers: ⇒ SCI completed risk assessment for pressure ulcers on 100% of patients assessed the day of the study. ⇒ Patients are admitted to the hospital with pressure ulcers in all 4 stages. ⇒ Items common to many of our patients, such as a nasogastric tube or an oxygen cannula, can be the cause of a hospital acquired pressure ulcer. Falls ⇒ In 2003, Falls represented 32% of all incidents reported. ⇒ Between 1999 and 2003, the fall rate at VASHDS was lower than other hospitals in our VISN and lower than the CalNOC average. ⇒ The fall aggregate review team is a multidisciplinary team that reviews all patient fall incidents and develops recommendations to decrease occurrences. MRSA infections ⇒ Result in increased cost and length of stay. ⇒ May be spread on inanimate objects, but spread from person to person contact is much more common. ⇒ The Center for Disease Control recommends that Contact Precautions be used to prevent the spread of MRSA. ⇒ VASDHS has shown a decrease in hospitalacquired MRSA infections since Isagel was introduced. FROM THE MAGNET CORNER Magnet Champions Esau L. Evans III Was born and raised in Wilmington, Delaware. He was named after his grandfather who had a twin brother named Jacob, both of whom were named after the biblical sons of Isaac. After spending five years in the United States Navy honing both his active and passive listening skills a Sonar Technician, Cont’d on next page Page 8 FOCUS Cont’d from page 7 Esau decided to pursue a career in nursing. He worked his way through nursing school in the allied health field as a lab assistant and as a ward clerk/ CNA. He graduated from San Diego State University in 1998 with his Bachelor of Science in Nursing and obtained his Master of Science in Nursing from the University of Phoenix in 2002. He especially enjoys working at the San Diego VAMC, due to his military background; Esau feels a special bond with his patients. He practices holistic nursing care with gentle yet firm approach. As a new graduate RN he began his career in the Spinal Cord Injury Unit. Later, he matriculated to the DOU and he currently has aspirations toward nursing management. Esau still maintains a passion for electronic gadgets and gardening. His other hobbies include collecting antique books and assorted memorabilia Photothe Not early 1920’- 1950s. When he has time, he from Available also enjoys drawing and painting with reckless abandon, everything from flowers to figure studies. A loving husband, he also dutifully nurtures two dogs and four cats at his home in Spring Valley. The Focus Group report from the Patient Care Services staff and non-licensed staff in Nursing Service is being compiled. Look for an article on the results of the Focus Group discussion in the next issue of FOCUS. Michele W. Sommers Michele served on active duty in the Navy as an electrician on the USS Acadia during Desert Storm, and has owned and operated a home daycare for children. She now absolutely LOVES being a nurse in the DOU, and has been at the VA 4 years. She also owns and operates “Sommers Scents,” an aromatherapy business. Michele believes in the holistic approach to nursing for both staff and patients. She has sought training in Aromatherapy and Reiki and Healing Touch, and is currently in training for CranioSacral therapy. She recently purchased a house with a huge back yard and lives with her daughter, dog, 2 cats, hamster, fish, leopard gecko lizard and dust bunnies. She loves “putzing” around in the garden and plans on bringing in all the zucchini and tomatoes her fellow coworkers can ever hope to eat! Michele thought she was a pretty smart woman until her daughter turned 11 and showed her otherwise. She prays they both make it through her adolescence with only minor bumps & bruises..! We’d love to hear from you! Please send us your items of interest, critiques, or comments by e-mail or drop us a note in our Nursing Office (4EA) boxes. Editorial Board: Vilma Divinagracia, MSN, RN; Lauraine Dwyer MS, RN; Jane Edens RN, BSN; Francine Fomon MSN, RN, FNP; Carole Hair, PhD, RN, GNP; Cathy Verkaaik MS, RN To access the Focus Newsletter on-line please visit: http://vhasdcweb4/nursing/Magnet/magnet_main_page. htm
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